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authorMax Bachmann <oss@maxbachmann.de>2023-02-04 03:33:28 (GMT)
committerGitHub <noreply@github.com>2023-02-04 03:33:28 (GMT)
commitf11a3d1ebe0c78f8c159c63a37022b9b96f720dd (patch)
tree58320ee81cf4e7bf1db4b398324da43377b6a3df
parentc67b00534abfeca83016a00818cf1fd949613d6b (diff)
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Add missing `versionadded` directive for `PyCode_Addr2Location` (#101347)
Diffstat
-rw-r--r--Doc/c-api/code.rst2
1 files changed, 2 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/c-api/code.rst b/Doc/c-api/code.rst
index a6eb86f..ae75d68 100644
--- a/Doc/c-api/code.rst
+++ b/Doc/c-api/code.rst
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ bound into a function.
Returns ``1`` if the function succeeds and 0 otherwise.
+ .. versionadded:: 3.11
+
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyCode_GetCode(PyCodeObject *co)
Equivalent to the Python code ``getattr(co, 'co_code')``.
generated by cgit v0.12 at 2024-11-22 15:05:58 (GMT)
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/*

Unicode implementation based on original code by Fredrik Lundh,
modified by Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>.

Major speed upgrades to the method implementations at the Reykjavik
NeedForSpeed sprint, by Fredrik Lundh and Andrew Dalke.

Copyright (c) Corporation for National Research Initiatives.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
The original string type implementation is:

  Copyright (c) 1999 by Secret Labs AB
  Copyright (c) 1999 by Fredrik Lundh

By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its
associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood,
and will comply with the following terms and conditions:

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all
copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice
appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs
AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
distribution of the software without specific, written prior
permission.

SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

*/

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
#include "Python.h"
#include "ucnhash.h"
#include "bytes_methods.h"

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
#include <windows.h>
#endif

/* --- Globals ------------------------------------------------------------

   The globals are initialized by the _PyUnicode_Init() API and should
   not be used before calling that API.

*/


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/* Maximum code point of Unicode 6.0: 0x10ffff (1,114,111) */
#define MAX_UNICODE 0x10ffff

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
#  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(op, 0)
#else
#  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) PyUnicode_Check(op)
#endif

#define _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                             \
    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8)
#define PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                              \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
     PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
         ((char*)((PyASCIIObject*)(op) + 1)) :          \
         _PyUnicode_UTF8(op))
#define _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                      \
    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8_length)
#define PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                       \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
     PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
         ((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->length :               \
         _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op))
#define _PyUnicode_WSTR(op)                             \
    (((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->wstr)
#define _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(op)                      \
    (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->wstr_length)
#define _PyUnicode_LENGTH(op)                           \
    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
#define _PyUnicode_STATE(op)                            \
    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state)
#define _PyUnicode_HASH(op)                             \
    (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->hash)
#define _PyUnicode_KIND(op)                             \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state.kind)
#define _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(op)                       \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
#define _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(op)                         \
    (((PyUnicodeObject*)(op))->data.any)

/* Optimized version of Py_MAX() to compute the maximum character:
   use it when your are computing the second argument of PyUnicode_New() */
#define MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar1, maxchar2)                 \
    ((maxchar1) | (maxchar2))

#undef PyUnicode_READY
#define PyUnicode_READY(op)                             \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     (PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ?                          \
      0 :                                               \
      _PyUnicode_Ready(op)))

#define _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(op)                       \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)),           \
     (_PyUnicode_UTF8(op) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
#define _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(op)                       \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))

/* true if the Unicode object has an allocated UTF-8 memory block
   (not shared with other data) */
#define _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(op)                  \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)                   \
      && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                            \
      && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op)))

/* true if the Unicode object has an allocated wstr memory block
   (not shared with other data) */
#define _PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(op)                  \
    (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
     (_PyUnicode_WSTR(op) &&                            \
      (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ||                       \
       _PyUnicode_WSTR(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op))))

/* Generic helper macro to convert characters of different types.
   from_type and to_type have to be valid type names, begin and end
   are pointers to the source characters which should be of type
   "from_type *".  to is a pointer of type "to_type *" and points to the
   buffer where the result characters are written to. */
#define _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(from_type, to_type, begin, end, to) \
    do {                                                \
        to_type *_to = (to_type *) to;                  \
        const from_type *_iter = (begin);               \
        const from_type *_end = (end);                  \
        Py_ssize_t n = (_end) - (_iter);                \
        const from_type *_unrolled_end =                \
            _iter + _Py_SIZE_ROUND_DOWN(n, 4);          \
        while (_iter < (_unrolled_end)) {               \
            _to[0] = (to_type) _iter[0];                \
            _to[1] = (to_type) _iter[1];                \
            _to[2] = (to_type) _iter[2];                \
            _to[3] = (to_type) _iter[3];                \
            _iter += 4; _to += 4;                       \
        }                                               \
        while (_iter < (_end))                          \
            *_to++ = (to_type) *_iter++;                \
    } while (0)

/* This dictionary holds all interned unicode strings.  Note that references
   to strings in this dictionary are *not* counted in the string's ob_refcnt.
   When the interned string reaches a refcnt of 0 the string deallocation
   function will delete the reference from this dictionary.

   Another way to look at this is that to say that the actual reference
   count of a string is:  s->ob_refcnt + (s->state ? 2 : 0)
*/
static PyObject *interned;

/* The empty Unicode object is shared to improve performance. */
static PyObject *unicode_empty;

/* List of static strings. */
static _Py_Identifier *static_strings;

/* Single character Unicode strings in the Latin-1 range are being
   shared as well. */
static PyObject *unicode_latin1[256];

/* Fast detection of the most frequent whitespace characters */
const unsigned char _Py_ascii_whitespace[] = {
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
/*     case 0x0009: * CHARACTER TABULATION */
/*     case 0x000A: * LINE FEED */
/*     case 0x000B: * LINE TABULATION */
/*     case 0x000C: * FORM FEED */
/*     case 0x000D: * CARRIAGE RETURN */
    0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
/*     case 0x001C: * FILE SEPARATOR */
/*     case 0x001D: * GROUP SEPARATOR */
/*     case 0x001E: * RECORD SEPARATOR */
/*     case 0x001F: * UNIT SEPARATOR */
    0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
/*     case 0x0020: * SPACE */
    1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,

    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
};

/* forward */
static PyUnicodeObject *_PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length);
static PyObject* get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch);
static int unicode_modifiable(PyObject *unicode);


static PyObject *
_PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char *s, Py_ssize_t size);
static PyObject *
_PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *s, Py_ssize_t size);
static PyObject *
_PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *s, Py_ssize_t size);

static PyObject *
unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
       PyObject **errorHandler,const char *encoding, const char *reason,
       PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
       Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos, Py_ssize_t *newpos);

static void
raise_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                       const char *encoding,
                       PyObject *unicode,
                       Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                       const char *reason);

/* Same for linebreaks */
static unsigned char ascii_linebreak[] = {
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
/*         0x000A, * LINE FEED */
/*         0x000B, * LINE TABULATION */
/*         0x000C, * FORM FEED */
/*         0x000D, * CARRIAGE RETURN */
    0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
/*         0x001C, * FILE SEPARATOR */
/*         0x001D, * GROUP SEPARATOR */
/*         0x001E, * RECORD SEPARATOR */
    0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,

    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
};

/* The max unicode value is always 0x10FFFF while using the PEP-393 API.
   This function is kept for backward compatibility with the old API. */
Py_UNICODE
PyUnicode_GetMax(void)
{
#ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
    return 0x10FFFF;
#else
    /* This is actually an illegal character, so it should
       not be passed to unichr. */
    return 0xFFFF;
#endif
}

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
int
_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(PyObject *op, int check_content)
{
    PyASCIIObject *ascii;
    unsigned int kind;

    assert(PyUnicode_Check(op));

    ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
    kind = ascii->state.kind;

    if (ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1) {
        assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
        assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
    }
    else {
        PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
        void *data;

        if (ascii->state.compact == 1) {
            data = compact + 1;
            assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                   || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                   || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
            assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
            assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
            assert (compact->utf8 != data);
        }
        else {
            PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;

            data = unicode->data.any;
            if (kind == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
                assert(ascii->length == 0);
                assert(ascii->hash == -1);
                assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
                assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
                assert(ascii->state.ready == 0);
                assert(ascii->state.interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
                assert(ascii->wstr != NULL);
                assert(data == NULL);
                assert(compact->utf8 == NULL);
            }
            else {
                assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                       || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                       || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
                assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
                assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
                assert(data != NULL);
                if (ascii->state.ascii) {
                    assert (compact->utf8 == data);
                    assert (compact->utf8_length == ascii->length);
                }
                else
                    assert (compact->utf8 != data);
            }
        }
        if (kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
            if (
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
                kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
#else
                kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
#endif
               )
            {
                assert(ascii->wstr == data);
                assert(compact->wstr_length == ascii->length);
            } else
                assert(ascii->wstr != data);
        }

        if (compact->utf8 == NULL)
            assert(compact->utf8_length == 0);
        if (ascii->wstr == NULL)
            assert(compact->wstr_length == 0);
    }
    /* check that the best kind is used */
    if (check_content && kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
    {
        Py_ssize_t i;
        Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
        void *data;
        Py_UCS4 ch;

        data = PyUnicode_DATA(ascii);
        for (i=0; i < ascii->length; i++)
        {
            ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
            if (ch > maxchar)
                maxchar = ch;
        }
        if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
            if (ascii->state.ascii == 0) {
                assert(maxchar >= 128);
                assert(maxchar <= 255);
            }
            else
                assert(maxchar < 128);
        }
        else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
            assert(maxchar >= 0x100);
            assert(maxchar <= 0xFFFF);
        }
        else {
            assert(maxchar >= 0x10000);
            assert(maxchar <= MAX_UNICODE);
        }
        assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, ascii->length) == 0);
    }
    return 1;
}
#endif

static PyObject*
unicode_result_wchar(PyObject *unicode)
{
#ifndef Py_DEBUG
    Py_ssize_t len;

    len = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
    if (len == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        Py_DECREF(unicode);
        return unicode_empty;
    }

    if (len == 1) {
        wchar_t ch = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0];
        if (ch < 256) {
            PyObject *latin1_char = get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);
            Py_DECREF(unicode);
            return latin1_char;
        }
    }

    if (_PyUnicode_Ready(unicode) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(unicode);
        return NULL;
    }
#else
    assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);

    /* don't make the result ready in debug mode to ensure that the caller
       makes the string ready before using it */
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
#endif
    return unicode;
}

static PyObject*
unicode_result_ready(PyObject *unicode)
{
    Py_ssize_t length;

    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
    if (length == 0) {
        if (unicode != unicode_empty) {
            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
            Py_DECREF(unicode);
        }
        return unicode_empty;
    }

    if (length == 1) {
        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
        if (ch < 256) {
            PyObject *latin1_char = unicode_latin1[ch];
            if (latin1_char != NULL) {
                if (unicode != latin1_char) {
                    Py_INCREF(latin1_char);
                    Py_DECREF(unicode);
                }
                return latin1_char;
            }
            else {
                assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
                Py_INCREF(unicode);
                unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
                return unicode;
            }
        }
    }

    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
    return unicode;
}

static PyObject*
unicode_result(PyObject *unicode)
{
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
    if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
        return unicode_result_ready(unicode);
    else
        return unicode_result_wchar(unicode);
}

static PyObject*
unicode_result_unchanged(PyObject *unicode)
{
    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(unicode)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
            return NULL;
        Py_INCREF(unicode);
        return unicode;
    }
    else
        /* Subtype -- return genuine unicode string with the same value. */
        return _PyUnicode_Copy(unicode);
}

#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
static OSVERSIONINFOEX winver;
#endif

/* --- Bloom Filters ----------------------------------------------------- */

/* stuff to implement simple "bloom filters" for Unicode characters.
   to keep things simple, we use a single bitmask, using the least 5
   bits from each unicode characters as the bit index. */

/* the linebreak mask is set up by Unicode_Init below */

#if LONG_BIT >= 128
#define BLOOM_WIDTH 128
#elif LONG_BIT >= 64
#define BLOOM_WIDTH 64
#elif LONG_BIT >= 32
#define BLOOM_WIDTH 32
#else
#error "LONG_BIT is smaller than 32"
#endif

#define BLOOM_MASK unsigned long

static BLOOM_MASK bloom_linebreak;

#define BLOOM_ADD(mask, ch) ((mask |= (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))
#define BLOOM(mask, ch)     ((mask &  (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))

#define BLOOM_LINEBREAK(ch)                                             \
    ((ch) < 128U ? ascii_linebreak[(ch)] :                              \
     (BLOOM(bloom_linebreak, (ch)) && Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(ch)))

Py_LOCAL_INLINE(BLOOM_MASK)
make_bloom_mask(int kind, void* ptr, Py_ssize_t len)
{
    /* calculate simple bloom-style bitmask for a given unicode string */

    BLOOM_MASK mask;
    Py_ssize_t i;

    mask = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
        BLOOM_ADD(mask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, ptr, i));

    return mask;
}

#define BLOOM_MEMBER(mask, chr, str) \
    (BLOOM(mask, chr) \
     && (PyUnicode_FindChar(str, chr, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str), 1) >= 0))

/* Compilation of templated routines */

#include "stringlib/asciilib.h"
#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
#include "stringlib/partition.h"
#include "stringlib/split.h"
#include "stringlib/count.h"
#include "stringlib/find.h"
#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
#include "stringlib/undef.h"

#include "stringlib/ucs1lib.h"
#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
#include "stringlib/partition.h"
#include "stringlib/split.h"
#include "stringlib/count.h"
#include "stringlib/find.h"
#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
#include "stringlib/undef.h"

#include "stringlib/ucs2lib.h"
#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
#include "stringlib/partition.h"
#include "stringlib/split.h"
#include "stringlib/count.h"
#include "stringlib/find.h"
#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
#include "stringlib/undef.h"

#include "stringlib/ucs4lib.h"
#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
#include "stringlib/partition.h"
#include "stringlib/split.h"
#include "stringlib/count.h"
#include "stringlib/find.h"
#include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
#include "stringlib/undef.h"

#include "stringlib/unicodedefs.h"
#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
#include "stringlib/count.h"
#include "stringlib/find.h"
#include "stringlib/undef.h"

/* --- Unicode Object ----------------------------------------------------- */

static PyObject *
fixup(PyObject *self, Py_UCS4 (*fixfct)(PyObject *s));

Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t) findchar(void *s, int kind,
                                     Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 ch,
                                     int direction)
{
    int mode = (direction == 1) ? FAST_SEARCH : FAST_RSEARCH;

    switch (kind) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        {
            Py_UCS1 ch1 = (Py_UCS1) ch;
            if (ch1 == ch)
                return ucs1lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS1 *) s, size, &ch1, 1, 0, mode);
            else
                return -1;
        }
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        {
            Py_UCS2 ch2 = (Py_UCS2) ch;
            if (ch2 == ch)
                return ucs2lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS2 *) s, size, &ch2, 1, 0, mode);
            else
                return -1;
        }
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        return ucs4lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS4 *) s, size, &ch, 1, 0, mode);
    default:
        assert(0);
        return -1;
    }
}

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
/* Fill the data of an Unicode string with invalid characters to detect bugs
   earlier.

   _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(str, 1) detects invalid characters, at least for
   ASCII and UCS-4 strings. U+00FF is invalid in ASCII and U+FFFFFFFF is an
   invalid character in Unicode 6.0. */
static void
unicode_fill_invalid(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t old_length)
{
    int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
    Py_UCS1 *data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
    Py_ssize_t length = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
    if (length <= old_length)
        return;
    memset(data + old_length * kind, 0xff, (length - old_length) * kind);
}
#endif

static PyObject*
resize_compact(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    Py_ssize_t char_size;
    Py_ssize_t struct_size;
    Py_ssize_t new_size;
    int share_wstr;
    PyObject *new_unicode;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    Py_ssize_t old_length = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
#endif

    assert(unicode_modifiable(unicode));
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));

    char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
        struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
    else
        struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
    share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);

    if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1)) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    new_size = (struct_size + (length + 1) * char_size);

    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    _Py_ForgetReference(unicode);

    new_unicode = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC((char *)unicode, new_size);
    if (new_unicode == NULL) {
        _Py_NewReference(unicode);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    unicode = new_unicode;
    _Py_NewReference(unicode);

    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
    if (share_wstr) {
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
        if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
    }
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    unicode_fill_invalid(unicode, old_length);
#endif
    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                    length, 0);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
    return unicode;
}

static int
resize_inplace(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    wchar_t *wstr;
    Py_ssize_t new_size;
    assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
    assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);

    if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode)) {
        Py_ssize_t char_size;
        int share_wstr, share_utf8;
        void *data;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
        Py_ssize_t old_length = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
#endif

        data = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
        char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
        share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);
        share_utf8 = _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(unicode);

        if (length > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / char_size - 1)) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return -1;
        }
        new_size = (length + 1) * char_size;

        if (!share_utf8 && _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
        {
            PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        }

        data = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC(data, new_size);
        if (data == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return -1;
        }
        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = data;
        if (share_wstr) {
            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = data;
            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
        }
        if (share_utf8) {
            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = data;
            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
        }
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
        PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), data, length, 0);
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
        unicode_fill_invalid(unicode, old_length);
#endif
        if (share_wstr || _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
            assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
            return 0;
        }
    }
    assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);

    /* check for integer overflow */
    if (length > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    new_size = sizeof(wchar_t) * (length + 1);
    wstr =  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
    wstr = PyObject_REALLOC(wstr, new_size);
    if (!wstr) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = wstr;
    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
    _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
    return 0;
}

static PyObject*
resize_copy(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    Py_ssize_t copy_length;
    if (_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
        PyObject *copy;

        if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
            return NULL;

        copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
        if (copy == NULL)
            return NULL;

        copy_length = Py_MIN(length, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
        _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, copy_length);
        return copy;
    }
    else {
        PyObject *w;

        w = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(length);
        if (w == NULL)
            return NULL;
        copy_length = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        copy_length = Py_MIN(copy_length, length);
        Py_MEMCPY(_PyUnicode_WSTR(w), _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode),
                  copy_length * sizeof(wchar_t));
        return w;
    }
}

/* We allocate one more byte to make sure the string is
   Ux0000 terminated; some code (e.g. new_identifier)
   relies on that.

