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diff --git a/doc/src/deployment.qdoc b/doc/src/deployment.qdoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..496fe81 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/deployment.qdoc @@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@ +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** Contact: Qt Software Information (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit. +** +** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +** No Commercial Usage +** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +** contained in the either Technology Preview License Agreement or the +** Beta Release License Agreement. +** +** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +** +** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain +** additional rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL +** Exception version 1.0, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this +** package. +** +** GNU General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU +** General Public License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU General Public License version 3.0 requirements will be +** met: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html. +** +** If you are unsure which license is appropriate for your use, please +** contact the sales department at qt-sales@nokia.com. +** $QT_END_LICENSE$ +** +****************************************************************************/ + +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** Contact: Qt Software Information (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the Qt GUI Toolkit. +** EDITIONS: FREE, PROFESSIONAL, ENTERPRISE +** +****************************************************************************/ + +/*! + \group deployment + \title Deploying Qt Applications + \ingroup buildsystem + + Deploying an Qt application does not require any C++ + programming. All you need to do is to build Qt and your + application in release mode, following the procedures described in + this documentation. We will demonstrate the procedures in terms of + deploying the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application + that is provided in Qt's examples directory. + + \section1 Static vs. Shared Libraries + + There are two ways of deploying an application: + + \list + \o Static Linking + \o Shared Libraries (Frameworks on Mac) + \endlist + + Static linking results in a stand-alone executable. The advantage + is that you will only have a few files to deploy. The + disadvantages are that the executables are large and with no + flexibility (i.e a new version of the application, or of Qt, will + require that the deployment process is repeated), and that you + cannot deploy plugins. + + To deploy plugin-based applications, you can use the shared + library approach. Shared libraries also provide smaller, more + flexible executables. For example, using the shared library + approach, the user is able to independently upgrade the Qt library + used by the application. + + Another reason why you might want to use the shared library + approach, is if you want to use the same Qt libraries for a family + of applications. In fact, if you download the binary installation + of Qt, you get Qt as a shared library. + + The disadvantage with the shared library approach is that you + will get more files to deploy. + + \section1 Deploying Qt's Libraries + + \table + \header + \o {4,1} Qt's Libraries + \row + \o \l {QtAssistant} + \o \l {QAxContainer} + \o \l {QAxServer} + \o \l {QtCore} + \row + \o \l {QtDBus} + \o \l {QtDesigner} + \o \l {QtGui} + \o \l {QtHelp} + \row + \o \l {QtNetwork} + \o \l {QtOpenGL} + \o \l {QtScript} + \o \l {QtSql} + \row + \o \l {QtSvg} + \o \l {QtWebKit} + \o \l {QtXml} + \o \l {QtXmlPatterns} + \row + \o \l {Phonon Module}{Phonon} + \o \l {Qt3Support} + \endtable + + Since Qt is not a system library, it has to be redistributed along + with your application; the minimum is to redistribute the run-time + of the libraries used by the application. Using static linking, + however, the Qt run-time is compiled into the executable. + + In particular, you will need to deploy Qt plugins, such as + JPEG support or SQL drivers. For more information about plugins, + see the \l {plugins-howto.html}{How to Create Qt Plugins} + documentation. + + When deploying an application using the shared library approach + you must ensure that the Qt libraries will use the correct path to + find the Qt plugins, documentation, translation etc. To do this you + can use a \c qt.conf file. For more information, see the \l {Using + qt.conf} documentation. + + Depending on configuration, compiler specific libraries must be + redistributed as well. For more information, see the platform + specific Application Dependencies sections: \l + {deployment-x11.html#application-dependencies}{X11}, \l + {deployment-windows.html#application-dependencies}{Windows}, \l + {deployment-mac.html#application-dependencies}{Mac}. + + \section1 Licensing + + Some of Qt's libraries are based on third party libraries that are + not licensed using the same dual-license model as Qt. As a result, + care must be taken when deploying applications that use these + libraries, particularly when the application is statically linked + to them. + + The following table contains an inexhaustive summary of the issues + you should be aware of. + + \table + \header \o Qt Library \o Dependency + \o Licensing Issue + \row \o QtHelp \o CLucene + \o The version of clucene distributed with Qt is licensed + under the GNU LGPL version 2.1 or later. This has implications for + developers of closed source applications. Please see + \l{QtHelp Module#License Information}{the QtHelp module documentation} + for more information. + + \row \o QtNetwork \o OpenSSL + \o Some configurations of QtNetwork use OpenSSL at run-time. Deployment + of OpenSSL libraries is subject to both licensing and export restrictions. + More information can be found in the \l{Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Classes} + documentation. + + \row \o QtWebKit \o WebKit + \o WebKit is licensed under the GNU LGPL version 2 or later. + This has implications for developers of closed source applications. + Please see \l{QtWebKit Module#License Information}{the QtWebKit module + documentation} for more information. + + \row \o Phonon \o Phonon + \o Phonon relies on the native multimedia engines on different platforms. + Phonon itself is licensed under the GNU LGPL version 2. Please see + \l{Phonon Module#License Information}{the Phonon module documentation} + for more information. + \endtable + + \section1 Platform-Specific Notes + + The procedure of deploying Qt applications is different for the + various platforms: + + \list + \o \l{Deploying an Application on X11 Platforms}{Qt for X11 Platforms} + \o \l{Deploying an Application on Windows}{Qt for Windows} + \o \l{Deploying an Application on Mac OS X}{Qt for Mac OS X} + \o \l{Deploying Qt for Embedded Linux Applications}{Qt for Embedded Linux} + \endlist + + \sa Installation {Window System Specific Notes} +*/ + +/*! + \page deployment-x11.html + \contentspage Deploying Qt Applications + + \title Deploying an Application on X11 Platforms + \ingroup deployment + + Due to the proliferation