Patch by Christian Heimes to change self.assert_(x == y) into

self.assertEqual(x, y).  (Christian used self.failUnlessEqual(),
but the double negative makes it hard to grok, so I changed it.)

23 files changed, 294 insertions, 294 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py b/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
index 0e30b1b..40508be 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_format(self, size):
         s = '-' * size
         sf = '%s' % (s,)
-        self.failUnless(s == sf)
+        self.assertEqual(s, sf)
         del sf
         sf = '..%s..' % (s,)
         self.assertEquals(len(sf), len(s) + 4)
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ class StrTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compare(self, size):
         s1 = '-' * size
         s2 = '-' * size
-        self.failUnless(s1 == s2)
+        self.assertEqual(s1, s2)
         del s2
         s2 = s1 + 'a'
         self.failIf(s1 == s2)
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ class TupleTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compare(self, size):
         t1 = ('',) * size
         t2 = ('',) * size
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
         del t2
         t2 = ('',) * (size + 1)
         self.failIf(t1 == t2)
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ class ListTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compare(self, size):
         l1 = [''] * size
         l2 = [''] * size
-        self.failUnless(l1 == l2)
+        self.assertEqual(l1, l2)
         del l2
         l2 = [''] * (size + 1)
         self.failIf(l1 == l2)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bytes.py b/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
index a48cf9c..ca22ef1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class BytesTest(unittest.TestCase):
         b2 = bytes([1, 2, 3])
         b3 = bytes([1, 3])
 
-        self.failUnless(b1 == b2)
+        self.assertEqual(b1, b2)
         self.failUnless(b2 != b3)
         self.failUnless(b1 <= b2)
         self.failUnless(b1 <= b3)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
index 3a0b7af..ac6d130 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class TestTimeDelta(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compare(self):
         t1 = timedelta(2, 3, 4)
         t2 = timedelta(2, 3, 4)
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 <= t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 >= t2)
         self.failUnless(not t1 != t2)
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ class TestDate(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compare(self):
         t1 = self.theclass(2, 3, 4)
         t2 = self.theclass(2, 3, 4)
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 <= t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 >= t2)
         self.failUnless(not t1 != t2)
@@ -1375,7 +1375,7 @@ class TestDateTime(TestDate):
         args = [2000, 11, 29, 20, 58, 16, 999998]
         t1 = self.theclass(*args)
         t2 = self.theclass(*args)
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 <= t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 >= t2)
         self.failUnless(not t1 != t2)
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ class TestTime(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
         args = [1, 2, 3, 4]
         t1 = self.theclass(*args)
         t2 = self.theclass(*args)
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 <= t2)
         self.failUnless(t1 >= t2)
         self.failUnless(not t1 != t2)
@@ -2343,8 +2343,8 @@ class TestDateTimeTZ(TestDateTime, TZInfoBase, unittest.TestCase):
         self.failUnless(t1 != t2)
         self.failUnless(t2 > t1)
 
-        self.failUnless(t1 == t1)
-        self.failUnless(t2 == t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t1)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t2)
 
         # Equal afer adjustment.
         t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1, ""))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
index f515405..1923317 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ class DecimalUsabilityTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.failUnless(dc >= da)
         self.failUnless(da < dc)
         self.failUnless(da <= dc)
-        self.failUnless(da == db)
+        self.assertEqual(da, db)
         self.failUnless(da != dc)
         self.failUnless(da <= db)
         self.failUnless(da >= db)
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class DecimalUsabilityTest(unittest.TestCase):
         #a Decimal and an int
         self.failUnless(dc > 23)
         self.failUnless(23 < dc)
-        self.failUnless(dc == 45)
+        self.assertEqual(dc, 45)
         self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,23), 1)
         self.assertEqual(cmp(23,dc), -1)
         self.assertEqual(cmp(dc,45), 0)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_filecmp.py b/Lib/test/test_filecmp.py
index 503562b..53b949d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_filecmp.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_filecmp.py
@@ -103,28 +103,28 @@ class DirCompareTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual([d.left_list, d.right_list],[['file'], ['FiLe']])
         else:
             self.assertEqual([d.left_list, d.right_list],[['file'], ['file']])
-        self.failUnless(d.common == ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.common, ['file'])
         self.failUnless(d.left_only == d.right_only == [])
-        self.failUnless(d.same_files == ['file'])
-        self.failUnless(d.diff_files == [])
+        self.assertEqual(d.same_files, ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.diff_files, [])
 
         # Check attributes for comparison of two different directories
         d = filecmp.dircmp(self.dir, self.dir_diff)
-        self.failUnless(d.left_list == ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.left_list, ['file'])
         self.failUnless(d.right_list == ['file', 'file2'])
-        self.failUnless(d.common == ['file'])
-        self.failUnless(d.left_only == [])
-        self.failUnless(d.right_only == ['file2'])
-        self.failUnless(d.same_files == ['file'])
-        self.failUnless(d.diff_files == [])
+        self.assertEqual(d.common, ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.left_only, [])
+        self.assertEqual(d.right_only, ['file2'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.same_files, ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.diff_files, [])
 
         # Add different file2
         output = open(os.path.join(self.dir, 'file2'), 'w')
         output.write('Different contents.\n')
         output.close()
         d = filecmp.dircmp(self.dir, self.dir_diff)
-        self.failUnless(d.same_files == ['file'])
-        self.failUnless(d.diff_files == ['file2'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.same_files, ['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(d.diff_files, ['file2'])
 
 
 def test_main():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_hmac.py b/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
index b453f04..d44197e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class SanityTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # NOTE: this whitebox test depends on the hmac class internals
         import hashlib
         h = hmac.HMAC("key")
-        self.failUnless(h.digest_cons == hashlib.md5)
+        self.assertEqual(h.digest_cons, hashlib.md5)
 
     def test_exercise_all_methods(self):
         # Exercising all methods once.
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ class CopyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         h2 = h1.copy()
         self.failUnless(h1.digest_cons == h2.digest_cons,
             "digest constructors don't match.")
-        self.failUnless(type(h1.inner) == type(h2.inner),
+        self.assertEqual(type(h1.inner), type(h2.inner),
             "Types of inner don't match.")
-        self.failUnless(type(h1.outer) == type(h2.outer),
+        self.assertEqual(type(h1.outer), type(h2.outer),
             "Types of outer don't match.")
 
     def test_realcopy(self):
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ class CopyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         h1 = hmac.HMAC("key")
         h1.update("some random text")
         h2 = h1.copy()
-        self.failUnless(h1.digest() == h2.digest(),
+        self.assertEqual(h1.digest(), h2.digest(),
             "Digest of copy doesn't match original digest.")
-        self.failUnless(h1.hexdigest() == h2.hexdigest(),
+        self.assertEqual(h1.hexdigest(), h2.hexdigest(),
             "Hexdigest of copy doesn't match original hexdigest.")
 