   XXX This allocator could further be enhanced by assuring that the
   free list never reduces its size below 1.

*/

static PyUnicodeObject *
_PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length)
{
    register PyUnicodeObject *unicode;
    size_t new_size;

    /* Optimization for empty strings */
    if (length == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return (PyUnicodeObject*)unicode_empty;
    }

    /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
    if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UNICODE)) - 1)) {
        return (PyUnicodeObject *)PyErr_NoMemory();
    }
    if (length < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "Negative size passed to _PyUnicode_New");
        return NULL;
    }

    unicode = PyObject_New(PyUnicodeObject, &PyUnicode_Type);
    if (unicode == NULL)
        return NULL;
    new_size = sizeof(Py_UNICODE) * ((size_t)length + 1);
    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (Py_UNICODE*) PyObject_MALLOC(new_size);
    if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
        Py_DECREF(unicode);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Initialize the first element to guard against cases where
     * the caller fails before initializing str -- unicode_resize()
     * reads str[0], and the Keep-Alive optimization can keep memory
     * allocated for str alive across a call to unicode_dealloc(unicode).
     * We don't want unicode_resize to read uninitialized memory in
     * that case.
     */
    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0] = 0;
    _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
    _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
    _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = 0;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 0;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 0;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
    _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = NULL;
    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
    _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
    _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject *)unicode, 0));
    return unicode;
}

static const char*
unicode_kind_name(PyObject *unicode)
{
    /* don't check consistency: unicode_kind_name() is called from
       _PyUnicode_Dump() */
    if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode))
    {
        if (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
            return "wstr";
        switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode))
        {
        case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
            if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
                return "legacy ascii";
            else
                return "legacy latin1";
        case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
            return "legacy UCS2";
        case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
            return "legacy UCS4";
        default:
            return "<legacy invalid kind>";
        }
    }
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
    switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode)) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
            return "ascii";
        else
            return "latin1";
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        return "UCS2";
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        return "UCS4";
    default:
        return "<invalid compact kind>";
    }
}

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
/* Functions wrapping macros for use in debugger */
char *_PyUnicode_utf8(void *unicode){
    return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
}

void *_PyUnicode_compact_data(void *unicode) {
    return _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode);
}
void *_PyUnicode_data(void *unicode){
    printf("obj %p\n", unicode);
    printf("compact %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
    printf("compact ascii %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
    printf("ascii op %p\n", ((void*)((PyASCIIObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
    printf("compact op %p\n", ((void*)((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
    printf("compact data %p\n", _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode));
    return PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
}

void
_PyUnicode_Dump(PyObject *op)
{
    PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
    PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
    PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
    void *data;

    if (ascii->state.compact)
    {
        if (ascii->state.ascii)
            data = (ascii + 1);
        else
            data = (compact + 1);
    }
    else
        data = unicode->data.any;
    printf("%s: len=%zu, ",unicode_kind_name(op), ascii->length);

    if (ascii->wstr == data)
        printf("shared ");
    printf("wstr=%p", ascii->wstr);

    if (!(ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1)) {
        printf(" (%zu), ", compact->wstr_length);
        if (!ascii->state.compact && compact->utf8 == unicode->data.any)
            printf("shared ");
        printf("utf8=%p (%zu)", compact->utf8, compact->utf8_length);
    }
    printf(", data=%p\n", data);
}
#endif

PyObject *
PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 maxchar)
{
    PyObject *obj;
    PyCompactUnicodeObject *unicode;
    void *data;
    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
    int is_sharing, is_ascii;
    Py_ssize_t char_size;
    Py_ssize_t struct_size;

    /* Optimization for empty strings */
    if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return unicode_empty;
    }

    is_ascii = 0;
    is_sharing = 0;
    struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
    if (maxchar < 128) {
        kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
        char_size = 1;
        is_ascii = 1;
        struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
    }
    else if (maxchar < 256) {
        kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
        char_size = 1;
    }
    else if (maxchar < 65536) {
        kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
        char_size = 2;
        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
            is_sharing = 1;
    }
    else {
        if (maxchar > MAX_UNICODE) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "invalid maximum character passed to PyUnicode_New");
            return NULL;
        }
        kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
        char_size = 4;
        if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
            is_sharing = 1;
    }

    /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
    if (size < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_New");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (size > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1))
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    /* Duplicated allocation code from _PyObject_New() instead of a call to
     * PyObject_New() so we are able to allocate space for the object and
     * it's data buffer.
     */
    obj = (PyObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(struct_size + (size + 1) * char_size);
    if (obj == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    obj = PyObject_INIT(obj, &PyUnicode_Type);
    if (obj == NULL)
        return NULL;

    unicode = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)obj;
    if (is_ascii)
        data = ((PyASCIIObject*)obj) + 1;
    else
        data = unicode + 1;
    _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
    _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = kind;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 1;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = is_ascii;
    if (is_ascii) {
        ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
    }
    else if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
        ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        unicode->utf8 = NULL;
        unicode->utf8_length = 0;
    }
    else {
        unicode->utf8 = NULL;
        unicode->utf8_length = 0;
        if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
            ((Py_UCS2*)data)[size] = 0;
        else /* kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND */
            ((Py_UCS4*)data)[size] = 0;
        if (is_sharing) {
            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *)data;
        }
        else {
            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
        }
    }
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    unicode_fill_invalid((PyObject*)unicode, 0);
#endif
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject*)unicode, 0));
    return obj;
}

#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
/* Helper function to convert a 16-bits wchar_t representation to UCS4, this
   will decode surrogate pairs, the other conversions are implemented as macros
   for efficiency.

   This function assumes that unicode can hold one more code point than wstr
   characters for a terminating null character. */
static void
unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(const wchar_t *begin, const wchar_t *end,
                              PyObject *unicode)
{
    const wchar_t *iter;
    Py_UCS4 *ucs4_out;

    assert(unicode != NULL);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
    assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
    ucs4_out = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);

    for (iter = begin; iter < end; ) {
        assert(ucs4_out < (PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode) +
                           _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)));
        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(iter[0])
            && (iter+1) < end
            && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(iter[1]))
        {
            *ucs4_out++ = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(iter[0], iter[1]);
            iter += 2;
        }
        else {
            *ucs4_out++ = *iter;
            iter++;
        }
    }
    assert(ucs4_out == (PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode) +
                        _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)));

}
#endif

static int
unicode_check_modifiable(PyObject *unicode)
{
    if (!unicode_modifiable(unicode)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "Cannot modify a string currently used");
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
_copy_characters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
                 PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
                 Py_ssize_t how_many, int check_maxchar)
{
    unsigned int from_kind, to_kind;
    void *from_data, *to_data;

    assert(0 <= how_many);
    assert(0 <= from_start);
    assert(0 <= to_start);
    assert(PyUnicode_Check(from));
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(from));
    assert(from_start + how_many <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from));

    assert(PyUnicode_Check(to));
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(to));
    assert(to_start + how_many <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));

    if (how_many == 0)
        return 0;

    from_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(from);
    from_data = PyUnicode_DATA(from);
    to_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(to);
    to_data = PyUnicode_DATA(to);

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    if (!check_maxchar
        && PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(from) > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to))
    {
        const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
        Py_UCS4 ch;
        Py_ssize_t i;
        for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
            ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
            assert(ch <= to_maxchar);
        }
    }
#endif

    if (from_kind == to_kind) {
        if (check_maxchar
            && !PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(from) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(to))
        {
            /* Writing Latin-1 characters into an ASCII string requires to
               check that all written characters are pure ASCII */
            Py_UCS4 max_char;
            max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(from_data,
                                             (Py_UCS1*)from_data + how_many);
            if (max_char >= 128)
                return -1;
        }
        Py_MEMCPY((char*)to_data + to_kind * to_start,
                  (char*)from_data + from_kind * from_start,
                  to_kind * how_many);
    }
    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
             && to_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
    {
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
            );
    }
    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
             && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
    {
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
            PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
            );
    }
    else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
             && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
    {
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
            Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
            PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
            PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
            );
    }
    else {
        assert (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(from) > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to));

        if (!check_maxchar) {
            if (from_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                && to_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
            {
                _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                    Py_UCS2, Py_UCS1,
                    PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                    PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                    PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                    );
            }
            else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
                     && to_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
            {
                _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                    Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1,
                    PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                    PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                    PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                    );
            }
            else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
                     && to_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
            {
                _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                    Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2,
                    PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                    PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                    PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                    );
            }
            else {
                assert(0);
                return -1;
            }
        }
        else {
            const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
            Py_UCS4 ch;
            Py_ssize_t i;

            for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
                ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
                if (ch > to_maxchar)
                    return -1;
                PyUnicode_WRITE(to_kind, to_data, to_start + i, ch);
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

void
_PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(
    PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
    PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start, Py_ssize_t how_many)
{
    (void)_copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 0);
}

Py_ssize_t
PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
                         PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
                         Py_ssize_t how_many)
{
    int err;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(from) || !PyUnicode_Check(to)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_READY(from) == -1)
        return -1;
    if (PyUnicode_READY(to) == -1)
        return -1;

    if (from_start < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
        return -1;
    }
    if (to_start < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
        return -1;
    }
    how_many = Py_MIN(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from), how_many);
    if (to_start + how_many > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                     "Cannot write %zi characters at %zi "
                     "in a string of %zi characters",
                     how_many, to_start, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));
        return -1;
    }

    if (how_many == 0)
        return 0;

    if (unicode_check_modifiable(to))
        return -1;

    err = _copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 1);
    if (err) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                     "Cannot copy %s characters "
                     "into a string of %s characters",
                     unicode_kind_name(from),
                     unicode_kind_name(to));
        return -1;
    }
    return how_many;
}

/* Find the maximum code point and count the number of surrogate pairs so a
   correct string length can be computed before converting a string to UCS4.
   This function counts single surrogates as a character and not as a pair.

