From 82b3cf4a0fab2a0a54a7596f456e07c22552b50b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Thomas Zander Date: Thu, 29 Apr 2010 18:18:59 +0200 Subject: Symbian (installation) docs. Done with: Axis --- doc/src/getting-started/installation.qdoc | 203 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc | 86 +++++++++- 2 files changed, 287 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/src/getting-started/installation.qdoc b/doc/src/getting-started/installation.qdoc index 3a9d4ea..3ea351e 100644 --- a/doc/src/getting-started/installation.qdoc +++ b/doc/src/getting-started/installation.qdoc @@ -697,6 +697,209 @@ If you are using pre-built binaries, follow the instructions given in the \endlist */ +/*! \page install-Symbian-linux.html +\title Installing Qt on the Symbian platform using Linux (experimental) +\ingroup installation +\ingroup qtsymbian +\brief How to install Qt on the Symbian platform using Linux. + +\note Qt for the Symbian platform has some requirements that are given in more detail +in the \l{Qt for the Symbian platform Requirements} document. TODO list requirements like SDK here. + +\note \bold {This document describes how to install and configure Qt for +the Symbian platform from scratch, using Linux as the build host. +Qt does not come with a binary package for Linux yet, but if you want to avoid +the full build of Qt and start developing applications right away, you can +download drop-in binaries from here: TODO} + +\list 1 + + \o Setup the development environment + + TODO Make sure your Symbian development environment is correctly installed and + patched as explained in the \l{Qt for the Symbian platform Requirements} document. + + \o Install Qt + + Uncompress the \l{http://qt.nokia.com/downloads}{downloaded} source package into the + directory you want Qt installed, e.g. \c{/home/user/qt/%VERSION%}. + + \o Environment variables + + In order to build and use Qt, the \c PATH environment variable needs + to be extended to fine Qt tools and also to find the Symbian platform tools: + + First you need to set the \c EPOCROOT environment variable to point to the location + of your S60 SDK: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 36 + + Then you can update the PATH variable; + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 37 + + \o Configure Qt + + To configure Qt for the Symbian platform, do: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 38 + to build the libraries using RVCT or + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 39 + to build the libraries using GCCE. + + \o Build Qt + + To build Qt for the device, type: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 40 + + Congratulations, Qt is now ready to use. + + \o Building Qt packages for the device + + To run any application or demo on a real device, you need to install it + on the device. To do this you first have to create a a package for the + device, containing the libraries: + + \list A + \o Building a Qt package without a certificate + + If you have no certificate, build a self signed Qt: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 41 + + The Qt libraries are built with "All -Tcb" capability, so that + they can support all types of applications. However, these + capabilities are automatically lowered if you make a selfsigned + package. + + \o Building a Qt package with a Symbian developer certificate + + If you have a symbian-signed developer certificate, specify the + capabilities you can sign for, for example: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 42 + \endlist + + \o Installing Qt packages to the device. + + It is possible to install packages to a phone in Linux by putting + the package on the phone memory card and then installing manually + from the phone menu. However, this is tedious and will not work + on phones without a memory card, so the method recommended by Qt is + to use the App TRK tool. + + \list a + \o Obtaining the App TRK package. + + Download the package from the following location. + + \list + \o \l{http://tools.ext.nokia.com/trk/}{Application TRK}. + Choose the correct installation package based on the + S60 version of your device + (\c{S60__app_trk_.sisx}). + \endlist + + This package currently has to be installed by putting the + package on the memory card and installing from the phone + menu, or using a Windows PC for doing the install. However, + the installation only has to be done once. + + \o Configuring App TRK on the phone. + + When App TRK is installed, connect the phone to the PC using + the USB cable. Select "PCSuite" as connection type. Then run + App TRK on the phone, and make sure that the connection type is + USB. This can be changed under + the \c Settings menu entry. If necessary, choose \c Connect + from the menu. + + \o Configuring the USB serial driver on the Linux system. + + On Linux, phone should appear as the \c /dev/ttyUSB1 device, + however if you are running an old kernel, you may need to + force the USB module to be loaded correctly before the device + will appear: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 43 + + Note the identifier on the line where your Symbian device + appears. Then