Qt.git - Qt s a cross-platform application framework that is used for developing application software that can be run on various software and hardware platforms with little or no change in the underlying codebase, while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed.

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.. XXX document all delegations to __special__ methods .. _built-in-funcs: Built-in Functions ================== The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order. =================== ================= ================== ================ ==================== .. .. Built-in Functions .. .. =================== ================= ================== ================ ==================== :func:`abs` :func:`dict` :func:`help` :func:`min` :func:`setattr` :func:`all` :func:`dir` :func:`hex` :func:`next` :func:`slice` :func:`any` :func:`divmod` :func:`id` :func:`object` :func:`sorted` :func:`ascii` :func:`enumerate` :func:`input` :func:`oct` :func:`staticmethod` :func:`bin` :func:`eval` :func:`int` :func:`open` :func:`str` :func:`bool` :func:`exec` :func:`isinstance` :func:`ord` :func:`sum` :func:`bytearray` :func:`filter` :func:`issubclass` :func:`pow` :func:`super` :func:`bytes` :func:`float` :func:`iter` :func:`print` :func:`tuple` :func:`callable` :func:`format` :func:`len` :func:`property` :func:`type` :func:`chr` :func:`frozenset` :func:`list` :func:`range` :func:`vars` :func:`classmethod` :func:`getattr` :func:`locals` :func:`repr` :func:`zip` :func:`compile` :func:`globals` :func:`map` :func:`reversed` :func:`__import__` :func:`complex` :func:`hasattr` :func:`max` :func:`round` :func:`delattr` :func:`hash` :func:`memoryview` :func:`set` =================== ================= ================== ================ ==================== .. function:: abs(x) Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be an integer or a floating point number. If the argument is a complex number, its magnitude is returned. .. function:: all(iterable) Return True if all elements of the *iterable* are true (or if the iterable is empty). Equivalent to:: def all(iterable): for element in iterable: if not element: return False return True .. function:: any(iterable) Return True if any element of the *iterable* is true. If the iterable is empty, return False. Equivalent to:: def any(iterable): for element in iterable: if element: return True return False .. function:: ascii(object) As :func:`repr`, return a string containing a printable representation of an object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by :func:`repr` using ``\x``, ``\u`` or ``\U`` escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by :func:`repr` in Python 2. .. function:: bin(x) Convert an integer number to a binary string. The result is a valid Python expression. If *x* is not a Python :class:`int` object, it has to define an :meth:`__index__` method that returns an integer. .. function:: bool([x]) Convert a value to a Boolean, using the standard truth testing procedure. If *x* is false or omitted, this returns :const:`False`; otherwise it returns :const:`True`. :class:`bool` is also a class, which is a subclass of :class:`int`. Class :class:`bool` cannot be subclassed further. Its only instances are :const:`False` and :const:`True`. .. index:: pair: Boolean; type .. function:: bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]]) Return a new array of bytes. The :class:`bytearray` type is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in :ref:`typesseq-mutable`, as well as most methods that the :class:`bytes` type has, see :ref:`bytes-methods`. The optional *source* parameter can be used to initialize the array in a few different ways: * If it is a *string*, you must also give the *encoding* (and optionally, *errors*) parameters; :func:`bytearray` then converts the string to bytes using :meth:`str.encode`. * If it is an *integer*, the array will have that size and will be initialized with null bytes. * If it is an object conforming to the *buffer* interface, a read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the bytes array. * If it is an *iterable*, it must be an iterable of integers in the range ``0 <= x < 256``, which are used as the initial contents of the array. Without an argument, an array of size 0 is created. .. function:: bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]]) Return a new "bytes" object, which is an immutable sequence of integers in the range ``0 <= x < 256``. :class:`bytes` is an immutable version of :class:`bytearray` -- it has the same non-mutating methods and the same indexing and slicing behavior. Accordingly, constructor arguments are interpreted as for :func:`bytearray`. Bytes objects can also be created with literals, see :ref:`strings`. .. function:: callable(object) Return :const:`True` if the *object* argument appears callable, :const:`False` if not. If this returns true, it is still possible that a call fails, but if it is false, calling *object* will never succeed. Note that classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance); instances are callable if their class has a :meth:`__call__` method. .. versionadded:: 3.2 This function was first removed in Python 3.0 and then brought back in Python 3.2. .. function:: chr(i) Return the string representing a character whose Unicode codepoint is the integer *i*. For example, ``chr(97)`` returns the string ``'a'``. This is the inverse of :func:`ord`. The valid range for the argument is from 0 through 1,114,111 (0x10FFFF in base 16). :exc:`ValueError` will be raised if *i* is outside that range. Note that on narrow Unicode builds, the result is a string of length two for *i* greater than 65,535 (0xFFFF in hexadecimal). .. function:: classmethod(function) Return a class method for *function*. A class method receives the class as implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom:: class C: @classmethod def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...): ... The ``@classmethod`` form is a function :term:`decorator` -- see the description of function definitions in :ref:`function` for details. It can be called either on the class (such as ``C.f()``) or on an instance (such as ``C().f()``). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument. Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see :func:`staticmethod` in this section. For more information on class methods, consult the documentation on the standard type hierarchy in :ref:`types`. .. function:: compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1) Compile the *source* into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by :func:`exec` or :func:`eval`. *source* can either be a string or an AST object. Refer to the :mod:`ast` module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects. The *filename* argument should give the file from which the code was read; pass some recognizable value if it wasn't read from a file (``'<string>'`` is commonly used). The *mode* argument specifies what kind of code must be compiled; it can be ``'exec'`` if *source* consists of a sequence of statements, ``'eval'`` if it consists of a single expression, or ``'single'`` if it consists of a single interactive statement (in the latter case, expression statements that evaluate to something other than ``None`` will be printed). The optional arguments *flags* and *dont_inherit* control which future statements (see :pep:`236`) affect the compilation of *source*. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with those future statements that are in effect in the code that is calling compile. If the *flags* argument is given and *dont_inherit* is not (or is zero) then the future statements specified by the *flags* argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If *dont_inherit* is a non-zero integer then the *flags* argument is it -- the future statements in effect around the call to compile are ignored. Future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to specify multiple statements. The bitfield required to specify a given feature can be found as the :attr:`compiler_flag` attribute on the :class:`_Feature` instance in the :mod:`__future__` module. The argument *optimize* specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the default value of ``-1`` selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by :option:`-O` options. Explicit levels are ``0`` (no optimization; ``__debug__`` is true), ``1`` (asserts are removed, ``__debug__`` is false) or ``2`` (docstrings are removed too). This function raises :exc:`SyntaxError` if the compiled source is invalid, and :exc:`TypeError` if the source contains null bytes. .. note:: When compiling a string with multi-line code in ``'single'`` or ``'eval'`` mode, input must be terminated by at least one newline character. This is to facilitate detection of incomplete and complete statements in the :mod:`code` module. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also input in ``'exec'`` mode does not have to end in a newline anymore. Added the *optimize* parameter. .. function:: complex([real[, imag]]) Create a complex number with the value *real* + *imag*\*j or convert a string or number to a complex number. If the first parameter is a string, it will be interpreted as a complex number and the function must be called without a second parameter. The second parameter can never be a string. Each argument may be any numeric type (including complex). If *imag* is omitted, it defaults to zero and the function serves as a numeric conversion function like :func:`int` and :func:`float`. If both arguments are omitted, returns ``0j``. The complex type is described in :ref:`typesnumeric`. .. function:: delattr(object, name) This is a relative of :func:`setattr`. The arguments are an object and a string. The string must be the name of one of the object's attributes. The function deletes the named attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, ``delattr(x, 'foobar')`` is equivalent to ``del x.foobar``. .. function:: dict([arg]) :noindex: Create a new data dictionary, optionally with items taken from *arg*. The dictionary type is described in :ref:`typesmapping`. For other containers see the built in :class:`list`, :class:`set`, and :class:`tuple` classes, and the :mod:`collections` module. .. function:: dir([object]) Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object. If the object has a method named :meth:`__dir__`, this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom :func:`__getattr__` or :func:`__getattribute__` function to customize the way :func:`dir` reports their attributes. If the object does not provide :meth:`__dir__`, the function tries its best to gather information from the object's :attr:`__dict__` attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete, and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom :func:`__getattr__`. The default :func:`dir` mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information: * If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module's attributes. * If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases. * Otherwise, the list contains the object's attributes' names, the names of its class's attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class's base