 def test_main():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_hotshot.py b/Lib/test/test_hotshot.py
index 5480257..e0d88f7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_hotshot.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_hotshot.py
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class HotShotTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         log = self.get_logreader()
         info = log._info
         list(log)
-        self.failUnless(info["test-key"] == ["test-value"])
+        self.assertEqual(info["test-key"], ["test-value"])
 
     def test_line_numbers(self):
         def f():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_macpath.py b/Lib/test/test_macpath.py
index 2449b0a..9d36375 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_macpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_macpath.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import unittest
 class MacPathTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_abspath(self):
-        self.assert_(macpath.abspath("xx:yy") == "xx:yy")
+        self.assertEqual(macpath.abspath("xx:yy"), "xx:yy")
 
     def test_isabs(self):
         isabs = macpath.isabs
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py b/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
index e426117..9d50225 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_mailbox.py
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ class TestBase(unittest.TestCase):
         for key, value in _sample_headers.items():
             self.assert_(value in msg.get_all(key))
         self.assert_(msg.is_multipart())
-        self.assert_(len(msg.get_payload()) == len(_sample_payloads))
+        self.assertEqual(len(msg.get_payload()), len(_sample_payloads))
         for i, payload in enumerate(_sample_payloads):
             part = msg.get_payload(i)
             self.assert_(isinstance(part, email.message.Message))
             self.assert_(not isinstance(part, mailbox.Message))
-            self.assert_(part.get_payload() == payload)
+            self.assertEqual(part.get_payload(), payload)
 
     def _delete_recursively(self, target):
         # Delete a file or delete a directory recursively
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         # Add copies of a sample message
         keys = []
         keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % 0))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
         keys.append(self._box.add(mailbox.Message(_sample_message)))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
         keys.append(self._box.add(email.message_from_string(_sample_message)))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
         keys.append(self._box.add(StringIO.StringIO(_sample_message)))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 4)
         keys.append(self._box.add(_sample_message))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 5)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 5)
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(keys[0]) == self._template % 0)
         for i in (1, 2, 3, 4):
             self._check_sample(self._box[keys[i]])
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         # (Used by test_remove() and test_delitem().)
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
         method(key0)
         l = len(self._box)
         self.assert_(l == 1, "actual l: %s" % l)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key0))
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) == self._template % 1)
         key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 2)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
         method(key2)
         l = len(self._box)
         self.assert_(l == 1, "actual l: %s" % l)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key2))
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) == self._template % 1)
         method(key1)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key1])
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key1))
 
@@ -114,35 +114,35 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         # Discard messages
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
         self._box.discard(key0)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
         self._box.discard(key0)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
 
     def test_get(self):
         # Retrieve messages using get()
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         msg = self._box.get(key0)
-        self.assert_(msg['from'] == 'foo')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_payload() == '0')
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), '0')
         self.assert_(self._box.get('foo') is None)
         self.assert_(self._box.get('foo', False) is False)
         self._box.close()
         self._box = self._factory(self._path, factory=rfc822.Message)
         key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
         msg = self._box.get(key1)
-        self.assert_(msg['from'] == 'foo')
-        self.assert_(msg.fp.read() == '1')
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.fp.read(), '1')
 
     def test_getitem(self):
         # Retrieve message using __getitem__()
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         msg = self._box[key0]
-        self.assert_(msg['from'] == 'foo')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_payload() == '0')
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), '0')
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box['foo'])
         self._box.discard(key0)
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         key1 = self._box.add(_sample_message)
         msg0 = self._box.get_message(key0)
         self.assert_(isinstance(msg0, mailbox.Message))
-        self.assert_(msg0['from'] == 'foo')
-        self.assert_(msg0.get_payload() == '0')
+        self.assertEqual(msg0['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg0.get_payload(), '0')
         self._check_sample(self._box.get_message(key1))
 
     def test_get_string(self):
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         key1 = self._box.add(_sample_message)
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key0) == self._template % 0)
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) == _sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1), _sample_message)
 
     def test_get_file(self):
         # Get file representations of messages
@@ -221,15 +221,15 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
                 returned_keys.append(key)
                 returned_values.append(value)
         if do_keys:
-            self.assert_(len(keys) == len(returned_keys))
-            self.assert_(set(keys) == set(returned_keys))
+            self.assertEqual(len(keys), len(returned_keys))
+            self.assertEqual(set(keys), set(returned_keys))
         if do_values:
             count = 0
             for value in returned_values:
-                self.assert_(value['from'] == 'foo')
+                self.assertEqual(value['from'], 'foo')
                 self.assert_(int(value.get_payload()) < repetitions)
                 count += 1
-            self.assert_(len(values) == count)
+            self.assertEqual(len(values), count)
 
     def test_contains(self):
         # Check existence of keys using __contains__()
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         # Get message count
         keys = []
         for i in range(repetitions):
-            self.assert_(len(self._box) == i)
+            self.assertEqual(len(self._box), i)
             keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % i))
             self.assert_(len(self._box) == i + 1)
         for i in range(repetitions):
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self.assertRaises(KeyError,
                           lambda: self._box.__setitem__('foo', 'bar'))
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box['foo'])
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
 
     def test_clear(self, iterations=10):
         # Remove all messages using clear()
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         for i, key in enumerate(keys):
             self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key) == self._template % i)
         self._box.clear()
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
         for i, key in enumerate(keys):
             self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box.get_string(key))
 
@@ -308,17 +308,17 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self.assert_(key0 in self._box)
         key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
         self.assert_(key1 in self._box)
-        self.assert_(self._box.pop(key0).get_payload() == '0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key0).get_payload(), '0')
         self.assert_(key0 not in self._box)
         self.assert_(key1 in self._box)
         key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 2)
         self.assert_(key2 in self._box)
-        self.assert_(self._box.pop(key2).get_payload() == '2')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key2).get_payload(), '2')
         self.assert_(key2 not in self._box)
         self.assert_(key1 in self._box)
-        self.assert_(self._box.pop(key1).get_payload() == '1')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key1).get_payload(), '1')
         self.assert_(key1 not in self._box)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
 
     def test_popitem(self, iterations=10):
         # Get and remove an arbitrary (key, message) using popitem()
@@ -331,8 +331,8 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
             self.assert_(key in keys)
             self.assert_(key not in seen)
             seen.append(key)
-            self.assert_(int(msg.get_payload()) == keys.index(key))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 0)
+            self.assertEqual(int(msg.get_payload()), keys.index(key))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
         for key in keys:
             self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key])
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 2')
         self._box.update({key0: self._template % 'changed 0',
                           key2: _sample_message})
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key0) ==
                      self._template % 'changed 0')
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) ==
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self._box.update([(key2, self._template % 'changed 2'),
                     (key1, self._template % 'changed 1'),
                     (key0, self._template % 'original 0')])
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key0) ==
                      self._template % 'original 0')
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) ==
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         self.assertRaises(KeyError,
                           lambda: self._box.update({'foo': 'bar',
                                           key0: self._template % "changed 0"}))
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key0) ==
                      self._template % "changed 0")
         self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key1) ==
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class TestMailbox(TestBase):
         method()
         self._box = self._factory(self._path)
         keys = self._box.keys()
-        self.assert_(len(keys) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys), 3)
         for key in keys:
             self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key) in contents)
 