execute the following, using the first and + second part of the identifier in place of \c XXXX, + respectively. + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 44 + + The \c rmmod step may fail if the module is not already + loaded, but that is harmless. + + \o Building the \c runonphone tool. + + Note that building the \c runonphone tool requires a separate + installation of Qt for Linux. If there is a version of Qt + installed by your distribution's package mechanism, that that + should do fine. Some distributions separate the libraries from + the development setup which includes qmake. Make sure you have + both installed. + + First make sure that the \c qmake you use is taken from the + Linux installation of Qt. The easiest way to make sure of this + is to open a new shell and run the following command: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 45 + + \c qmake will tell you where it is installed. + + Copy the \c{%QTDIR%/tools/runonphone} folder to a place outside + of the Qt tree. Then go to the folder in a shell and build it: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 46 + + Copy the resulting executable to a folder which is in your + \c PATH environment variable. + + \o Installing the built package onto the phone. + + Return to the root of the Qt tree configured for Symbian. Then + install the Qt libraries by running the following: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 47 + + \note If the installation fails, please make sure that there is + no previously installed version of Qt on the phone. + + Qt requires some dependent packages to be installed on the device, + they are shipped in the Symbian SDK and can be installed using the + runonphone tool as well. + The packages can be found in the EPOCROOT at the following locations; + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 50 + + \endlist + + \o Running Qt demos + + We've included a subset of the Qt demos in this package for you + to try out. An excellent starting point is the "fluidlauncher" + demo. + + Install and run the demo by using the following commands: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 48 + + The same command can be used for other applications: + + \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc 49 + + For more information about building and running Qt programs on the + Symbian platform, see \l{The Symbian platform - Introduction to Qt}. + + We hope you will enjoy using Qt. + +\endlist + +*/ /*! \page requirements.html \title General Qt Requirements diff --git a/doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc b/doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc index b3c9903..ac94cf7 100644 --- a/doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc +++ b/doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_installation.qdoc @@ -225,10 +225,8 @@ SYMBIANBUILD_DEPENDENCYOFF=1 //! [34] cd src\s60installs -patch_capabilities.pl Qt_template.pkg release-armv5 make sis QT_SIS_OPTIONS=-i cd ..\3rdparty\webkit\WebCore -patch_capabilities.pl QtWebkit_template.pkg release-armv5 make sis QT_SIS_OPTIONS=-i //! [34] @@ -240,3 +238,87 @@ cd ..\3rdparty\webkit\WebCore patch_capabilities.pl QtWebKit_template.pkg release-armv5 "ALL -Tcb -AllFiles -DRM" make sis QT_SIS_OPTIONS=-i QT_SIS_CERTIFICATE= QT_SIS_KEY= //! [35] + +//! [36] +EPOCROOT=/home/user/s60-sdk/ +export EPOCROOT +//! [36] + +//! [37] +PATH=/home/user/qt/%VERSION%/bin:$EPOCROOT/epoc32/tools:$PATH +export PATH +//! [37] + +//! [38] +cd /home/user/qt/%VERSION% +./configure -platform linux-g++ -xplatform symbian/linux-armcc -arch symbian +//! [38] + +//! [39] +cd /home/user/qt/%VERSION% +./configure -platform linux-g++ -xplatform symbian/linux-gcce -arch symbian -no-webkit +//! [39] + +//! [40] +make +//! [40] + +//! [41] +cd src/s60installs +make sis +//! [41] + +//! [42] +cd src/s60installs +patch_capabilities.pl Qt_template.pkg - "ALL -Tcb -AllFiles -DRM" +make sis QT_SIS_CERTIFICATE= QT_SIS_KEY= +cd ../3rdparty/webkit/WebCore +patch_capabilities.pl QtWebKit_template.pkg - "ALL -Tcb -AllFiles -DRM" +make sis QT_SIS_CERTIFICATE= QT_SIS_KEY= +//! [42] + +//! [43] +lsusb +//! [43] + +//! [44] +sudo rmmod usbserial +sudo modprobe usbserial vendor=0x0XXX product=0x0XXX +//! [44] + +//! [45] +$ qmake -version +QMake version 2.01a +Using Qt version 4.6.2 in /usr/lib/qt4 +//! [45] + +//! [46] +cd $HOME/runonphone +qmake +make +//! [46] + +//! [47] +runonphone -s lib/Qt.sis +//! [47] + +//! [48] +cd demos/embedded/fluidlauncher +runonphone -s fluidlauncher.sis fluidlauncher.exe +//! [48] + +//! [49] +cd myapp +qmake +make +make sis +runonphone -s myapp.sis myapp.exe +//! [49] + +//! [50] +nokia_plugin/openc/s60opencsis/openc_ssl_s60_1_6_ss.sis +nokia_plugin/openc/s60opencsis/pips_s60_1_6_ss.sis +nokia_plugin/opencpp/s60opencppsis/stdcpp_s60_1_6_ss.sis +//! [50] + + -- cgit v0.12 n249'>249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955
#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_ast.h"           // expr_ty
#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
#include "pycore_runtime.h"       // _Py_ID()
#include <float.h>                // DBL_MAX_10_EXP
#include <stdbool.h>