classes. The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example: >>> import struct >>> dir() # doctest: +SKIP ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'struct'] >>> dir(struct) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE ['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from'] >>> class Foo: ... def __dir__(self): ... return ["kan", "ga", "roo"] ... >>> f = Foo() >>> dir(f) ['ga', 'kan', 'roo'] .. note:: Because :func:`dir` is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class. .. function:: divmod(a, b) Take two (non complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. With mixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For integers, the result is the same as ``(a // b, a % b)``. For floating point numbers the result is ``(q, a % b)``, where *q* is usually ``math.floor(a / b)`` but may be 1 less than that. In any case ``q * b + a % b`` is very close to *a*, if ``a % b`` is non-zero it has the same sign as *b*, and ``0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b)``. .. function:: enumerate(iterable, start=0) Return an enumerate object. *iterable* must be a sequence, an :term:`iterator`, or some other object which supports iteration. The :meth:`__next__` method of the iterator returned by :func:`enumerate` returns a tuple containing a count (from *start* which defaults to 0) and the corresponding value obtained from iterating over *iterable*. :func:`enumerate` is useful for obtaining an indexed series: ``(0, seq[0])``, ``(1, seq[1])``, ``(2, seq[2])``, .... For example: >>> for i, season in enumerate(['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']): ... print(i, season) 0 Spring 1 Summer 2 Fall 3 Winter .. function:: eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None) The arguments are a string and optional globals and locals. If provided, *globals* must be a dictionary. If provided, *locals* can be any mapping object. The *expression* argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the *globals* and *locals* dictionaries as global and local namespace. If the *globals* dictionary is present and lacks '__builtins__', the current globals are copied into *globals* before *expression* is parsed. This means that *expression* normally has full access to the standard :mod:`builtins` module and restricted environments are propagated. If the *locals* dictionary is omitted it defaults to the *globals* dictionary. If both dictionaries are omitted, the expression is executed in the environment where :func:`eval` is called. The return value is the result of the evaluated expression. Syntax errors are reported as exceptions. Example: >>> x = 1 >>> eval('x+1') 2 This function can also be used to execute arbitrary code objects (such as those created by :func:`compile`). In this case pass a code object instead of a string. If the code object has been compiled with ``'exec'`` as the *mode* argument, :func:`eval`\'s return value will be ``None``. Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the :func:`exec` function. The :func:`globals` and :func:`locals` functions returns the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by :func:`eval` or :func:`exec`. See :func:`ast.literal_eval` for a function that can safely evaluate strings with expressions containing only literals. .. function:: exec(object[, globals[, locals]]) This function supports dynamic execution of Python code. *object* must be either a string or a code object. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements which is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [#]_ If it is a code object, it is simply executed. In all cases, the code that's executed is expected to be valid as file input (see the section "File input" in the Reference Manual). Be aware that the :keyword:`return` and :keyword:`yield` statements may not be used outside of function definitions even within the context of code passed to the :func:`exec` function. The return value is ``None``. In all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed in the current scope. If only *globals* is provided, it must be a dictionary, which will be used for both the global and the local variables. If *globals* and *locals* are given, they are used for the global and local variables, respectively. If provided, *locals* can be any mapping object. If the *globals* dictionary does not contain a value for the key ``__builtins__``, a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module :mod:`builtins` is inserted under that key. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own ``__builtins__`` dictionary into *globals* before passing it to :func:`exec`. .. note:: The built-in functions :func:`globals` and :func:`locals` return the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use as the second and third argument to :func:`exec`. .. note:: The default *locals* act as described for function :func:`locals` below: modifications to the default *locals* dictionary should not be attempted. Pass an explicit *locals* dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on *locals* after function :func:`exec` returns. .. function:: filter(function, iterable) Construct an iterator from those elements of *iterable* for which *function* returns true. *iterable* may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If *function* is ``None``, the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of *iterable* that are false are removed. Note that ``filter(function, iterable)`` is equivalent to the generator expression ``(item for item in iterable if function(item))`` if function is not ``None`` and ``(item for item in iterable if item)`` if