@@ -476,8 +476,8 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
         key = self._box.add(msg)
         msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
         self.assert_(isinstance(msg_returned, mailbox.MaildirMessage))
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_subdir() == 'cur')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_flags() == 'FR')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'FR')
 
     def test_set_MM(self):
         # Set with a MaildirMessage instance
@@ -485,22 +485,22 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
         msg0.set_flags('TP')
         key = self._box.add(msg0)
         msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_subdir() == 'new')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_flags() == 'PT')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'PT')
         msg1 = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 1)
         self._box[key] = msg1
         msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_subdir() == 'new')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_flags() == '')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_payload() == '1')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_payload(), '1')
         msg2 = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 2)
         msg2.set_info('2,S')
         self._box[key] = msg2
         self._box[key] = self._template % 3
         msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_subdir() == 'new')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_flags() == 'S')
-        self.assert_(msg_returned.get_payload() == '3')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'S')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_payload(), '3')
 
     def test_initialize_new(self):
         # Initialize a non-existent mailbox
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
         self._box.add_folder('one')
         self._box.add_folder('two')
         self._box.add_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 3)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) ==
                      set(('one', 'two', 'three')))
 
@@ -553,20 +553,20 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
         # Delete folders
         self._box.add_folder('one')
         self._box.add_folder('two')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('one', 'two')))
         self._box.remove_folder('one')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 1)
-        self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two',)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
         self._box.add_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two', 'three')))
         self._box.remove_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 1)
-        self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two',)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
         self._box.remove_folder('two')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 0)
-        self.assert_(self._box.list_folders() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.list_folders(), [])
 
     def test_clean(self):
         # Remove old files from 'tmp'
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
                 self.assert_(int(groups[2]) == pid,
                              "Process ID mismatch: '%s' should be '%s'" %
                              (groups[2], pid))
-                self.assert_(int(groups[3]) == int(previous_groups[3]) + 1,
+                self.assertEqual(int(groups[3]), int(previous_groups[3]) + 1,
                              "Non-sequential counter: '%s' before '%s'" %
                              (previous_groups[3], groups[3]))
                 self.assert_(groups[4] == hostname,
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
             previous_groups = groups
             tmp_file.write(_sample_message)
             tmp_file.seek(0)
-            self.assert_(tmp_file.read() == _sample_message)
+            self.assertEqual(tmp_file.read(), _sample_message)
             tmp_file.close()
         file_count = len(os.listdir(os.path.join(self._path, "tmp")))
         self.assert_(file_count == repetitions,
@@ -637,10 +637,10 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
 
     def test_refresh(self):
         # Update the table of contents
-        self.assert_(self._box._toc == {})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
         key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
         key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
-        self.assert_(self._box._toc == {})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
         self._box._refresh()
         self.assert_(self._box._toc == {key0: os.path.join('new', key0),
                                         key1: os.path.join('new', key1)})
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
         os.remove(os.path.join(self._path, 'new', key0))
         self.assert_(self._box._toc == {key0: os.path.join('new', key0)})
         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box._lookup(key0))
-        self.assert_(self._box._toc == {})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
 
     def test_lock_unlock(self):
         # Lock and unlock the mailbox. For Maildir, this does nothing.
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ class _TestMboxMMDF(TestMailbox):
         # Add a string starting with 'From ' to the mailbox
         key = self._box.add('From foo@bar blah\nFrom: foo\n\n0')
         self.assert_(self._box[key].get_from() == 'foo@bar blah')
-        self.assert_(self._box[key].get_payload() == '0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box[key].get_payload(), '0')
 
     def test_add_mbox_or_mmdf_message(self):
         # Add an mboxMessage or MMDFMessage
@@ -709,11 +709,11 @@ class _TestMboxMMDF(TestMailbox):
         self._box.close()
         mtime = os.path.getmtime(self._path)
         self._box = self._factory(self._path)
-        self.assert_(len(self._box) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
         for key in self._box.keys():
             self.assert_(self._box.get_string(key) in values)
         self._box.close()
-        self.assert_(mtime == os.path.getmtime(self._path))
+        self.assertEqual(mtime, os.path.getmtime(self._path))
 
     def test_add_and_close(self):
         # Verifying that closing a mailbox doesn't change added items
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ class TestMH(TestMailbox):
         self._box.add_folder('one')
         self._box.add_folder('two')
         self._box.add_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 3)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) ==
                      set(('one', 'two', 'three')))
 
@@ -819,28 +819,28 @@ class TestMH(TestMailbox):
         # Delete folders
         self._box.add_folder('one')
         self._box.add_folder('two')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('one', 'two')))
         self._box.remove_folder('one')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 1)
-        self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two',)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
         self._box.add_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
         self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two', 'three')))
         self._box.remove_folder('three')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 1)
-        self.assert_(set(self._box.list_folders()) == set(('two',)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
         self._box.remove_folder('two')
-        self.assert_(len(self._box.list_folders()) == 0)
-        self.assert_(self._box.list_folders() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.list_folders(), [])
 
     def test_sequences(self):
         # Get and set sequences
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_sequences() == {})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {})
         msg0 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 0)
         msg0.add_sequence('foo')
         key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_sequences() == {'foo':[key0]})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {'foo':[key0]})
         msg1 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 1)
         msg1.set_sequences(['bar', 'replied', 'foo'])
         key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ class TestMH(TestMailbox):
                      {'foo':[key1], 'bar':[key1], 'replied':[key1],
                       'flagged':[key0]})
         self._box.remove(key1)
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_sequences() == {'flagged':[key0]})
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {'flagged':[key0]})
 
     def test_pack(self):
         # Pack the contents of the mailbox
@@ -914,11 +914,11 @@ class TestBabyl(TestMailbox):
 
     def test_labels(self):
         # Get labels from the mailbox
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_labels() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_labels(), [])
         msg0 = mailbox.BabylMessage(self._template % 0)
         msg0.add_label('foo')
         key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
-        self.assert_(self._box.get_labels() == ['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_labels(), ['foo'])
         msg1 = mailbox.BabylMessage(self._template % 1)
         msg1.set_labels(['bar', 'answered', 'foo'])
         key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ class TestBabyl(TestMailbox):
         self.assert_(set(self._box.get_labels()) ==
                      set(['foo', 'bar', 'blah']))
         self._box.remove(key1)
-        self.assert_(set(self._box.get_labels()) == set(['blah']))
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.get_labels()), set(['blah']))
 
