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/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com)
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** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
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** No Commercial Usage
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** contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying
** this package.
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** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the
** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements
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** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain
** additional rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL
** Exception version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this
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** If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact
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** $QT_END_LICENSE$
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****************************************************************************/
/*!
\group mainwindow-classes
\title Main Window and Related Classes
*/
/*!
\page application-windows.html
\title Application Windows and Dialogs
\ingroup frameworks-technologies
\nextpage The Application Main Window
A \l{Widgets}{widget} that is not embedded in a parent widget is called a window.
Usually, windows have a frame and a title bar, although it is also possible to create
windows without such decoration using suitable window flags). In Qt, QMainWindow
and the various subclasses of QDialog are the most common window types.
In applications, windows provide the screen space upon which the user
interface is built. Windows separate applications visually from each other
and usually provide a window decoration that allows the user to resize and
position the applications according to his preferences. Windows are typically
integrated into the desktop environment and to some degree managed by the
window management system that the desktop environment provides. For instance,
selected windows of an application are represented in the task bar.
\section1 Primary and Secondary Windows
Any QWidget that has no parent will become a window, and will on most platforms
be listed in the desktop's task bar. This is usually only wanted for one
window in the application, the \e{primary window}.
In addition, a QWidget that has a parent can become a window by setting the
\l{Qt::WindowType}{Qt::WA_Window} flag. Depending on the window management system
such \e{secondary windows} are usually stacked on top of their respective parent
window, and not have a task bar entry of their own.
The QMainWindow and the QDialog classes set the Qt::WA_Window flag in their
constructor, as they are designed to be used as windows and provide facilities
that are not wanted for child widgets.
\section1 Main Windows and Dialogs
\l{The Application Main Window} provides the framework for building the
application's main user interface, and are created by subclassing QMainWindow.
QMainWindow has its own layout to which you can add a \l{QMenuBar}{menu bar},
\l{QToolBar}{tool bars}, \l{QDockWidget}{dockable widgets} and a
\l{QStatusBar}{status bar}. The center area can be occupied by any kind of
QWidget.
\l{Dialog Windows} are used as secondary windows that present the user with
options and choices. Dialogs are created by subclassing QDialog and using
\l{Widgets and Layouts}{widgets and layouts} to implement the user interface.
In addition, Qt provides a number of ready-made standard dialogs that can be
used for standard tasks like file or font selection.
Both main windows and dialogs can be created with \QD, Qt's visual design tool.
Using \QD is a lot faster than hand-coding, and makes it easy to test different
design ideas. Creating designs visually and reading the code generated by
\l{uic} is a great way to learn Qt!
\keyword window geometry
\section1 Window Geometry
QWidget provides several functions that deal with a widget's
geometry. Some of these functions operate on the pure client area
(i.e. the window excluding the window frame), others include the
window frame. The differentiation is done in a way that covers the
most common usage transparently.
\list
\o \bold{Including the window frame:}
\l{QWidget::x()}{x()},
\l{QWidget::y()}{y()},
\l{QWidget::frameGeometry()}{frameGeometry()},
\l{QWidget::pos()}{pos()}, and
\l{QWidget::move()}{move()}.
\o \bold{Excluding the window frame:}
\l{QWidget::geometry()}{geometry()},
\l{QWidget::width()}{width()},
\l{QWidget::height()}{height()},
\l{QWidget::rect()}{rect()}, and
\l{QWidget::size()}{size()}.
\endlist
Note that the distinction only matters for decorated top-level
widgets. For all child widgets, the frame geometry is equal to the
widget's client geometry.
This diagram shows most of the functions in use:
\img geometry.png Geometry diagram
\section2 X11 Peculiarities
On X11, a window does not have a frame until the window manager
decorates it. This happens asynchronously at some point in time
after calling QWidget::show() and the first paint event the
window receives, or it does not happen at all. Bear in mind that
X11 is policy-free (others call it flexible). Thus you cannot
make any safe assumption about the decoration frame your window
will get. Basic rule: There's always one user who uses a window
manager that breaks your assumption, and who will complain to
you.
Furthermore, a toolkit cannot simply place windows on the screen. All
Qt can do is to send certain hints to the window manager. The window
manager, a separate process, may either obey, ignore or misunderstand
them. Due to the partially unclear Inter-Client Communication
Conventions Manual (ICCCM), window placement is handled quite
differently in existing window managers.