   Return 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
static int
find_maxchar_surrogates(const wchar_t *begin, const wchar_t *end,
                        Py_UCS4 *maxchar, Py_ssize_t *num_surrogates)
{
    const wchar_t *iter;
    Py_UCS4 ch;

    assert(num_surrogates != NULL && maxchar != NULL);
    *num_surrogates = 0;
    *maxchar = 0;

    for (iter = begin; iter < end; ) {
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(iter[0])
            && (iter+1) < end
            && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(iter[1]))
        {
            ch = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(iter[0], iter[1]);
            ++(*num_surrogates);
            iter += 2;
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            ch = *iter;
            iter++;
        }
        if (ch > *maxchar) {
            *maxchar = ch;
            if (*maxchar > MAX_UNICODE) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                             "character U+%x is not in range [U+0000; U+10ffff]",
                             ch);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_PyUnicode_Ready(PyObject *unicode)
{
    wchar_t *end;
    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
    Py_ssize_t length_wo_surrogates;
#endif

    /* _PyUnicode_Ready() is only intended for old-style API usage where
       strings were created using _PyObject_New() and where no canonical
       representation (the str field) has been set yet aka strings
       which are not yet ready. */
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
    assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND);
    assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
    assert(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) == NULL);
    assert(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL);
    /* Actually, it should neither be interned nor be anything else: */
    assert(_PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);

    end = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
    if (find_maxchar_surrogates(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
        return -1;

    if (maxchar < 256) {
        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
        if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return -1;
        }
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, unsigned char,
                                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
        PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
        if (maxchar < 128) {
            _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 1;
            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        }
        else {
            _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
            _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
            _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        }
        PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
    }
    /* In this case we might have to convert down from 4-byte native
       wchar_t to 2-byte unicode. */
    else if (maxchar < 65536) {
        assert(num_surrogates == 0 &&
               "FindMaxCharAndNumSurrogatePairs() messed up");

#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
        /* We can share representations and are done. */
        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
        PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
#else
        /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(
            2 * (_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
        if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return -1;
        }
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, Py_UCS2,
                                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
        PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
#endif
    }
    /* maxchar exeeds 16 bit, wee need 4 bytes for unicode characters */
    else {
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
        /* in case the native representation is 2-bytes, we need to allocate a
           new normalized 4-byte version. */
        length_wo_surrogates = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) - num_surrogates;
        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(4 * (length_wo_surrogates + 1));
        if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return -1;
        }
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length_wo_surrogates;
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        /* unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4() requires a ready string */
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
        unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end, unicode);
        PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
        _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
#else
        assert(num_surrogates == 0);

        _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
        _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
        _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
#endif
        PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
    }
    _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
    return 0;
}

static void
unicode_dealloc(register PyObject *unicode)
{
    switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode)) {
    case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
        break;

    case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
        /* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */
        Py_REFCNT(unicode) = 3;
        if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, unicode) != 0)
            Py_FatalError(
                "deletion of interned string failed");
        break;

    case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
        Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died.");

    default:
        Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
    }

    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
    if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode) && _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode));

    Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode);
}

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
static int
unicode_is_singleton(PyObject *unicode)
{
    PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)unicode;
    if (unicode == unicode_empty)
        return 1;
    if (ascii->state.kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND && ascii->length == 1)
    {
        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
        if (ch < 256 && unicode_latin1[ch] == unicode)
            return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
#endif

static int
unicode_modifiable(PyObject *unicode)
{
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
    if (Py_REFCNT(unicode) != 1)
        return 0;
    if (_PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) != -1)
        return 0;
    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode))
        return 0;
    if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(unicode))
        return 0;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    /* singleton refcount is greater than 1 */
    assert(!unicode_is_singleton(unicode));
#endif
    return 1;
}

static int
unicode_resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    PyObject *unicode;
    Py_ssize_t old_length;

    assert(p_unicode != NULL);
    unicode = *p_unicode;

    assert(unicode != NULL);
    assert(PyUnicode_Check(unicode));
    assert(0 <= length);

    if (_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
        old_length = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
    else
        old_length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
    if (old_length == length)
        return 0;

    if (length == 0) {
        Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
        *p_unicode = unicode_empty;
        Py_INCREF(*p_unicode);
        return 0;
    }

    if (!unicode_modifiable(unicode)) {
        PyObject *copy = resize_copy(unicode, length);
        if (copy == NULL)
            return -1;
        Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
        *p_unicode = copy;
        return 0;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
        PyObject *new_unicode = resize_compact(unicode, length);
        if (new_unicode == NULL)
            return -1;
        *p_unicode = new_unicode;
        return 0;
    }
    return resize_inplace(unicode, length);
}

int
PyUnicode_Resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    PyObject *unicode;
    if (p_unicode == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    unicode = *p_unicode;
    if (unicode == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || length < 0)
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    return unicode_resize(p_unicode, length);
}

/* Copy a ASCII or latin1 char* string into a Python Unicode string.

   WARNING: The function doesn't copy the terminating null character and
   doesn't check the maximum character (may write a latin1 character in an
   ASCII string). */
static void
unicode_write_cstr(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index,
                   const char *str, Py_ssize_t len)
{
    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
    void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
    const char *end = str + len;

    switch (kind) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: {
        assert(index + len <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode)) {
            Py_UCS4 maxchar = ucs1lib_find_max_char(
                (const Py_UCS1*)str,
                (const Py_UCS1*)str + len);
            assert(maxchar < 128);
        }
#endif
        memcpy((char *) data + index, str, len);
        break;
    }
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: {
        Py_UCS2 *start = (Py_UCS2 *)data + index;
        Py_UCS2 *ucs2 = start;
        assert(index <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));

        for (; str < end; ++ucs2, ++str)
            *ucs2 = (Py_UCS2)*str;

        assert((ucs2 - start) <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
        break;
    }
    default: {
        Py_UCS4 *start = (Py_UCS4 *)data + index;
        Py_UCS4 *ucs4 = start;
        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
        assert(index <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));

        for (; str < end; ++ucs4, ++str)
            *ucs4 = (Py_UCS4)*str;

        assert((ucs4 - start) <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
    }
    }
}


static PyObject*
get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch)
{
    PyObject *unicode = unicode_latin1[ch];
    if (!unicode) {
        unicode = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
        if (!unicode)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[0] = ch;
        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
        unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
    }
    Py_INCREF(unicode);
    return unicode;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyObject *unicode;
    Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;

    if (u == NULL)
        return (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(size);

    /* If the Unicode data is known at construction time, we can apply
       some optimizations which share commonly used objects. */

    /* Optimization for empty strings */
    if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return unicode_empty;
    }

    /* Single character Unicode objects in the Latin-1 range are
       shared when using this constructor */
    if (size == 1 && *u < 256)
        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)*u);

    /* If not empty and not single character, copy the Unicode data
       into the new object */
    if (find_maxchar_surrogates(u, u + size,
                                &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
        return NULL;

    unicode = PyUnicode_New(size - num_surrogates, maxchar);
    if (!unicode)
        return NULL;

    switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode)) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, unsigned char,
                                u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
        break;
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
#if Py_UNICODE_SIZE == 2
        Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 2);
#else
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, Py_UCS2,
                                u, u + size, PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
#endif
        break;
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
        /* This is the only case which has to process surrogates, thus
           a simple copy loop is not enough and we need a function. */
        unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(u, u + size, unicode);
#else
        assert(num_surrogates == 0);
        Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 4);
#endif
        break;
    default:
        assert(0 && "Impossible state");
    }

    return unicode_result(unicode);
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    if (size < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (u != NULL)
        return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(u, size, NULL, NULL);
    else
        return (PyObject *)_PyUnicode_New(size);
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)
{
    size_t size = strlen(u);
    if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "input too long");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(u, (Py_ssize_t)size, NULL, NULL);
}

