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Diffstat (limited to 'tk8.6/library/demos/pendulum.tcl')
| -rw-r--r-- | tk8.6/library/demos/pendulum.tcl | 197 |
1 files changed, 197 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/tk8.6/library/demos/pendulum.tcl b/tk8.6/library/demos/pendulum.tcl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6422c67 --- /dev/null +++ b/tk8.6/library/demos/pendulum.tcl @@ -0,0 +1,197 @@ +# pendulum.tcl -- +# +# This demonstration illustrates how Tcl/Tk can be used to construct +# simulations of physical systems. + +if {![info exists widgetDemo]} { + error "This script should be run from the \"widget\" demo." +} + +package require Tk + +set w .pendulum +catch {destroy $w} +toplevel $w +wm title $w "Pendulum Animation Demonstration" +wm iconname $w "pendulum" +positionWindow $w + +label $w.msg -font $font -wraplength 4i -justify left -text "This demonstration shows how Tcl/Tk can be used to carry out animations that are linked to simulations of physical systems. In the left canvas is a graphical representation of the physical system itself, a simple pendulum, and in the right canvas is a graph of the phase space of the system, which is a plot of the angle (relative to the vertical) against the angular velocity. The pendulum bob may be repositioned by clicking and dragging anywhere on the left canvas." +pack $w.msg + +## See Code / Dismiss buttons +set btns [addSeeDismiss $w.buttons $w] +pack $btns -side bottom -fill x + +# Create some structural widgets +pack [panedwindow $w.p] -fill both -expand 1 +$w.p add [labelframe $w.p.l1 -text "Pendulum Simulation"] +$w.p add [labelframe $w.p.l2 -text "Phase Space"] + +# Create the canvas containing the graphical representation of the +# simulated system. +canvas $w.c -width 320 -height 200 -background white -bd 2 -relief sunken +$w.c create text 5 5 -anchor nw -text "Click to Adjust Bob Start Position" +# Coordinates of these items don't matter; they will be set properly below +$w.c create line 0 25 320 25 -tags plate -fill grey50 -width 2 +$w.c create oval 155 20 165 30 -tags pivot -fill grey50 -outline {} +$w.c create line 1 1 1 1 -tags rod -fill black -width 3 +$w.c create oval 1 1 2 2 -tags bob -fill yellow -outline black +pack $w.c -in $w.p.l1 -fill both -expand true + +# Create the canvas containing the phase space graph; this consists of +# a line that gets gradually paler as it ages, which is an extremely +# effective visual trick. +canvas $w.k -width 320 -height 200 -background white -bd 2 -relief sunken +$w.k create line 160 200 160 0 -fill grey75 -arrow last -tags y_axis +$w.k create line 0 100 320 100 -fill grey75 -arrow last -tags x_axis +for {set i 90} {$i>=0} {incr i -10} { + # Coordinates of these items don't matter; they will be set properly below + $w.k create line 0 0 1 1 -smooth true -tags graph$i -fill grey$i +} + +$w.k create text 0 0 -anchor ne -text "\u03b8" -tags label_theta +$w.k create text 0 0 -anchor ne -text "\u03b4\u03b8" -tags label_dtheta +pack $w.k -in $w.p.l2 -fill both -expand true + +# Initialize some variables +set points {} +set Theta 45.0 +set dTheta 0.0 +set pi 3.1415926535897933 +set length 150 +set home 160 + +# This procedure makes the pendulum appear at the correct place on the +# canvas. If the additional arguments "at $x $y" are passed (the 'at' +# is really just syntactic sugar) instead of computing the position of +# the pendulum from the length of the pendulum rod and its angle, the +# length and angle are computed in reverse from the given location +# (which is taken to be the centre of the pendulum bob.) +proc showPendulum {canvas {at {}} {x {}} {y {}}} { + global Theta dTheta pi length home + if {$at eq "at" && ($x!=$home || $y!