/* This limited unparser is used to convert annotations back to strings
 * during compilation rather than being a full AST unparser.
 * See ast.unparse for a full unparser (written in Python)
 */

_Py_DECLARE_STR(open_br, "{");
_Py_DECLARE_STR(dbl_open_br, "{{");
_Py_DECLARE_STR(close_br, "}");
_Py_DECLARE_STR(dbl_close_br, "}}");

/* We would statically initialize this if doing so were simple enough. */
#define _str_replace_inf(interp) \
    _Py_INTERP_CACHED_OBJECT(interp, str_replace_inf)

/* Forward declarations for recursion via helper functions. */
static PyObject *
expr_as_unicode(expr_ty e, int level);
static int
append_ast_expr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level);
static int
append_joinedstr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, bool is_format_spec);
static int
append_formattedvalue(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e);
static int
append_ast_slice(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e);

static int
append_charp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, const char *charp)
{
    return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(writer, charp, -1);
}

#define APPEND_STR_FINISH(str)  do { \
        return append_charp(writer, (str)); \
    } while (0)

#define APPEND_STR(str)  do { \
        if (-1 == append_charp(writer, (str))) { \
            return -1; \
        } \
    } while (0)

#define APPEND_STR_IF(cond, str)  do { \
        if ((cond) && -1 == append_charp(writer, (str))) { \
            return -1; \
        } \
    } while (0)

#define APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(str)  do { \
        APPEND_STR_IF(!first, (str)); \
        first = false; \
    } while (0)

#define APPEND_EXPR(expr, pr)  do { \
        if (-1 == append_ast_expr(writer, (expr), (pr))) { \
            return -1; \
        } \
    } while (0)

#define APPEND(type, value)  do { \
        if (-1 == append_ast_ ## type(writer, (value))) { \
            return -1; \
        } \
    } while (0)

static int
append_repr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *obj)
{
    PyObject *repr = PyObject_Repr(obj);

    if (!repr) {
        return -1;
    }

    if ((PyFloat_CheckExact(obj) && Py_IS_INFINITY(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(obj))) ||
       PyComplex_CheckExact(obj))
    {
        PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
        PyObject *new_repr = PyUnicode_Replace(
            repr,
            &_Py_ID(inf),
            _str_replace_inf(interp),
            -1
        );
        Py_DECREF(repr);
        if (!new_repr) {
            return -1;
        }
        repr = new_repr;
    }
    int ret = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, repr);
    Py_DECREF(repr);
    return ret;
}