PyObject *
_PyUnicode_FromId(_Py_Identifier *id)
{
    if (!id->object) {
        id->object = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(id->string,
                                                  strlen(id->string),
                                                  NULL, NULL);
        if (!id->object)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&id->object);
        assert(!id->next);
        id->next = static_strings;
        static_strings = id;
    }
    return id->object;
}

void
_PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings()
{
    _Py_Identifier *tmp, *s = static_strings;
    while (s) {
        Py_DECREF(s->object);
        s->object = NULL;
        tmp = s->next;
        s->next = NULL;
        s = tmp;
    }
    static_strings = NULL;
}

/* Internal function, doesn't check maximum character */

PyObject*
_PyUnicode_FromASCII(const char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    const unsigned char *s = (const unsigned char *)buffer;
    PyObject *unicode;
    if (size == 1) {
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
        assert(s[0] < 128);
#endif
        return get_latin1_char(s[0]);
    }
    unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
    if (!unicode)
        return NULL;
    memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), s, size);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
    return unicode;
}

static Py_UCS4
kind_maxchar_limit(unsigned int kind)
{
    switch (kind) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        return 0x80;
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        return 0x100;
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        return 0x10000;
    default:
        assert(0 && "invalid kind");
        return MAX_UNICODE;
    }
}

Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_UCS4)
align_maxchar(Py_UCS4 maxchar)
{
    if (maxchar <= 127)
        return 127;
    else if (maxchar <= 255)
        return 255;
    else if (maxchar <= 65535)
        return 65535;
    else
        return MAX_UNICODE;
}

static PyObject*
_PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char* u, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyObject *res;
    unsigned char max_char;

    if (size == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return unicode_empty;
    }
    assert(size > 0);
    if (size == 1)
        return get_latin1_char(u[0]);

    max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res), u, size);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
    return res;
}

static PyObject*
_PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyObject *res;
    Py_UCS2 max_char;

    if (size == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return unicode_empty;
    }
    assert(size > 0);
    if (size == 1) {
        Py_UCS4 ch = u[0];
        if (ch < 256)
            return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);

        res = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
        if (res == NULL)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(res), PyUnicode_DATA(res), 0, ch);
        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
        return res;
    }

    max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    if (max_char >= 256)
        memcpy(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS2)*size);
    else {
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
            Py_UCS2, Py_UCS1, u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
    }
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
    return res;
}

static PyObject*
_PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyObject *res;
    Py_UCS4 max_char;

    if (size == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        return unicode_empty;
    }
    assert(size > 0);
    if (size == 1) {
        Py_UCS4 ch = u[0];
        if (ch < 256)
            return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);

        res = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
        if (res == NULL)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(res), PyUnicode_DATA(res), 0, ch);
        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
        return res;
    }

    max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
    res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    if (max_char < 256)
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1, u, u + size,
                                 PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
    else if (max_char < 0x10000)
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2, u, u + size,
                                 PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res));
    else
        memcpy(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS4)*size);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
    return res;
}

PyObject*
PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(int kind, const void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    if (size < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "size must be positive");
        return NULL;
    }
    switch (kind) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS1(buffer, size);
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS2(buffer, size);
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        return _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(buffer, size);
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
        return NULL;
    }
}

Py_UCS4
_PyUnicode_FindMaxChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
{
    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
    void *startptr, *endptr;

    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
    assert(0 <= start);
    assert(end <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
    assert(start <= end);

    if (start == 0 && end == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode))
        return PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode);

    if (start == end)
        return 127;

    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
        return 127;

    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
    startptr = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
    endptr = (char *)startptr + end * kind;
    startptr = (char *)startptr + start * kind;
    switch(kind) {
    case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
        return ucs1lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        return ucs2lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        return ucs4lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
    default:
        assert(0);
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Ensure that a string uses the most efficient storage, if it is not the
   case: create a new string with of the right kind. Write NULL into *p_unicode
   on error. */
static void
unicode_adjust_maxchar(PyObject **p_unicode)
{
    PyObject *unicode, *copy;
    Py_UCS4 max_char;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    unsigned int kind;

    assert(p_unicode != NULL);
    unicode = *p_unicode;
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
        return;

    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
        const Py_UCS1 *u = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
        max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
        if (max_char >= 128)
            return;
    }
    else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
        const Py_UCS2 *u = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
        max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
        if (max_char >= 256)
            return;
    }
    else {
        const Py_UCS4 *u = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
        max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
        if (max_char >= 0x10000)
            return;
    }
    copy = PyUnicode_New(len, max_char);
    if (copy != NULL)
        _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, len);
    Py_DECREF(unicode);
    *p_unicode = copy;
}

PyObject*
_PyUnicode_Copy(PyObject *unicode)
{
    Py_ssize_t length;
    PyObject *copy;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
        return NULL;

    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
    copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
    if (!copy)
        return NULL;
    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(copy) == PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));

    Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_DATA(copy), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
              length * PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(copy, 1));
    return copy;
}


/* Widen Unicode objects to larger buffers. Don't write terminating null
   character. Return NULL on error. */

void*
_PyUnicode_AsKind(PyObject *s, unsigned int kind)
{
    Py_ssize_t len;
    void *result;
    unsigned int skind;

    if (PyUnicode_READY(s) == -1)
        return NULL;

    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
    skind = PyUnicode_KIND(s);
    if (skind >= kind) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid widening attempt");
        return NULL;
    }
    switch (kind) {
    case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
        result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS2));
        if (!result)
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
        assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
            Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
            PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
            result);
        return result;
    case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
        result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
        if (!result)
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
        if (skind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
            _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s),
                PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
                result);
        }
        else {
            assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
            _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
                PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
                result);
        }
        return result;
    default:
        break;
    }
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
    return NULL;
}

static Py_UCS4*
as_ucs4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
        int copy_null)
{
    int kind;
    void *data;
    Py_ssize_t len, targetlen;
    if (PyUnicode_READY(string) == -1)
        return NULL;
    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
    data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
    targetlen = len;
    if (copy_null)
        targetlen++;
    if (!target) {
        if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UCS4) < targetlen) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        target = PyMem_Malloc(targetlen * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
        if (!target) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        if (targetsize < targetlen) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                         "string is longer than the buffer");
            if (copy_null && 0 < targetsize)
                target[0] = 0;
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
        Py_UCS1 *start = (Py_UCS1 *) data;
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
    }
    else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
        Py_UCS2 *start = (Py_UCS2 *) data;
        _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
    }
    else {
        assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
        Py_MEMCPY(target, data, len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
    }
    if (copy_null)
        target[len] = 0;
    return target;
}

Py_UCS4*
PyUnicode_AsUCS4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
                 int copy_null)
{
    if (target == NULL || targetsize < 0) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    return as_ucs4(string, target, targetsize, copy_null);
}

Py_UCS4*
PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy(PyObject *string)
{
    return as_ucs4(string, NULL, 0, 1);
}

#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromWideChar(register const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    if (w == NULL) {
        if (size == 0) {
            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
            return unicode_empty;
        }
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }

    if (size == -1) {
        size = wcslen(w);
    }

    return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(w, size);
}

#endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */

static void
makefmt(char *fmt, int longflag, int longlongflag, int size_tflag,
        char c)
{
    *fmt++ = '%';
    if (longflag)
        *fmt++ = 'l';
    else if (longlongflag) {
        /* longlongflag should only ever be nonzero on machines with
           HAVE_LONG_LONG defined */
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
        char *f = PY_FORMAT_LONG_LONG;
        while (*f)
            *fmt++ = *f++;
#else
        /* we shouldn't ever get here */
        assert(0);
        *fmt++ = 'l';
#endif
    }
    else if (size_tflag) {
        char *f = PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T;
        while (*f)
            *fmt++ = *f++;
    }
    *fmt++ = c;
    *fmt = '\0';
}

/* maximum number of characters required for output of %lld or %p.
   We need at most ceil(log10(256)*SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) digits,
   plus 1 for the sign.  53/22 is an upper bound for log10(256). */
#define MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS (2 + (SIZEOF_LONG_LONG*53-1) / 22)

static const char*
unicode_fromformat_arg(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
                       const char *f, va_list *vargs)
{
    const char *p;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    int zeropad;
    int width;
    int precision;
    int longflag;
    int longlongflag;
    int size_tflag;
    int fill;

    p = f;
    f++;
    zeropad = 0;
    if (*f == '0') {
        zeropad = 1;
        f++;
    }

    /* parse the width.precision part, e.g. "%2.5s" => width=2, precision=5 */
    width = 0;
    while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f)) {
        if (width > (INT_MAX - ((int)*f - '0')) / 10) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "width too big");
            return NULL;
        }
        width = (width*10) + (*f - '0');
        f++;
    }
    precision = 0;
    if (*f == '.') {
        f++;
        while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f)) {
            if (precision > (INT_MAX - ((int)*f - '0')) / 10) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                                "precision too big");
                return NULL;
            }
            precision = (precision*10) + (*f - '0');
            f++;
        }
        if (*f == '%') {
            /* "%.3%s" => f points to "3" */
            f--;
        }
    }
    if (*f == '\0') {
        /* bogus format "%.123" => go backward, f points to "3" */
        f--;
    }