of Unix systems (commercial Unices, Linux + distributions, etc.), deployment on Unix is a complex + topic. Before we start, be aware that programs compiled for one + Unix flavor will probably not run on a different Unix system. For + example, unless you use a cross-compiler, you cannot compile your + application on Irix and distribute it on AIX. + + Contents: + + \tableofcontents + + This documentation will describe how to determine which files you + should include in your distribution, and how to make sure that the + application will find them at run-time. We will demonstrate the + procedures in terms of deploying the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug + & Paint} application that is provided in Qt's examples directory. + + \section1 Static Linking + + Static linking is often the safest and easiest way to distribute + an application on Unix since it relieves you from the task of + distributing the Qt libraries and ensuring that they are located + in the default search path for libraries on the target system. + + \section2 Building Qt Statically + + To use this approach, you must start by installing a static version + of the Qt library: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 0 + + We specify the prefix so that we do not overwrite the existing Qt + installation. The example above only builds the Qt libraries, + i.e. the examples and Qt Designer will not be built. When \c make + is done, you will find the Qt libraries in the \c /path/to/Qt/lib + directory. + + When linking your application against static Qt libraries, note + that you might need to add more libraries to the \c LIBS line in + your project file. For more information, see the \l {Application + Dependencies} section. + + \section2 Linking the Application to the Static Version of Qt + + Once Qt is built statically, the next step is to regenerate the + makefile and rebuild the application. First, we must go into the + directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 1 + + Now run qmake to create a new makefile for the application, and do + a clean build to create the statically linked executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 2 + + You probably want to link against the release libraries, and you + can specify this when invoking \c qmake. Note that we must set the + path to the static Qt that we just built. + + To check that the application really links statically with Qt, run + the \c ldd tool (available on most Unices): + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 3 + + Verify that the Qt libraries are not mentioned in the output. + + Now, provided that everything compiled and linked without any + errors, we should have a \c plugandpaint file that is ready for + deployment. One easy way to check that the application really can + be run stand-alone is to copy it to a machine that doesn't have Qt + or any Qt applications installed, and run it on that machine. + + Remember that if your application depends on compiler specific + libraries, these must still be redistributed along with your + application. For more information, see the \l {Application + Dependencies} section. + + The \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} example consists of + several components: The core application (\l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint}), and the \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/basictools}{Basic Tools} and \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/extrafilters}{Extra Filters} + plugins. Since we cannot deploy plugins using the static linking + approach, the executable we have prepared so far is + incomplete. The application will run, but the functionality will + be disabled due to the missing plugins. To deploy plugin-based + applications we should use the shared library approach. + + \section1 Shared Libraries + + We have two challenges when deploying the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application using the shared + libraries approach: The Qt runtime has to be correctly + redistributed along with the application executable, and the + plugins have to be installed in the correct location on the target + system so that the application can find them. + + \section2 Building Qt as a Shared Library + + We assume that you already have installed Qt as a shared library, + which is the default when installing Qt, in the \c /path/to/Qt + directory. For more information on how to build Qt, see the \l + {Installation} documentation. + + \section2 Linking the Application to Qt as a Shared Library + + After ensuring that Qt is built as a shared library, we can build + the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application. First, we + must go into the directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 4 + + Now run qmake to create a new makefile for the application, and do + a clean build to create the dynamically linked executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 5 + + This builds the core application, the following will build the + plugins: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 6 + + If everything compiled and linked without any errors, we will get + a \c plugandpaint executable and the \c libpnp_basictools.so and + \c libpnp_extrafilters.so plugin files. + + \section2 Creating the Application Package + + There is no standard package management on Unix, so the method we + present below is a generic solution. See the documentation for + your target system for information on how to create a package. + + To deploy the application, we must make sure that we copy the + relevant Qt libraries (corresponding to the Qt modules used in the + application) as well as the executable to the same + directory. Remember that if your application depends on compiler + specific libraries, these must also be redistributed along with + your application. For more information, see the \l {Application + Dependencies} section. + + We'll cover the plugins shortly, but the main issue with shared + libraries is that you must ensure that the dynamic linker will + find the Qt libraries. Unless told otherwise, the dynamic linker + doesn't search the directory where your application resides. There + are many ways to solve this: + + \list + \o You can install the Qt libraries in one of the system + library paths (e.g. \c /usr/lib on most systems). + + \o You can pass a predetermined path to the \c -rpath command-line + option when linking the application. This will tell the dynamic + linker to look in this directory when starting your application. + + \o You can write a startup script for your application, where you + modify the dynamic linker configuration (e.g. adding your + application's directory to the \c LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment + variable. \note If your application will be running with "Set + user ID on execution," and if it will be owned by root, then + LD_LIBRARY_PATH will be ignored on some platforms. In this + case, use of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH approach is not an option). + + \endlist + + The disadvantage of the first approach is that the user must have + super user privileges. The disadvantage of the second approach is + that the user may not have privileges to install into the + predetemined path. In either case, the