 
 class TestMessage(TestBase):
@@ -971,9 +971,9 @@ class TestMessage(TestBase):
         self.assert_(isinstance(msg, email.message.Message))
         self.assert_(isinstance(msg, mailbox.Message))
         self.assert_(isinstance(msg, self._factory))
-        self.assert_(msg.keys() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.keys(), [])
         self.assert_(not msg.is_multipart())
-        self.assert_(msg.get_payload() == None)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), None)
 
     def test_initialize_incorrectly(self):
         # Initialize with invalid argument
@@ -1008,38 +1008,38 @@ class TestMaildirMessage(TestMessage):
     _factory = mailbox.MaildirMessage
 
     def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
-        self.assert_(msg._subdir == 'new')
-        self.assert_(msg._info == '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg._subdir, 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg._info, '')
 
     def test_subdir(self):
         # Use get_subdir() and set_subdir()
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         msg.set_subdir('cur')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'cur')
         msg.set_subdir('new')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: msg.set_subdir('tmp'))
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         msg.set_subdir('new')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         self._check_sample(msg)
 
     def test_flags(self):
         # Use get_flags(), set_flags(), add_flag(), remove_flag()
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == '')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         msg.set_flags('F')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'F')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'F')
         msg.set_flags('SDTP')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'DPST')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DPST')
         msg.add_flag('FT')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'DFPST')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DFPST')
         msg.remove_flag('TDRP')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'FS')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'FS')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
         self._check_sample(msg)
 
     def test_date(self):
@@ -1047,33 +1047,33 @@ class TestMaildirMessage(TestMessage):
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
         self.assert_(abs(msg.get_date() - time.time()) < 60)
         msg.set_date(0.0)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_date() == 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_date(), 0.0)
 
     def test_info(self):
         # Use get_info() and set_info()
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '')
         msg.set_info('1,foo=bar')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '1,foo=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,foo=bar')
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: msg.set_info(None))
         self._check_sample(msg)
 
     def test_info_and_flags(self):
         # Test interaction of info and flag methods
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '')
         msg.set_flags('SF')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'FS')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '2,FS')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'FS')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '2,FS')
         msg.set_info('1,')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == '')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '1,')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,')
         msg.remove_flag('RPT')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == '')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '1,')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,')
         msg.add_flag('D')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'D')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_info() == '2,D')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'D')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '2,D')
         self._check_sample(msg)
 
 
@@ -1105,15 +1105,15 @@ class _TestMboxMMDFMessage(TestMessage):
     def test_flags(self):
         # Use get_flags(), set_flags(), add_flag(), remove_flag()
         msg = mailbox.mboxMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
         msg.set_flags('F')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'F')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'F')
         msg.set_flags('XODR')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'RODX')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RODX')
         msg.add_flag('FA')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'RODFAX')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RODFAX')
         msg.remove_flag('FDXA')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'RO')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RO')
         self._check_sample(msg)
 
     def _check_from(self, msg, sender=None):
@@ -1134,24 +1134,24 @@ class TestMHMessage(TestMessage):
     _factory = mailbox.MHMessage
 
     def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
-        self.assert_(msg._sequences == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg._sequences, [])
 
     def test_sequences(self):
         # Get, set, join, and leave sequences
         msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), [])
         msg.set_sequences(['foobar'])
-        self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['foobar'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['foobar'])
         msg.set_sequences([])
-        self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), [])
         msg.add_sequence('unseen')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['unseen'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['unseen'])
         msg.add_sequence('flagged')
         self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['unseen', 'flagged'])
         msg.add_sequence('flagged')
         self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['unseen', 'flagged'])
         msg.remove_sequence('unseen')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['flagged'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['flagged'])
         msg.add_sequence('foobar')
         self.assert_(msg.get_sequences() == ['flagged', 'foobar'])
         msg.remove_sequence('replied')
@@ -1165,24 +1165,24 @@ class TestBabylMessage(TestMessage):
     _factory = mailbox.BabylMessage
 
     def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
-        self.assert_(msg._labels == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg._labels, [])
 
     def test_labels(self):
         # Get, set, join, and leave labels
         msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), [])
         msg.set_labels(['foobar'])
-        self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['foobar'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['foobar'])
         msg.set_labels([])
-        self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), [])
         msg.add_label('filed')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['filed'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['filed'])
         msg.add_label('resent')
         self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['filed', 'resent'])
         msg.add_label('resent')
         self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['filed', 'resent'])
         msg.remove_label('filed')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['resent'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['resent'])
         msg.add_label('foobar')
         self.assert_(msg.get_labels() == ['resent', 'foobar'])
         msg.remove_label('unseen')
@@ -1194,16 +1194,16 @@ class TestBabylMessage(TestMessage):
         # Get, set, and update visible headers
         msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
         visible = msg.get_visible()
-        self.assert_(visible.keys() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(visible.keys(), [])
         self.assert_(visible.get_payload() is None)
         visible['User-Agent'] = 'FooBar 1.0'
         visible['X-Whatever'] = 'Blah'
-        self.assert_(msg.get_visible().keys() == [])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible().keys(), [])
         msg.set_visible(visible)
         visible = msg.get_visible()
         self.assert_(visible.keys() == ['User-Agent', 'X-Whatever'])
         self.assert_(visible['User-Agent'] == 'FooBar 1.0')
-        self.assert_(visible['X-Whatever'] == 'Blah')
+        self.assertEqual(visible['X-Whatever'], 'Blah')
         self.assert_(visible.get_payload() is None)
         msg.update_visible()
         self.assert_(visible.keys() == ['User-Agent', 'X-Whatever'])
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ class TestBabylMessage(TestMessage):
         self.assert_(visible.keys() == ['User-Agent', 'Date', 'From', 'To',
                                         'Subject'])
         for header in ('User-Agent', 'Date', 'From', 'To', 'Subject'):
-            self.assert_(visible[header] == msg[header])
+            self.assertEqual(visible[header], msg[header])
 
 
 class TestMMDFMessage(_TestMboxMMDFMessage):
@@ -1255,9 +1255,9 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         date = msg_maildir.get_date()
         msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_maildir)
         self._check_sample(msg)
-        self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == 'DFPRST')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_subdir() == 'cur')
-        self.assert_(msg.get_date() == date)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DFPRST')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_date(), date)
 
     def test_maildir_to_mboxmmdf(self):
         # Convert MaildirMessage to mboxmessage and MMDFMessage
@@ -1269,11 +1269,11 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
             for setting, result in pairs:
                 msg_maildir.set_flags(setting)
                 msg = class_(msg_maildir)
-                self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == result)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), result)
                 self.assert_(msg.get_from() == 'MAILER-DAEMON %s' %
                              time.asctime(time.gmtime(0.0)))
             msg_maildir.set_subdir('cur')
-            self.assert_(class_(msg_maildir).get_flags() == 'RODFA')
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg_maildir).get_flags(), 'RODFA')
 