    /* Handle %ld, %lu, %lld and %llu. */
    longflag = 0;
    longlongflag = 0;
    size_tflag = 0;
    if (*f == 'l') {
        if (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i') {
            longflag = 1;
            ++f;
        }
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
        else if (f[1] == 'l' &&
                 (f[2] == 'd' || f[2] == 'u' || f[2] == 'i')) {
            longlongflag = 1;
            f += 2;
        }
#endif
    }
    /* handle the size_t flag. */
    else if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i')) {
        size_tflag = 1;
        ++f;
    }

    if (f[1] == '\0')
        writer->overallocate = 0;

    switch (*f) {
    case 'c':
    {
        int ordinal = va_arg(*vargs, int);
        if (ordinal < 0 || ordinal > MAX_UNICODE) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "character argument not in range(0x110000)");
            return NULL;
        }
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, 1, ordinal) == -1)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_WRITE(writer->kind, writer->data, writer->pos, ordinal);
        writer->pos++;
        break;
    }

    case 'i':
    case 'd':
    case 'u':
    case 'x':
    {
        /* used by sprintf */
        char fmt[10]; /* should be enough for "%0lld\0" */
        char buffer[MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS];

        if (*f == 'u') {
            makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, *f);

            if (longflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, unsigned long));
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
            else if (longlongflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG));
#endif
            else if (size_tflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, size_t));
            else
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, unsigned int));
        }
        else if (*f == 'x') {
            makefmt(fmt, 0, 0, 0, 'x');
            len = sprintf(buffer, fmt, va_arg(*vargs, int));
        }
        else {
            makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, *f);

            if (longflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, long));
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
            else if (longlongflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, PY_LONG_LONG));
#endif
            else if (size_tflag)
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, Py_ssize_t));
            else
                len = sprintf(buffer, fmt,
                        va_arg(*vargs, int));
        }
        assert(len >= 0);

        if (precision < len)
            precision = len;
        if (width > precision) {
            Py_UCS4 fillchar;
            fill = width - precision;
            fillchar = zeropad?'0':' ';
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, fill, fillchar) == -1)
                return NULL;
            if (PyUnicode_Fill(writer->buffer, writer->pos, fill, fillchar) == -1)
                return NULL;
            writer->pos += fill;
        }
        if (precision > len) {
            fill = precision - len;
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, fill, '0') == -1)
                return NULL;
            if (PyUnicode_Fill(writer->buffer, writer->pos, fill, '0') == -1)
                return NULL;
            writer->pos += fill;
        }
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteCstr(writer, buffer, len) == -1)
            return NULL;
        break;
    }

    case 'p':
    {
        char number[MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS];

        len = sprintf(number, "%p", va_arg(*vargs, void*));
        assert(len >= 0);

        /* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
        if (number[1] == 'X')
            number[1] = 'x';
        else if (number[1] != 'x') {
            memmove(number + 2, number,
                    strlen(number) + 1);
            number[0] = '0';
            number[1] = 'x';
            len += 2;
        }

        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteCstr(writer, number, len) == -1)
            return NULL;
        break;
    }

    case 's':
    {
        /* UTF-8 */
        const char *s = va_arg(*vargs, const char*);
        PyObject *str = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, strlen(s), "replace", NULL);
        if (!str)
            return NULL;
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, str) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(str);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(str);
        break;
    }

    case 'U':
    {
        PyObject *obj = va_arg(*vargs, PyObject *);
        assert(obj && _PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));

        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, obj) == -1)
            return NULL;
        break;
    }

    case 'V':
    {
        PyObject *obj = va_arg(*vargs, PyObject *);
        const char *str = va_arg(*vargs, const char *);
        PyObject *str_obj;
        assert(obj || str);
        if (obj) {
            assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, obj) == -1)
                return NULL;
        }
        else {
            str_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(str, strlen(str), "replace", NULL);
            if (!str_obj)
                return NULL;
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, str_obj) == -1) {
                Py_DECREF(str_obj);
                return NULL;
            }
            Py_DECREF(str_obj);
        }
        break;
    }

    case 'S':
    {
        PyObject *obj = va_arg(*vargs, PyObject *);
        PyObject *str;
        assert(obj);
        str = PyObject_Str(obj);
        if (!str)
            return NULL;
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, str) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(str);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(str);
        break;
    }

    case 'R':
    {
        PyObject *obj = va_arg(*vargs, PyObject *);
        PyObject *repr;
        assert(obj);
        repr = PyObject_Repr(obj);
        if (!repr)
            return NULL;
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, repr) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(repr);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(repr);
        break;
    }

    case 'A':
    {
        PyObject *obj = va_arg(*vargs, PyObject *);
        PyObject *ascii;
        assert(obj);
        ascii = PyObject_ASCII(obj);
        if (!ascii)
            return NULL;
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(writer, ascii) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(ascii);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(ascii);
        break;
    }

    case '%':
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, 1, '%') == 1)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_WRITE(writer->kind, writer->data, writer->pos, '%');
        writer->pos++;
        break;

    default:
        /* if we stumble upon an unknown formatting code, copy the rest
           of the format string to the output string. (we cannot just
           skip the code, since there's no way to know what's in the
           argument list) */
        len = strlen(p);
        if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteCstr(writer, p, len) == -1)
            return NULL;
        f = p+len;
        return f;
    }

    f++;
    return f;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
{
    va_list vargs2;
    const char *f;
    _PyUnicodeWriter writer;

    _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer, strlen(format) + 100);

    /* va_list may be an array (of 1 item) on some platforms (ex: AMD64).
       Copy it to be able to pass a reference to a subfunction. */
    Py_VA_COPY(vargs2, vargs);

    for (f = format; *f; ) {
        if (*f == '%') {
            f = unicode_fromformat_arg(&writer, f, &vargs2);
            if (f == NULL)
                goto fail;
        }
        else {
            const char *p;
            Py_ssize_t len;

            p = f;
            do
            {
                if ((unsigned char)*p > 127) {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "PyUnicode_FromFormatV() expects an ASCII-encoded format "
                        "string, got a non-ASCII byte: 0x%02x",
                        (unsigned char)*p);
                    return NULL;
                }
                p++;
            }
            while (*p != '\0' && *p != '%');
            len = p - f;

            if (*p == '\0')
                writer.overallocate = 0;
            if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(&writer, len, 127) == -1)
                goto fail;
            unicode_write_cstr(writer.buffer, writer.pos, f, len);
            writer.pos += len;

            f = p;
        }
    }
    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);

  fail:
    _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
{
    PyObject* ret;
    va_list vargs;

#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
    va_start(vargs, format);
#else
    va_start(vargs);
#endif
    ret = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
    va_end(vargs);
    return ret;
}

#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H

/* Helper function for PyUnicode_AsWideChar() and PyUnicode_AsWideCharString():
   convert a Unicode object to a wide character string.

   - If w is NULL: return the number of wide characters (including the null
     character) required to convert the unicode object. Ignore size argument.

   - Otherwise: return the number of wide characters (excluding the null
     character) written into w. Write at most size wide characters (including
     the null character). */
static Py_ssize_t
unicode_aswidechar(PyObject *unicode,
                   wchar_t *w,
                   Py_ssize_t size)
{
    Py_ssize_t res;
    const wchar_t *wstr;

    wstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, &res);
    if (wstr == NULL)
        return -1;

    if (w != NULL) {
        if (size > res)
            size = res + 1;
        else
            res = size;
        Py_MEMCPY(w, wstr, size * sizeof(wchar_t));
        return res;
    }
    else
        return res + 1;
}

Py_ssize_t
PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyObject *unicode,
                     wchar_t *w,
                     Py_ssize_t size)
{
    if (unicode == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return -1;
    }
    return unicode_aswidechar(unicode, w, size);
}

wchar_t*
PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(PyObject *unicode,
                           Py_ssize_t *size)
{
    wchar_t* buffer;
    Py_ssize_t buflen;

    if (unicode == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }

    buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, NULL, 0);
    if (buflen == -1)
        return NULL;
    if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) < buflen) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }

    buffer = PyMem_MALLOC(buflen * sizeof(wchar_t));
    if (buffer == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, buffer, buflen);
    if (buflen == -1) {
        PyMem_FREE(buffer);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (size != NULL)
        *size = buflen;
    return buffer;
}

#endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(int ordinal)
{
    PyObject *v;
    if (ordinal < 0 || ordinal > MAX_UNICODE) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "chr() arg not in range(0x110000)");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (ordinal < 256)
        return get_latin1_char(ordinal);

    v = PyUnicode_New(1, ordinal);
    if (v == NULL)
        return NULL;
    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(v), PyUnicode_DATA(v), 0, ordinal);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
    return v;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromObject(register PyObject *obj)
{
    /* XXX Perhaps we should make this API an alias of
       PyObject_Str() instead ?! */
    if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
            return NULL;
        Py_INCREF(obj);
        return obj;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
        /* For a Unicode subtype that's not a Unicode object,
           return a true Unicode object with the same data. */
        return _PyUnicode_Copy(obj);
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "Can't convert '%.100s' object to str implicitly",
                 Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(register PyObject *obj,
                            const char *encoding,
                            const char *errors)
{
    Py_buffer buffer;
    PyObject *v;

    if (obj == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Decoding bytes objects is the most common case and should be fast */
    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
        if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) == 0) {
            Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
            v = unicode_empty;
        }
        else {
            v = PyUnicode_Decode(
                    PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj),
                    encoding, errors);
        }
        return v;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "decoding str is not supported");
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Retrieve a bytes buffer view through the PEP 3118 buffer interface */
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &buffer, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "coercing to str: need bytes, bytearray "
                     "or buffer-like object, %.80s found",
                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (buffer.len == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
        v = unicode_empty;
    }
    else
        v = PyUnicode_Decode((char*) buffer.buf, buffer.len, encoding, errors);

    PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
    return v;
}

/* Convert encoding to lower case and replace '_' with '-' in order to
   catch e.g. UTF_8. Return 0 on error (encoding is longer than lower_len-1),
   1 on success. */
int
_Py_normalize_encoding(const char *encoding,
                       char *lower,
                       size_t lower_len)
{
    const char *e;
    char *l;
    char *l_end;

    if (encoding == NULL) {
        strcpy(lower, "utf-8");
        return 1;
    }
    e = encoding;
    l = lower;
    l_end = &lower[lower_len - 1];
    while (*e) {
        if (l == l_end)
            return 0;
        if (Py_ISUPPER(*e)) {
            *l++ = Py_TOLOWER(*e++);
        }
        else if (*e == '_') {
            *l++ = '-';
            e++;
        }
        else {
            *l++ = *e++;
        }
    }
    *l = '\0';
    return 1;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s,
                 Py_ssize_t size,
                 const char *encoding,
                 const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *buffer = NULL, *unicode;
    Py_buffer info;
    char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */

    /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
    if (_Py_normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
        if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
            (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
        else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
                 (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
                 (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
            return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s, size, errors);
#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
        else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
            return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, errors);
#endif
        else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
            return PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(s, size, errors);
        else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-16") == 0)
            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, 0);
        else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-32") == 0)
            return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(s, size, errors, 0);
    }

    /* Decode via the codec registry */
    buffer = NULL;
    if (PyBuffer_FillInfo(&info, NULL, (void *)s, size, 1, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
        goto onError;
    buffer = PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&info);
    if (buffer == NULL)
        goto onError;
    unicode = PyCodec_Decode(buffer, encoding, errors);
    if (unicode == NULL)
        goto onError;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
                     Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(unicode);
        goto onError;
    }
    Py_DECREF(buffer);
    return unicode_result(unicode);

  onError:
    Py_XDECREF(buffer);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
                          const char *encoding,
                          const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        goto onError;
    }

    if (encoding == NULL)
        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();

    /* Decode via the codec registry */
    v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
    if (v == NULL)
        goto onError;
    return unicode_result(v);

  onError:
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
                           const char *encoding,
                           const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        goto onError;
    }

    if (encoding == NULL)
        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();

    /* Decode via the codec registry */
    v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
    if (v == NULL)
        goto onError;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(v);
        goto onError;
    }
    return unicode_result(v);

  onError:
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                 Py_ssize_t size,
                 const char *encoding,
                 const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v, *unicode;

    unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
    if (unicode == NULL)
        return NULL;
    v = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode, encoding, errors);
    Py_DECREF(unicode);
    return v;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
                          const char *encoding,
                          const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        goto onError;
    }

    if (encoding == NULL)
        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();

    /* Encode via the codec registry */
    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
    if (v == NULL)
        goto onError;
    return v;

  onError:
    return NULL;
}

static size_t
wcstombs_errorpos(const wchar_t *wstr)
{
    size_t len;
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
    wchar_t buf[3];
#else
    wchar_t buf[2];
#endif
    char outbuf[MB_LEN_MAX];
    const wchar_t *start, *previous;

#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
    buf[2] = 0;
#else
    buf[1] = 0;
#endif
    start = wstr;
    while (*wstr != L'\0')
    {
        previous = wstr;
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
        if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(wstr[0])
            && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(wstr[1]))
        {
            buf[0] = wstr[0];
            buf[1] = wstr[1];
            wstr += 2;
        }
        else {
            buf[0] = *wstr;
            buf[1] = 0;
            wstr++;
        }
#else
        buf[0] = *wstr;
        wstr++;
#endif
        len = wcstombs(outbuf, buf, sizeof(outbuf));
        if (len == (size_t)-1)
            return previous - start;
    }

    /* failed to find the unencodable character */
    return 0;
}

static int
locale_error_handler(const char *errors, int *surrogateescape)
{
    if (errors == NULL) {
        *surrogateescape = 0;
        return 0;
    }

    if (strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
        *surrogateescape = 0;
        return 0;
    }
    if (strcmp(errors, "surrogateescape") == 0) {
        *surrogateescape = 1;
        return 0;
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                 "only 'strict' and 'surrogateescape' error handlers "
                 "are supported, not '%s'",
                 errors);
    return -1;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_EncodeLocale(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
{
    Py_ssize_t wlen, wlen2;
    wchar_t *wstr;
    PyObject *bytes = NULL;
    char *errmsg;
    PyObject *reason;
    PyObject *exc;
    size_t error_pos;
    int surrogateescape;

    if (locale_error_handler(errors, &surrogateescape) < 0)
        return NULL;

    wstr = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(unicode, &wlen);
    if (wstr == NULL)
        return NULL;

    wlen2 = wcslen(wstr);
    if (wlen2 != wlen) {
        PyMem_Free(wstr);
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded null character");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (surrogateescape) {
        /* "surrogateescape" error handler */
        char *str;

        str = _Py_wchar2char(wstr, &error_pos);
        if (str == NULL) {
            if (error_pos == (size_t)-1) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                PyMem_Free(wstr);
                return NULL;
            }
            else {
                goto encode_error;
            }
        }
        PyMem_Free(wstr);

        bytes = PyBytes_FromString(str);
        PyMem_Free(str);
    }
    else {
        /* strict mode */
        size_t len, len2;

        len = wcstombs(NULL, wstr, 0);
        if (len == (size_t)-1) {
            error_pos = (size_t)-1;
            goto encode_error;
        }

        bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
        if (bytes == NULL) {
            PyMem_Free(wstr);
            return NULL;
        }

        len2 = wcstombs(PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes), wstr, len+1);
        if (len2 == (size_t)-1 || len2 > len) {
            error_pos = (size_t)-1;
            goto encode_error;
        }
        PyMem_Free(wstr);
    }
    return bytes;

encode_error:
    errmsg = strerror(errno);
    assert(errmsg != NULL);

    if (error_pos == (size_t)-1)
        error_pos = wcstombs_errorpos(wstr);

    PyMem_Free(wstr);
    Py_XDECREF(bytes);

    if (errmsg != NULL) {
        size_t errlen;
        wstr = _Py_char2wchar(errmsg, &errlen);
        if (wstr != NULL) {
            reason = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, errlen);
            PyMem_Free(wstr);
        } else
            errmsg = NULL;
    }
    if (errmsg == NULL)
        reason = PyUnicode_FromString(
            "wcstombs() encountered an unencodable "
            "wide character");
    if (reason == NULL)
        return NULL;

    exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError, "sOnnO",
                                "locale", unicode,
                                (Py_ssize_t)error_pos,
                                (Py_ssize_t)(error_pos+1),
                                reason);
    Py_DECREF(reason);
    if (exc != NULL) {
        PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
        Py_XDECREF(exc);
    }
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(PyObject *unicode)
{
#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
    return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, NULL);
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
    return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "surrogateescape");
#else
    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
    /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
       cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
       the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
       version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
       the Python codec is loaded.

       Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
       cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
       subinterpreters. */
    if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
        return PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode,
                                         Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
                                         "surrogateescape");
    }
    else {
        return PyUnicode_EncodeLocale(unicode, "surrogateescape");
    }
#endif
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode,
                          const char *encoding,
                          const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v;
    char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
    if (_Py_normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
        if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
            (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
        {
            if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0)
                return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, NULL);
            else
                return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, errors);
        }
        else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
                 (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
                 (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
            return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(unicode, errors);
#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
        else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
            return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, errors);
#endif
        else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
            return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(unicode, errors);
    }

    /* Encode via the codec registry */
    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
    if (v == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* The normal path */
    if (PyBytes_Check(v))
        return v;

    /* If the codec returns a buffer, raise a warning and convert to bytes */
    if (PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
        int error;
        PyObject *b;

        error = PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1,
            "encoder %s returned bytearray instead of bytes",
            encoding);
        if (error) {
            Py_DECREF(v);
            return NULL;
        }

        b = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyByteArray_AS_STRING(v), Py_SIZE(v));
        Py_DECREF(v);
        return b;
    }

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "encoder did not return a bytes object (type=%.400s)",
                 Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
    Py_DECREF(v);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
                           const char *encoding,
                           const char *errors)
{
    PyObject *v;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        goto onError;
    }

    if (encoding == NULL)
        encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();