users don't have the option + of installing to their home directory. We recommend using the + third approach since it is the most flexible. For example, a \c + plugandpaint.sh script will look like this: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 7 + + By running this script instead of the executable, you are sure + that the Qt libraries will be found by the dynamic linker. Note + that you only have to rename the script to use it with other + applications. + + When looking for plugins, the application searches in a plugins + subdirectory inside the directory of the application + executable. Either you have to manually copy the plugins into the + \c plugins directory, or you can set the \c DESTDIR in the + plugins' project files: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 8 + + An archive distributing all the Qt libraries, and all the plugins, + required to run the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} + application, would have to include the following files: + + \table 100% + \header + \o Component \o {2, 1} File Name + \row + \o The executable + \o {2, 1} \c plugandpaint + \row + \o The script to run the executable + \o {2, 1} \c plugandpaint.sh + \row + \o The Basic Tools plugin + \o {2, 1} \c plugins\libpnp_basictools.so + \row + \o The ExtraFilters plugin + \o {2, 1} \c plugins\libpnp_extrafilters.so + \row + \o The Qt Core module + \o {2, 1} \c libQtCore.so.4 + \row + \o The Qt GUI module + \o {2, 1} \c libQtGui.so.4 + \endtable + + On most systems, the extension for shared libraries is \c .so. A + notable exception is HP-UX, which uses \c .sl. + + Remember that if your application depends on compiler specific + libraries, these must still be redistributed along with your + application. For more information, see the \l {Application + Dependencies} section. + + To verify that the application now can be successfully deployed, + you can extract this archive on a machine without Qt and without + any compiler installed, and try to run it, i.e. run the \c + plugandpaint.sh script. + + An alternative to putting the plugins in the \c plugins + subdirectory is to add a custom search path when you start your + application using QApplication::addLibraryPath() or + QApplication::setLibraryPaths(). + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 9 + + \section1 Application Dependencies + + \section2 Additional Libraries + + To find out which libraries your application depends on, run the + \c ldd tool (available on most Unices): + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 10 + + This will list all the shared library dependencies for your + application. Depending on configuration, these libraries must be + redistributed along with your application. In particular, the + standard C++ library must be redistributed if you're compiling + your application with a compiler that is binary incompatible with + the system compiler. When possible, the safest solution is to link + against these libraries statically. + + You will probably want to link dynamically with the regular X11 + libraries, since some implementations will try to open other + shared libraries with \c dlopen(), and if this fails, the X11 + library might cause your application to crash. + + It's also worth mentioning that Qt will look for certain X11 + extensions, such as Xinerama and Xrandr, and possibly pull them + in, including all the libraries that they link against. If you + can't guarantee the presence of a certain extension, the safest + approach is to disable it when configuring Qt (e.g. \c {./configure + -no-xrandr}). + + FontConfig and FreeType are other examples of libraries that + aren't always available or that aren't always binary + compatible. As strange as it may sound, some software vendors have + had success by compiling their software on very old machines and + have been very careful not to upgrade any of the software running + on them. + + When linking your application against the static Qt libraries, you + must explicitly link with the dependent libraries mentioned + above. Do this by adding them to the \c LIBS variable in your + project file. + + \section2 Qt Plugins + + Your application may also depend on one or more Qt plugins, such + as the JPEG image format plugin or a SQL driver plugin. Be sure + to distribute any Qt plugins that you need with your application, + and note that each type of plugin should be located within a + specific subdirectory (such as \c imageformats or \c sqldrivers) + within your distribution directory, as described below. + + \note If you are deploying an application that uses QtWebKit to display + HTML pages from the World Wide Web, you should include all text codec + plugins to support as many HTML encodings possible. + + The search path for Qt plugins (as well as a few other paths) is + hard-coded into the QtCore library. By default, the first plugin + search path will be hard-coded as \c /path/to/Qt/plugins. As + mentioned above, using pre-determined paths has certain + disadvantages, so you need to examine various alternatives to make + sure that the Qt plugins are found: + + \list + + \o \l{qt-conf.html}{Using \c qt.conf}. This is the recommended + approach since it provides the most flexibility. + + \o Using QApplication::addLibraryPath() or + QApplication::setLibraryPaths(). + + \o Using a third party installation utility or the target system's + package manager to change the hard-coded paths in the QtCore + library. + + \endlist + + The \l{How to Create Qt Plugins} document outlines the issues you + need to pay attention to when building and deploying plugins for + Qt applications. +*/ + +/*! + \page deployment-windows.html + \contentspage Deploying Qt Applications + + \title Deploying an Application on Windows + \ingroup deployment + + This documentation will describe how to determine which files you + should include in your distribution, and how to make sure that the + application will find them at run-time. We will demonstrate the + procedures in terms of deploying the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug + & Paint} application that is provided in Qt's examples directory. + + Contents: + + \tableofcontents + + \section1 Static Linking + + If you want to keep things simple by only having a few files to + deploy, i.e. a stand-alone executable with the associated compiler + specific DLLs, then you must build everything statically. + + \section2 Building Qt Statically + + Before we can build our application we must make sure that Qt is + built statically. To do this, go to a command prompt and type the + following: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 11 + + Remember to specify any other options you need, such as data base + drivers, as arguments to \c configure. Once \c configure has + finished, type the following: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 12 + + This will build Qt statically. Note that unlike with a dynamic build, + building Qt statically will result in libraries without version numbers; + e.g. \c QtCore4.lib will be \c QtCore.lib. Also, we have used \c nmake + in all the examples, but if you use MinGW you must use + \c mingw32-make instead. + + \note If you later need to reconfigure and rebuild Qt from the + same location, ensure that all traces of the previous configuration are + removed by entering the build directory and typing \c{nmake distclean} + before running \c configure again. + + \section2 Linking the Application to the Static Version of Qt + + Once Qt has finished building we can build the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application. First we must go + into the directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 13 + + We must then run \c qmake to create a new makefile for the + application, and do a clean build to create the statically linked + executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 14 + + You probably want to link against the release libraries, and you + can specify this when invoking \c qmake. Now, provided that + everything compiled and linked without any errors, we should have + a \c plugandpaint.exe file that is ready for deployment. One easy + way to check that the application really can be run stand-alone is + to copy it to a machine that doesn't have Qt or any Qt + applications installed, and run it on that machine. + + Remember that if your application depends on compiler specific + libraries, these must still be redistributed along with your + application. You can check which libraries your application is + linking against by using the \c depends tool. For more + information, see the \l {Application Dependencies} section. + + The \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} example consists of + several components: The application itself (\l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint}), and the \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/basictools}{Basic Tools} and \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/extrafilters}{Extra Filters} + plugins. Since we cannot deploy plugins using the static linking + approach, the application we have prepared is incomplete. It will + run, but the functionality will be disabled due to the missing + plugins. To deploy plugin-based applications we should use the + shared library approach. + + \section1 Shared Libraries + + We have two challenges when deploying the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application using the shared + libraries approach: The Qt runtime has to be correctly + redistributed along with the application executable, and the + plugins have to be installed in the correct location on the target + system so that the application can find them. + + \section2 Building Qt as a Shared Library + + We assume that you already have installed Qt as a shared library, + which is the default when installing Qt, in the \c C:\path\to\Qt + directory. For more information on how to build Qt, see the \l + {Installation} documentation. + + \section2 Linking the Application to Qt as a Shared Library + + After ensuring that Qt is built as a shared library, we can build + the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application. First, we + must go into the directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 15 + + Now run \c qmake to create a new makefile for the application, and + do a clean build to create the dynamically linked executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 16 + + This builds the core application, the following will build the + plugins: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 17 + + If everything compiled and linked without any errors, we will get + a \c plugandpaint.exe executable and the \c pnp_basictools.dll and + \c pnp_extrafilters.dll plugin files. + + \section2 Creating the Application Package + + To deploy the application, we must make sure that we copy the + relevant Qt DLL (corresponding to the Qt modules used in + the application) as well as the executable to the same directory + in the \c release subdirectory. + + Remember that if your application depends on compiler specific + libraries, these must be redistributed along with your + application. You can check which libraries your application is + linking against by using the \c depends tool. For more + information, see the \l {Application Dependencies} section. + + We'll cover the plugins shortly, but first we'll check that the + application will work in a deployed environment: Either copy the + executable and the Qt DLLs to a machine that doesn't have Qt + or any Qt applications installed, or if you want to test on the + build machine, ensure that the machine doesn't have Qt in its + environment. + + If the application starts without any problems, then we have + successfully made a dynamically linked version of the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application. But the + application's functionality will still be missing since we have + not yet deployed the associated plugins. + + Plugins work differently to normal DLLs, so we can't just + copy them into the same directory as our application's executable + as we did with the Qt DLLs. When looking for plugins, the + application searches in a \c plugins subdirectory inside the + directory of the application executable. + + So to make the plugins available to our application, we have to + create the \c plugins subdirectory and copy over the relevant DLLs: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 18 + + An archive distributing all the Qt DLLs and application + specific plugins required to run the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug + & Paint} application, would have to include the following files: + + \table 100% + \header + \o Component \o {2, 1} File Name + \row + \o The executable + \o {2, 1} \c plugandpaint.exe + \row + \o The Basic Tools plugin + \o {2, 1} \c plugins\pnp_basictools.dll + \row + \o The ExtraFilters plugin + \o {2, 1} \c plugins\pnp_extrafilters.dll + \row + \o The Qt Core module + \o {2, 1} \c qtcore4.dll + \row + \o The Qt GUI module + \o {2, 1} \c qtgui4.dll + \endtable + + In addition, the archive must contain the following compiler + specific libraries depending on your version of Visual Studio: + + \table 100% + \header + \o \o VC++ 6.0 \o VC++ 7.1 (2003) \o VC++ 8.0 (2005) + \row + \o The C run-time + \o \c msvcrt.dll + \o \c msvcr71.dll + \o \c msvcr80.dll + \row + \o The C++ run-time + \o \c msvcp60.dll + \o \c msvcp71.dll + \o \c msvcp80.dll + \endtable + + To verify that the application now can be successfully deployed, + you can extract this archive on a machine without Qt and without + any compiler installed, and try to run it. + + An alternative to putting the plugins in the plugins subdirectory + is to add a custom search path when you start your application + using QApplication::addLibraryPath() or + QApplication::setLibraryPaths(). + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 19 + + One benefit of using plugins is that they can easily be made + available to a whole family of applications. + + It's often most convenient to add the path in the application's \c + main() function, right after the QApplication object is + created. Once the path is added, the application will search it + for plugins, in addition to looking in the \c plugins subdirectory + in the application's own directory. Any number of additional paths + can be added. + + \section2 Visual Studio 2005 Onwards + + When deploying an application compiled with Visual Studio 2005 onwards, + there are some additional steps to be taken. + + First, we need to copy the manifest file created