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The example itself is a simple text editor program built around QPlainTextEdit. \image application.png Screenshot of the Application example Nearly all of the code for the Application example is in the \c MainWindow class, which inherits QMainWindow. QMainWindow provides the framework for windows that have menus, toolbars, dock windows, and a status bar. The application provides \menu{File}, \menu{Edit}, and \menu{Help} entries in the menu bar, with the following popup menus: \image application-menus.png The Application example's menu system The status bar at the bottom of the main window shows a description of the menu item or toolbar button under the cursor. To keep the example simple, recently opened files aren't shown in the \menu{File} menu, even though this feature is desired in 90% of applications. The \l{mainwindows/recentfiles}{Recent Files} example shows how to implement this. Furthermore, this example can only load one file at a time. The \l{mainwindows/sdi}{SDI} and \l{mainwindows/mdi}{MDI} examples shows how to lift these restrictions. \section1 MainWindow Class Definition Here's the class definition: \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.h 0 The public API is restricted to the constructor. In the \c protected section, we reimplement QWidget::closeEvent() to detect when the user attempts to close the window, and warn the user about unsaved changes. In the \c{private slots} section, we declare slots that correspond to menu entries, as well as a mysterious \c documentWasModified() slot. Finally, in the \c private section of the class, we have various members that will be explained in due time. \section1 MainWindow Class Implementation \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 0 We start by including \c , a header file that contains the definition of all classes in the \l QtCore and \l QtGui libraries. This saves us from the trouble of having to include every class individually. We also include \c mainwindow.h. You might wonder why we don't include \c in \c mainwindow.h and be done with it. The reason is that including such a large header from another header file can rapidly degrade performances. Here, it wouldn't do any harm, but it's still generally a good idea to include only the header files that are strictly necessary from another header file. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 1 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 2 In the constructor, we start by creating a QPlainTextEdit widget as a child of the main window (the \c this object). Then we call QMainWindow::setCentralWidget() to tell that this is going to be the widget that occupies the central area of the main window, between the toolbars and the status bar. Then we call \c createActions(), \c createMenus(), \c createToolBars(), and \c createStatusBar(), four private functions that set up the user interface. After that, we call \c readSettings() to restore the user's preferences. We establish a signal-slot connection between the QPlainTextEdit's document object and our \c documentWasModified() slot. Whenever the user modifies the text in the QPlainTextEdit, we want to update the title bar to show that the file was modified. At the end, we set the window title using the private \c setCurrentFile() function. We'll come back to this later. \target close event handler \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 3 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 4 When the user attempts to close the window, we call the private function \c maybeSave() to give the user the possibility to save pending changes. The function returns true if the user wants the application to close; otherwise, it returns false. In the first case, we save the user's preferences to disk and accept the close event; in the second case, we ignore the close event, meaning that the application will stay up and running as if nothing happened. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 5 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 6 The \c newFile() slot is invoked when the user selects \menu{File|New} from the menu. We call \c maybeSave() to save any pending changes and if the user accepts to go on, we clear the QPlainTextEdit and call the private function \c setCurrentFile() to update the window title and clear the \l{QWidget::windowModified}{windowModified} flag. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 7 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 8 The \c open() slot is invoked when the user clicks \menu{File|Open}. We pop up a QFileDialog asking the user to choose a file. If the user chooses a file (i.e., \c fileName is not an empty string), we call the private function \c loadFile() to actually load the file. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 9 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 10 The \c save() slot is invoked when the user clicks \menu{File|Save}. If the user hasn't provided a name for the file yet, we call \c saveAs(); otherwise, we call the private function \c saveFile() to actually save the file. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 11 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 12 In \c saveAs(), we start by popping up a QFileDialog asking the user to provide a name. If the user clicks \gui{Cancel}, the returned file name is empty, and we do nothing. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 13 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 14 The application's About box is done using one statement, using the QMessageBox::about() static function and relying on its support for an HTML subset. The \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} call around the literal string marks the string for translation. It is a good habit to call \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} on all user-visible strings, in case you later decide to translate your application to other languages. The \l{Internationalization with Qt} overview convers \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} in more detail. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 15 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 16 The \c documentWasModified() slot is invoked each time the text in the QPlainTextEdit changes because of user edits. We call QWidget::setWindowModified() to make the title bar show that the file was modified. How this is done varies on each platform. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 17 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 18 \dots \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 22 The \c createActions() private function, which is called from the \c MainWindow constructor, creates \l{QAction}s. The code is very repetitive, so we show only the actions corresponding to \menu{File|New}, \menu{File|Open}, and \menu{Help|About Qt}. A QAction is an object that represents one user action, such as saving a file or invoking a dialog. An action can be put in a QMenu or a QToolBar, or both, or in any other widget that reimplements QWidget::actionEvent(). An action has a text that is shown in the menu, an icon, a shortcut key, a tooltip, a status tip (shown in the status bar), a "What's This?" text, and more. It emits a \l{QAction::triggered()}{triggered()} signal whenever the user invokes the action (e.g., by clicking the associated menu item or toolbar button). We connect this signal to a slot that performs the actual action. The code above contains one more idiom that must be explained. For some of the actions, we specify an icon as a QIcon to the QAction constructor. The QIcon constructor takes the file name of an image that it tries to load. Here, the file name starts with \c{:}. Such file names aren't ordinary file names, but rather path in the executable's stored resources. We'll come back to this when we review the \c application.qrc file that's part of the project. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 23 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 24 The \gui{Edit|Cut} and \gui{Edit|Copy} actions must be available only when the QPlainTextEdit contains selected text. We disable them by default and connect the QPlainTextEdit::copyAvailable() signal to the QAction::setEnabled() slot, ensuring that the actions are disabled when the text editor has no selection. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 25 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 27 Creating actions isn't sufficient to make them available to the user; we must also add them to the menu system. This is what \c createMenus() does. We create a \menu{File}, an \menu{Edit}, and a \menu{Help} menu. QMainWindow::menuBar() lets us access the window's menu bar widget. We don't have to worry about creating the menu bar ourselves; the first time we call this function, the QMenuBar is created. Just before we create the \menu{Help} menu, we call QMenuBar::addSeparator(). This has no effect for most widget styles (e.g., Windows and Mac OS X styles), but for Motif-based styles this makes sure that \menu{Help} is pushed to the right side of the menu bar. Try running the application with various styles and see the results: \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_examples_application.qdoc 0 Let's now review the toolbars: \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 30 Creating toolbars is very similar to creating menus. The same actions that we put in the menus can be reused in the toolbars. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 32 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 33 QMainWindow::statusBar() returns a pointer to the main window's QStatusBar widget. Like with \l{QMainWindow::menuBar()}, the widget is automatically created the first time the function is called. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 34 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 36 The \c readSettings() function is called from the constructor to load the user's preferences and other application settings. The QSettings class provides a high-level interface for storing settings permanently on disk. On Windows, it uses the (in)famous Windows registry; on Mac OS X, it uses the native XML-based CFPreferences API; on Unix/X11, it uses text files. The QSettings constructor takes arguments that identify your company and the name of the product. This ensures that the settings for different applications are kept separately. We use QSettings::value() to extract the value of the "pos" and "size" settings. The second argument to QSettings::value() is optional and specifies a default value for the setting if there exists none. This value is used the first time the application is run. When restoring the position and size of a window, it's important to call QWidget::resize() before QWidget::move(). The reason why is given in the \l{Window Geometry} overview. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 37 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 39 The \c writeSettings() function is called from \c closeEvent(). Writing settings is similar to reading them, except simpler. The arguments to the QSettings constructor must be the same as in \c readSettings(). \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 40 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 41 The \c maybeSave() function is called to save pending changes. If there are pending changes, it pops up a QMessageBox giving the user to save the document. The options are QMessageBox::Yes, QMessageBox::No, and QMessageBox::Cancel. The \gui{Yes} button is made the default button (the button that is invoked when the user presses \key{Return}) using the QMessageBox::Default flag; the \gui{Cancel} button is made the escape button (the button that is invoked when the user presses \key{Esc}) using the QMessageBox::Escape flag. The \c maybeSave() function returns \c true in all cases, except when the user clicks \gui{Cancel}. The caller must check the return value and stop whatever it was doing if the return value is \c false. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 42 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 43 In \c loadFile(), we use QFile and QTextStream to read in the data. The QFile object provides access to the bytes stored in a file. We start by opening the file in read-only mode. The QFile::Text flag indicates that the file is a text file, not a binary file. On Unix and Mac OS X, this makes no difference, but on Windows, it ensures that the "\\r\\n" end-of-line sequence is converted to "\\n" when reading. If we successfully opened the file, we use a QTextStream object to read in the data. QTextStream automatically converts the 8-bit data into a Unicode QString and supports various encodings. If no encoding is specified, QTextStream assumes the file is written using the system's default 8-bit encoding (for example, Latin-1; see QTextCodec::codecForLocale() for details). Since the call to QTextStream::readAll() might take some time, we set the cursor to be Qt::WaitCursor for the entire application while it goes on. At the end, we call the private \c setCurrentFile() function, which we'll cover in a moment, and we display the string "File loaded" in the status bar for 2 seconds (2000 milliseconds). \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 44 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 45 Saving a file is very similar to loading one. Here, the QFile::Text flag ensures that on Windows, "\\n" is converted into "\\r\\n" to conform to the Windows convension. \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 46 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 47 The \c setCurrentFile() function is called to reset the state of a few variables when a file is loaded or saved, or when the user starts editing a new file (in which case \c fileName is empty). We update the \c curFile variable, clear the QTextDocument::modified flag and the associated \c QWidget:windowModified flag, and update the window title to contain the new file name (or \c untitled.txt). The \c strippedName() function call around \c curFile in the QWidget::setWindowTitle() call shortens the file name to exclude the path. Here's the function: \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 48 \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 49 \section1 The main() Function The \c main() function for this application is typical of applications that contain one main window: \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/main.cpp 0 \section1 The Resource File As you will probably recall, for some of the actions, we specified icons with file names starting with \c{:} and mentioned that such file names aren't ordinary file names, but path in the executable's stored resources. These resources are compiled The resources associated with an application are specified in a \c .qrc file, an XML-based file format that lists files on the disk. Here's the \c application.qrc file that's used by the Application example: \quotefile mainwindows/application/application.qrc The \c .png files listed in the \c application.qrc file are files that are part of the Application example's source tree. Paths are relative to the directory where the \c application.qrc file is located (the \c mainwindows/application directory). The resource file must be mentioned in the \c application.pro file so that \c qmake knows about it: \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/application.pro 0 \c qmake will produce make rules to generate a file called \c qrc_application.cpp that is linked into the application. This file contains all the data for the images and other resources as static C++ arrays of compressed binary data. See \l{resources.html}{The Qt Resource System} for more information about resources. */