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/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2012 Digia Plc and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
** Contact: http://www.qt-project.org/legal
**
** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
**
** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$
** Commercial License Usage
** Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in
** accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the
** Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in
** a written agreement between you and Digia. For licensing terms and
** conditions see http://qt.digia.com/licensing. For further information
** use the contact form at http://qt.digia.com/contact-us.
**
** GNU Free Documentation License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free
** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of
** this file. Please review the following information to ensure
** the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 requirements
** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html.
** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/
/*!
\group string-processing
\title Classes for String Data
\brief Classes for working with string data.
These classes are relevant when working with string data. See the
\l{Unicode in Qt}{information about support for Unicode in Qt} for
more information.
*/
/*!
\page unicode.html
\title Unicode in Qt
\brief Information about support for Unicode in Qt.
\keyword Unicode
\ingroup technology-apis
Unicode is a multi-byte character set, portable across all major
computing platforms and with decent coverage over most of the world.
It is also single-locale; it includes no code pages or other
complexities that make software harder to write and test. There is no
competing character set that's reasonably cross-platform. For these
reasons, Unicode 4.0 is used as the native character set for Qt.
\section1 Qt's Classes for Working with Strings
These classes are relevant when working with string data. For information
about rendering text, see the \l{Rich Text Processing} overview, and if
your string data is in XML, see the \l{XML Processing} overview.
\annotatedlist string-processing
\section1 Information about Unicode on the Web
The \l{http://www.unicode.org/}{Unicode Consortium} has a number
of documents available, including
\list
\i \l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/principles.html}{A
technical introduction to Unicode}
\i \l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/standard.html}{The
home page for the standard}
\endlist
\section1 The Standard
The current version of the standard is \l{http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/}{Unicode 5.1.0}.
Previous printed versions of the specification:
\list
\o \l{http://www.amazon.com/Unicode-Standard-Version-5-0-5th/dp/0321480910/trolltech/t}{The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0}
\o \l{http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0321185781/trolltech/t}{The Unicode Standard, version 4.0}
\o \l{http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201616335/trolltech/t}{The Unicode Standard, version 3.2}
\o \l{http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201473459/trolltech/t}{The Unicode Standard, version 2.0} \mdash
see also the \l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr8.html}{2.1 update} and
\l{http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html#Unicode 2.1.9}{the 2.1.9 data files} at
\l{http://www.unicode.org}.
\endlist
\section1 Unicode in Qt
In Qt, and in most applications that use Qt, most or all user-visible
strings are stored using Unicode. Qt provides:
\list
\i Translation to/from legacy encodings for file I/O: see
QTextCodec and QTextStream.
\i Translation from Input Methods and 8-bit keyboard input.
\i Translation to legacy character sets for on-screen display.
\i A string class, QString, that stores Unicode characters, with
support for migrating from C strings including fast (cached)
translation to and from US-ASCII, and all the usual string
operations.
\i Unicode-aware widgets where appropriate.
\i Unicode support detection on Windows, so that Qt provides Unicode
even on Windows platforms that do not support it natively.
\endlist
To fully benefit from Unicode, we recommend using QString for storing
all user-visible strings, and performing all text file I/O using
QTextStream. Use QKeyEvent::text() for keyboard input in any custom
widgets you write; it does not make much difference for slow typists
in Western Europe or North America, but for fast typists or people
using special input methods using text() is beneficial.
All the function arguments in Qt that may be user-visible strings,
QLabel::setText() and a many others, take \c{const QString &}s.
QString provides implicit casting from \c{const char *}
so that things like
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_unicode.cpp 0
will work. There is also a function, QObject::tr(), that provides
translation support, like this:
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_unicode.cpp 1
QObject::tr() maps from \c{const char *} to a Unicode string, and
uses installable QTranslator objects to do the mapping.
Qt provides a number of built-in QTextCodec classes, that is,
classes that know how to translate between Unicode and legacy
encodings to support programs that must talk to other programs or
read/write files in legacy file formats.
By default, conversion to/from \c{const char *} uses a
locale-dependent codec. However, applications can easily find codecs
for other locales, and set any open file or network connection to use
a special codec. It is also possible to install new codecs, for
encodings that the built-in ones do not support. (At the time of
writing, Vietnamese/VISCII is one such example.)
Since US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1 are so common, there are also especially
fast functions for mapping to and from them. For example, to open an
application's icon one might do this:
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_unicode.cpp 2
or
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_unicode.cpp 3
Regarding output, Qt will do a best-effort conversion from
Unicode to whatever encoding the system and fonts provide.
Depending on operating system, locale, font availability, and Qt's
support for the characters used, this conversion may be good or bad.
We will extend this in upcoming versions, with emphasis on the most
common locales first.
\sa {Internationalization with Qt}
*/
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