when linking the + application. This manifest file contains information about the + application's dependencies on side-by-side assemblies, such as the runtime + libraries. + + The manifest file needs to be copied into the \bold same folder as the + application executable. You do not need to copy the manifest files for + shared libraries (DLLs), since they are not used. + + If the shared library has dependencies that are different from the + application using it, the manifest file needs to be embedded into the DLL + binary. Since Qt 4.1.3, the follwoing \c CONFIG options are available for + embedding manifests: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 20 + + To use the options, add + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 21 + + to your .pro file. The \c embed_manifest_dll option is enabled by default. + + You can find more information about manifest files and side-by-side + assemblies at the + \l {http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376307.aspx}{MSDN website}. + + There are two ways to include the run time libraries: by bundling them + directly with your application or by installing them on the end-user's + system. + + To bundle the run time libraries with your application, copy the directory + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 22 + + into the folder where your executable is, so that you are including a + \c Microsoft.VC80.CRT directory alongside your application's executable. If + you are bundling the runtimes and need to deploy plugins as well, you have + to remove the manifest from the plugins (embedded as a resource) by adding + the following line to the \c{.pro} file of the plugins you are compiling: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 23 + + \warning If you skip the step above, the plugins will not load on some + systems. + + To install the runtime libraries on the end-user's system, you need to + include the appropriate Visual C++ Redistributable Package (VCRedist) + executable with your application and ensure that it is executed when the + user installs your application. + + For example, on an 32-bit x86-based system, you would include the + \l{http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=32BC1BEE-A3F9-4C13-9C99-220B62A191EE}{vcredist_x86.exe} + executable. The \l{http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=526BF4A7-44E6-4A91-B328-A4594ADB70E5}{vcredist_IA64.exe} + and \l{http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=90548130-4468-4BBC-9673-D6ACABD5D13B}{vcredist_x64.exe} + executables provide the appropriate libraries for the IA64 and 64-bit x86 + architectures, respectively. + + \note The application you ship must be compiled with exactly the same + compiler version against the same C runtime version. This prevents + deploying errors caused by different versions of the C runtime libraries. + + + \section1 Application Dependencies + + \section2 Additional Libraries + + Depending on configuration, compiler specific libraries must be + redistributed along with your application. You can check which + libraries your application is linking against by using the + \l{Dependency Walker} tool. All you need to do is to run it like + this: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 24 + + This will provide a list of the libraries that your application + depends on and other information. + + \image deployment-windows-depends.png + + When looking at the release build of the Plug & Paint executable + (\c plugandpaint.exe) with the \c depends tool, the tool lists the + following immediate dependencies to non-system libraries: + + \table 100% + \header + \o Qt + \o VC++ 6.0 + \o VC++ 7.1 (2003) + \o VC++ 8.0 (2005) + \o MinGW + \row + \o \list + \o QTCORE4.DLL - The QtCore runtime + \o QTGUI4.DLL - The QtGui runtime + \endlist + \o \list + \o MSVCRT.DLL - The C runtime + \o MSVCP60.DLL - The C++ runtime (only when STL is installed) + \endlist + \o \list + \o MSVCR71.DLL - The C runtime + \o MSVCP71.DLL - The C++ runtime (only when STL is installed) + \endlist + \o \list + \o MSVCR80.DLL - The C runtime + \o MSVCP80.DLL - The C++ runtime (only when STL is installed) + \endlist + \o \list + \o MINGWM10.DLL - The MinGW run-time + \endlist + \endtable + + When looking at the plugin DLLs the exact same dependencies + are listed. + + \section2 Qt Plugins + + Your application may also depend on one or more Qt plugins, such + as the JPEG image format plugin or a SQL driver plugin. Be sure + to distribute any Qt plugins that you need with your application, + and note that each type of plugin should be located within a + specific subdirectory (such as \c imageformats or \c sqldrivers) + within your distribution directory, as described below. + + \note If you are deploying an application that uses QtWebKit to display + HTML pages from the World Wide Web, you should include all text codec + plugins to support as many HTML encodings possible. + + The search path for Qt plugins (as well as a few other paths) is + hard-coded into the QtCore library. By default, the first plugin + search path will be hard-coded to be a \c plugins subdirectory of + the Qt installation: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 25 + + Pre-determined paths like this one have certain disadvantages. + For example, they may not exist on the target machine. For that + reason you need to examine various alternatives to make sure that + the Qt plugins are found: + + \list + + \o \l{qt-conf.html}{Using \c qt.conf}. This is the recommended + approach since it provides the most flexibility. + + \o Using QApplication::addLibraryPath() or + QApplication::setLibraryPaths(). + + \o Using a third party installation utility to change the + hard-coded paths in the QtCore library. + + \endlist + + The \l{How to Create Qt Plugins} document outlines the issues you + need to pay attention to when building and deploying plugins for + Qt applications. +*/ + +/*! + \page deployment-mac.html + \contentspage Deploying Qt Applications + + \title Deploying an Application on Mac OS X + \ingroup deployment + + Starting with version 4.5, Qt now includes a \l {macdeploy}{deployment tool} + that automates the prodecures described in this document. + + This documentation will describe how to create a bundle, and how + to make sure that the application will find the resources it needs + at run-time. We will demonstrate the procedures in terms of + deploying the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application + that is provided in Qt's examples directory. + + \tableofcontents + + \section1 The Bundle + + On the Mac, a GUI application must be built and run from a + bundle. A bundle is a directory structure that appears as a single + entity when viewed in the Finder. A bundle for an application + typcially contains the executable and all the resources it + needs. See the image below: + + \image deployment-mac-bundlestructure.png + + The bundle provides many advantages to the user. One primary + advantage is that, since it is a single entity, it allows for + drag-and-drop installation. As a programmer you can access bundle + information in your own code. This is specific to Mac OS X and + beyond the scope of this document. More information about bundles + is available on \l + {http://developer.apple.com/documentation/CoreFoundation/Conceptual/CFBundles/index.html}{Apple's