     def test_maildir_to_mh(self):
         # Convert MaildirMessage to MHMessage
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
             for setting, result in pairs:
                 msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags(setting)
                 msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_mboxMMDF)
-                self.assert_(msg.get_flags() == result)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), result)
                 self.assert_(msg.get_date() == 0.0, msg.get_date())
             msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags('O')
             self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_mboxMMDF).get_subdir() == \
@@ -1322,8 +1322,8 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
             msg_mboxMMDF.set_from('foo@bar')
             for class2_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
                 msg2 = class2_(msg_mboxMMDF)
-                self.assert_(msg2.get_flags() == 'RODFA')
-                self.assert_(msg2.get_from() == 'foo@bar')
+                self.assertEqual(msg2.get_flags(), 'RODFA')
+                self.assertEqual(msg2.get_from(), 'foo@bar')
 
     def test_mboxmmdf_to_mh(self):
         # Convert mboxMessage and MMDFMessage to MHMessage
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
                      ('RODFA', ['deleted', 'answered']))
             for setting, result in pairs:
                 msg.set_flags(setting)
-                self.assert_(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels() == result)
+                self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels(), result)
 
     def test_mh_to_maildir(self):
         # Convert MHMessage to MaildirMessage
@@ -1356,14 +1356,14 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         for setting, result in pairs:
             msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
             msg.add_sequence(setting)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags() == result)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir() == 'cur')
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
         msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
         msg.add_sequence('unseen')
         msg.add_sequence('replied')
         msg.add_sequence('flagged')
-        self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags() == 'FR')
-        self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir() == 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), 'FR')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
 
     def test_mh_to_mboxmmdf(self):
         # Convert MHMessage to mboxMessage and MMDFMessage
@@ -1372,13 +1372,13 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
             msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
             msg.add_sequence(setting)
             for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
-                self.assert_(class_(msg).get_flags() == result)
+                self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), result)
         msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
         msg.add_sequence('unseen')
         msg.add_sequence('replied')
         msg.add_sequence('flagged')
         for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
-            self.assert_(class_(msg).get_flags() == 'OFA')
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), 'OFA')
 
     def test_mh_to_mh(self):
         # Convert MHMessage to MHMessage
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         for setting, result in pairs:
             msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
             msg.add_sequence(setting)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels() == result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels(), result)
         msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
         msg.add_sequence('unseen')
         msg.add_sequence('replied')
@@ -1412,14 +1412,14 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         for setting, result in pairs:
             msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
             msg.add_label(setting)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags() == result)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir() == 'cur')
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
         msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
         for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
                       'edited', 'resent'):
             msg.add_label(label)
-        self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags() == 'PRT')
-        self.assert_(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir() == 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), 'PRT')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
 
     def test_babyl_to_mboxmmdf(self):
         # Convert BabylMessage to mboxMessage and MMDFMessage
@@ -1430,13 +1430,13 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
             for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
                 msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
                 msg.add_label(setting)
-                self.assert_(class_(msg).get_flags() == result)
+                self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), result)
         msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
         for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
                       'edited', 'resent'):
             msg.add_label(label)
         for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
-            self.assert_(class_(msg).get_flags() == 'ODA')
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), 'ODA')
 
     def test_babyl_to_mh(self):
         # Convert BabylMessage to MHMessage
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         for setting, result in pairs:
             msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
             msg.add_label(setting)
-            self.assert_(mailbox.MHMessage(msg).get_sequences() == result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg).get_sequences(), result)
         msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
         for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
                       'edited', 'resent'):
@@ -1465,9 +1465,9 @@ class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
         self.assert_(msg2.get_labels() == ['unseen', 'deleted', 'filed',
                                            'answered', 'forwarded', 'edited',
                                            'resent'])
-        self.assert_(msg.get_visible().keys() == msg2.get_visible().keys())
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible().keys(), msg2.get_visible().keys())
         for key in msg.get_visible().keys():
-            self.assert_(msg.get_visible()[key] == msg2.get_visible()[key])
+            self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible()[key], msg2.get_visible()[key])
 
 
 class TestProxyFileBase(TestBase):
@@ -1475,15 +1475,15 @@ class TestProxyFileBase(TestBase):
     def _test_read(self, proxy):
         # Read by byte
         proxy.seek(0)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read() == 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), 'bar')
         proxy.seek(1)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read() == 'ar')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), 'ar')
         proxy.seek(0)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read(2) == 'ba')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(2), 'ba')
         proxy.seek(1)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read(-1) == 'ar')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(-1), 'ar')
         proxy.seek(2)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read(1000) == 'r')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(1000), 'r')
 
     def _test_readline(self, proxy):
         # Read by line
@@ -1491,13 +1491,13 @@ class TestProxyFileBase(TestBase):
         self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'foo' + os.linesep)
         self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'bar' + os.linesep)
         self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'fred' + os.linesep)
-        self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'bob')
         proxy.seek(2)
         self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'o' + os.linesep)
         proxy.seek(6 + 2 * len(os.linesep))
         self.assert_(proxy.readline() == 'fred' + os.linesep)
         proxy.seek(6 + 2 * len(os.linesep))
-        self.assert_(proxy.readline(2) == 'fr')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(2), 'fr')
         self.assert_(proxy.readline(-10) == 'ed' + os.linesep)
 
     def _test_readlines(self, proxy):
@@ -1522,22 +1522,22 @@ class TestProxyFileBase(TestBase):
         self.assert_(next(iterator) == 'foo' + os.linesep)
         self.assert_(next(iterator) == 'bar' + os.linesep)
         self.assert_(next(iterator) == 'fred' + os.linesep)
-        self.assert_(next(iterator) == 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(next(iterator), 'bob')
         self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, iterator)
 
     def _test_seek_and_tell(self, proxy):
         # Seek and use tell to check position
         proxy.seek(3)
-        self.assert_(proxy.tell() == 3)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read(len(os.linesep)) == os.linesep)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.tell(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(len(os.linesep)), os.linesep)
         proxy.seek(2, 1)
         self.assert_(proxy.read(1 + len(os.linesep)) == 'r' + os.linesep)
         proxy.seek(-3 - len(os.linesep), 2)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read(3) == 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(3), 'bar')
         proxy.seek(2, 0)
         self.assert_(proxy.read() == 'o' + os.linesep + 'bar' + os.linesep)
         proxy.seek(100)
-        self.assert_(proxy.read() == '')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), '')
 
     def _test_close(self, proxy):
         # Close a file
@@ -1560,11 +1560,11 @@ class TestProxyFile(TestProxyFileBase):
         self._file.write('foo')
         pos = self._file.tell()
         proxy0 = mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file)
-        self.assert_(proxy0.tell() == pos)
-        self.assert_(self._file.tell() == pos)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy0.tell(), pos)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
         proxy1 = mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file, 0)
-        self.assert_(proxy1.tell() == 0)
-        self.assert_(self._file.tell() == pos)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy1.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
 