/* Priority levels */

enum {
    PR_TUPLE,
    PR_TEST,            /* 'if'-'else', 'lambda' */
    PR_OR,              /* 'or' */
    PR_AND,             /* 'and' */
    PR_NOT,             /* 'not' */
    PR_CMP,             /* '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '!=',
                           'in', 'not in', 'is', 'is not' */
    PR_EXPR,
    PR_BOR = PR_EXPR,   /* '|' */
    PR_BXOR,            /* '^' */
    PR_BAND,            /* '&' */
    PR_SHIFT,           /* '<<', '>>' */
    PR_ARITH,           /* '+', '-' */
    PR_TERM,            /* '*', '@', '/', '%', '//' */
    PR_FACTOR,          /* unary '+', '-', '~' */
    PR_POWER,           /* '**' */
    PR_AWAIT,           /* 'await' */
    PR_ATOM,
};

static int
append_ast_boolop(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, value_count;
    asdl_expr_seq *values;
    const char *op = (e->v.BoolOp.op == And) ? " and " : " or ";
    int pr = (e->v.BoolOp.op == And) ? PR_AND : PR_OR;

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, "(");

    values = e->v.BoolOp.values;
    value_count = asdl_seq_LEN(values);

    for (i = 0; i < value_count; ++i) {
        APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, op);
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(values, i), pr + 1);
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_binop(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    const char *op;
    int pr;
    bool rassoc = false;  /* is right-associative? */

    switch (e->v.BinOp.op) {
    case Add: op = " + "; pr = PR_ARITH; break;
    case Sub: op = " - "; pr = PR_ARITH; break;
    case Mult: op = " * "; pr = PR_TERM; break;
    case MatMult: op = " @ "; pr = PR_TERM; break;
    case Div: op = " / "; pr = PR_TERM; break;
    case Mod: op = " % "; pr = PR_TERM; break;
    case LShift: op = " << "; pr = PR_SHIFT; break;
    case RShift: op = " >> "; pr = PR_SHIFT; break;
    case BitOr: op = " | "; pr = PR_BOR; break;
    case BitXor: op = " ^ "; pr = PR_BXOR; break;
    case BitAnd: op = " & "; pr = PR_BAND; break;
    case FloorDiv: op = " // "; pr = PR_TERM; break;
    case Pow: op = " ** "; pr = PR_POWER; rassoc = true; break;
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "unknown binary operator");
        return -1;
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, "(");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.BinOp.left, pr + rassoc);
    APPEND_STR(op);
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.BinOp.right, pr + !rassoc);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_unaryop(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    const char *op;
    int pr;

    switch (e->v.UnaryOp.op) {
    case Invert: op = "~"; pr = PR_FACTOR; break;
    case Not: op = "not "; pr = PR_NOT; break;
    case UAdd: op = "+"; pr = PR_FACTOR; break;
    case USub: op = "-"; pr = PR_FACTOR; break;
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "unknown unary operator");
        return -1;
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, "(");
    APPEND_STR(op);
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.UnaryOp.operand, pr);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > pr, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_arg(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, arg_ty arg)
{
    if (-1 == _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, arg->arg)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (arg->annotation) {
        APPEND_STR(": ");
        APPEND_EXPR(arg->annotation, PR_TEST);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_args(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, arguments_ty args)
{
    bool first;
    Py_ssize_t i, di, arg_count, posonlyarg_count, default_count;

    first = true;

    /* positional-only and positional arguments with defaults */
    posonlyarg_count = asdl_seq_LEN(args->posonlyargs);
    arg_count = asdl_seq_LEN(args->args);
    default_count = asdl_seq_LEN(args->defaults);
    for (i = 0; i < posonlyarg_count + arg_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        if (i < posonlyarg_count){
            APPEND(arg, (arg_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args->posonlyargs, i));
        } else {
            APPEND(arg, (arg_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args->args, i-posonlyarg_count));
        }

        di = i - posonlyarg_count - arg_count + default_count;
        if (di >= 0) {
            APPEND_STR("=");
            APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args->defaults, di), PR_TEST);
        }
        if (posonlyarg_count && i + 1 == posonlyarg_count) {
            APPEND_STR(", /");
        }
    }

