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authorThomas Wouters <thomas@python.org>2006-12-13 04:49:30 (GMT)
committerThomas Wouters <thomas@python.org>2006-12-13 04:49:30 (GMT)
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Four months of trunk changes (including a few releases...)
Merged revisions 51434-53004 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r51434 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-21 20:20:10 +0200 (Mon, 21 Aug 2006) | 1 line Fix a couple of ssize-t issues reported by Alexander Belopolsky on python-dev ........ r51439 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-21 21:47:08 +0200 (Mon, 21 Aug 2006) | 6 lines Patch #1542451: disallow continue anywhere under a finally I'm undecided if this should be backported to 2.5 or 2.5.1. Armin suggested to wait (I'm of the same opinion). Thomas W thinks it's fine to go in 2.5. ........ r51443 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-21 22:16:24 +0200 (Mon, 21 Aug 2006) | 4 lines Handle a few more error conditions. Klocwork 301 and 302. Will backport. ........ r51450 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-22 00:21:19 +0200 (Tue, 22 Aug 2006) | 5 lines Patch #1541585: fix buffer overrun when performing repr() on a unicode string in a build with wide unicode (UCS-4) support. This code could be improved, so add an XXX comment. ........ r51456 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-22 01:44:48 +0200 (Tue, 22 Aug 2006) | 1 line Try to get the windows bots working again with the new peephole.c ........ r51461 | anthony.baxter | 2006-08-22 09:36:59 +0200 (Tue, 22 Aug 2006) | 1 line patch for documentation for recent uuid changes (from ping) ........ r51473 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-22 15:56:56 +0200 (Tue, 22 Aug 2006) | 1 line Alexander Belopolsky pointed out that pos is a size_t ........ r51489 | jeremy.hylton | 2006-08-22 22:46:00 +0200 (Tue, 22 Aug 2006) | 2 lines Expose column offset information in parse trees. ........ r51497 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-08-23 01:13:43 +0200 (Wed, 23 Aug 2006) | 1 line Move functional howto into trunk ........ r51515 | jeremy.hylton | 2006-08-23 20:37:43 +0200 (Wed, 23 Aug 2006) | 2 lines Baby steps towards better tests for tokenize ........ r51525 | alex.martelli | 2006-08-23 22:42:02 +0200 (Wed, 23 Aug 2006) | 6 lines x**2 should about equal x*x (including for a float x such that the result is inf) but didn't; added a test to test_float to verify that, and ignored the ERANGE value for errno in the pow operation to make the new test pass (with help from Marilyn Davis at the Google Python Sprint -- thanks!). ........ r51526 | jeremy.hylton | 2006-08-23 23:14:03 +0200 (Wed, 23 Aug 2006) | 20 lines Bug fixes large and small for tokenize. Small: Always generate a NL or NEWLINE token following a COMMENT token. The old code did not generate an NL token if the comment was on a line by itself. Large: The output of untokenize() will now match the input exactly if it is passed the full token sequence. The old, crufty output is still generated if a limited input sequence is provided, where limited means that it does not include position information for tokens. Remaining bug: There is no CONTINUATION token (\) so there is no way for untokenize() to handle such code. Also, expanded the number of doctests in hopes of eventually removing the old-style tests that compare against a golden file. Bug fix candidate for Python 2.5.1. (Sigh.) ........ r51527 | jeremy.hylton | 2006-08-23 23:26:46 +0200 (Wed, 23 Aug 2006) | 5 lines Replace dead code with an assert. Now that COMMENT tokens are reliably followed by NL or NEWLINE, there is never a need to add extra newlines in untokenize. ........ r51530 | alex.martelli | 2006-08-24 00:17:59 +0200 (Thu, 24 Aug 2006) | 7 lines Reverting the patch that tried to fix the issue whereby x**2 raises OverflowError while x*x succeeds and produces infinity; apparently these inconsistencies cannot be fixed across ``all'' platforms and there's a widespread feeling that therefore ``every'' platform should keep suffering forevermore. Ah well. ........ r51565 | thomas.wouters | 2006-08-24 20:40:20 +0200 (Thu, 24 Aug 2006) | 6 lines Fix SF bug #1545837: array.array borks on deepcopy. array.__deepcopy__() needs to take an argument, even if it doesn't actually use it. Will backport to 2.5 and 2.4 (if applicable.) ........ r51580 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-08-25 02:03:34 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1545507: Exclude ctypes package in Win64 MSI file. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r51589 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-25 03:52:49 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 1 line importing types is not necessary if we use isinstance ........ r51604 | thomas.heller | 2006-08-25 09:27:33 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 3 lines Port _ctypes.pyd to win64 on AMD64. ........ r51605 | thomas.heller | 2006-08-25 09:34:51 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 3 lines Add missing file for _ctypes.pyd port to win64 on AMD64. ........ r51606 | thomas.heller | 2006-08-25 11:26:33 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 6 lines Build _ctypes.pyd for win AMD64 into the MSVC project file. Since MSVC doesn't know about .asm files, a helper batch file is needed to find ml64.exe in predefined locations. The helper script hardcodes the path to the MS Platform SDK. ........ r51608 | armin.rigo | 2006-08-25 14:44:28 +0200 (Fri, 25 Aug 2006) | 4 lines The regular expression engine in '_sre' can segfault when interpreting bogus bytecode. It is unclear whether this is a real bug or a "won't fix" case like bogus_code_obj.py. ........ r51617 | tim.peters | 2006-08-26 00:05:39 +0200 (Sat, 26 Aug 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r51618 | tim.peters | 2006-08-26 00:06:44 +0200 (Sat, 26 Aug 2006) | 2 lines Add missing svn:eol-style property to text files. ........ r51619 | tim.peters | 2006-08-26 00:26:21 +0200 (Sat, 26 Aug 2006) | 3 lines A new test here relied on preserving invisible trailing whitespace in expected output. Stop that. ........ r51624 | jack.diederich | 2006-08-26 20:42:06 +0200 (Sat, 26 Aug 2006) | 4 lines - Move functions common to all path modules into genericpath.py and have the OS speicifc path modules import them. - Have os2emxpath import common functions fron ntpath instead of using copies ........ r51642 | neal.norwitz | 2006-08-29 07:40:58 +0200 (Tue, 29 Aug 2006) | 1 line Fix a couple of typos. ........ r51647 | marc-andre.lemburg | 2006-08-29 12:34:12 +0200 (Tue, 29 Aug 2006) | 5 lines Fix a buglet in the error reporting (SF bug report #1546372). This should probably go into Python 2.5 or 2.5.1 as well. ........ r51663 | armin.rigo | 2006-08-31 10:51:06 +0200 (Thu, 31 Aug 2006) | 3 lines Doc fix: hashlib objects don't always return a digest of 16 bytes. Backport candidate for 2.5. ........ r51664 | nick.coghlan | 2006-08-31 14:00:43 +0200 (Thu, 31 Aug 2006) | 1 line Fix the wrongheaded implementation of context management in the decimal module and add unit tests. (python-dev discussion is ongoing regarding what we do about Python 2.5) ........ r51665 | nick.coghlan | 2006-08-31 14:51:25 +0200 (Thu, 31 Aug 2006) | 1 line Remove the old decimal context management tests from test_contextlib (guess who didn't run the test suite before committing...) ........ r51669 | brett.cannon | 2006-08-31 20:54:26 +0200 (Thu, 31 Aug 2006) | 4 lines Make sure memory is properly cleaned up in file_init. Backport candidate. ........ r51671 | brett.cannon | 2006-08-31 23:47:52 +0200 (Thu, 31 Aug 2006) | 2 lines Fix comment about indentation level in C files. ........ r51674 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-01 00:42:37 +0200 (Fri, 01 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Have pre-existing C files use 8 spaces indents (to match old PEP 7 style), but have all new files use 4 spaces (to match current PEP 7 style). ........ r51676 | fred.drake | 2006-09-01 05:57:19 +0200 (Fri, 01 Sep 2006) | 3 lines - SF patch #1550263: Enhance and correct unittest docs - various minor cleanups for improved consistency ........ r51677 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-02 00:30:52 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 2 lines evalfile() should be execfile(). ........ r51681 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-02 04:43:17 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line SF #1547931, fix typo (missing and). Will backport to 2.5 ........ r51683 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-02 04:50:35 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line Bug #1548092: fix curses.tparm seg fault on invalid input. Needs backport to 2.5.1 and earlier. ........ r51684 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-02 04:58:13 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 4 lines Bug #1550714: fix SystemError from itertools.tee on negative value for n. Needs backport to 2.5.1 and earlier. ........ r51685 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-02 05:54:17 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line Make decimal.ContextManager a private implementation detail of decimal.localcontext() ........ r51686 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-02 06:04:18 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line Further corrections to the decimal module context management documentation ........ r51688 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-09-02 19:07:23 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix documentation nits for decimal context managers. ........ r51690 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-02 20:51:34 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add missing word in comment ........ r51691 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-02 21:40:19 +0200 (Sat, 02 Sep 2006) | 7 lines Hmm, this test has failed at least twice recently on the OpenBSD and Debian sparc buildbots. Since this goes through a lot of tests and hits the disk a lot it could be slow (especially if NFS is involved). I'm not sure if that's the problem, but printing periodic msgs shouldn't hurt. The code was stolen from test_compiler. ........ r51693 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-03 03:02:00 +0200 (Sun, 03 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix final documentation nits before backporting decimal module fixes to 2.5 ........ r51694 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-03 03:06:07 +0200 (Sun, 03 Sep 2006) | 1 line Typo fix for decimal docs ........ r51697 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-03 03:20:46 +0200 (Sun, 03 Sep 2006) | 1 line NEWS entry on trunk for decimal module changes ........ r51704 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-09-04 17:32:48 +0200 (Mon, 04 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix endcase for str.rpartition() ........ r51716 | tim.peters | 2006-09-05 04:18:09 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 12 lines "Conceptual" merge of rev 51711 from the 2.5 branch. i_divmod(): As discussed on Python-Dev, changed the overflow checking to live happily with recent gcc optimizations that assume signed integer arithmetic never overflows. This differs from the corresponding change on the 2.5 and 2.4 branches, using a less obscure approach, but one that /may/ tickle platform idiocies in their definitions of LONG_MIN. The 2.4 + 2.5 change avoided introducing a dependence on LONG_MIN, at the cost of substantially goofier code. ........ r51717 | tim.peters | 2006-09-05 04:21:19 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r51719 | tim.peters | 2006-09-05 04:22:17 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Add missing svn:eol-style property to text files. ........ r51720 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 04:24:03 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix SF bug #1546288, crash in dict_equal. ........ r51721 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 04:25:41 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix SF #1552093, eval docstring typo (3 ps in mapping) ........ r51724 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 04:35:08 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line This was found by Guido AFAIK on p3yk (sic) branch. ........ r51725 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 04:36:20 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add a NEWS entry for str.rpartition() change ........ r51728 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 04:57:01 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line Patch #1540470, for OpenBSD 4.0. Backport candidate for 2.[34]. ........ r51729 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 05:53:08 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 12 lines Bug #1520864 (again): unpacking singleton tuples in list comprehensions and generator expressions (x for x, in ... ) works again. Sigh, I only fixed for loops the first time, not list comps and genexprs too. I couldn't find any more unpacking cases where there is a similar bug lurking. This code should be refactored to eliminate the duplication. I'm sure the listcomp/genexpr code can be refactored. I'm not sure if the for loop can re-use any of the same code though. Will backport to 2.5 (the only place it matters). ........ r51731 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 05:58:26 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add a comment about some refactoring. (There's probably more that should be done.) I will reformat this file in the next checkin due to the inconsistent tabs/spaces. ........ r51732 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-05 06:00:12 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line M-x untabify ........ r51737 | hyeshik.chang | 2006-09-05 14:07:09 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 7 lines Fix a few bugs on cjkcodecs found by Oren Tirosh: - gbk and gb18030 codec now handle U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT correctly. - iso2022_jp_2 codec now encodes into G0 for KS X 1001, GB2312 codepoints to conform the standard. - iso2022_jp_3 and iso2022_jp_2004 codec can encode JIS X 2013:2 codepoints now. ........ r51738 | hyeshik.chang | 2006-09-05 14:14:57 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix a typo: 2013 -> 0213 ........ r51740 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-05 14:44:58 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1552618: change docs of dict.has_key() to reflect recommendation to use "in". ........ r51742 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-05 15:02:40 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line Rearrange example a bit, and show rpartition() when separator is not found ........ r51744 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-05 15:15:41 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1525469] SimpleXMLRPCServer still uses the sys.exc_{value,type} module-level globals instead of calling sys.exc_info(). Reported by Russell Warren ........ r51745 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-05 15:19:18 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 3 lines [Bug #1526834] Fix crash in pdb when you do 'b f('; the function name was placed into a regex pattern and the unbalanced paren caused re.compile() to report an error ........ r51751 | kristjan.jonsson | 2006-09-05 19:58:12 +0200 (Tue, 05 Sep 2006) | 6 lines Update the PCBuild8 solution. Facilitate cross-compilation by having binaries in separate Win32 and x64 directories. Rationalized configs by making proper use of platforms/configurations. Remove pythoncore_pgo project. Add new PGIRelease and PGORelease configurations to perform Profile Guided Optimisation. Removed I64 support, but this can be easily added by copying the x64 platform settings. ........ r51758 | gustavo.niemeyer | 2006-09-06 03:58:52 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Fixing #1531862: Do not close standard file descriptors in the subprocess module. ........ r51760 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-06 05:58:34 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 1 line Revert 51758 because it broke all the buildbots ........ r51762 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-06 08:03:59 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1551427: fix a wrong NULL pointer check in the win32 version of os.urandom(). ........ r51765 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-06 08:09:31 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1550983: emit better error messages for erroneous relative imports (if not in package and if beyond toplevel package). ........ r51767 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-06 08:28:06 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 1 line with and as are now keywords. There are some generated files I can't recreate. ........ r51770 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-06 08:50:05 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 5 lines Bug #1542051: Exceptions now correctly call PyObject_GC_UnTrack. Also make sure that every exception class has __module__ set to 'exceptions'. ........ r51785 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-06 22:05:58 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix missing import of the types module in logging.config. ........ r51789 | marc-andre.lemburg | 2006-09-06 22:40:22 +0200 (Wed, 06 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Add news item for bug fix of SF bug report #1546372. ........ r51797 | gustavo.niemeyer | 2006-09-07 02:48:33 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Fixed subprocess bug #1531862 again, after removing tests offending buildbot ........ r51798 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-09-07 04:42:48 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix refcounts and add error checks. ........ r51803 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-07 12:50:34 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix the speed regression in inspect.py by adding another cache to speed up getmodule(). Patch #1553314 ........ r51805 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-09-07 14:03:10 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix a glaring error and update some version numbers. ........ r51814 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-07 15:56:23 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r51815 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-07 15:59:38 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 8 lines [Bug #1552726] Avoid repeatedly polling in interactive mode -- only put a timeout on the select() if an input hook has been defined. Patch by Richard Boulton. This select() code is only executed with readline 2.1, or if READLINE_CALLBACKS is defined. Backport candidate for 2.5, 2.4, probably earlier versions too. ........ r51816 | armin.rigo | 2006-09-07 17:06:00 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Add a warning notice on top of the generated grammar.txt. ........ r51819 | thomas.heller | 2006-09-07 20:56:28 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 5 lines Anonymous structure fields that have a bit-width specified did not work, and they gave a strange error message from PyArg_ParseTuple: function takes exactly 2 arguments (3 given). With tests. ........ r51820 | thomas.heller | 2006-09-07 21:09:54 +0200 (Thu, 07 Sep 2006) | 4 lines The cast function did not accept c_char_p or c_wchar_p instances as first argument, and failed with a 'bad argument to internal function' error message. ........ r51827 | nick.coghlan | 2006-09-08 12:04:38 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add missing NEWS entry for rev 51803 ........ r51828 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 15:25:23 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add missing word ........ r51829 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 15:35:49 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Explain SQLite a bit more clearly ........ r51830 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 15:36:36 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Explain SQLite a bit more clearly ........ r51832 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 16:02:45 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Use native SQLite types ........ r51833 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 16:03:01 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Use native SQLite types ........ r51835 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-08 16:05:10 +0200 (Fri, 08 Sep 2006) | 1 line Fix typo in example ........ r51837 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-09 09:11:46 +0200 (Sat, 09 Sep 2006) | 6 lines Remove the __unicode__ method from exceptions. Allows unicode() to be called on exception classes. Would require introducing a tp_unicode slot to make it work otherwise. Fixes bug #1551432 and will be backported. ........ r51854 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-11 06:24:09 +0200 (Mon, 11 Sep 2006) | 8 lines Forward port of 51850 from release25-maint branch. As mentioned on python-dev, reverting patch #1504333 because it introduced an infinite loop in rev 47154. This patch also adds a test to prevent the regression. ........ r51855 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-11 06:28:16 +0200 (Mon, 11 Sep 2006) | 5 lines Properly handle a NULL returned from PyArena_New(). (Also fix some whitespace) Klocwork #364. ........ r51856 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-11 06:32:57 +0200 (Mon, 11 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add a "crasher" taken from the sgml bug report referenced in the comment ........ r51858 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-11 11:38:35 +0200 (Mon, 11 Sep 2006) | 12 lines Forward-port of rev. 51857: Building with HP's cc on HP-UX turned up a couple of problems. _PyGILState_NoteThreadState was declared as static inconsistently. Make it static as it's not necessary outside of this module. Some tests failed because errno was reset to 0. (I think the tests that failed were at least: test_fcntl and test_mailbox). Ensure that errno doesn't change after a call to Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS. This only affected debug builds. ........ r51865 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-09-12 21:49:20 +0200 (Tue, 12 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Forward-port 51862: Add sgml_input.html. ........ r51866 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-12 22:50:23 +0200 (Tue, 12 Sep 2006) | 1 line Markup typo fix ........ r51867 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-12 23:09:02 +0200 (Tue, 12 Sep 2006) | 1 line Some editing, markup fixes ........ r51868 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-12 23:21:51 +0200 (Tue, 12 Sep 2006) | 1 line More wordsmithing ........ r51877 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-14 13:22:18 +0200 (Thu, 14 Sep 2006) | 1 line Make --help mention that -v can be supplied multiple times ........ r51878 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-14 13:28:50 +0200 (Thu, 14 Sep 2006) | 1 line Rewrite help message to remove some of the parentheticals. (There were a lot of them.) ........ r51883 | ka-ping.yee | 2006-09-15 02:34:19 +0200 (Fri, 15 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix grammar errors and improve clarity. ........ r51885 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-15 07:22:24 +0200 (Fri, 15 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Correct elementtree module index entry. ........ r51889 | fred.drake | 2006-09-15 17:18:04 +0200 (Fri, 15 Sep 2006) | 4 lines - fix module name in links in formatted documentation - minor markup cleanup (forward-ported from release25-maint revision 51888) ........ r51891 | fred.drake | 2006-09-15 18:11:27 +0200 (Fri, 15 Sep 2006) | 3 lines revise explanation of returns_unicode to reflect bool values and to include the default value (merged from release25-maint revision 51890) ........ r51897 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-09-16 19:36:37 +0200 (Sat, 16 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1557515: Add RLIMIT_SBSIZE. ........ r51903 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-09-17 20:42:53 +0200 (Sun, 17 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Port of revision 51902 in release25-maint to the trunk ........ r51904 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-09-17 21:23:27 +0200 (Sun, 17 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Tweak Mac/Makefile in to ensure that pythonw gets rebuild when the major version of python changes (2.5 -> 2.6). Bug #1552935. ........ r51913 | guido.van.rossum | 2006-09-18 23:36:16 +0200 (Mon, 18 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Make this thing executable. ........ r51920 | gregory.p.smith | 2006-09-19 19:35:04 +0200 (Tue, 19 Sep 2006) | 5 lines Fixes a bug with bsddb.DB.stat where the flags and txn keyword arguments are transposed. (reported by Louis Zechtzer) ..already committed to release24-maint ..needs committing to release25-maint ........ r51926 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-20 20:34:28 +0200 (Wed, 20 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Accidentally didn't commit Misc/NEWS entry on when __unicode__() was removed from exceptions. ........ r51927 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-20 20:43:13 +0200 (Wed, 20 Sep 2006) | 6 lines Allow exceptions to be directly sliced again (e.g., ``BaseException(1,2,3)[0:2]``). Discovered in Python 2.5.0 by Thomas Heller and reported to python-dev. This should be backported to 2.5 . ........ r51928 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-20 21:28:35 +0200 (Wed, 20 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Make python.vim output more deterministic. ........ r51949 | walter.doerwald | 2006-09-21 17:09:55 +0200 (Thu, 21 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix typo. ........ r51950 | jack.diederich | 2006-09-21 19:50:26 +0200 (Thu, 21 Sep 2006) | 5 lines * regression bug, count_next was coercing a Py_ssize_t to an unsigned Py_size_t which breaks negative counts * added test for negative numbers will backport to 2.5.1 ........ r51953 | jack.diederich | 2006-09-21 22:34:49 +0200 (Thu, 21 Sep 2006) | 1 line added itertools.count(-n) fix ........ r51971 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-22 10:16:26 +0200 (Fri, 22 Sep 2006) | 10 lines Fix %zd string formatting on Mac OS X so it prints negative numbers. In addition to testing positive numbers, verify negative numbers work in configure. In order to avoid compiler warnings on OS X 10.4, also change the order of the check for the format character to use (PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T) in the sprintf format for Py_ssize_t. This patch changes PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T from "" to "l" if it wasn't defined at configure time. Need to verify the buildbot results. Backport candidate (if everyone thinks this patch can't be improved). ........ r51972 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-22 10:18:10 +0200 (Fri, 22 Sep 2006) | 7 lines Bug #1557232: fix seg fault with def f((((x)))) and def f(((x),)). These tests should be improved. Hopefully this fixes variations when flipping back and forth between fpdef and fplist. Backport candidate. ........ r51975 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-22 10:47:23 +0200 (Fri, 22 Sep 2006) | 4 lines Mostly revert this file to the same version as before. Only force setting of PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T to "l" for Mac OSX. I don't know a better define to use. This should get rid of the warnings on other platforms and Mac too. ........ r51986 | fred.drake | 2006-09-23 02:26:31 +0200 (Sat, 23 Sep 2006) | 1 line add boilerplate "What's New" document so the docs will build ........ r51987 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-23 06:11:38 +0200 (Sat, 23 Sep 2006) | 1 line Remove extra semi-colons reported by Johnny Lee on python-dev. Backport if anyone cares. ........ r51989 | neal.norwitz | 2006-09-23 20:11:58 +0200 (Sat, 23 Sep 2006) | 1 line SF Bug #1563963, add missing word and cleanup first sentance ........ r51990 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-23 21:53:20 +0200 (Sat, 23 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Make output on test_strptime() be more verbose in face of failure. This is in hopes that more information will help debug the failing test on HPPA Ubuntu. ........ r51991 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-24 12:36:01 +0200 (Sun, 24 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Fix webbrowser.BackgroundBrowser on Windows. ........ r51993 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-24 14:35:36 +0200 (Sun, 24 Sep 2006) | 4 lines Fix a bug in the parser's future statement handling that led to "with" not being recognized as a keyword after, e.g., this statement: from __future__ import division, with_statement ........ r51995 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-24 14:50:24 +0200 (Sun, 24 Sep 2006) | 4 lines Fix a bug in traceback.format_exception_only() that led to an error being raised when print_exc() was called without an exception set. In version 2.4, this printed "None", restored that behavior. ........ r52000 | armin.rigo | 2006-09-25 17:16:26 +0200 (Mon, 25 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Another crasher. ........ r52011 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-27 01:38:24 +0200 (Wed, 27 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Make the error message for when the time data and format do not match clearer. ........ r52014 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-27 18:37:30 +0200 (Wed, 27 Sep 2006) | 1 line Add news item for rev. 51815 ........ r52018 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-09-27 21:23:05 +0200 (Wed, 27 Sep 2006) | 1 line Make examples do error checking on Py_InitModule ........ r52032 | brett.cannon | 2006-09-29 00:10:14 +0200 (Fri, 29 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Very minor grammatical fix in a comment. ........ r52048 | george.yoshida | 2006-09-30 07:14:02 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 4 lines SF bug #1567976 : fix typo Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52051 | gregory.p.smith | 2006-09-30 08:08:20 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 2 lines wording change ........ r52053 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 09:24:48 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1567375: a minor logical glitch in example description. ........ r52056 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 09:31:57 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1565661: in webbrowser, split() the command for the default GNOME browser in case it is a command with args. ........ r52058 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 10:43:30 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1567691: super() and new.instancemethod() now don't accept keyword arguments any more (previously they accepted them, but didn't use them). ........ r52061 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 11:03:42 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1566800: make sure that EnvironmentError can be called with any number of arguments, as was the case in Python 2.4. ........ r52063 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 11:06:45 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1566663: remove obsolete example from datetime docs. ........ r52065 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 11:13:21 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1566602: correct failure of posixpath unittest when $HOME ends with a slash. ........ r52068 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 12:58:01 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1457823: cgi.(Sv)FormContentDict's constructor now takes keep_blank_values and strict_parsing keyword arguments. ........ r52069 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 13:06:47 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1560617: in pyclbr, return full module name not only for classes, but also for functions. ........ r52072 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 13:17:34 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1556784: allow format strings longer than 127 characters in datetime's strftime function. ........ r52075 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 13:22:28 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1446043: correctly raise a LookupError if an encoding name given to encodings.search_function() contains a dot. ........ r52078 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 14:02:57 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1546052: clarify that PyString_FromString(AndSize) copies the string pointed to by its parameter. ........ r52080 | georg.brandl | 2006-09-30 14:16:03 +0200 (Sat, 30 Sep 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_import to unittest. ........ r52083 | kurt.kaiser | 2006-10-01 23:16:45 +0200 (Sun, 01 Oct 2006) | 5 lines Some syntax errors were being caught by tokenize during the tabnanny check, resulting in obscure error messages. Do the syntax check first. Bug 1562716, 1562719 ........ r52084 | kurt.kaiser | 2006-10-01 23:54:37 +0200 (Sun, 01 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Add comment explaining that error msgs may be due to user code when running w/o subprocess. ........ r52086 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-02 16:55:51 +0200 (Mon, 02 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Fix test for uintptr_t. Fixes #1568842. Will backport. ........ r52089 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-02 17:20:37 +0200 (Mon, 02 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Guard uintptr_t test with HAVE_STDINT_H, test for stdint.h. Will backport. ........ r52100 | vinay.sajip | 2006-10-03 20:02:37 +0200 (Tue, 03 Oct 2006) | 1 line Documentation omitted the additional parameter to LogRecord.__init__ which was added in 2.5. (See SF #1569622). ........ r52101 | vinay.sajip | 2006-10-03 20:20:26 +0200 (Tue, 03 Oct 2006) | 1 line Documentation clarified to mention optional parameters. ........ r52102 | vinay.sajip | 2006-10-03 20:21:56 +0200 (Tue, 03 Oct 2006) | 1 line Modified LogRecord.__init__ to make the func parameter optional. (See SF #1569622). ........ r52121 | brett.cannon | 2006-10-03 23:58:55 +0200 (Tue, 03 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix minor typo in a comment. ........ r52123 | brett.cannon | 2006-10-04 01:23:14 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Convert test_imp over to unittest. ........ r52128 | barry.warsaw | 2006-10-04 04:06:36 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 3 lines decode_rfc2231(): As Christian Robottom Reis points out, it makes no sense to test for parts > 3 when we use .split(..., 2). ........ r52129 | jeremy.hylton | 2006-10-04 04:24:52 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 9 lines Fix for SF bug 1569998: break permitted inside try. The compiler was checking that there was something on the fblock stack, but not that there was a loop on the stack. Fixed that and added a test for the specific syntax error. Bug fix candidate. ........ r52130 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-04 07:47:34 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Fix integer negation and absolute value to not rely on undefined behaviour of the C compiler anymore. Will backport to 2.5 and 2.4. ........ r52135 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-04 11:21:20 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 1 line Forward port r52134: Add uuids for 2.4.4. ........ r52137 | armin.rigo | 2006-10-04 12:23:57 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Compilation problem caused by conflicting typedefs for uint32_t (unsigned long vs. unsigned int). ........ r52139 | armin.rigo | 2006-10-04 14:17:45 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 23 lines Forward-port of r52136,52138: a review of overflow-detecting code. * unified the way intobject, longobject and mystrtoul handle values around -sys.maxint-1. * in general, trying to entierely avoid overflows in any computation involving signed ints or longs is extremely involved. Fixed a few simple cases where a compiler might be too clever (but that's all guesswork). * more overflow checks against bad data in marshal.c. * 2.5 specific: fixed a number of places that were still confusing int and Py_ssize_t. Some of them could potentially have caused "real-world" breakage. * list.pop(x): fixing overflow issues on x was messy. I just reverted to PyArg_ParseTuple("n"), which does the right thing. (An obscure test was trying to give a Decimal to list.pop()... doesn't make sense any more IMHO) * trying to write a few tests... ........ r52147 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-04 15:42:43 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 6 lines Cause a PyObject_Malloc() failure to trigger a MemoryError, and then add 'if (PyErr_Occurred())' checks to various places so that NULL is returned properly. 2.4 backport candidate. ........ r52148 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-04 17:25:28 +0200 (Wed, 04 Oct 2006) | 1 line Add MSVC8 project files to create wininst-8.exe. ........ r52196 | brett.cannon | 2006-10-06 00:02:31 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 7 lines Clarify what "re-initialization" means for init_builtin() and init_dynamic(). Also remove warning about re-initialization as possibly raising an execption as both call _PyImport_FindExtension() which pulls any module that was already imported from the Python process' extension cache and just copies the __dict__ into the module stored in sys.modules. ........ r52200 | fred.drake | 2006-10-06 02:03:45 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 3 lines - update links - remove Sleepycat name now that they have been bought ........ r52204 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-06 12:41:01 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 1 line Case fix ........ r52208 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-06 14:46:08 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Fix name. ........ r52211 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-06 15:18:26 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1545341] Allow 'classifier' parameter to be a tuple as well as a list. Will backport. ........ r52212 | armin.rigo | 2006-10-06 18:33:22 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 4 lines A very minor bug fix: this code looks like it is designed to accept any hue value and do the modulo itself, except it doesn't quite do it in all cases. At least, the "cannot get here" comment was wrong. ........ r52213 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-06 20:51:55 +0200 (Fri, 06 Oct 2006) | 1 line Comment grammar ........ r52218 | skip.montanaro | 2006-10-07 13:05:02 +0200 (Sat, 07 Oct 2006) | 6 lines Note that the excel_tab class is registered as the "excel-tab" dialect. Fixes 1572471. Make a similar change for the excel class and clean up references to the Dialects and Formatting Parameters section in a few places. ........ r52221 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-08 09:11:54 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Add missing NEWS entry for rev. 52129. ........ r52223 | hyeshik.chang | 2006-10-08 15:48:34 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1572832: fix a bug in ISO-2022 codecs which may cause segfault when encoding non-BMP unicode characters. (Submitted by Ray Chason) ........ r52227 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-08 19:37:58 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Add version number to the link to the python documentation in /Developer/Documentation/Python, better for users that install multiple versions of python. ........ r52229 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-08 19:40:02 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix for bug #1570284 ........ r52233 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-08 19:49:52 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 6 lines MacOSX: distutils changes the values of BASECFLAGS and LDFLAGS when using a universal build of python on OSX 10.3 to ensure that those flags can be used to compile code (the universal build uses compiler flags that aren't supported on 10.3). This patches gives the same treatment to CFLAGS, PY_CFLAGS and BLDSHARED. ........ r52236 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-08 19:51:46 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 5 lines MacOSX: The universal build requires that users have the MacOSX10.4u SDK installed to build extensions. This patch makes distutils emit a warning when the compiler should use an SDK but that SDK is not installed, hopefully reducing some confusion. ........ r52238 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-08 20:18:26 +0200 (Sun, 08 Oct 2006) | 3 lines MacOSX: add more logic to recognize the correct startup file to patch to the shell profile patching post-install script. ........ r52242 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-09 19:10:12 +0200 (Mon, 09 Oct 2006) | 1 line Add news item for rev. 52211 change ........ r52245 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-09 20:05:19 +0200 (Mon, 09 Oct 2006) | 1 line Fix wording in comment ........ r52251 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-09 21:03:06 +0200 (Mon, 09 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1572724: fix typo ('=' instead of '==') in _msi.c. ........ r52255 | barry.warsaw | 2006-10-09 21:43:24 +0200 (Mon, 09 Oct 2006) | 2 lines List gc.get_count() in the module docstring. ........ r52257 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-09 22:44:25 +0200 (Mon, 09 Oct 2006) | 1 line Bug #1565150: Fix subsecond processing for os.utime on Windows. ........ r52268 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-10 09:55:06 +0200 (Tue, 10 Oct 2006) | 2 lines MacOSX: fix permission problem in the generated installer ........ r52293 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 09:38:04 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1575746: fix typo in property() docs. ........ r52295 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 09:57:21 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #813342: Start the IDLE subprocess with -Qnew if the parent is started with that option. ........ r52297 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 10:22:53 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1565919: document set types in the Language Reference. ........ r52299 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 11:20:33 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1550524: better heuristics to find correct class definition in inspect.findsource(). ........ r52301 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 11:47:12 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Bug #1548891: The cStringIO.StringIO() constructor now encodes unicode arguments with the system default encoding just like the write() method does, instead of converting it to a raw buffer. ........ r52303 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 13:14:40 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1546628: add a note about urlparse.urljoin() and absolute paths. ........ r52305 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 13:27:59 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1545497: when given an explicit base, int() did ignore NULs embedded in the string to convert. ........ r52307 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 13:41:11 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Add a note to fpectl docs that it's not built by default (bug #1556261). ........ r52309 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 13:46:57 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1560114: the Mac filesystem does have accurate information about the case of filenames. ........ r52311 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 13:59:27 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Small grammar fix, thanks Sjoerd. ........ r52313 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 14:03:07 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix tarfile depending on buggy int('1\0', base) behavior. ........ r52315 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 14:33:07 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1283491: follow docstring convention wrt. keyword-able args in sum(). ........ r52316 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-12 15:08:16 +0200 (Thu, 12 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1560179: speed up posixpath.(dir|base)name ........ r52327 | brett.cannon | 2006-10-14 08:36:45 +0200 (Sat, 14 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Clean up the language of a sentence relating to the connect() function and user-defined datatypes. ........ r52332 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-14 23:33:38 +0200 (Sat, 14 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Update the peephole optimizer to remove more dead code (jumps after returns) and inline jumps to returns. ........ r52333 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 09:54:40 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1576954: Update VC6 build directory; remove redundant files in VC7. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52335 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 10:43:33 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 1 line Patch #1576166: Support os.utime for directories on Windows NT+. ........ r52336 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 10:51:22 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1577551: Add ctypes and ET build support for VC6. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52338 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 11:35:51 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 1 line Loosen the test for equal time stamps. ........ r52339 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 11:43:39 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1567666: Emulate GetFileAttributesExA for Win95. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52341 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 13:02:07 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Round to int, because some systems support sub-second time stamps in stat, but not in utime. Also be consistent with modifying only mtime, not atime. ........ r52342 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 13:57:40 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Set the eol-style for project files to "CRLF". ........ r52343 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 13:59:56 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Drop binary property on dsp files, set eol-style to CRLF instead. ........ r52344 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 14:01:43 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Remove binary property, set eol-style to CRLF instead. ........ r52346 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-15 16:30:38 +0200 (Sun, 15 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Mention the bdist_msi module. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52354 | brett.cannon | 2006-10-16 05:09:52 +0200 (Mon, 16 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Fix turtle so that you can launch the demo2 function on its own instead of only when the module is launched as a script. ........ r52356 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-17 17:18:06 +0200 (Tue, 17 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1457736: Update VC6 to use current PCbuild settings. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52360 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-17 20:09:55 +0200 (Tue, 17 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Remove obsolete file. Will backport. ........ r52363 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-17 20:59:23 +0200 (Tue, 17 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Forward-port r52358: - Bug #1578513: Cross compilation was broken by a change to configure. Repair so that it's back to how it was in 2.4.3. ........ r52365 | thomas.heller | 2006-10-17 21:30:48 +0200 (Tue, 17 Oct 2006) | 6 lines ctypes callback functions only support 'fundamental' result types. Check this and raise an error when something else is used - before this change ctypes would hang or crash when such a callback was called. This is a partial fix for #1574584. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52377 | tim.peters | 2006-10-18 07:06:06 +0200 (Wed, 18 Oct 2006) | 2 lines newIobject(): repaired incorrect cast to quiet MSVC warning. ........ r52378 | tim.peters | 2006-10-18 07:09:12 +0200 (Wed, 18 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r52379 | tim.peters | 2006-10-18 07:10:28 +0200 (Wed, 18 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Add missing svn:eol-style to text files. ........ r52387 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-19 12:58:46 +0200 (Thu, 19 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Add check for the PyArg_ParseTuple format, and declare it if it is supported. ........ r52388 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-19 13:00:37 +0200 (Thu, 19 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Fix various minor errors in passing arguments to PyArg_ParseTuple. ........ r52389 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-19 18:01:37 +0200 (Thu, 19 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Restore CFLAGS after checking for __attribute__ ........ r52390 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-19 23:55:55 +0200 (Thu, 19 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1576348] Fix typo in example ........ r52414 | walter.doerwald | 2006-10-22 10:59:41 +0200 (Sun, 22 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Port test___future__ to unittest. ........ r52415 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-10-22 12:45:18 +0200 (Sun, 22 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1580674: with this patch os.readlink uses the filesystem encoding to decode unicode objects and returns an unicode object when the argument is one. ........ r52416 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-22 12:46:18 +0200 (Sun, 22 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1580872: Remove duplicate declaration of PyCallable_Check. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52418 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-22 12:55:15 +0200 (Sun, 22 Oct 2006) | 4 lines - Patch #1560695: Add .note.GNU-stack to ctypes' sysv.S so that ctypes isn't considered as requiring executable stacks. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52420 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-22 15:45:13 +0200 (Sun, 22 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Remove passwd.adjunct.byname from list of maps for test_nis. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52431 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-24 18:54:16 +0200 (Tue, 24 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch [ 1583506 ] tarfile.py: 100-char filenames are truncated ........ r52446 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-26 21:10:46 +0200 (Thu, 26 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1579796] Wrong syntax for PyDateTime_IMPORT in documentation. Reported by David Faure. ........ r52449 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-26 21:16:46 +0200 (Thu, 26 Oct 2006) | 1 line Typo fix ........ r52452 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-27 08:16:31 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1549049: Rewrite type conversion in structmember. Fixes #1545696 and #1566140. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52454 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-27 08:42:27 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Check for values.h. Will backport. ........ r52456 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-27 09:06:52 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Get DBL_MAX from float.h not values.h. Will backport. ........ r52458 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-10-27 09:13:28 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1567274: Support SMTP over TLS. ........ r52459 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 13:33:29 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Set svn:keywords property ........ r52460 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 13:36:41 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Add item ........ r52461 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 13:37:01 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Some wording changes and markup fixes ........ r52462 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 14:18:38 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1585690] Note that line_num was added in Python 2.5 ........ r52464 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 14:50:38 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1583946] Reword description of server and issuer ........ r52466 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 15:06:25 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1562583] Mention the set_reuse_addr() method ........ r52469 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 15:22:46 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 4 lines [Bug #1542016] Report PCALL_POP value. This makes the return value of sys.callstats() match its docstring. Backport candidate. Though it's an API change, this is a pretty obscure portion of the API. ........ r52473 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 16:53:41 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Point users to the subprocess module in the docs for os.system, os.spawn*, os.popen2, and the popen2 and commands modules ........ r52476 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 18:39:10 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1576241] Let functools.wraps work with built-in functions ........ r52478 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 18:55:34 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Bug #1575506] The _singlefileMailbox class was using the wrong file object in its flush() method, causing an error ........ r52480 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 19:06:16 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Clarify docstring ........ r52481 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 19:11:23 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 5 lines [Patch #1574068 by Scott Dial] urllib and urllib2 were using base64.encodestring() for encoding authentication data. encodestring() can include newlines for very long input, which produced broken HTTP headers. ........ r52483 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 20:13:46 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line Check db_setup_debug for a few print statements; change sqlite_setup_debug to False ........ r52484 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-10-27 20:15:02 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 1 line [Patch #1503717] Tiny patch from Chris AtLee to stop a lengthy line from being printed ........ r52485 | thomas.heller | 2006-10-27 20:31:36 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 5 lines WindowsError.str should display the windows error code, not the posix error code; with test. Fixes #1576174. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52487 | thomas.heller | 2006-10-27 21:05:53 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Modulefinder now handles absolute and relative imports, including tests. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52488 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-27 22:39:43 +0200 (Fri, 27 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1552024: add decorator support to unparse.py demo script. ........ r52492 | walter.doerwald | 2006-10-28 12:47:12 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Port test_bufio to unittest. ........ r52493 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 15:10:17 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 6 lines Convert test_global, test_scope and test_grammar to unittest. I tried to enclose all tests which must be run at the toplevel (instead of inside a method) in exec statements. ........ r52494 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 15:11:41 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Update outstanding bugs test file. ........ r52495 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 15:51:49 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_math to unittest. ........ r52496 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 15:56:58 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_opcodes to unittest. ........ r52497 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 18:04:04 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix nth() itertool recipe. ........ r52500 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-28 22:25:09 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 2 lines make test_grammar pass with python -O ........ r52501 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:15:30 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 6 lines Add some asserts. In sysmodule, I think these were to try to silence some warnings from Klokwork. They verify the assumptions of the format of svn version output. The assert in the thread module helped debug a problem on HP-UX. ........ r52502 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:16:54 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 5 lines Fix warnings with HP's C compiler. It doesn't recognize that infinite loops are, um, infinite. These conditions should not be able to happen. Will backport. ........ r52503 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:17:51 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 5 lines Fix crash in test on HP-UX. Apparently, it's not possible to delete a lock if it's held (even by the current thread). Will backport. ........ r52504 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:19:07 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 6 lines Fix bug #1565514, SystemError not raised on too many nested blocks. It seems like this should be a different error than SystemError, but I don't have any great ideas and SystemError was raised in 2.4 and earlier. Will backport. ........ r52505 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:20:12 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Prevent crash if alloc of garbage fails. Found by Typo.pl. Will backport. ........ r52506 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:21:00 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Don't inline Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE with gcc 4+ either. Will backport. ........ r52513 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-28 23:56:49 +0200 (Sat, 28 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix test_modulefinder so it doesn't fail when run after test_distutils. ........ r52514 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-29 00:12:26 +0200 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 4 lines From SF 1557890, fix problem of using wrong type in example. Will backport. ........ r52517 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 09:39:22 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Fix codecs.EncodedFile which did not use file_encoding in 2.5.0, and fix all codecs file wrappers to work correctly with the "with" statement (bug #1586513). ........ r52519 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 09:47:08 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Clean up a leftover from old listcomp generation code. ........ r52520 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 09:53:06 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Bug #1586448: the compiler module now emits the same bytecode for list comprehensions as the builtin compiler, using the LIST_APPEND opcode. ........ r52521 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 10:01:01 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Remove trailing comma. ........ r52522 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 10:05:04 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1357915: allow all sequence types for shell arguments in subprocess. ........ r52524 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 10:16:12 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1583880: fix tarfile's problems with long names and posix/ GNU modes. ........ r52526 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 10:18:00 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Test assert if __debug__ is true. ........ r52527 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 10:32:16 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Fix the new EncodedFile test to work with big endian platforms. ........ r52529 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 15:39:09 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1586613: fix zlib and bz2 codecs' incremental en/decoders. ........ r52532 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 19:01:08 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1586773: extend hashlib docstring. ........ r52534 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-29 19:30:10 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 4 lines Update comments, remove commented out code. Move assembler structure next to assembler code to make it easier to move it to a separate file. ........ r52535 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 19:31:42 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1576657: when setting a KeyError for a tuple key, make sure that the tuple isn't used as the "exception arguments tuple". ........ r52537 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 20:13:40 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_mmap to unittest. ........ r52538 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 20:20:45 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_poll to unittest. ........ r52539 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 20:24:43 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_nis to unittest. ........ r52540 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 20:35:03 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_types to unittest. ........ r52541 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 20:51:16 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_cookie to unittest. ........ r52542 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 21:09:12 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_cgi to unittest. ........ r52543 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 21:24:01 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Completely convert test_httplib to unittest. ........ r52544 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 21:28:26 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Convert test_MimeWriter to unittest. ........ r52545 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 21:31:17 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Convert test_openpty to unittest. ........ r52546 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 21:35:12 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Remove leftover test output file. ........ r52547 | georg.brandl | 2006-10-29 22:54:18 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Move the check for openpty to the beginning. ........ r52548 | walter.doerwald | 2006-10-29 23:06:28 +0100 (Sun, 29 Oct 2006) | 2 lines Add tests for basic argument errors. ........ r52549 | walter.doerwald | 2006-10-30 00:02:27 +0100 (Mon, 30 Oct 2006) | 3 lines Add tests for incremental codecs with an errors argument. ........ r52550 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-30 00:39:03 +0100 (Mon, 30 Oct 2006) | 1 line Fix refleak ........ r52552 | neal.norwitz | 2006-10-30 00:58:36 +0100 (Mon, 30 Oct 2006) | 1 line I'm assuming this is correct, it fixes the tests so they pass again ........ r52555 | vinay.sajip | 2006-10-31 18:32:37 +0100 (Tue, 31 Oct 2006) | 1 line Change to improve speed of _fixupChildren ........ r52556 | vinay.sajip | 2006-10-31 18:34:31 +0100 (Tue, 31 Oct 2006) | 1 line Added relativeCreated to Formatter doc (has been in the system for a long time - was unaccountably left out of the docs and not noticed until now). ........ r52588 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-02 20:48:24 +0100 (Thu, 02 Nov 2006) | 5 lines Replace the XXX marker in the 'Arrays and pointers' reference manual section with a link to the tutorial sections. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52592 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-02 21:22:29 +0100 (Thu, 02 Nov 2006) | 6 lines Fix a code example by adding a missing import. Fixes #1557890. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52598 | tim.peters | 2006-11-03 03:32:46 +0100 (Fri, 03 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace normalization. ........ r52619 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-04 19:14:06 +0100 (Sat, 04 Nov 2006) | 4 lines - Patch #1060577: Extract list of RPM files from spec file in bdist_rpm Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52621 | neal.norwitz | 2006-11-04 20:25:22 +0100 (Sat, 04 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Bug #1588287: fix invalid assertion for `1,2` in debug builds. Will backport ........ r52630 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-05 22:04:37 +0100 (Sun, 05 Nov 2006) | 1 line Update link ........ r52631 | skip.montanaro | 2006-11-06 15:34:52 +0100 (Mon, 06 Nov 2006) | 1 line note that user can control directory location even if default dir is used ........ r52644 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-11-07 16:53:38 +0100 (Tue, 07 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Fix a number of typos in strings and comments (sf#1589070) ........ r52647 | ronald.oussoren | 2006-11-07 17:00:34 +0100 (Tue, 07 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Whitespace changes to make the source more compliant with PEP8 (SF#1589070) ........ r52651 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-07 19:01:18 +0100 (Tue, 07 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Fix markup. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52653 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-07 19:20:47 +0100 (Tue, 07 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Fix grammatical error as well. Will backport to release25-maint. ........ r52657 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-07 21:39:16 +0100 (Tue, 07 Nov 2006) | 1 line Add missing word ........ r52662 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-08 07:46:37 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Correctly forward exception in instance_contains(). Fixes #1591996. Patch contributed by Neal Norwitz. Will backport. ........ r52664 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-08 07:48:36 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 2 lines News entry for 52662. ........ r52665 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-08 08:35:55 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1351744: Add askyesnocancel helper for tkMessageBox. ........ r52666 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-08 08:45:59 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1592072: fix docs for return value of PyErr_CheckSignals. ........ r52668 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-08 11:04:29 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1592533: rename variable in heapq doc example, to avoid shadowing "sorted". ........ r52671 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-08 14:35:34 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 1 line Add section on the functional module ........ r52672 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-08 15:14:30 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 1 line Add section on operator module; make a few edits ........ r52673 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-08 15:24:03 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 1 line Add table of contents; this required fixing a few headings. Some more smalle edits. ........ r52674 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-08 15:30:14 +0100 (Wed, 08 Nov 2006) | 1 line More edits ........ r52686 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-09 12:06:03 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch #838546: Make terminal become controlling in pty.fork(). Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52688 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-09 12:27:32 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1592250: Add elidge argument to Tkinter.Text.search. ........ r52690 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-09 14:27:07 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 7 lines [Bug #1569790] mailbox.Maildir.get_folder() loses factory information Both the Maildir and MH classes had this bug; the patch fixes both classes and adds a test. Will backport to 25-maint. ........ r52692 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-09 14:51:14 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 1 line [Patch #1514544 by David Watson] use fsync() to ensure data is really on disk ........ r52695 | walter.doerwald | 2006-11-09 17:23:26 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Replace C++ comment with C comment (fixes SF bug #1593525). ........ r52712 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-09 22:16:46 +0100 (Thu, 09 Nov 2006) | 11 lines [Patch #1514543] mailbox (Maildir): avoid losing messages on name clash Two changes: Where possible, use link()/remove() to move files into a directory; this makes it easier to avoid overwriting an existing file. Use _create_carefully() to create files in tmp/, which uses O_EXCL. Backport candidate. ........ r52716 | phillip.eby | 2006-11-10 01:33:36 +0100 (Fri, 10 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Fix SF#1566719: not creating site-packages (or other target directory) when installing .egg-info for a project that contains no modules or packages, while using --root (as in bdist_rpm). ........ r52719 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-10 14:14:01 +0100 (Fri, 10 Nov 2006) | 1 line Reword entry ........ r52725 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-10 15:39:01 +0100 (Fri, 10 Nov 2006) | 1 line [Feature request #1542920] Link to wsgi.org ........ r52731 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-11 19:29:11 +0100 (Sat, 11 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1594742: wrong word in stringobject doc. ........ r52733 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-11 19:32:47 +0100 (Sat, 11 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1594758: wording improvement for dict.update() docs. ........ r52736 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-12 11:32:47 +0100 (Sun, 12 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1065257: Support passing open files as body in HTTPConnection.request(). ........ r52737 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-12 11:41:39 +0100 (Sun, 12 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1355023: support whence argument for GzipFile.seek. ........ r52738 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-12 19:24:26 +0100 (Sun, 12 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1067760: Deprecate passing floats to file.seek. ........ r52739 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-12 19:48:13 +0100 (Sun, 12 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1359217: Ignore 2xx response before 150 response. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52741 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-12 19:56:03 +0100 (Sun, 12 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1360200: Use unmangled_version RPM spec field to deal with file name mangling. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52753 | walter.doerwald | 2006-11-15 17:23:46 +0100 (Wed, 15 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Fix typo. ........ r52754 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-15 18:42:03 +0100 (Wed, 15 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1594809: add a note to README regarding PYTHONPATH and make install. ........ r52762 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-16 16:05:14 +0100 (Thu, 16 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1597576: mention that the new base64 api has been introduced in py2.4. ........ r52764 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-16 17:50:59 +0100 (Thu, 16 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Bug #1597824: return the registered function from atexit.register() to facilitate usage as a decorator. ........ r52765 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-16 18:08:45 +0100 (Thu, 16 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Bug #1588217: don't parse "= " as a soft line break in binascii's a2b_qp() function, instead leave it in the string as quopri.decode() does. ........ r52776 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-17 14:30:25 +0100 (Fri, 17 Nov 2006) | 17 lines Remove file-locking in MH.pack() method. This change looks massive but it's mostly a re-indenting after removing some try...finally blocks. Also adds a test case that does a pack() while the mailbox is locked; this test would have turned up bugs in the original code on some platforms. In both nmh and GNU Mailutils' implementation of MH-format mailboxes, no locking is done of individual message files when renaming them. The original mailbox.py code did do locking, which meant that message files had to be opened. This code was buggy on certain platforms (found through reading the code); there were code paths that closed the file object and then called _unlock_file() on it. Will backport to 25-maint once I see how the buildbots react to this patch. ........ r52780 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-18 19:00:23 +0100 (Sat, 18 Nov 2006) | 5 lines Patch #1538878: Don't make tkSimpleDialog dialogs transient if the parent window is withdrawn. This mirrors what dialog.tcl does. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52782 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-18 19:05:35 +0100 (Sat, 18 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1594554: Always close a tkSimpleDialog on ok(), even if an exception occurs. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52784 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-18 19:42:11 +0100 (Sat, 18 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1472877: Fix Tix subwidget name resolution. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52786 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-18 23:17:33 +0100 (Sat, 18 Nov 2006) | 1 line Expand checking in test_sha ........ r52787 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-19 09:48:30 +0100 (Sun, 19 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch [ 1586791 ] better error msgs for some TypeErrors ........ r52788 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-19 11:41:41 +0100 (Sun, 19 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Make cStringIO.truncate raise IOError for negative arguments (even for -1). Fixes the last bit of #1359365. ........ r52789 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-19 19:40:01 +0100 (Sun, 19 Nov 2006) | 1 line Add a test case of data w/ bytes > 127 ........ r52790 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-19 19:51:54 +0100 (Sun, 19 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1070046: Marshal new-style objects like InstanceType in xmlrpclib. ........ r52792 | neal.norwitz | 2006-11-19 22:26:53 +0100 (Sun, 19 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Speed up function calls into the math module by using METH_O. There should be no functional changes. However, the error msgs are slightly different. Also verified that the module dict is not NULL on init. ........ r52794 | george.yoshida | 2006-11-20 03:24:48 +0100 (Mon, 20 Nov 2006) | 2 lines markup fix ........ r52795 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-20 08:12:58 +0100 (Mon, 20 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Further markup fix. ........ r52800 | andrew.kuchling | 2006-11-20 14:39:37 +0100 (Mon, 20 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Jython compatibility fix: if uu.decode() opened its output file, be sure to close it. ........ r52811 | neal.norwitz | 2006-11-21 06:26:22 +0100 (Tue, 21 Nov 2006) | 9 lines Bug #1599782: Fix segfault on bsddb.db.DB().type(). The problem is that _DB_get_type() can't be called without the GIL because it calls a bunch of PyErr_* APIs when an error occurs. There were no other cases in this file that it was called without the GIL. Removing the BEGIN/END THREAD around _DB_get_type() made everything work. Will backport. ........ r52814 | neal.norwitz | 2006-11-21 06:51:51 +0100 (Tue, 21 Nov 2006) | 1 line Oops, convert tabs to spaces ........ r52815 | neal.norwitz | 2006-11-21 07:23:44 +0100 (Tue, 21 Nov 2006) | 1 line Fix SF #1599879, socket.gethostname should ref getfqdn directly. ........ r52817 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-21 19:20:25 +0100 (Tue, 21 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Conditionalize definition of _CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE and _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE. Will backport. ........ r52821 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-22 09:50:02 +0100 (Wed, 22 Nov 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1362975: Rework CodeContext indentation algorithm to avoid hard-coding pixel widths. Also make the text's scrollbar a child of the text frame, not the top widget. ........ r52826 | walter.doerwald | 2006-11-23 06:03:56 +0100 (Thu, 23 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Change decode() so that it works with a buffer (i.e. unicode(..., 'utf-8-sig')) SF bug #1601501. ........ r52833 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-23 10:55:07 +0100 (Thu, 23 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1601630: little improvement to getopt docs ........ r52835 | michael.hudson | 2006-11-23 14:54:04 +0100 (Thu, 23 Nov 2006) | 3 lines a test for an error condition not covered by existing tests (noticed this when writing the equivalent code for pypy) ........ r52839 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-11-23 22:06:03 +0100 (Thu, 23 Nov 2006) | 1 line Fix and/add typo ........ r52840 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-11-23 22:35:19 +0100 (Thu, 23 Nov 2006) | 1 line ... and the number of the counting shall be three. ........ r52841 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-24 19:45:39 +0100 (Fri, 24 Nov 2006) | 1 line Fix bug #1598620: A ctypes structure cannot contain itself. ........ r52843 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-11-25 16:39:19 +0100 (Sat, 25 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Disable _XOPEN_SOURCE on NetBSD 1.x. Will backport to 2.5 ........ r52845 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-26 20:27:47 +0100 (Sun, 26 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1603321: make pstats.Stats accept Unicode file paths. ........ r52850 | georg.brandl | 2006-11-27 19:46:21 +0100 (Mon, 27 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Bug #1603789: grammatical error in Tkinter docs. ........ r52855 | thomas.heller | 2006-11-28 21:21:54 +0100 (Tue, 28 Nov 2006) | 7 lines Fix #1563807: _ctypes built on AIX fails with ld ffi error. The contents of ffi_darwin.c must be compiled unless __APPLE__ is defined and __ppc__ is not. Will backport. ........ r52862 | armin.rigo | 2006-11-29 22:59:22 +0100 (Wed, 29 Nov 2006) | 3 lines Forgot a case where the locals can now be a general mapping instead of just a dictionary. (backporting...) ........ r52872 | guido.van.rossum | 2006-11-30 20:23:13 +0100 (Thu, 30 Nov 2006) | 2 lines Update version. ........ r52890 | walter.doerwald | 2006-12-01 17:59:47 +0100 (Fri, 01 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Move xdrlib tests from the module into a separate test script, port the tests to unittest and add a few new tests. ........ r52900 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-12-02 03:00:39 +0100 (Sat, 02 Dec 2006) | 1 line Add name to credits (for untokenize). ........ r52905 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-12-03 10:54:46 +0100 (Sun, 03 Dec 2006) | 2 lines Move IDLE news into NEWS.txt. ........ r52906 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-12-03 12:23:45 +0100 (Sun, 03 Dec 2006) | 4 lines Patch #1544279: Improve thread-safety of the socket module by moving the sock_addr_t storage out of the socket object. Will backport to 2.5. ........ r52908 | martin.v.loewis | 2006-12-03 13:01:53 +0100 (Sun, 03 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1371075: Make ConfigParser accept optional dict type for ordering, sorting, etc. ........ r52910 | matthias.klose | 2006-12-03 18:16:41 +0100 (Sun, 03 Dec 2006) | 2 lines - Fix build failure on kfreebsd and on the hurd. ........ r52915 | george.yoshida | 2006-12-04 12:41:54 +0100 (Mon, 04 Dec 2006) | 2 lines fix a versionchanged tag ........ r52917 | george.yoshida | 2006-12-05 06:39:50 +0100 (Tue, 05 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Fix pickle doc typo Patch #1608758 ........ r52938 | georg.brandl | 2006-12-06 23:21:18 +0100 (Wed, 06 Dec 2006) | 2 lines Patch #1610437: fix a tarfile bug with long filename headers. ........ r52945 | brett.cannon | 2006-12-07 00:38:48 +0100 (Thu, 07 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Fix a bad assumption that all objects assigned to '__loader__' on a module will have a '_files' attribute. ........ r52951 | georg.brandl | 2006-12-07 10:30:06 +0100 (Thu, 07 Dec 2006) | 3 lines RFE #1592899: mention string.maketrans() in docs for str.translate, remove reference to the old regex module in the former's doc. ........ r52962 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-12-08 04:17:18 +0100 (Fri, 08 Dec 2006) | 1 line Eliminate two redundant calls to PyObject_Hash(). ........ r52963 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-12-08 05:24:33 +0100 (Fri, 08 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Port Armin's fix for a dict resize vulnerability (svn revision 46589, sf bug 1456209). ........ r52964 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-12-08 05:57:50 +0100 (Fri, 08 Dec 2006) | 4 lines Port Georg's dictobject.c fix keys that were tuples got unpacked on the way to setting a KeyError (svn revision 52535, sf bug 1576657). ........ r52966 | raymond.hettinger | 2006-12-08 18:35:25 +0100 (Fri, 08 Dec 2006) | 2 lines Add test for SF bug 1576657 ........ r52970 | georg.brandl | 2006-12-08 21:46:11 +0100 (Fri, 08 Dec 2006) | 3 lines #1577756: svnversion doesn't react to LANG=C, use LC_ALL=C to force English output. ........ r52972 | georg.brandl | 2006-12-09 10:08:29 +0100 (Sat, 09 Dec 2006) | 3 lines Patch #1608267: fix a race condition in os.makedirs() is the directory to be created is already there. ........ r52975 | matthias.klose | 2006-12-09 13:15:27 +0100 (Sat, 09 Dec 2006) | 2 lines - Fix the build of the library reference in info format. ........ r52994 | neal.norwitz | 2006-12-11 02:01:06 +0100 (Mon, 11 Dec 2006) | 1 line Fix a typo ........ r52996 | georg.brandl | 2006-12-11 08:56:33 +0100 (Mon, 11 Dec 2006) | 2 lines Move errno imports back to individual functions. ........ r52998 | vinay.sajip | 2006-12-11 15:07:16 +0100 (Mon, 11 Dec 2006) | 1 line Patch by Jeremy Katz (SF #1609407) ........ r53000 | vinay.sajip | 2006-12-11 15:26:23 +0100 (Mon, 11 Dec 2006) | 1 line Patch by "cuppatea" (SF #1503765) ........
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+Functional Programming HOWTO
+================================
+
+**Version 0.30**
+
+(This is a first draft. Please send comments/error
+reports/suggestions to amk@amk.ca. This URL is probably not going to
+be the final location of the document, so be careful about linking to
+it -- you may want to add a disclaimer.)
+
+In this document, we'll take a tour of Python's features suitable for
+implementing programs in a functional style. After an introduction to
+the concepts of functional programming, we'll look at language
+features such as iterators and generators and relevant library modules
+such as ``itertools`` and ``functools``.
+
+
+.. contents::
+
+Introduction
+----------------------
+
+This section explains the basic concept of functional programming; if
+you're just interested in learning about Python language features,
+skip to the next section.
+
+Programming languages support decomposing problems in several different
+ways:
+
+* Most programming languages are **procedural**:
+ programs are lists of instructions that tell the computer what to
+ do with the program's input.
+ C, Pascal, and even Unix shells are procedural languages.
+
+* In **declarative** languages, you write a specification that describes
+ the problem to be solved, and the language implementation figures out
+ how to perform the computation efficiently. SQL is the declarative
+ language you're most likely to be familiar with; a SQL query describes
+ the data set you want to retrieve, and the SQL engine decides whether to
+ scan tables or use indexes, which subclauses should be performed first,
+ etc.
+
+* **Object-oriented** programs manipulate collections of objects.
+ Objects have internal state and support methods that query or modify
+ this internal state in some way. Smalltalk and Java are
+ object-oriented languages. C++ and Python are languages that
+ support object-oriented programming, but don't force the use
+ of object-oriented features.
+
+* **Functional** programming decomposes a problem into a set of functions.
+ Ideally, functions only take inputs and produce outputs, and don't have any
+ internal state that affects the output produced for a given input.
+ Well-known functional languages include the ML family (Standard ML,
+ OCaml, and other variants) and Haskell.
+
+The designers of some computer languages have chosen one approach to
+programming that's emphasized. This often makes it difficult to
+write programs that use a different approach. Other languages are
+multi-paradigm languages that support several different approaches. Lisp,
+C++, and Python are multi-paradigm; you can write programs or
+libraries that are largely procedural, object-oriented, or functional
+in all of these languages. In a large program, different sections
+might be written using different approaches; the GUI might be object-oriented
+while the processing logic is procedural or functional, for example.
+
+In a functional program, input flows through a set of functions. Each
+function operates on its input and produces some output. Functional
+style frowns upon functions with side effects that modify internal
+state or make other changes that aren't visible in the function's
+return value. Functions that have no side effects at all are
+called **purely functional**.
+Avoiding side effects means not using data structures
+that get updated as a program runs; every function's output
+must only depend on its input.
+
+Some languages are very strict about purity and don't even have
+assignment statements such as ``a=3`` or ``c = a + b``, but it's
+difficult to avoid all side effects. Printing to the screen or
+writing to a disk file are side effects, for example. For example, in
+Python a ``print`` statement or a ``time.sleep(1)`` both return no
+useful value; they're only called for their side effects of sending
+some text to the screen or pausing execution for a second.
+
+Python programs written in functional style usually won't go to the
+extreme of avoiding all I/O or all assignments; instead, they'll
+provide a functional-appearing interface but will use non-functional
+features internally. For example, the implementation of a function
+will still use assignments to local variables, but won't modify global
+variables or have other side effects.
+
+Functional programming can be considered the opposite of
+object-oriented programming. Objects are little capsules containing
+some internal state along with a collection of method calls that let
+you modify this state, and programs consist of making the right set of
+state changes. Functional programming wants to avoid state changes as
+much as possible and works with data flowing between functions. In
+Python you might combine the two approaches by writing functions that
+take and return instances representing objects in your application
+(e-mail messages, transactions, etc.).
+
+Functional design may seem like an odd constraint to work under. Why
+should you avoid objects and side effects? There are theoretical and
+practical advantages to the functional style:
+
+* Formal provability.
+* Modularity.
+* Composability.
+* Ease of debugging and testing.
+
+Formal provability
+''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+A theoretical benefit is that it's easier to construct a mathematical proof
+that a functional program is correct.
+
+For a long time researchers have been interested in finding ways to
+mathematically prove programs correct. This is different from testing
+a program on numerous inputs and concluding that its output is usually
+correct, or reading a program's source code and concluding that the
+code looks right; the goal is instead a rigorous proof that a program
+produces the right result for all possible inputs.
+
+The technique used to prove programs correct is to write down
+**invariants**, properties of the input data and of the program's
+variables that are always true. For each line of code, you then show
+that if invariants X and Y are true **before** the line is executed,
+the slightly different invariants X' and Y' are true **after**
+the line is executed. This continues until you reach the end of the
+program, at which point the invariants should match the desired
+conditions on the program's output.
+
+Functional programming's avoidance of assignments arose because
+assignments are difficult to handle with this technique;
+assignments can break invariants that were true before the assignment
+without producing any new invariants that can be propagated onward.
+
+Unfortunately, proving programs correct is largely impractical and not
+relevant to Python software. Even trivial programs require proofs that
+are several pages long; the proof of correctness for a moderately
+complicated program would be enormous, and few or none of the programs
+you use daily (the Python interpreter, your XML parser, your web
+browser) could be proven correct. Even if you wrote down or generated
+a proof, there would then be the question of verifying the proof;
+maybe there's an error in it, and you wrongly believe you've proved
+the program correct.
+
+Modularity
+''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+A more practical benefit of functional programming is that it forces
+you to break apart your problem into small pieces. Programs are more
+modular as a result. It's easier to specify and write a small
+function that does one thing than a large function that performs a
+complicated transformation. Small functions are also easier to read
+and to check for errors.