Developer Website}. + + A Qt command line application on Mac OS X works similar to a + command line application on Unix and Windows. You probably don't + want to run it in a bundle: Add this to your application's .pro: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 26 + + This will tell \c qmake not to put the executable inside a + bundle. Please refer to the \l{Deploying an Application on + X11 Platforms}{X11 deployment documentation} for information about how + to deploy these "bundle-less" applications. + + \section1 Xcode + + We will only concern ourselves with command-line tools here. While + it is possible to use Xcode for this, Xcode has changed enough + between each version that it makes it difficult to document it + perfectly for each version. A future version of this document may + include more information for using Xcode in the deployment + process. + + \section1 Static Linking + + If you want to keep things simple by only having a few files to + deploy, then you must build everything statically. + + \section2 Building Qt Statically + + Start by installing a static version of the Qt library. Remember + that you will not be able to use plugins and you must build in all + the image formats, SQL drivers, etc.. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 27 + + You can check the various options that are available by running \c + configure -help. + + \section2 Linking the Application to the Static Version of Qt + + Once Qt is built statically, the next step is to regenerate the + makefile and rebuild the application. First, we must go into the + directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 28 + + Now run \c qmake to create a new makefile for the application, and do + a clean build to create the statically linked executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 29 + + You probably want to link against the release libraries, and you + can specify this when invoking \c qmake. If you have Xcode Tools + 1.5 or higher installed, you may want to take advantage of "dead + code stripping" to reduce the size of your binary even more. You + can do this by passing \c {LIBS+= -dead_strip} to \c qmake in + addition to the \c {-config release} parameter. This doesn't have + as large an effect if you are using GCC 4, since Qt will then have + function visibility hints built-in, but if you use GCC 3.3, it + could make a difference. + + Now, provided that everything compiled and linked without any + errors, we should have a \c plugandpaint.app bundle that is ready + for deployment. One easy way to check that the application really + can be run stand-alone is to copy the bundle to a machine that + doesn't have Qt or any Qt applications installed, and run the + application on that machine. + + You can check what other libraries your application links to using + the \c otool: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 30 + + Here is what the output looks like for the static \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint}: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 31 + + For more information, see the \l {Application Dependencies} + section. + + If you see \e Qt libraries in the output, it probably + means that you have both dynamic and static Qt libraries installed + on your machine. The linker will always choose dynamic over + static. There are two solutions: Either move your Qt dynamic + libraries (\c .dylibs) away to another directory while you link + the application and then move them back, or edit the \c Makefile + and replace link lines for the Qt libraries with the absolute path + to the static libraries. For example, replace + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 32 + + with + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 33 + + The \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} example consists of + several components: The core application (\l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint}), and the \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/basictools}{Basic Tools} and \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/extrafilters}{Extra Filters} + plugins. Since we cannot deploy plugins using the static linking + approach, the bundle we have prepared so far is incomplete. The + application will run, but the functionality will be disabled due + to the missing plugins. To deploy plugin-based applications we + should use the framework approach. + + \section1 Frameworks + + We have two challenges when deploying the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application using frameworks: + The Qt runtime has to be correctly redistributed along with the + application bundle, and the plugins have to be installed in the + correct location so that the application can find them. + + When distributing Qt with your application using frameworks, you + have two options: You can either distribute Qt as a private + framework within your application bundle, or you can distribute Qt + as a standard framework (alternatively use the Qt frameworks in + the installed binary). These two approaches are essentially the + same. The latter option is good if you have many Qt applications + and you would prefer to save memory. The former is good if you + have Qt built in a special way, or want to make sure the framework + is there. It just comes down to where you place the Qt frameworks. + + \section2 Building Qt as Frameworks + + We assume that you already have installed Qt as frameworks, which + is the default when installing Qt, in the /path/to/Qt + directory. For more information on how to build Qt, see the \l + Installation documentation. + + When installing, the identification name of the frameworks will + also be set. The identification name is what the dynamic linker + (\c dyld) uses to find the libraries for your application. + + \section2 Linking the Application to Qt as Frameworks + + After ensuring that Qt is built as frameworks, we can build the \l + {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & Paint} application. First, we must go + into the directory that contains the application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 34 + + Now run qmake to create a new makefile for the application, and do + a clean build to create the dynamically linked executable: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 35 + + This builds the core application, the following will build the + plugins: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 36 + + Now run the \c otool for the Qt frameworks, for example Qt Gui: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 37 + + You will get the following output: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 38 + + For the Qt frameworks, the first line (i.e. \c + {path/to/Qt/lib/QtGui.framework/Versions/4.0/QtGui (compatibility + version 4.0.0, current version 4.0.1)}) becomes the framework's + identification name which is used by the dynamic linker (\c dyld). + + But when you are deploying the application, your users may not + have the Qt frameworks installed in the specified location. For + that reason, you must either provide the frameworks in an agreed + upon location, or store the frameworks in the bundle itself. + Regardless of which solution you choose, you must make sure that + the frameworks return the proper identification name for + themselves, and that the application will look for these + names. Luckily we can control this with the \c install_name_tool + command-line tool. + + The \c install_name_tool works in two modes, \c -id and \c + -change. The \c -id mode is for libraries and frameworks, and + allows us to specify a new identification name. We use the \c + -change mode to change the paths in the application. + + Let's test this out by copying the Qt frameworks into the Plug & + Paint bundle. Looking at \c otool's output for the bundle, we can + see that we must copy both the QtCore and QtGui frameworks into + the bundle. We will assume that we are in the directory where we + built the bundle. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 39 + + First we create a \c Frameworks directory inside the bundle. This + follows the Mac OS X application convention. We then copy the + frameworks into the new directory. Since frameworks contain + symbolic links, and we want to preserve them, we use the \c -R + option. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 40 + + Then we run \c install_name_tool to set the identification names + for the frameworks. The first argument after \c -id is the new + name, and the second argument is the framework which + identification we wish to change. The text \c @executable_path is + a special \c dyld variable telling \c dyld to start looking where + the executable is located. The new names specifies that these + frameworks will be located "one directory up and over" in the \c + Frameworks directory. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 41 + + Now, the dynamic linker knows where to look for QtCore and + QtGui. Then we must make the application aware of the library + locations as well using \c install_name_tool's \c -change mode. + This basically comes down to string replacement, to match the + identification names that we set for the frameworks. + + Finally, since the QtGui framework depends on QtCore, we must + remember to change the reference for QtGui: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 42 + + After all this we can run \c otool again and see that the + application will look in the right locations. + + Of course, the thing that makes the \l {tools/plugandpaint}{Plug & + Paint} example interesting are its plugins. The basic steps we + need to follow with plugins are: + + \list + \o Put the plugins inside the bundle + \o Make sure that the plugins use the correct library using the + \c install_name_tool + \o Make sure that the application knows where to get the plugins + \endlist + + While we can put the plugins anywhere we want in the bundle, the + best location to put them is under Contents/Plugins. When we built + the Plug & Paint plugins, the \c DESTDIR variable in their \c .pro + file put the plugins' \c .dylib files in a \c plugins subdirectory + in the \c plugandpaint directory. So, in this example, all we need + to do is move this directory: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 43 + + If we run \c otool on for example the \l + {tools/plugandpaintplugins/basictools}{Basic Tools} plugin's \c + .dylib file we get the following information. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 44 + + Then we can see that the plugin links to the Qt frameworks it was + built against. Since we want the plugins to use the framework in + the application bundle we change them the same way as we did for + the application. For example for the Basic Tools plugin: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 45 + + + We must also modify the code in \c + tools/plugandpaint/mainwindow.cpp to \l {QDir::cdUp()}{cdUp()} one + directory since the plugins live in the bundle. Add the following + code to the \c mainwindow.cpp file: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 46 + + \table + \row + \o \inlineimage deployment-mac-application.png + \o + The additional code in \c tools/plugandpaint/mainwindow.cpp also + enables us to view the plugins in the Finder, as shown to the left. + + We can also add plugins extending Qt, for example adding SQL + drivers or image formats. We just need to follow the directory + structure outlined in plugin documentation, and make sure they are + included in the QCoreApplication::libraryPaths(). Let's quickly do + this with the image formats, following the approach from above. + + Copy Qt's image format plugins into the bundle: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 47 + + Use \c install_name_tool to link the plugins to the frameworks in + the bundle: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 48 + + Then we update the source code in \c tools/plugandpaint/main.cpp + to look for the the new plugins. After constructing the + QApplication, we add the following code: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 49 + + First, we tell the application to only look for plugins in this + directory. In our case, this is what we want since we only want to + look for the plugins that we distribute with the bundle. If we + were part of a bigger Qt installation we could have used + QCoreApplication::addLibraryPath() instead. + + \endtable + + \warning When deploying plugins, and thus make changes to the + source code, the default identification names are reset when + rebuilding the application, and you must repeat the process of + making your application link to the Qt frameworks in the bundle + using \c install_name_tool. + + Now you should be able to move the application to another Mac OS X + machine and run it without Qt installed. Alternatively, you can + move your frameworks that live outside of the bundle to another + directory and see if the application still runs. + + If you store the frameworks in another location than in the + bundle, the technique of linking your application is similar; you + must make sure that the application and the frameworks agree where + to be looking for the Qt libraries as well as the plugins. + + \section2 Creating the Application Package + + When you are done linking your application to Qt, either + statically or as frameworks, the application is ready to be + distributed. Apple provides a fair bit of information about how to + do this and instead of repeating it here, we recommend that you + consult their \l + {http://developer.apple.com/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/SoftwareDistribution/index.html}{software delivery} + documentation. + + Although the process of deploying an application do have some + pitfalls, once you know the various issues you can easily create + packages that all your Mac OS X users will enjoy. + + \section1 Application Dependencies + + \section2 Qt Plugins + + Your application may also depend on one or more Qt plugins, such + as the JPEG image format plugin or a SQL driver plugin. Be sure + to distribute any Qt plugins that you need with your application, + and note that each type of plugin should be located within a + specific subdirectory (such as \c imageformats or \c sqldrivers) + within your distribution directory, as described below. + + \note If you are deploying an application that uses QtWebKit to display + HTML pages from the World Wide Web, you should include all text codec + plugins to support as many HTML encodings