    /* vararg, or bare '*' if no varargs but keyword-only arguments present */
    if (args->vararg || asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs)) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        APPEND_STR("*");
        if (args->vararg) {
            APPEND(arg, args->vararg);
        }
    }

    /* keyword-only arguments */
    arg_count = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs);
    default_count = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kw_defaults);
    for (i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        APPEND(arg, (arg_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args->kwonlyargs, i));

        di = i - arg_count + default_count;
        if (di >= 0) {
            expr_ty default_ = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args->kw_defaults, di);
            if (default_) {
                APPEND_STR("=");
                APPEND_EXPR(default_, PR_TEST);
            }
        }
    }

    /* **kwargs */
    if (args->kwarg) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        APPEND_STR("**");
        APPEND(arg, args->kwarg);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_lambda(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TEST, "(");
    Py_ssize_t n_positional = (asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Lambda.args->args) +
                               asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Lambda.args->posonlyargs));
    APPEND_STR(n_positional ? "lambda " : "lambda");
    APPEND(args, e->v.Lambda.args);
    APPEND_STR(": ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Lambda.body, PR_TEST);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TEST, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_ifexp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TEST, "(");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.IfExp.body, PR_TEST + 1);
    APPEND_STR(" if ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.IfExp.test, PR_TEST + 1);
    APPEND_STR(" else ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.IfExp.orelse, PR_TEST);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TEST, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_dict(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, value_count;
    expr_ty key_node;

    APPEND_STR("{");
    value_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Dict.values);

    for (i = 0; i < value_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, ", ");
        key_node = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.keys, i);
        if (key_node != NULL) {
            APPEND_EXPR(key_node, PR_TEST);
            APPEND_STR(": ");
            APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i), PR_TEST);
        }
        else {
            APPEND_STR("**");
            APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i), PR_EXPR);
        }
    }

    APPEND_STR_FINISH("}");
}

static int
append_ast_set(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, elem_count;

    APPEND_STR("{");
    elem_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Set.elts);
    for (i = 0; i < elem_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, ", ");
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Set.elts, i), PR_TEST);
    }

    APPEND_STR_FINISH("}");
}

static int
append_ast_list(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, elem_count;

    APPEND_STR("[");
    elem_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.List.elts);
    for (i = 0; i < elem_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, ", ");
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.List.elts, i), PR_TEST);
    }

    APPEND_STR_FINISH("]");
}

static int
append_ast_tuple(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, elem_count;

    elem_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Tuple.elts);

    if (elem_count == 0) {
        APPEND_STR_FINISH("()");
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TUPLE, "(");

    for (i = 0; i < elem_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, ", ");
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Tuple.elts, i), PR_TEST);
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(elem_count == 1, ",");
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TUPLE, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_comprehension(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, comprehension_ty gen)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, if_count;

    APPEND_STR(gen->is_async ? " async for " : " for ");
    APPEND_EXPR(gen->target, PR_TUPLE);
    APPEND_STR(" in ");
    APPEND_EXPR(gen->iter, PR_TEST + 1);

    if_count = asdl_seq_LEN(gen->ifs);
    for (i = 0; i < if_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR(" if ");
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(gen->ifs, i), PR_TEST + 1);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_comprehensions(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, asdl_comprehension_seq *comprehensions)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, gen_count;
    gen_count = asdl_seq_LEN(comprehensions);

    for (i = 0; i < gen_count; i++) {
        APPEND(comprehension, (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(comprehensions, i));
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_genexp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("(");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.GeneratorExp.elt, PR_TEST);
    APPEND(comprehensions, e->v.GeneratorExp.generators);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH(")");
}

static int
append_ast_listcomp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("[");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.ListComp.elt, PR_TEST);
    APPEND(comprehensions, e->v.ListComp.generators);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH("]");
}

static int
append_ast_setcomp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("{");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.SetComp.elt, PR_TEST);
    APPEND(comprehensions, e->v.SetComp.generators);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH("}");
}

static int
append_ast_dictcomp(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("{");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.DictComp.key, PR_TEST);
    APPEND_STR(": ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.DictComp.value, PR_TEST);
    APPEND(comprehensions, e->v.DictComp.generators);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH("}");
}

static int
append_ast_compare(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    const char *op;
    Py_ssize_t i, comparator_count;
    asdl_expr_seq *comparators;
    asdl_int_seq *ops;