function is ``None``. See :func:`itertools.filterfalse` for the complementary function that returns elements of *iterable* for which *function* returns false. .. function:: float([x]) .. index:: single: NaN single: Infinity Convert a string or a number to floating point. If the argument is a string, it should contain a decimal number, optionally preceded by a sign, and optionally embedded in whitespace. The optional sign may be ``'+'`` or ``'-'``; a ``'+'`` sign has no effect on the value produced. The argument may also be a string representing a NaN (not-a-number), or a positive or negative infinity. More precisely, the input must conform to the following grammar after leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: .. productionlist:: sign: "+" | "-" infinity: "Infinity" | "inf" nan: "nan" numeric_value: `floatnumber` | `infinity` | `nan` numeric_string: [`sign`] `numeric_value` Here ``floatnumber`` is the form of a Python floating-point literal, described in :ref:`floating`. Case is not significant, so, for example, "inf", "Inf", "INFINITY" and "iNfINity" are all acceptable spellings for positive infinity. Otherwise, if the argument is an integer or a floating point number, a floating point number with the same value (within Python's floating point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an :exc:`OverflowError` will be raised. For a general Python object ``x``, ``float(x)`` delegates to ``x.__float__()``. If no argument is given, ``0.0`` is returned. Examples:: >>> float('+1.23') 1.23 >>> float(' -12345\n') -12345.0 >>> float('1e-003') 0.001 >>> float('+1E6') 1000000.0 >>> float('-Infinity') -inf The float type is described in :ref:`typesnumeric`. .. function:: format(value[, format_spec]) .. index:: pair: str; format single: __format__ Convert a *value* to a "formatted" representation, as controlled by *format_spec*. The interpretation of *format_spec* will depend on the type of the *value* argument, however there is a standard formatting syntax that is used by most built-in types: :ref:`formatspec`. .. note:: ``format(value, format_spec)`` merely calls ``value.__format__(format_spec)``. .. function:: frozenset([iterable]) :noindex: Return a frozenset object, optionally with elements taken from *iterable*. The frozenset type is described in :ref:`types-set`. For other containers see the built in :class:`dict`, :class:`list`, and :class:`tuple` classes, and the :mod:`collections` module. .. function:: getattr(object, name[, default]) Return the value of the named attribute of *object*. *name* must be a string. If the string is the name of one of the object's attributes, the result is the value of that attribute. For example, ``getattr(x, 'foobar')`` is equivalent to ``x.foobar``. If the named attribute does not exist, *default* is returned if provided, otherwise :exc:`AttributeError` is raised. .. function:: globals() Return a dictionary representing the current global symbol table. This is always the dictionary of the current module (inside a function or method, this is the module where it is defined, not the module from which it is called). .. function:: hasattr(object, name) The arguments are an object and a string. The result is ``True`` if the string is the name of one of the object's attributes, ``False`` if not. (This is implemented by calling ``getattr(object, name)`` and seeing whether it raises an :exc:`AttributeError` or not.) .. function:: hash(object) Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0). .. function:: help([object]) Invoke the built-in help system. (This function is intended for interactive use.) If no argument is given, the interactive help system starts on the interpreter console. If the argument is a string, then the string is looked up as the name of a module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation topic, and a help page is printed on the console. If the argument is any other kind of object, a help page on the object is generated. This function is added to the built-in namespace by the :mod:`site` module. .. function:: hex(x) Convert an integer number to a hexadecimal string. The result is a valid Python expression. If *x* is not a Python :class:`int` object, it has to define an :meth:`__index__` method that returns an integer. .. note:: To obtain a hexadecimal string representation for a float, use the :meth:`float.hex` method. .. function:: id(object) Return the "identity" of an object. This is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same :func:`id` value. .. impl-detail:: This is the address of the object. .. function:: input([prompt]) If the *prompt* argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that. When EOF is read, :exc:`EOFError` is raised. Example:: >>> s = input('--> ') --> Monty Python's Flying Circus >>> s "Monty Python's Flying Circus" If the :mod:`readline` module was loaded, then :func:`input` will use it to provide elaborate line editing and history features. .. function:: int([number | string[, base]]) Convert a number or string to an integer. If no arguments are given, return ``0``. If a number is given, return ``number.