    /* Encode via the codec registry */
    v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
    if (v == NULL)
        goto onError;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "encoder did not return an str object (type=%.400s)",
                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(v);
        goto onError;
    }
    return v;

  onError:
    return NULL;
}

static size_t
mbstowcs_errorpos(const char *str, size_t len)
{
#ifdef HAVE_MBRTOWC
    const char *start = str;
    mbstate_t mbs;
    size_t converted;
    wchar_t ch;

    memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof mbs);
    while (len)
    {
        converted = mbrtowc(&ch, (char*)str, len, &mbs);
        if (converted == 0)
            /* Reached end of string */
            break;
        if (converted == (size_t)-1 || converted == (size_t)-2) {
            /* Conversion error or incomplete character */
            return str - start;
        }
        else {
            str += converted;
            len -= converted;
        }
    }
    /* failed to find the undecodable byte sequence */
    return 0;
#endif
    return 0;
}

PyObject*
PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t len,
                              const char *errors)
{
    wchar_t smallbuf[256];
    size_t smallbuf_len = Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(smallbuf);
    wchar_t *wstr;
    size_t wlen, wlen2;
    PyObject *unicode;
    int surrogateescape;
    size_t error_pos;
    char *errmsg;
    PyObject *reason, *exc;

    if (locale_error_handler(errors, &surrogateescape) < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (str[len] != '\0' || len != strlen(str)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded null character");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (surrogateescape) {
        /* "surrogateescape" error handler */
        wstr = _Py_char2wchar(str, &wlen);
        if (wstr == NULL) {
            if (wlen == (size_t)-1)
                PyErr_NoMemory();
            else
                PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            return NULL;
        }

        unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, wlen);
        PyMem_Free(wstr);
    }
    else {
        /* strict mode */
#ifndef HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS
        wlen = mbstowcs(NULL, str, 0);
#else
        wlen = len;
#endif
        if (wlen == (size_t)-1)
            goto decode_error;
        if (wlen+1 <= smallbuf_len) {
            wstr = smallbuf;
        }
        else {
            if (wlen > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1)
                return PyErr_NoMemory();

            wstr = PyMem_Malloc((wlen+1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
            if (!wstr)
                return PyErr_NoMemory();
        }

        wlen2 = mbstowcs(wstr, str, wlen+1);
        if (wlen2 == (size_t)-1) {
            if (wstr != smallbuf)
                PyMem_Free(wstr);
            goto decode_error;
        }
#ifdef HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS
        assert(wlen2 == wlen);
#endif
        unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, wlen2);
        if (wstr != smallbuf)
            PyMem_Free(wstr);
    }
    return unicode;

decode_error:
    errmsg = strerror(errno);
    assert(errmsg != NULL);

    error_pos = mbstowcs_errorpos(str, len);
    if (errmsg != NULL) {
        size_t errlen;
        wstr = _Py_char2wchar(errmsg, &errlen);
        if (wstr != NULL) {
            reason = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, errlen);
            PyMem_Free(wstr);
        } else
            errmsg = NULL;
    }
    if (errmsg == NULL)
        reason = PyUnicode_FromString(
            "mbstowcs() encountered an invalid multibyte sequence");
    if (reason == NULL)
        return NULL;

    exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError, "sy#nnO",
                                "locale", str, len,
                                (Py_ssize_t)error_pos,
                                (Py_ssize_t)(error_pos+1),
                                reason);
    Py_DECREF(reason);
    if (exc != NULL) {
        PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
        Py_XDECREF(exc);
    }
    return NULL;
}

PyObject*
PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(const char *str, const char *errors)
{
    Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(str);
    return PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(str, size, errors);
}


PyObject*
PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(const char *s) {
    Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(s);
    return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(s, size);
}

PyObject*
PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
{
#ifdef HAVE_MBCS
    return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, NULL);
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, "surrogateescape", NULL);
#else
    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
    /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
       cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
       the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
       version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
       the Python codec is loaded.

       Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
       cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
       subinterpreters. */
    if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
        return PyUnicode_Decode(s, size,
                                Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
                                "surrogateescape");
    }
    else {
        return PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(s, size, "surrogateescape");
    }
#endif
}


int
_PyUnicode_HasNULChars(PyObject* str)
{
    Py_ssize_t pos;

    if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
        return -1;
    pos = findchar(PyUnicode_DATA(str), PyUnicode_KIND(str),
                   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str), '\0', 1);
    if (pos == -1)
        return 0;
    else
        return 1;
}

int
PyUnicode_FSConverter(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
{
    PyObject *output = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    void *data;
    if (arg == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
        return 1;
    }
    if (PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
        output = arg;
        Py_INCREF(output);
    }
    else {
        arg = PyUnicode_FromObject(arg);
        if (!arg)
            return 0;
        output = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(arg);
        Py_DECREF(arg);
        if (!output)
            return 0;
        if (!PyBytes_Check(output)) {
            Py_DECREF(output);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "encoder failed to return bytes");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(output);
    data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(output);
    if (size != strlen(data)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
        Py_DECREF(output);
        return 0;
    }
    *(PyObject**)addr = output;
    return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
}


int
PyUnicode_FSDecoder(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
{
    PyObject *output = NULL;
    if (arg == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
        return 1;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(arg) == -1)
            return 0;
        output = arg;
        Py_INCREF(output);
    }
    else {
        arg = PyBytes_FromObject(arg);
        if (!arg)
            return 0;
        output = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg),
                                                  PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg));
        Py_DECREF(arg);
        if (!output)
            return 0;
        if (!PyUnicode_Check(output)) {
            Py_DECREF(output);
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "decoder failed to return unicode");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(output) == -1) {
        Py_DECREF(output);
        return 0;
    }
    if (findchar(PyUnicode_DATA(output), PyUnicode_KIND(output),
                 PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(output), 0, 1) >= 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
        Py_DECREF(output);
        return 0;
    }
    *(PyObject**)addr = output;
    return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
}


char*
PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *psize)
{
    PyObject *bytes;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
        return NULL;

    if (PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
        assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
        bytes = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "strict");
        if (bytes == NULL)
            return NULL;
        _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes) + 1);
        if (_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(bytes);
            return NULL;
        }
        _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
        Py_MEMCPY(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode),
                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes),
                  _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
        Py_DECREF(bytes);
    }

    if (psize)
        *psize = PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode);
    return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
}

char*
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(PyObject *unicode)
{
    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(unicode, NULL);
}

Py_UNICODE *
PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size)
{
    const unsigned char *one_byte;
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
    const Py_UCS2 *two_bytes;
#else
    const Py_UCS4 *four_bytes;
    const Py_UCS4 *ucs4_end;
    Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
#endif
    wchar_t *w;
    wchar_t *wchar_end;

    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
        /* Non-ASCII compact unicode object */
        assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) != 0);
        assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));

        if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) {
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
            four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
            ucs4_end = four_bytes + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
            num_surrogates = 0;

            for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes) {
                if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF)
                    ++num_surrogates;
            }

            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(
                    sizeof(wchar_t) * (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1 + num_surrogates));
            if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                return NULL;
            }
            _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + num_surrogates;

            w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
            wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
            four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
            for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes, ++w) {
                if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF) {
                    assert(*four_bytes <= MAX_UNICODE);
                    /* encode surrogate pair in this case */
                    *w++ = Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
                    *w   = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
                }
                else
                    *w = *four_bytes;

                if (w > wchar_end) {
                    assert(0 && "Miscalculated string end");
                }
            }
            *w = 0;
#else
            /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
            Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr and str "
                          "should share memory already.");
            return NULL;
#endif
        }
        else {
            _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(wchar_t) *
                                                  (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
            if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                return NULL;
            }
            if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode))
                _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
            w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
            wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);

            if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
                one_byte = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
                for (; w < wchar_end; ++one_byte, ++w)
                    *w = *one_byte;
                /* null-terminate the wstr */
                *w = 0;
            }
            else if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
#if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
                two_bytes = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
                for (; w < wchar_end; ++two_bytes, ++w)
                    *w = *two_bytes;
                /* null-terminate the wstr */
                *w = 0;
#else
                /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 */
                PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
                _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
                Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr "
                              "and str should share memory already.");
                return NULL;
#endif
            }
            else {
                assert(0 && "This should never happen.");
            }
        }
    }
    if (size != NULL)
        *size = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
    return _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
}

Py_UNICODE *
PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
{
    return PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, NULL);
}


Py_ssize_t
PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)
{
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        goto onError;
    }
    return PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(unicode);

  onError:
    return -1;
}

Py_ssize_t
PyUnicode_GetLength(PyObject *unicode)
{
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
        return -1;
    return PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
}

Py_UCS4
PyUnicode_ReadChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index)
{
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
    }
    if (index < 0 || index >= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
    }
    return PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, index);
}

int
PyUnicode_WriteChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index, Py_UCS4 ch)
{
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || !PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
        PyErr_BadArgument();
        return -1;
    }
    assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
    if (index < 0 || index >= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
        return -1;
    }
    if (unicode_check_modifiable(unicode))
        return -1;
    if (ch > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "character out of range");
        return -1;
    }
    PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                    index, ch);
    return 0;
}

const char *
PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding(void)
{
    return "utf-8";
}

/* create or adjust a UnicodeDecodeError */
static void
make_decode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                      const char *encoding,
                      const char *input, Py_ssize_t length,
                      Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                      const char *reason)
{
    if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
        *exceptionObject = PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(
            encoding, input, length, startpos, endpos, reason);
    }
    else {
        if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
            goto onError;
        if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
            goto onError;