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_CMP, "(");

    comparators = e->v.Compare.comparators;
    ops = e->v.Compare.ops;
    comparator_count = asdl_seq_LEN(comparators);
    assert(comparator_count > 0);
    assert(comparator_count == asdl_seq_LEN(ops));

    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Compare.left, PR_CMP + 1);

    for (i = 0; i < comparator_count; i++) {
        switch ((cmpop_ty)asdl_seq_GET(ops, i)) {
        case Eq:
            op = " == ";
            break;
        case NotEq:
            op = " != ";
            break;
        case Lt:
            op = " < ";
            break;
        case LtE:
            op = " <= ";
            break;
        case Gt:
            op = " > ";
            break;
        case GtE:
            op = " >= ";
            break;
        case Is:
            op = " is ";
            break;
        case IsNot:
            op = " is not ";
            break;
        case In:
            op = " in ";
            break;
        case NotIn:
            op = " not in ";
            break;
        default:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "unexpected comparison kind");
            return -1;
        }

        APPEND_STR(op);
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(comparators, i), PR_CMP + 1);
    }

    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_CMP, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_keyword(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, keyword_ty kw)
{
    if (kw->arg == NULL) {
        APPEND_STR("**");
    }
    else {
        if (-1 == _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, kw->arg)) {
            return -1;
        }

        APPEND_STR("=");
    }

    APPEND_EXPR(kw->value, PR_TEST);
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_call(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    bool first;
    Py_ssize_t i, arg_count, kw_count;
    expr_ty expr;

    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Call.func, PR_ATOM);

    arg_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.args);
    kw_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.keywords);
    if (arg_count == 1 && kw_count == 0) {
        expr = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, 0);
        if (expr->kind == GeneratorExp_kind) {
            /* Special case: a single generator expression. */
            return append_ast_genexp(writer, expr);
        }
    }

    APPEND_STR("(");

    first = true;
    for (i = 0; i < arg_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        APPEND_EXPR((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, i), PR_TEST);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < kw_count; i++) {
        APPEND_STR_IF_NOT_FIRST(", ");
        APPEND(keyword, (keyword_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.keywords, i));
    }

    APPEND_STR_FINISH(")");
}

static PyObject *
escape_braces(PyObject *orig)
{
    PyObject *temp;
    PyObject *result;
    temp = PyUnicode_Replace(orig, &_Py_STR(open_br), &_Py_STR(dbl_open_br), -1);
    if (!temp) {
        return NULL;
    }
    result = PyUnicode_Replace(temp, &_Py_STR(close_br), &_Py_STR(dbl_close_br), -1);
    Py_DECREF(temp);
    return result;
}

static int
append_fstring_unicode(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *unicode)
{
    PyObject *escaped;
    int result = -1;
    escaped = escape_braces(unicode);
    if (escaped) {
        result = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, escaped);
        Py_DECREF(escaped);
    }
    return result;
}

static int
append_fstring_element(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, bool is_format_spec)
{
    switch (e->kind) {
    case Constant_kind:
        return append_fstring_unicode(writer, e->v.Constant.value);
    case JoinedStr_kind:
        return append_joinedstr(writer, e, is_format_spec);
    case FormattedValue_kind:
        return append_formattedvalue(writer, e);
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "unknown expression kind inside f-string");
        return -1;
    }
}