     def test_read(self):
         self._file.write('bar')
@@ -1609,8 +1609,8 @@ class TestPartialFile(TestProxyFileBase):
         self._file.write('foo' + os.linesep + 'bar')
         pos = self._file.tell()
         proxy = mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 2, 5)
-        self.assert_(proxy.tell() == 0)
-        self.assert_(self._file.tell() == pos)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
 
     def test_read(self):
         self._file.write('***bar***')
@@ -1703,14 +1703,14 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Make sure the boxes attribute actually gets set.
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
         #self.assert_(hasattr(self.mbox, "boxes"))
-        #self.assert_(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 0)
+        #self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox.boxes), 0)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
 
     def test_nonempty_maildir_cur(self):
         self.createMessage("cur")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        #self.assert_(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 1)
+        #self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox.boxes), 1)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
@@ -1718,7 +1718,7 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_nonempty_maildir_new(self):
         self.createMessage("new")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        #self.assert_(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 1)
+        #self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox.boxes), 1)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
@@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.createMessage("cur")
         self.createMessage("new")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        #self.assert_(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 2)
+        #self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox.boxes), 2)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_old_mailbox.py b/Lib/test/test_old_mailbox.py
index b881506..3176310 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_old_mailbox.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_old_mailbox.py
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test an empty maildir mailbox"""
         # Test for regression on bug #117490:
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        self.assert_(len(self.mbox) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox), 0)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
 
     def test_nonempty_maildir_cur(self):
         self.createMessage("cur")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        self.assert_(len(self.mbox) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox), 1)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_nonempty_maildir_new(self):
         self.createMessage("new")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        self.assert_(len(self.mbox) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox), 1)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.createMessage("cur")
         self.createMessage("new")
         self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
-        self.assert_(len(self.mbox) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.mbox), 2)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is not None)
         self.assert_(self.mbox.next() is None)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ body4
 """)
         f.close()
         box = mailbox.UnixMailbox(open(self._path, 'r'))
-        self.assert_(len(list(iter(box))) == 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(iter(box))), 4)
 
 
     # XXX We still need more tests!
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_operator.py b/Lib/test/test_operator.py
index 6142a7f..57f3846 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_operator.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_operator.py
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_abs(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.abs)
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.abs, None)
-        self.failUnless(operator.abs(-1) == 1)
-        self.failUnless(operator.abs(1) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.abs(-1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.abs(1), 1)
 
     def test_add(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.add)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.failUnless(operator.delslice(a, 2, 8) is None)
         self.assert_(a == [0, 1, 8, 9])
         operator.delslice(a, 0, test_support.MAX_Py_ssize_t)
-        self.assert_(a == [])
+        self.assertEqual(a, [])
 
     def test_floordiv(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.floordiv, 5)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.getslice, a, None, None)
         self.failUnless(operator.getslice(a, 4, 6) == [4, 5])
         b = operator.getslice(a, 0, test_support.MAX_Py_ssize_t)
-        self.assert_(b == a)
+        self.assertEqual(b, a)
 
     def test_indexOf(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.indexOf)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_invert(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.invert)
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.invert, None)
-        self.failUnless(operator.inv(4) == -5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.inv(4), -5)
 
     def test_isMappingType(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.isMappingType)
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_neg(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.neg)
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.neg, None)
-        self.failUnless(operator.neg(5) == -5)
-        self.failUnless(operator.neg(-5) == 5)
-        self.failUnless(operator.neg(0) == 0)
-        self.failUnless(operator.neg(-0) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.neg(5), -5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.neg(-5), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.neg(0), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.neg(-0), 0)
 
     def test_bitwise_or(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.or_)
@@ -239,16 +239,16 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_pos(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.pos)
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.pos, None)
-        self.failUnless(operator.pos(5) == 5)
-        self.failUnless(operator.pos(-5) == -5)
-        self.failUnless(operator.pos(0) == 0)
-        self.failUnless(operator.pos(-0) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.pos(5), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.pos(-5), -5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.pos(0), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.pos(-0), 0)
 
     def test_pow(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.pow)
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.pow, None, None)
-        self.failUnless(operator.pow(3,5) == 3**5)
-        self.failUnless(operator.__pow__(3,5) == 3**5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.pow(3,5), 3**5)
+        self.assertEqual(operator.__pow__(3,5), 3**5)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.pow, 1)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.pow, 1, 2, 3)
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ class OperatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.failUnless(operator.setslice(a, 1, 3, [2, 1]) is None)
         self.assert_(a == [0, 2, 1, 3])
         operator.setslice(a, 0, test_support.MAX_Py_ssize_t, [])
-        self.assert_(a == [])
+        self.assertEqual(a, [])
 
     def test_sub(self):
         self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, operator.sub)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index 1f6499c..fe50e0c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class TemporaryFileTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.check_tempfile(name)
 
         name = os.tempnam(test_support.TESTFN, "pfx")
-        self.assert_(os.path.basename(name)[:3] == "pfx")
+        self.assertEqual(os.path.basename(name)[:3], "pfx")
         self.check_tempfile(name)
 
     def test_tmpfile(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_quopri.py b/Lib/test/test_quopri.py
index 631c974..a9e9e80 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_quopri.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_quopri.py
@@ -130,17 +130,17 @@ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz''')
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_encodestring(self):
         for p, e in self.STRINGS:
-            self.assert_(quopri.encodestring(p) == e)
+            self.assertEqual(quopri.encodestring(p), e)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_decodestring(self):
         for p, e in self.STRINGS:
-            self.assert_(quopri.decodestring(e) == p)
+            self.assertEqual(quopri.decodestring(e), p)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_idempotent_string(self):
         for p, e in self.STRINGS:
-            self.assert_(quopri.decodestring(quopri.encodestring(e)) == e)
+            self.assertEqual(quopri.decodestring(quopri.encodestring(e)), e)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_encode(self):
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz''')
             infp = cStringIO.StringIO(p)
             outfp = cStringIO.StringIO()
             quopri.encode(infp, outfp, quotetabs=False)
-            self.assert_(outfp.getvalue() == e)
+            self.assertEqual(outfp.getvalue(), e)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_decode(self):
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz''')
             infp = cStringIO.StringIO(e)
             outfp = cStringIO.StringIO()
             quopri.decode(infp, outfp)
-            self.assert_(outfp.getvalue() == p)
+            self.assertEqual(outfp.getvalue(), p)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_embedded_ws(self):
         for p, e in self.ESTRINGS:
             self.assert_(quopri.encodestring(p, quotetabs=True) == e)
-            self.assert_(quopri.decodestring(e) == p)
+            self.assertEqual(quopri.decodestring(e), p)
 