X11 provides no standard or easy way to get the frame geometry
once the window is decorated. Qt solves this problem with nifty
heuristics and clever code that works on a wide range of window
managers that exist today. Don't be surprised if you find one
where QWidget::frameGeometry() returns wrong results though.
Nor does X11 provide a way to maximize a window.
QWidget::showMaximized() has to emulate the feature. Its result
depends on the result of QWidget::frameGeometry() and the
capability of the window manager to do proper window placement,
neither of which can be guaranteed.
*/
/*!
\page mainwindow.html
\title The Application Main Window
\brief Everything you need for a typical modern main application window,
including menus, toolbars, workspace, etc.
\contentspage Application Windows and Dialogs
\nextpage Dialog Windows
\tableofcontents
\section1 Overview of the Main Window Classes
These classes provide everything you need for a typical modern main
application window, like the main window itself, menu and tool bars,
a status bar, etc.
\annotatedlist mainwindow-classes
\section1 The Main Window Classes
Qt 4 provides the following classes for managing main windows and
associated user interface components:
\list
\o QMainWindow remains the central class around which applications
can be built. The interface to this class has been simplified, and
much of the functionality previously included in this class is now
present in the companion QDockWidget and QToolBar classes.
\o QDockWidget provides a widget that can be used to create
detachable tool palettes or helper windows. Dock widgets keep track
of their own properties, and they can be moved, closed, and floated
as external windows.
\o QToolBar provides a generic toolbar widget that can hold a
number of different action-related widgets, such as buttons,
drop-down menus, comboboxes, and spin boxes. The emphasis on a
unified action model in Qt 4 means that toolbars cooperate well
with menus and keyboard shortcuts.
\endlist
\section1 Example Code
Using QMainWindow is straightforward. Generally, we subclass
QMainWindow and set up menus, toolbars, and dock widgets inside
the QMainWindow constructor.
To add a menu bar to the main window, we simply create the menus, and
add them to the main window's menu bar. Note that the
QMainWindow::menuBar() function will automatically create the menu bar
the first time it is called. You can also call
QMainWindow::setMenuBar() to use a custom menu bar in the main window.
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_qt4-mainwindow.qdoc 0
\dots
\snippet examples/mainwindows/menus/mainwindow.cpp 5
\dots
Once actions have been created, we can add them to the main window
components. To begin with, we add them to the pop-up menus:
\snippet examples/mainwindows/menus/mainwindow.cpp 10
\dots
\snippet examples/mainwindows/menus/mainwindow.cpp 11
\dots
The QToolBar and QMenu classes use Qt's action system to provide a
consistent API. In the above code, some existing actions were added to
the file menu with the QMenu::addAction() function. QToolBar also
provides this function, making it easy to reuse actions in different
parts of the main window. This avoids unnecessary duplication of work.
We create a toolbar as a child of the main window, and add the desired
actions to it:
\snippet examples/mainwindows/sdi/mainwindow.cpp 0
\dots
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_qt4-mainwindow.qdoc 1
In this example, the toolbar is restricted to the top and bottom
toolbar areas of the main window, and is initially placed in the
top tool bar area. We can see that the actions specified by \c
newAct and \c openAct will be displayed both on the toolbar and in
the file menu.
QDockWidget is used in a similar way to QToolBar. We create a
dock widget as a child of the main window, and add widgets as children
of the dock widget:
\snippet doc/src/snippets/dockwidgets/mainwindow.cpp 0
In this example, the dock widget can only be placed in the left and
right dock areas, and it is initially placed in the left dock area.
The QMainWindow API allows the programmer to customize which dock
widget areas occupy the four corners of the dock widget area. If
required, the default can be changed with the
QMainWindow::setCorner() function:
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_qt4-mainwindow.qdoc 2
The following diagram shows the configuration produced by the above code.
Note that the left and right dock widgets will occupy the top and bottom
corners of the main window in this layout.
\image mainwindow-docks-example.png
Once all of the main window components have been set up, the central widget
is created and installed by using code similar to the following:
\snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_qt4-mainwindow.qdoc 3
The central widget can be any subclass of QWidget.
*/
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