__int__()``. Conversion of floating point numbers to integers truncates towards zero. A string must be a base-radix integer literal optionally preceded by '+' or '-' (with no space in between) and optionally surrounded by whitespace. A base-n literal consists of the digits 0 to n-1, with 'a' to 'z' (or 'A' to 'Z') having values 10 to 35. The default *base* is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2-36. Base-2, -8, and -16 literals can be optionally prefixed with ``0b``/``0B``, ``0o``/``0O``, or ``0x``/``0X``, as with integer literals in code. Base 0 means to interpret exactly as a code literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16, and so that ``int('010', 0)`` is not legal, while ``int('010')`` is, as well as ``int('010', 8)``. The integer type is described in :ref:`typesnumeric`. .. function:: isinstance(object, classinfo) Return true if the *object* argument is an instance of the *classinfo* argument, or of a (direct or indirect) subclass thereof. If *object* is not an object of the given type, the function always returns false. If *classinfo* is not a class (type object), it may be a tuple of type objects, or may recursively contain other such tuples (other sequence types are not accepted). If *classinfo* is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised. .. function:: issubclass(class, classinfo) Return true if *class* is a subclass (direct or indirect) of *classinfo*. A class is considered a subclass of itself. *classinfo* may be a tuple of class objects, in which case every entry in *classinfo* will be checked. In any other case, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised. .. function:: iter(object[, sentinel]) Return an :term:`iterator` object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, *object* must be a collection object which supports the iteration protocol (the :meth:`__iter__` method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the :meth:`__getitem__` method with integer arguments starting at ``0``). If it does not support either of those protocols, :exc:`TypeError` is raised. If the second argument, *sentinel*, is given, then *object* must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call *object* with no arguments for each call to its :meth:`__next__` method; if the value returned is equal to *sentinel*, :exc:`StopIteration` will be raised, otherwise the value will be returned. One useful application of the second form of :func:`iter` is to read lines of a file until a certain line is reached. The following example reads a file until ``"STOP"`` is reached: :: with open("mydata.txt") as fp: for line in iter(fp.readline, "STOP"): process_line(line) .. function:: len(s) Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (string, tuple or list) or a mapping (dictionary). .. function:: list([iterable]) Return a list whose items are the same and in the same order as *iterable*'s items. *iterable* may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If *iterable* is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to ``iterable[:]``. For instance, ``list('abc')`` returns ``['a', 'b', 'c']`` and ``list( (1, 2, 3) )`` returns ``[1, 2, 3]``. If no argument is given, returns a new empty list, ``[]``. :class:`list` is a mutable sequence type, as documented in :ref:`typesseq`. .. function:: locals() Update and return a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. Free variables are returned by :func:`locals` when it is called in function blocks, but not in class blocks. .. note:: The contents of this dictionary should not be modified; changes may not affect the values of local and free variables used by the interpreter. .. function:: map(function, iterable, ...) Return an iterator that applies *function* to every item of *iterable*, yielding the results. If additional *iterable* arguments are passed, *function* must take that many arguments and is applied to the items from all iterables in parallel. With multiple iterables, the iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. For cases where the function inputs are already arranged into argument tuples, see :func:`itertools.starmap`\. .. function:: max(iterable[, args...], *[, key]) With a single argument *iterable*, return the largest item of a non-empty iterable (such as a string, tuple or list). With more than one argument, return the largest of the arguments. The optional keyword-only *key* argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for :meth:`list.sort`. If multiple items are maximal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as ``sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0]`` and ``heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc)``. .. function:: memoryview(obj) :noindex: Return a "memory view" object created from the given argument. See :ref:`typememoryview` for more information. .. function:: min(iterable[, args...], *[, key]) With a single argument *iterable*, return the smallest item of a non-empty iterable (such as a string, tuple or list). With more than one argument, return the smallest of the arguments. The optional keyword-only *key* argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for :meth:`list.sort`. If multiple items are minimal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as ``sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc)[0]`` and ``heapq.nsmallest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc)``. .. function:: next(iterator[, default]) Retrieve the next item from the *iterator* by calling its :meth:`__next__` method. If *default* is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise :exc:`StopIteration` is raised. .. function:: object() Return a new featureless object. :class:`object` is a base for all classes. It has the methods that are common to all instances of Python classes. This function does not accept any arguments. .. note:: :class:`object` does *not* have a :attr:`__dict__`, so you can't assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of the :class:`object` class. .. function:: oct(x) Convert an integer number to an octal string. The result is a valid Python


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