     @withpythonimplementation
     def test_encode_header(self):
@@ -182,14 +182,14 @@ zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz''')
         # On Windows, Python will output the result to stdout using
         # CRLF, as the mode of stdout is text mode. To compare this
         # with the expected result, we need to do a line-by-line comparison.
-        self.assert_(cout.splitlines() == e.splitlines())
+        self.assertEqual(cout.splitlines(), e.splitlines())
 
     def test_scriptdecode(self):
         (p, e) = self.STRINGS[-1]
         process = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-mquopri", "-d"],
                                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
         cout, cerr = process.communicate(e)
-        self.assert_(cout.splitlines() == p.splitlines())
+        self.assertEqual(cout.splitlines(), p.splitlines())
 
 def test_main():
     test_support.run_unittest(QuopriTestCase)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_random.py b/Lib/test/test_random.py
index d676a4e..43273d8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_random.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_random.py
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class SystemRandom_TestBasicOps(TestBasicOps):
             numbits = i+1
             k = int(1.00001 + _log(n, 2))
             self.assertEqual(k, numbits)
-            self.assert_(n == 2**(k-1))
+            self.assertEqual(n, 2**(k-1))
 
             n += n - 1      # check 1 below the next power of two
             k = int(1.00001 + _log(n, 2))
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class MersenneTwister_TestBasicOps(TestBasicOps):
             numbits = i+1
             k = int(1.00001 + _log(n, 2))
             self.assertEqual(k, numbits)
-            self.assert_(n == 2**(k-1))
+            self.assertEqual(n, 2**(k-1))
 
             n += n - 1      # check 1 below the next power of two
             k = int(1.00001 + _log(n, 2))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_rfc822.py b/Lib/test/test_rfc822.py
index 91e694a..c355950 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_rfc822.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_rfc822.py
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ class MessageTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assert_(msg.setdefault("New-Header", "New-Value") == "New-Value")
         self.assert_(msg.setdefault("New-Header", "Different-Value")
                      == "New-Value")
-        self.assert_(msg["new-header"] == "New-Value")
+        self.assertEqual(msg["new-header"], "New-Value")
 
-        self.assert_(msg.setdefault("Another-Header") == "")
-        self.assert_(msg["another-header"] == "")
+        self.assertEqual(msg.setdefault("Another-Header"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(msg["another-header"], "")
 
     def check(self, msg, results):
         """Check addresses and the date."""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_richcmp.py b/Lib/test/test_richcmp.py
index ae33c92..180440e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_richcmp.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_richcmp.py
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ class DictTest(unittest.TestCase):
             imag1b[k] = v
         imag2 = imag1b.copy()
         imag2[k] = v + 1.0
-        self.assert_(imag1a == imag1a)
-        self.assert_(imag1a == imag1b)
-        self.assert_(imag2 == imag2)
+        self.assertEqual(imag1a, imag1a)
+        self.assertEqual(imag1a, imag1b)
+        self.assertEqual(imag2, imag2)
         self.assert_(imag1a != imag2)
         for opname in ("lt", "le", "gt", "ge"):
             for op in opmap[opname]:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_runpy.py b/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
index e0fdabc..868662d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_runpy.py
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class RunModuleCodeTest(unittest.TestCase):
                               True)
         self.failUnless("result" not in d1)
         self.failUnless(d2["initial"] is initial)
-        self.failUnless(d2["result"] == self.expected_result)
-        self.failUnless(d2["nested"]["x"] == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(d2["result"], self.expected_result)
+        self.assertEqual(d2["nested"]["x"], 1)
         self.failUnless(d2["__name__"] is name)
         self.failUnless(d2["run_name"] is name)
         self.failUnless(d2["__file__"] is file)
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class RunModuleCodeTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_run_module_code_defaults(self):
         saved_argv0 = sys.argv[0]
         d = _run_module_code(self.test_source)
-        self.failUnless(d["result"] == self.expected_result)
+        self.assertEqual(d["result"], self.expected_result)
         self.failUnless(d["__name__"] is None)
         self.failUnless(d["__file__"] is None)
         self.failUnless(d["__loader__"] is None)
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ class RunModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
         try:
             if verbose: print("Running from source:", mod_name)
             d1 = run_module(mod_name) # Read from source
-            self.failUnless(d1["x"] == 1)
+            self.assertEqual(d1["x"], 1)
             del d1 # Ensure __loader__ entry doesn't keep file open
             __import__(mod_name)
             os.remove(mod_fname)
             if verbose: print("Running from compiled:", mod_name)
             d2 = run_module(mod_name) # Read from bytecode
-            self.failUnless(d2["x"] == 1)
+            self.assertEqual(d2["x"], 1)
             del d2 # Ensure __loader__ entry doesn't keep file open
         finally:
             self._del_pkg(pkg_dir, depth, mod_name)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sys.py b/Lib/test/test_sys.py
index e72b7f8..7d7a09b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_sys.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_sys.py
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class SysModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_43581(self):
         # Can't use sys.stdout, as this is a cStringIO object when
         # the test runs under regrtest.
-        self.assert_(sys.__stdout__.encoding == sys.__stderr__.encoding)
+        self.assertEqual(sys.__stdout__.encoding, sys.__stderr__.encoding)
 
     def test_intern(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, sys.intern)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 1bfe9dcd..eaaccd3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -98,27 +98,27 @@ class UstarReadTest(ReadTest):
 
         text = fobj.read()
         fobj.seek(0)
-        self.assert_(0 == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(0, fobj.tell(),
                      "seek() to file's start failed")
         fobj.seek(2048, 0)
-        self.assert_(2048 == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(2048, fobj.tell(),
                      "seek() to absolute position failed")
         fobj.seek(-1024, 1)
-        self.assert_(1024 == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(1024, fobj.tell(),
                      "seek() to negative relative position failed")
         fobj.seek(1024, 1)
-        self.assert_(2048 == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(2048, fobj.tell(),
                      "seek() to positive relative position failed")
         s = fobj.read(10)
         self.assert_(s == data[2048:2058],
                      "read() after seek failed")
         fobj.seek(0, 2)
-        self.assert_(tarinfo.size == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(tarinfo.size, fobj.tell(),
                      "seek() to file's end failed")
         self.assert_(fobj.read() == "",
                      "read() at file's end did not return empty string")
         fobj.seek(-tarinfo.size, 2)
-        self.assert_(0 == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(0, fobj.tell(),
                      "relative seek() to file's start failed")
         fobj.seek(512)
         s1 = fobj.readlines()
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ class UstarReadTest(ReadTest):
         self.assert_(s1 == s2,
                      "readlines() after seek failed")
         fobj.seek(0)
-        self.assert_(len(fobj.readline()) == fobj.tell(),
+        self.assertEqual(len(fobj.readline()), fobj.tell(),
                      "tell() after readline() failed")
         fobj.seek(512)
         self.assert_(len(fobj.readline()) + 512 == fobj.tell(),
                      "tell() after seek() and readline() failed")
         fobj.seek(0)
         line = fobj.readline()
-        self.assert_(fobj.read() == data[len(line):],
+        self.assertEqual(fobj.read(), data[len(line):],
                      "read() after readline() failed")
         fobj.close()
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class StreamReadTest(ReadTest):
             if v1 is None:
                 continue
             self.assert_(v2 is not None, "stream.extractfile() failed")
-            self.assert_(v1.read() == v2.read(), "stream extraction failed")
+            self.assertEqual(v1.read(), v2.read(), "stream extraction failed")
 