=25)} { + set dTheta 0.0 + set x2 [expr {$x - $home}] + set y2 [expr {$y - 25}] + set length [expr {hypot($x2, $y2)}] + set Theta [expr {atan2($x2, $y2) * 180/$pi}] + } else { + set angle [expr {$Theta * $pi/180}] + set x [expr {$home + $length*sin($angle)}] + set y [expr {25 + $length*cos($angle)}] + } + $canvas coords rod $home 25 $x $y + $canvas coords bob \ + [expr {$x-15}] [expr {$y-15}] [expr {$x+15}] [expr {$y+15}] +} +showPendulum $w.c + +# Update the phase-space graph according to the current angle and the +# rate at which the angle is changing (the first derivative with +# respect to time.) +proc showPhase {canvas} { + global Theta dTheta points psw psh + lappend points [expr {$Theta+$psw}] [expr {-20*$dTheta+$psh}] + if {[llength $points] > 100} { + set points [lrange $points end-99 end] + } + for {set i 0} {$i<100} {incr i 10} { + set list [lrange $points end-[expr {$i-1}] end-[expr {$i-12}]] + if {[llength $list] >= 4} { + $canvas coords graph$i $list + } + } +} + +# Set up some bindings on the canvases. Note that when the user +# clicks we stop the animation until they release the mouse +# button. Also note that both canvases are sensitive to <Configure> +# events, which allows them to find out when they have been resized by +# the user. +bind $w.c <Destroy> { + after cancel $animationCallbacks(pendulum) + unset animationCallbacks(pendulum) +} +bind $w.c <1> { + after cancel $animationCallbacks(pendulum) + showPendulum %W at %x %y +} +bind $w.c <B1-Motion> { + showPendulum %W at %x %y +} +bind $w.c <ButtonRelease-1> { + showPendulum %W at %x %y + set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 15 repeat [winfo toplevel %W]] +} +bind $w.c <Configure> { + %W coords plate 0 25 %w 25 + set home [expr {%w/2}] + %W coords pivot [expr {$home-5}] 20 [expr {$home+5}] 30 +} +bind $w.k <Configure> { + set psh [expr {%h/2}] + set psw [expr {%w/2}] + %W coords x_axis 2 $psh [expr {%w-2}] $psh + %W coords y_axis $psw [expr {%h-2}] $psw 2 + %W coords label_dtheta [expr {$psw-4}] 6 + %W coords label_theta [expr {%w-6}] [expr {$psh+4}] +} + +# This procedure is the "business" part of the simulation that does +# simple numerical integration of the formula for a simple rotational +# pendulum. +proc recomputeAngle {} { + global Theta dTheta pi length + set scaling [expr {3000.0/$length/$length}] + + # To estimate the integration accurately, we really need to + # compute the end-point of our time-step. But to do *that*, we + # need to estimate the integration accurately! So we try this + # technique, which is inaccurate, but better than doing it in a + # single step. What we really want is bound up in the + # differential equation: + # .. - sin theta + # theta + theta = ----------- + # length + # But my math skills are not good enough to solve this! + + # first estimate + set firstDDTheta [expr {-sin($Theta * $pi/180)*$scaling}] + set midDTheta [expr {$dTheta + $firstDDTheta}] + set midTheta [expr {$Theta + ($dTheta + $midDTheta)/2}] + # second estimate + set midDDTheta [expr {-sin($midTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}] + set midDTheta [expr {$dTheta + ($firstDDTheta + $midDDTheta)/2}] + set midTheta [expr {$Theta + ($dTheta + $midDTheta)/2}] + # Now we do a double-estimate approach for getting the final value + # first estimate + set midDDTheta [expr {-sin($midTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}] + set lastDTheta [expr {$midDTheta + $midDDTheta}] + set lastTheta [expr {$midTheta + ($midDTheta + $lastDTheta)/2}] + # second estimate + set lastDDTheta [expr {-sin($lastTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}] + set lastDTheta [expr {$midDTheta + ($midDDTheta + $lastDDTheta)/2}] + set lastTheta [expr {$midTheta + ($midDTheta + $lastDTheta)/2}] + # Now put the values back in our globals + set dTheta $lastDTheta + set Theta $lastTheta +} + +# This method ties together the simulation engine and the graphical +# display code that visualizes it. +proc repeat w { + global animationCallbacks + + # Simulate + recomputeAngle + + # Update the display + showPendulum $w.c + showPhase $w.k + + # Reschedule ourselves + set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 15 [list repeat $w]] +} +# Start the simulation after a short pause +set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 500 [list repeat $w]] |