/* Build body separately to enable wrapping the entire stream of Strs,
   Constants and FormattedValues in one opening and one closing quote. */
static PyObject *
build_fstring_body(asdl_expr_seq *values, bool is_format_spec)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, value_count;
    _PyUnicodeWriter body_writer;
    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&body_writer);
    body_writer.min_length = 256;
    body_writer.overallocate = 1;

    value_count = asdl_seq_LEN(values);
    for (i = 0; i < value_count; ++i) {
        if (-1 == append_fstring_element(&body_writer,
                                         (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(values, i),
                                         is_format_spec
                                         )) {
            _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&body_writer);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&body_writer);
}

static int
append_joinedstr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, bool is_format_spec)
{
    int result = -1;
    PyObject *body = build_fstring_body(e->v.JoinedStr.values, is_format_spec);
    if (!body) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (!is_format_spec) {
        if (-1 != append_charp(writer, "f") &&
            -1 != append_repr(writer, body))
        {
            result = 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        result = _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, body);
    }
    Py_DECREF(body);
    return result;
}

static int
append_formattedvalue(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    const char *conversion;
    const char *outer_brace = "{";
    /* Grammar allows PR_TUPLE, but use >PR_TEST for adding parenthesis
       around a lambda with ':' */
    PyObject *temp_fv_str = expr_as_unicode(e->v.FormattedValue.value, PR_TEST + 1);
    if (!temp_fv_str) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Find(temp_fv_str, &_Py_STR(open_br), 0, 1, 1) == 0) {
        /* Expression starts with a brace, split it with a space from the outer
           one. */
        outer_brace = "{ ";
    }
    if (-1 == append_charp(writer, outer_brace)) {
        Py_DECREF(temp_fv_str);
        return -1;
    }
    if (-1 == _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, temp_fv_str)) {
        Py_DECREF(temp_fv_str);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(temp_fv_str);

    if (e->v.FormattedValue.conversion > 0) {
        switch (e->v.FormattedValue.conversion) {
        case 'a':
            conversion = "!a";
            break;
        case 'r':
            conversion = "!r";
            break;
        case 's':
            conversion = "!s";
            break;
        default:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "unknown f-value conversion kind");
            return -1;
        }
        APPEND_STR(conversion);
    }
    if (e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec) {
        if (-1 == _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCIIString(writer, ":", 1) ||
            -1 == append_fstring_element(writer,
                                         e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec,
                                         true
                                        ))
        {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    APPEND_STR_FINISH("}");
}

static int
append_ast_constant(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *constant)
{
    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(constant)) {
        Py_ssize_t i, elem_count;

        elem_count = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(constant);
        APPEND_STR("(");
        for (i = 0; i < elem_count; i++) {
            APPEND_STR_IF(i > 0, ", ");
            if (append_ast_constant(writer, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(constant, i)) < 0) {
                return -1;
            }
        }

        APPEND_STR_IF(elem_count == 1, ",");
        APPEND_STR(")");
        return 0;
    }
    return append_repr(writer, constant);
}

static int
append_ast_attribute(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    const char *period;
    expr_ty v = e->v.Attribute.value;
    APPEND_EXPR(v, PR_ATOM);

    /* Special case: integers require a space for attribute access to be
       unambiguous. */
    if (v->kind == Constant_kind && PyLong_CheckExact(v->v.Constant.value)) {
        period = " .";
    }
    else {
        period = ".";
    }
    APPEND_STR(period);

    return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, e->v.Attribute.attr);
}

static int
append_ast_slice(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    if (e->v.Slice.lower) {
        APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Slice.lower, PR_TEST);
    }

    APPEND_STR(":");

    if (e->v.Slice.upper) {
        APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Slice.upper, PR_TEST);
    }

    if (e->v.Slice.step) {
        APPEND_STR(":");
        APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Slice.step, PR_TEST);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_subscript(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Subscript.value, PR_ATOM);
    APPEND_STR("[");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Subscript.slice, PR_TUPLE);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH("]");
}

static int
append_ast_starred(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("*");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Starred.value, PR_EXPR);
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_yield(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    if (!e->v.Yield.value) {
        APPEND_STR_FINISH("(yield)");
    }