         tar1.close()
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ class GNUReadTest(LongnameTest):
         fobj1 = self.tar.extractfile(tarinfo1)
         tarinfo2 = self.tar.getmember("gnu/sparse")
         fobj2 = self.tar.extractfile(tarinfo2)
-        self.assert_(fobj1.read() == fobj2.read(),
+        self.assertEqual(fobj1.read(), fobj2.read(),
                 "sparse file extraction failed")
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_traceback.py b/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
index 98d3beb..5cd300a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ class TracebackCases(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_caret(self):
         err = self.get_exception_format(self.syntax_error_with_caret,
                                         SyntaxError)
-        self.assert_(len(err) == 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(err), 4)
         self.assert_(err[1].strip() == "return x!")
         self.assert_("^" in err[2]) # third line has caret
-        self.assert_(err[1].find("!") == err[2].find("^")) # in the right place
+        self.assertEqual(err[1].find("!"), err[2].find("^")) # in the right place
 
     def test_nocaret(self):
         if is_jython:
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ class TracebackCases(unittest.TestCase):
             return
         err = self.get_exception_format(self.syntax_error_without_caret,
                                         SyntaxError)
-        self.assert_(len(err) == 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(err), 3)
         self.assert_(err[1].strip() == "[x for x in x] = x")
 
     def test_bad_indentation(self):
         err = self.get_exception_format(self.syntax_error_bad_indentation,
                                         IndentationError)
-        self.assert_(len(err) == 4)
-        self.assert_(err[1].strip() == "print(2)")
+        self.assertEqual(len(err), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(err[1].strip(), "print(2)")
         self.assert_("^" in err[2])
-        self.assert_(err[1].find(")") == err[2].find("^"))
+        self.assertEqual(err[1].find(")"), err[2].find("^"))
 
     def test_members(self):
         # Covers Python/structmember.c::listmembers()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unary.py b/Lib/test/test_unary.py
index d8e86a9..dbefe62 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unary.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unary.py
@@ -7,24 +7,24 @@ class UnaryOpTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_negative(self):
         self.assert_(-2 == 0 - 2)
-        self.assert_(-0 == 0)
-        self.assert_(--2 == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(-0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(--2, 2)
         self.assert_(-2 == 0 - 2)
         self.assert_(-2.0 == 0 - 2.0)
         self.assert_(-2j == 0 - 2j)
 
     def test_positive(self):
-        self.assert_(+2 == 2)
-        self.assert_(+0 == 0)
-        self.assert_(++2 == 2)
-        self.assert_(+2 == 2)
-        self.assert_(+2.0 == 2.0)
-        self.assert_(+2j == 2j)
+        self.assertEqual(+2, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(+0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(++2, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(+2, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(+2.0, 2.0)
+        self.assertEqual(+2j, 2j)
 
     def test_invert(self):
         self.assert_(-2 == 0 - 2)
-        self.assert_(-0 == 0)
-        self.assert_(--2 == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(-0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(--2, 2)
         self.assert_(-2 == 0 - 2)
 
     def test_no_overflow(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unittest.py b/Lib/test/test_unittest.py
index 98066e4..944ab22 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unittest.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unittest.py
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ class Test_TestLoader(TestCase):
     # "The default value is 'test'"
     def test_testMethodPrefix__default_value(self):
         loader = unittest.TestLoader()
-        self.failUnless(loader.testMethodPrefix == 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(loader.testMethodPrefix, 'test')
 
     ################################################################
     ### /Tests for TestLoader.testMethodPrefix
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_weakref.py b/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
index 1399ade..1a49aea 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class ReferencesTestCase(TestBase):
         self.assertRaises(ReferenceError, check, ref1)
         self.assertRaises(ReferenceError, check, ref2)
         self.assertRaises(ReferenceError, bool, weakref.proxy(C()))
-        self.assert_(self.cbcalled == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.cbcalled, 2)
 
     def check_basic_ref(self, factory):
         o = factory()
@@ -769,10 +769,10 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
                          "wrong object returned by weak dict!")
         items1 = dict.items()
         items2 = dict.copy().items()
-        self.assert_(set(items1) == set(items2),
+        self.assertEqual(set(items1), set(items2),
                      "cloning of weak-keyed dictionary did not work!")
         del items1, items2
-        self.assert_(len(dict) == self.COUNT)
+        self.assertEqual(len(dict), self.COUNT)
         del objects[0]
         self.assert_(len(dict) == (self.COUNT - 1),
                      "deleting object did not cause dictionary update")
@@ -865,13 +865,13 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
     def test_make_weak_keyed_dict_from_dict(self):
         o = Object(3)
         dict = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({o:364})
-        self.assert_(dict[o] == 364)
+        self.assertEqual(dict[o], 364)
 
     def test_make_weak_keyed_dict_from_weak_keyed_dict(self):
         o = Object(3)
         dict = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({o:364})
         dict2 = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary(dict)
-        self.assert_(dict[o] == 364)
+        self.assertEqual(dict[o], 364)
 
     def make_weak_keyed_dict(self):
         dict = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
@@ -891,15 +891,15 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
         weakdict = klass()
         weakdict[key1] = value1
         weakdict[key2] = value2
-        self.assert_(len(weakdict) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(weakdict), 2)
         k, v = weakdict.popitem()
-        self.assert_(len(weakdict) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(weakdict), 1)
         if k is key1:
             self.assert_(v is value1)
         else:
             self.assert_(v is value2)
         k, v = weakdict.popitem()
-        self.assert_(len(weakdict) == 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(weakdict), 0)
         if k is key1:
             self.assert_(v is value1)
         else:
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
         #
         weakdict = klass()
         weakdict.update(dict)
-        self.assert_(len(weakdict) == len(dict))
+        self.assertEqual(len(weakdict), len(dict))
         for k in weakdict.keys():
             self.assert_(k in dict,
                          "mysterious new key appeared in weak dict")
@@ -973,10 +973,10 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
         o2 = Object('2')
         d[o1] = 'something'
         d[o2] = 'something'
-        self.assert_(len(d) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 2)
         del d[o1]
-        self.assert_(len(d) == 1)
-        self.assert_(d.keys() == [o2])
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(d.keys(), [o2])
 
     def test_weak_valued_delitem(self):
         d = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
@@ -984,9 +984,9 @@ class MappingTestCase(TestBase):
         o2 = Object('2')
         d['something'] = o1
         d['something else'] = o2
-        self.assert_(len(d) == 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 2)
         del d['something']
-        self.assert_(len(d) == 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 1)
         self.assert_(d.items() == [('something else', o2)])
 
     def test_weak_keyed_bad_delitem(self):