/**************************************************************************** ** ** Copyright (C) 2012 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). ** All rights reserved. ** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) ** ** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit. ** ** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$ ** GNU Free Documentation License ** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free ** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software ** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of ** this file. ** ** Other Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used in accordance with the terms ** and conditions contained in a signed written agreement between you ** and Nokia. ** ** ** ** ** $QT_END_LICENSE$ ** ****************************************************************************/ /*! \example graphicsview/padnavigator \title Pad Navigator Example \brief The Pad Navigator Example shows how you can use Graphics View together with embedded widgets and Qt's \l{State Machine Framework} to create a simple but useful, dynamic, animated user interface. \image padnavigator-example.png The interface consists of a flippable, rotating pad with icons that can be selected using the arrow keys on your keyboard or keypad. Pressing enter will flip the pad around and reveal its back side, which has a form embedded into a QGraphicsProxyWidget. You can interact with the form, and press the enter key to flip back to the front side of the pad at any time. Graphics View provides the QGraphicsScene class for managing and interacting with a large number of custom-made 2D graphical items derived from the QGraphicsItem class, and a QGraphicsView widget for visualizing the items, with support for zooming and rotation. This example consists of a \c RoundRectItem class, a \c FlippablePad class, a \c PadNavigator class, a \c SplashItem class, and a \c main() function. \section1 RoundRectItem Class Definition The \c RoundRectItem class is used by itself to diplay the icons on the pad, and as a base class for \c FlippablePad, the class for the pad itself. The role of the class is to paint a round rectangle of a specified size and gradient color, and optionally to paint a pixmap icon on top. To support \c FlippablePad it also allows filling its contents with a plain window background color. Let's start by reviewing the \c RoundRectItem class declaration. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.h 0 \c RoundRectItem inherits QGraphicsObject, which makes it easy to control its properties using QPropertyAnimation. Its constructor takes a rectangle to determine its bounds, and a color. Besides implementing the mandatory \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} and \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} pure virtual functions, it also provides the \c pixmap and \c fill properties. The \c pixmap property sets an optional pixmap that is drawn on top of the round rectangle. The \c fill property will, when true, fill the round rectangle contents with a fixed QPalette::Window background color. Otherwise the contents are filled using a gradient based on the color passed to \c RoundRectItem's constructor. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.h 1 The private data members are: \list \o \c pix: The optional pixmap that is drawn on top of the rectangle. \o \c fillRect: Corresponds to the \c fill property. \o \c color: The configurable gradient color fill of the rectangle. \o \c bounds: The bounds of the rectangle. \o \c gradient: A precalculated gradient used to fill the rectangle. \endlist We will now review the \c RoundRectItem implementation. Let's start by looking at its constructor: \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 0 The constructor initializes its member variables and forwards the \c parent argument to QGraphicsObject's constructor. It then constructs the linear gradient that is used in \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} to draw the round rectangle's gradient background. The linear gradient's starting point is at the top-left corner of the bounds, and the end is at the bottom-left corner. The start color is identical to the color passed as an argument, and a slightly darker color is chosen for the final stop. We store this gradient as a member variable to avoid having to recreate the gradient every time the item is repainted. Finally we set the cache mode \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemCoordinateCache}{ItemCoordinateCache}. This mode causes the item's rendering to be cached into an off-screen pixmap that remains persistent as we move and transform the item. This mode is ideal for this example, and works particularily well with OpenGL and OpenGL ES. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 1 The \c pixmap property implementation simple returns the member pixmap, or sets it and then calls \l{QGraphicsItem::update()}{update()}. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 2 As the \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} implementation below draws a simple drop shadow down and to the right of the item, we return a slightly adjusted rectangle from \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()}. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 3 The \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} implementation starts by rendering a semi transparent black round rectangle drop shadow, two units down and to the right of the main item. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 4 We then draw the "foreground" round rectangle itself. The fill depends on the \c fill property; if true, we will with a plain QPalette::Window color. We get the corrent brush from QApplication::palette(). We assign a single unit wide pen for the stroke, assign the brush, and then draw the rectangle. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 5 If a pixmap has been assigned to the \e pixmap property, we draw this pixmap in the center of the rectangle item. The pixmaps are scaled to match the size of the icons; in arguably a better approach would have been to store the icons with the right size in the first places. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/roundrectitem.cpp 6 Finally, for completeness we include the \c fill property implementation. It returns the \c fill member variable's value, and when assigned to, it calls \l{QGraphicsItem::update()}{update()}. As mentioned already, \c RoundRectItem is the base class for \c FlippablePad, which is the class representing the tilting pad itself. We will proceed to reviewing \c FlippablePad. \section1 FlippablePad Class Definition \c FlippablePad is, in addition to its inherited \c RoundRectItem responsibilities, responsible for creating and managing a grid of icons. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.h 0 Its declaration is very simple: It inherits \c RoundRectItem and does not need any special polymorphic behavior. It's suitable to declare its own constructor, and a getter-function that allows \c PadNavigator to access the icons in the grid by (row, column). The example has no "real" behavior or logic of any kind, and because of that, the icons do not need to provide any \e behavior or special interactions management. In a real application, however, it would be natural for the \c FlippablePad and its icons to handle more of the navigation logic. In this example, we have chosen to leave this to the \c PadNavigator class, which we will get back to below. We will now review the \c FlippablePad implementation. This implementation starts with two helper functions: \c boundsFromSize() and \c posForLocation(): \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 0 \c boundsForSize() takes a QSize argument, and returns the bounding rectangle of the flippable pad item. The QSize determines how many rows and columns the icon grid should have. Each icon is given 150x150 units of space, and this determines the bounds. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 1 \c posForLocation() returns the position of an icon given its row and column position. Like \c boundsForSize(), the function assumes each icon is given 150x150 units of space, and that all icons are centered around the flippable pad item's origin (0, 0). \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 2 The \c FlippablePad constructor passes suitable bounds (using \c boundsForSize()) and specific color to \c RoundRectItem's constructor. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 3 It then loads pixmaps from compiled-in resources to use for its icons. QDirIterator is very useful in this context, as it allows us to fetch all resource "*.png" files inside the \c :/images directory without explicitly naming the files. We also make sure not to load more pixmaps than we need. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 4 Now that we have the pixmaps, we can create icons, position then and assign pixmaps. We start by finding a suitable size and color for the icons, and initializing a convenient grid structure for storing the icons. This \c iconGrid is also used later to find the icon for a specific (column, row) location. For each row and column in our grid, we proceed to constructing each icon as an instance of \c RoundRectItem. The item is placed by using the \c posForLocation() helper function. To make room for the slip-behind selection item, we give each icon a \l{QGraphicsItem::zValue()}{Z-value} of 1. The pixmaps are distributed to the icons in round-robin fasion. Again, this approach is only suitable for example purposes. In a real-life application where each icon represents a specific action, it would be more natural to assign the pixmaps directly, or that the icons themselves provide suitable pixmaps. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/flippablepad.cpp 5 Finally, the \c iconAt() function returns a pointer to the icon at a specific row and column. It makes a somewhat bold assumption that the input is valid, which is fair because the \c PadNavigator class only calls this function with correct input. We will now review the \c SplashItem class. \section1 SplashItem Class Definition The \c SplashItem class represents the "splash window", a semitransparent white overlay with text that appears immediately after the application has started, and disappears after pressing any key. The animation is controlled by \c PadNavigator; this class is very simple by itself. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/splashitem.h 0 The class declaration shows that \c SplashItem inherits QGraphicsObject to allow it to be controlled by QPropertyAnimation. It reimplements the mandatory \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} and \l{QGraphicsItem::boundingRect()}{boundingRect()} pure virtual functions, and keeps a \c text member variable which will contain the information text displayed on this splash item. Let's look at its implementation. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/splashitem.cpp 0 The constructor forwards to QGraphicsObject as expected, assigns a text message to the \c text member variable, and enables \l{QGraphicsItem::DeviceCoordinateCache}{DeviceCoordinateCache}. This cache mode is suitable because the splash item only moves and is never transformed, and because it contains text, it's important that it has a pixel perfect visual appearance (in constrast to \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemCoordinateCache}{ItemCoordinateCache}, where the visual appearance is not as good). We use caching to avoid having to relayout and rerender the text for each frame. An alterative approach would be to use the new QStaticText class. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/splashitem.cpp 1 \c SplashItem's bounding rectangle is fixed at (400x175). \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/splashitem.cpp 2 The \l{QGraphicsItem::paint()}{paint()} implementation draws a clipped round rectangle with a thick 2-unit border and a semi-transparent white background. It proceeds to finding a suitable text area by adjusting the splash item's bounding rectangle with 10 units in each side. The text is rendered inside this rectangle, with top-left alignment, and with word wrapping enabled. The main class now remains. We will proceed to reviewing \c PadNavigator. \section1 PadNavigator Class Definition \c PadNavigator represents the main window of our Pad Navigator Example application. It creates and controls a somewhat complex state machine, and several animations. Its class declaration is very simple: \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.h 0 It inherits QGraphicsView and reimplements only one function: \l{QGraphicsView::resizeEvent()}{resizeEvent()}, to ensure the scene is scaled to fit inside the view when resizing the main window. The \c PadNavigator constructor takes a QSize argument that determines the number or rows and columns in the grid. It also keeps a private member instance, \c form, which is the generated code for the pad's back side item's QGraphicsProxyWidget-embedded form. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 0 \c PadNavigator's constructor is a bit long. In short, its job is to create all items, including the \c FlippablePad, the \c SplashItem and the QGraphicsProxyWidget \c backItem, and then to set up all animations, states and transitions that control the behavior of the application. It starts out simple, by forwarding to QGraphicsView's constructor. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 1 The first item to be created is \c SplashItem. This is going to be a top-level item in the scene, next to \c FlippablePad, and stacked on top of it, so we assign it a \l{QGraphicsItem::zValue()}{Z-value} of 1. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 2 Now we construct the \c FlippablePad item, passing its column-row count to its constructor. The pad is constrolled by three transformations, and we create one QGraphicsRotation object for each of these. \list \o \c flipRotation: Rotates the grid around its Qt::YAxis. This rotation is animated from 0 to 180, and eventually back, when enter is pressed on the keyboard, flipping the pad around. \o \c xRotation: Rotates the grid around its Qt::XAxis. This is used to tilt the pad vertically corresponding to which item is currently selected. This way, the selected item is always kept in front. \o \c yRotation: Rotates the grid around its Qt::YAxis. This is used to tilt the pad horizontally corresponding to which item is selected. This way, the selected item is always kept in front. \endlist The combination of all three rotations is assigned via QGraphicsItem::setTransformations(). \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 3 Now we construct the QGraphicsProxyWidget-embedded \c backItem. The proxy widget is created as a child of the pad. We create a new QWidget and populate it with the \c form member. To ensure the \c hostName line edit is the first to receive input focus when this item is shown, we call \l{QWidget::setFocus()}{setFocus()} immediately. This will not give the widget focus right away; it will only prepare the item to automatically receive focus once it is shown. The QWidget based form is embedded into the proxy widget. The proxy is hidden initially; we only want to show it when the pad is rotated at least 90 degrees, and we also rotate the proxy itself by 180 degrees. This way we give the impression that the proxy widget is "behind" the flipped pad, when in fact, it's actually \e{on top of it}. We enable \l{QGraphicsItem::ItemCoordinateCache}{ItemCoordinateCache} to ensure the flip animation can run smoothly. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 4 We now create the selection item. This is simply another instance of \c RoundRectItem that is slightly larger than the icons on the pad. We create it as an immediate child of the \c FlippablePad, so the selection item is a sibling to all the icons. By giving it a \l{QGraphicsItem::zValue()}{Z-value} of 0.5 we ensure it will slide beteen the pad and its icons. What follows now is a series of animation initializations. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 5 We begin with the animations that apply to the splash item. The first animation, \c smoothSplashMove, ensures that the "y" property of \c splash will be animated with a 250-millisecond duration \l{QEasingCurve::InQuad}{InQuad} easing function. \c smoothSplashOpacity ensures the opacity of \c splash eases in and out in 250 milliseconds. The values are assigned by \c PadNavigator's state machine, which is created later. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 6 These are the animations that control the selection item's movement and the \c xRotation and \c yRotation QGraphicsRotation objects that tilt the pad. All animations have a duration of 125 milliseconds, and they all use the \l{QEasingCurve::InOutQuad}{InOutQuad} easing function. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 7 We now create the animations that control the flip-effect when you press the enter key. The main goal is to rotate the pad by 180 degrees or back, but we also need to make sure the selection item's tilt rotations are reset back to 0 when the pad is flipped, and restored back to their original values when flipped back: \list \o \c smoothFlipRotation: Animates the main 180 degree rotation of the pad. \o \c smoothFlipScale: Scales the pad out and then in again while the pad is rotating. \o \c smoothFlipXRotation: Animates the selection item's X-tilt to 0 and back. \o \c smoothFlipYRotation: Animates the selection item's Y-tilt to 0 and back. \o \c flipAnimation: A parallel animation group that ensures all the above animations are run in parallel. \endlist All animations are given a 500 millisecond duration and an \l{QEasingCurve::InOutQuad}{InOutQuad} easing function. It's worth taking a close look at \c smoothFlipScale. This animation's start and end values are both 1.0, but at animation step 0.5 the animation's value is 0.7. This means that after 50% of the animation's duration, or 250 milliseconds, the pad will be scaled down to 0.7x of its original size, which gives a great visual effect while flipping. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 8 This section uses a trick to ensure that certain properties are assigned precisely when the flip animation passes 50%, or 90 degrees, rotation. In short, the pad's icons and selection item are all hidden, the pad's \c fill property is enabled, and \c backItem is shown when flipping over. When flipping back, the reverse properties are applied. The way this is achieved is by running a sequential animation in parallel to the other animations. This sequence, dubbed \c setVariablesSequence, starts with a 250 millisecond pause, and then executes several animations with a duration of 0. Each animation will ensure that properties are set immediate at this point. This approach can also be used to call functions or set any other properties at a specific time while an animation is running. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 9 We will now create the state machine. The whole \c PadNavigator state machinery is controlled by one single state machine that has a straight-forward state structure. The state engine itself is created as a child of the \c PadNavigator itself. We then create three top level states: \list \o \c splashState: The initial state where the splash item is visible. \o \c frontState: The base state where the splash is gone and we can see the front side of the pad, and navigate the selection item. \o \c backState: The flipped state where the \c backItem is visible, and we can interact with the QGraphicsProxyWidget-embedded form. \endlist \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 10 Each state assigns specific properties to objects on entry. Most interesting perhaps is the assignment of the value 0.0 to the pad's \c flipRotation angle property when in \c frontState, and 180.0 when in \c backState. At the end of this section we register default animations with the state engine; these animations will apply to their respective objects and properties for any state transition. Otherwise it's common to assign animations to specific transitions. The \c splashState state is set as the initial state. This is required before we start the state engine. We proceed with creating some transitions. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 11 QEventTransition defines a very flexible transition type. You can use this class to trigger a transition based on an object receiving an event of a specific type. In this case, we would like to transition from \c splashState into \c frontState if \c PadNavigator receives any key press event (QEvent::KeyPress). We register the \c splashItem's animations to this transition to ensure they are used to animate the item's movement and opacity. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 12 We use QKeyEventTransition to capture specific key events. In this case, we detect that the user presses Qt::Key_Return or Qt::Key_Enter, and use this to trigger transitions between \c frontState and backState. We register \c flipAnimation, our complex parallel animation group, with these transitions. We continue by defining the states for each of the icons in the grid. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 13 We will use state groups to control transitions between icons. Each icon represents a \e substate of \c frontState. We will then define transitions between the states by detecting key presses, using QKeyEventTransition. We start by creating all the substates, and at the same time we create a temporary grid structure for the states to make it easier to find which states represents icons that are up, down, left and to the right each other. Once the first substate is known, we set this up as the initial substate of \c frontState. We will use the (0, 0), or top-left, icon for the initial substate. We initialze the selection item's position to be exactly where the top-left icon is. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 14 We can now create four transitions for each icon. Each transition ensures that we move to the state corresponding to which arrow key has been pressed. It's clear from this techinique that we could design any other specific transitions to and from each of the sub states depending on these and other keys. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 15 Also, for each of the icons, we assign suitable values to the \c xRotation and \c yRotation objects' "angle"-properties. If you recall, these properties "tilt" the pad corresponding to which item is currently selected. We ensure each icon is invisible when the pad is flipped, and visible when the pad is not flipped. To ensure the visible property is assigned at the right time, we add property-controlling animations to the \c setVariableSequence animation defined earlier. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 16 We are now finished with all states, transitions, and animations. We now create the scene that will contain all our items. The scene gets a defined background pixmap, and we disable item indexing (as most items in this scene are animated). We add our \c pad item to the scene, and use its bounding rectangle to fixate the scene rectangle. This rectangle is used by the view to find a suitable size for the application window. Then the scene is assigned to the view, or in our case, \c PadNavigator itself. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 17 Now that the scene has received its final size, we can position the splash item at the very top, find its fade-out position, and add it to the scene. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 18 The view toggles a few necessary properties: \list \o It disables its scroll bars - this application has no use for scroll bars. \o It assigns a minimum size. This is necessary to avoid numerical errors in our fit-in-view \c resizeEvent() implementation. \o It sets \l{QGraphicsView::FullViewportUpdate}{FullViewportUpdate}, to ensure QGraphicsView doesn't spend time figuring out precisely what needs to be redrawn. This application is very simple - if anything changes, everything is updated. \o It enables background caching - this makes no performance difference with OpenGL, but without OpenGL it avoids unnecessary re-scaling of the background pixmap. \o It sets render hints that increase rendering quality. \o If OpenGL is supported, a QGLWidget viewport is assigned to the view. \endlist Finally, we start the state engine. \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/padnavigator.cpp 19 The \l{QGraphicsView::resizeEvent()}{resizeEvent()} implementation calls the base implementation, and then calls QGraphicsView::fitInView() to scale the scene so that it fits perfectly inside the view. By resizing the main application window, you can see this effect yourself. The scene contents grow when you make the window larger, and shrink when you make it smaller, while keeping the aspect ratio intact. \section1 The main() Function \snippet examples/graphicsview/padnavigator/main.cpp 0 The \c main function creates the QApplication instance, uses Q_INIT_RESOURCE to ensure our compiled-in resources aren't removed by the linker, and then creates a 3x3 \c PadNavigator instance and shows it. Our flippable pad shows up with a suitable splash item once control returns to the event loop. \section1 Performance Notes The example uses OpenGL if this is available, to achieve optimal performance; otherwise perspective tranformations can be quite costly. Although this example does use QGraphicsProxyWidget to demonstrate integration of Qt widget components integrated into Graphics View, using QGraphicsProxyWidget comes with a performance penalty, and is therefore not recommended for embedded development. This example uses extensive item caching to avoid rerendering of static elements, at the expense of graphics memory. */