    APPEND_STR("(yield ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Yield.value, PR_TEST);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH(")");
}

static int
append_ast_yield_from(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e)
{
    APPEND_STR("(yield from ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.YieldFrom.value, PR_TEST);
    APPEND_STR_FINISH(")");
}

static int
append_ast_await(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_AWAIT, "(");
    APPEND_STR("await ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.Await.value, PR_ATOM);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_AWAIT, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_named_expr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TUPLE, "(");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.NamedExpr.target, PR_ATOM);
    APPEND_STR(" := ");
    APPEND_EXPR(e->v.NamedExpr.value, PR_ATOM);
    APPEND_STR_IF(level > PR_TUPLE, ")");
    return 0;
}

static int
append_ast_expr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, expr_ty e, int level)
{
    switch (e->kind) {
    case BoolOp_kind:
        return append_ast_boolop(writer, e, level);
    case BinOp_kind:
        return append_ast_binop(writer, e, level);
    case UnaryOp_kind:
        return append_ast_unaryop(writer, e, level);
    case Lambda_kind:
        return append_ast_lambda(writer, e, level);
    case IfExp_kind:
        return append_ast_ifexp(writer, e, level);
    case Dict_kind:
        return append_ast_dict(writer, e);
    case Set_kind:
        return append_ast_set(writer, e);
    case GeneratorExp_kind:
        return append_ast_genexp(writer, e);
    case ListComp_kind:
        return append_ast_listcomp(writer, e);
    case SetComp_kind:
        return append_ast_setcomp(writer, e);
    case DictComp_kind:
        return append_ast_dictcomp(writer, e);
    case Yield_kind:
        return append_ast_yield(writer, e);
    case YieldFrom_kind:
        return append_ast_yield_from(writer, e);
    case Await_kind:
        return append_ast_await(writer, e, level);
    case Compare_kind:
        return append_ast_compare(writer, e, level);
    case Call_kind:
        return append_ast_call(writer, e);
    case Constant_kind:
        if (e->v.Constant.value == Py_Ellipsis) {
            APPEND_STR_FINISH("...");
        }
        if (e->v.Constant.kind != NULL
            && -1 == _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, e->v.Constant.kind)) {
            return -1;
        }
        return append_ast_constant(writer, e->v.Constant.value);
    case JoinedStr_kind:
        return append_joinedstr(writer, e, false);
    case FormattedValue_kind:
        return append_formattedvalue(writer, e);
    /* The following exprs can be assignment targets. */
    case Attribute_kind:
        return append_ast_attribute(writer, e);
    case Subscript_kind:
        return append_ast_subscript(writer, e);
    case Starred_kind:
        return append_ast_starred(writer, e);
    case Slice_kind:
        return append_ast_slice(writer, e);
    case Name_kind:
        return _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, e->v.Name.id);
    case List_kind:
        return append_ast_list(writer, e);
    case Tuple_kind:
        return append_ast_tuple(writer, e, level);
    case NamedExpr_kind:
        return append_named_expr(writer, e, level);
    // No default so compiler emits a warning for unhandled cases
    }
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                    "unknown expression kind");
    return -1;
}

static int
maybe_init_static_strings(void)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    if (_str_replace_inf(interp) == NULL) {
        PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromFormat("1e%d", 1 + DBL_MAX_10_EXP);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }
        _str_replace_inf(interp) = tmp;
    }
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
expr_as_unicode(expr_ty e, int level)
{
    _PyUnicodeWriter writer;
    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer);
    writer.min_length = 256;
    writer.overallocate = 1;
    if (-1 == maybe_init_static_strings() ||
        -1 == append_ast_expr(&writer, e, level))
    {
        _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
}

PyObject *
_PyAST_ExprAsUnicode(expr_ty e)
{
    return expr_as_unicode(e, PR_TEST);
}