possible. + + The search path for Qt plugins (as well as a few other paths) is + hard-coded into the QtCore library. By default, the first plugin + search path will be hard-coded as \c /path/to/Qt/plugins. But + using pre-determined paths has certain disadvantages. For example, + they may not exist on the target machine. For that reason you need + to examine various alternatives to make sure that the Qt plugins + are found: + + \list + + \o \l{qt-conf.html}{Using \c qt.conf}. This is the recommended + approach since it provides the most flexibility. + + \o Using QApplication::addLibraryPath() or + QApplication::setLibraryPaths(). + + \o Using a third party installation utility to change the + hard-coded paths in the QtCore library. + + \endlist + + The \l{How to Create Qt Plugins} document outlines the issues you + need to pay attention to when building and deploying plugins for + Qt applications. + + \section2 Additional Libraries + + You can check which libraries your application is linking against + by using the \c otool tool. To use \c otool, all you need to do is + to run it like this: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 50 + + Unlike the deployment processes on \l {Deploying an Application on + X11 Platforms}{X11} and \l {Deploying an Application on + Windows}{Windows}, compiler specific libraries rarely have to + be redistributed along with your application. But since Qt can be + configured, built, and installed in several ways on Mac OS X, + there are also several ways to deploy applications. Typically your + goals help determine how you are going to deploy the + application. The last sections describe a couple of things to keep + in mind when you are deploying your application. + + \section2 Mac OS X Version Dependencies + + Qt 4.2 has been designed to be built and deployed on Mac OS X 10.3 + up until the current version as of this writing, Mac OS X 10.4 and + all their minor releases. Qt achieves this by using "weak + linking." This means that Qt tests if a function added in newer + versions of Mac OS X is available on the computer it is running on + before it uses it. This results in getting access to newer + features when running on newer versions of OS X while still + remaining compatible on older versions. + + For more information about cross development issues on Mac OS X, + see \l + {http://developer.apple.com/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/cross_development/index.html}{Apple's Developer Website}. + + Since the linker is set to be compatible with all OS X version, you have to + change the \c MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET environment variable to get weak + linking to work for your application. You can add: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 51 + + to your .pro file and qmake will take care of this for you. + + However, there is a bit of a wrinkle to keep in mind when your are + deploying. Mac OS X 10.4 ("Tiger") ships GCC 4.0 as its default + compiler. This is also the GCC compiler we use for building the + binary Qt package. If you use GCC 4.0 to build your application, + it will link against a dynamic libstdc++ that is only available on + Mac OS X 10.4 and Mac OS X 10.3.9. The application will refuse to + run on older versions of the operating system. + + For more information about C++ runtime environment, see \l + {http://developer.apple.com/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/CppRuntimeEnv/index.html}{Apple's Developer Website} + + If you want to deploy to versions of Mac OS X earlier than 10.3.9, + you must build with GCC 3.3 which is the default on Mac OS X + 10.3. GCC 3.3 is also available on the Mac OS X 10.4 "Xcode Tools" + CD and as a download for earlier versions of Mac OS X from Apple + (\l {https://connect.apple.com/}{connect.apple.com}). You can use + Apple's \c gcc_select(1) command line tool to switch the default + complier on your system. + + \section3 Deploying Phonon Applications on Mac OS X + + \list + \o If you build your Phonon application on Tiger, it will work on + Tiger, Leopard and Panther. + \o If you build your application on Leopard, it will \bold not work + on Panther unless you rename the libraries with the following command + after you have built your application: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 51a + + This command must be invoked in the directory where + \c{libphonon_qt7.dylib} is located, usually in + \c{yourapp.app/Contents/plugins/phonon_backend/}. + \o The \l {macdeploy}{deployment tool} will perform this step for you. + + \o If you are using Leopard, but would like to build your application + against Tiger, you can use: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 51b + \endlist + + \section2 Architecture Dependencies + + The Qt for Mac OS X libraries, tools, and examples can be built "universal" + (i.e. they run natively on both Intel and PowerPC machines). This + is accomplished by passing \c -universal on the \c configure line + of the source package, and requires that you use GCC 4.0.x. On + PowerPC hardware you will need to pass the universal SDK as a + command line argument to the Qt configure command. For example: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 52 + + From 4.1.1 the Qt binary package is already universal. + + If you want to create a binary that runs on older versions of + PowerPC and x86, it is possible to build Qt for the PowerPC using + GCC 3.3, and for x86 one using GCC 4.0, and use Apple's \c lipo(1) + tool to stitch them together. This is beyond the scope of this + document and is not something we have tried, but Apple documents + it on their \l + {http://developer.apple.com/documentation/}{developer website}. + + Once you have a universal Qt, \a qmake will generate makefiles + that will build for its host architecture by default. If you want + to build for a specific architecture, you can control this with + the \c CONFIG line in your \c .pro file. Use \c CONFIG+=ppc for + PowerPC, and \c CONFIG+=x86 for x86. If you desire both, simply + add both to the \c CONFIG line. PowerPC users also need an + SDK. For example: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_deployment.qdoc 53 + + Besides \c lipo, you can also check your binaries with the \c file(1) + command line tool or the Finder. + + \section1 The Mac Deployment Tool + \target macdeploy + The Mac deployment tool can be found in QTDIR/bin/macdeployqt. It is + designed to automate the process of creating a deployable + application bundle that contains the Qt libraries as private + frameworks. + + The mac deployment tool also deploys the Qt plugins, according + to the following rules: + \list + \o Debug versions of the plugins are not deployed. + \o The designer plugins are not deployed. + \o The Image format plugins are always deployed. + \o SQL driver plugins are deployed if the application uses the QtSql module. + \o Script plugins are deployed if the application uses the QtScript module. + \o The Phonon backend plugin is deployed if the application uses the \l{Phonon Module} {Phonon} module. + \o The svg icon plugin is deployed if the application uses the QtSvg module. + \o The accessibility plugin is always deployed. + \o Accessibility for Qt3Support is deployed if the application uses the Qt3Support module. + \endlist +*/ |