+
+
+Ease of debugging and testing
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Testing and debugging a functional-style program is easier.
+
+Debugging is simplified because functions are generally small and
+clearly specified. When a program doesn't work, each function is an
+interface point where you can check that the data are correct. You
+can look at the intermediate inputs and outputs to quickly isolate the
+function that's responsible for a bug.
+
+Testing is easier because each function is a potential subject for a
+unit test. Functions don't depend on system state that needs to be
+replicated before running a test; instead you only have to synthesize
+the right input and then check that the output matches expectations.
+
+
+
+Composability
+''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+As you work on a functional-style program, you'll write a number of
+functions with varying inputs and outputs. Some of these functions
+will be unavoidably specialized to a particular application, but
+others will be useful in a wide variety of programs. For example, a
+function that takes a directory path and returns all the XML files in
+the directory, or a function that takes a filename and returns its
+contents, can be applied to many different situations.
+
+Over time you'll form a personal library of utilities. Often you'll
+assemble new programs by arranging existing functions in a new
+configuration and writing a few functions specialized for the current
+task.
+
+
+
+Iterators
+-----------------------
+
+I'll start by looking at a Python language feature that's an important
+foundation for writing functional-style programs: iterators.
+
+An iterator is an object representing a stream of data; this object
+returns the data one element at a time. A Python iterator must
+support a method called ``next()`` that takes no arguments and always
+returns the next element of the stream. If there are no more elements
+in the stream, ``next()`` must raise the ``StopIteration`` exception.
+Iterators don't have to be finite, though; it's perfectly reasonable
+to write an iterator that produces an infinite stream of data.
+
+The built-in ``iter()`` function takes an arbitrary object and tries
+to return an iterator that will return the object's contents or
+elements, raising ``TypeError`` if the object doesn't support
+iteration. Several of Python's built-in data types support iteration,
+the most common being lists and dictionaries. An object is called
+an **iterable** object if you can get an iterator for it.
+
+You can experiment with the iteration interface manually::
+
+ >>> L = [1,2,3]
+ >>> it = iter(L)
+ >>> print it
+ <iterator object at 0x8116870>
+ >>> it.next()
+ 1
+ >>> it.next()
+ 2
+ >>> it.next()
+ 3
+ >>> it.next()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
+ StopIteration
+ >>>
+
+Python expects iterable objects in several different contexts, the
+most important being the ``for`` statement. In the statement ``for X in Y``,
+Y must be an iterator or some object for which ``iter()`` can create
+an iterator. These two statements are equivalent::
+
+ for i in iter(obj):
+ print i
+
+ for i in obj:
+ print i
+
+Iterators can be materialized as lists or tuples by using the
+``list()`` or ``tuple()`` constructor functions::
+
+ >>> L = [1,2,3]
+ >>> iterator = iter(L)
+ >>> t = tuple(iterator)
+ >>> t
+ (1, 2, 3)
+
+Sequence unpacking also supports iterators: if you know an iterator
+will return N elements, you can unpack them into an N-tuple::
+
+ >>> L = [1,2,3]
+ >>> iterator = iter(L)
+ >>> a,b,c = iterator
+ >>> a,b,c
+ (1, 2, 3)
+
+Built-in functions such as ``max()`` and ``min()`` can take a single
+iterator argument and will return the largest or smallest element.
+The ``"in"`` and ``"not in"`` operators also support iterators: ``X in
+iterator`` is true if X is found in the stream returned by the
+iterator. You'll run into obvious problems if the iterator is
+infinite; ``max()``, ``min()``, and ``"not in"`` will never return, and
+if the element X never appears in the stream, the ``"in"`` operator
+won't return either.
+
+Note that you can only go forward in an iterator; there's no way to
+get the previous element, reset the iterator, or make a copy of it.
+Iterator objects can optionally provide these additional capabilities,
+but the iterator protocol only specifies the ``next()`` method.
+Functions may therefore consume all of the iterator's output, and if
+you need to do something different with the same stream, you'll have
+to create a new iterator.
+
+
+
+Data Types That Support Iterators
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+We've already seen how lists and tuples support iterators. In fact,
+any Python sequence type, such as strings, will automatically support
+creation of an iterator.
+
+Calling ``iter()`` on a dictionary returns an iterator that will loop
+over the dictionary's keys::
+
+ >>> m = {'Jan': 1, 'Feb': 2, 'Mar': 3, 'Apr': 4, 'May': 5, 'Jun': 6,
+ ... 'Jul': 7, 'Aug': 8, 'Sep': 9, 'Oct': 10, 'Nov': 11, 'Dec': 12}
+ >>> for key in m:
+ ... print key, m[key]
+ Mar 3
+ Feb 2
+ Aug 8
+ Sep 9
+ May 5
+ Jun 6
+ Jul 7
+ Jan 1
+ Apr 4
+ Nov 11
+ Dec 12
+ Oct 10
+
+Note that the order is essentially random, because it's based on the
+hash ordering of the objects in the dictionary.
+
+Applying ``iter()`` to a dictionary always loops over the keys, but
+dictionaries have methods that return other iterators. If you want to
+iterate over keys, values, or key/value pairs, you can explicitly call
+the ``iterkeys()``, ``itervalues()``, or ``iteritems()`` methods to
+get an appropriate iterator.
+
+The ``dict()`` constructor can accept an iterator that returns a
+finite stream of ``(key, value)`` tuples::
+
+ >>> L = [('Italy', 'Rome'), ('France', 'Paris'), ('US', 'Washington DC')]
+ >>> dict(iter(L))
+ {'Italy': 'Rome', 'US': 'Washington DC', 'France': 'Paris'}
+
+Files also support iteration by calling the ``readline()``
+method until there are no more lines in the file. This means you can
+read each line of a file like this::
+
+ for line in file:
+ # do something for each line
+ ...
+
+Sets can take their contents from an iterable and let you iterate over
+the set's elements::
+
+ S = set((2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13))
+ for i in S:
+ print i
+
+
+
+Generator expressions and list comprehensions
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+Two common operations on an iterator's output are 1) performing some
+operation for every element, 2) selecting a subset of elements that
+meet some condition. For example, given a list of strings, you might
+want to strip off trailing whitespace from each line or extract all
+the strings containing a given substring.
+
+List comprehensions and generator expressions (short form: "listcomps"
+and "genexps") are a concise notation for such operations, borrowed
+from the functional programming language Haskell
+(http://www.haskell.org). You can strip all the whitespace from a
+stream of strings with the following code::
+
+ line_list = [' line 1\n', 'line 2 \n', ...]
+
+ # Generator expression -- returns iterator
+ stripped_iter = (line.strip() for line in line_list)
+
+ # List comprehension -- returns list
+ stripped_list = [line.strip() for line in line_list]
+
+You can select only certain elements by adding an ``"if"`` condition::
+
+ stripped_list = [line.strip() for line in line_list
+ if line != ""]
+
+With a list comprehension, you get back a Python list;
+``stripped_list`` is a list containing the resulting lines, not an
+iterator. Generator expressions return an iterator that computes the
+values as necessary, not needing to materialize all the values at
+once. This means that list comprehensions aren't useful if you're
+working with iterators that return an infinite stream or a very large
+amount of data. Generator expressions are preferable in these
+situations.
+
+Generator expressions are surrounded by parentheses ("()") and list
+comprehensions are surrounded by square brackets ("[]"). Generator
+expressions have the form::
+
+ ( expression for expr in sequence1
+ if condition1
+ for expr2 in sequence2
+ if condition2
+ for expr3 in sequence3 ...
+ if condition3
+ for exprN in sequenceN
+ if conditionN )
+
+Again, for a list comprehension only the outside brackets are
+different (square brackets instead of parentheses).
+
+The elements of the generated output will be the successive values of
+``expression``. The ``if`` clauses are all optional; if present,
+``expression`` is only evaluated and added to the result when
+``condition`` is true.
+
+Generator expressions always have to be written inside parentheses,
+but the parentheses signalling a function call also count. If you
+want to create an iterator that will be immediately passed to a
+function you can write::
+
+ obj_total = sum(obj.count for obj in list_all_objects())
+
+The ``for...in`` clauses contain the sequences to be iterated over.
+The sequences do not have to be the same length, because they are
+iterated over from left to right, **not** in parallel. For each
+element in ``sequence1``, ``sequence2`` is looped over from the
+beginning. ``sequence3`` is then looped over for each
+resulting pair of elements from ``sequence1`` and ``sequence2``.
+
+To put it another way, a list comprehension or generator expression is
+equivalent to the following Python code::
+
+ for expr1 in sequence1:
+ if not (condition1):
+ continue # Skip this element
+ for expr2 in sequence2:
+ if not (condition2):
+ continue # Skip this element
+ ...
+ for exprN in sequenceN:
+ if not (conditionN):
+ continue # Skip this element
+
+ # Output the value of
+ # the expression.
+
+This means that when there are multiple ``for...in`` clauses but no
+``if`` clauses, the length of the resulting output will be equal to
+the product of the lengths of all the sequences. If you have two
+lists of length 3, the output list is 9 elements long::
+
+ seq1 = 'abc'
+ seq2 = (1,2,3)
+ >>> [ (x,y) for x in seq1 for y in seq2]
+ [('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('a', 3),
+ ('b', 1), ('b', 2), ('b', 3),
+ ('c', 1), ('c', 2), ('c', 3)]
+
+To avoid introducing an ambiguity into Python's grammar, if
+``expression`` is creating a tuple, it must be surrounded with
+parentheses. The first list comprehension below is a syntax error,
+while the second one is correct::
+
+ # Syntax error
+ [ x,y for x in seq1 for y in seq2]
+ # Correct
+ [ (x,y) for x in seq1 for y in seq2]
+
+
+Generators
+-----------------------
+
+Generators are a special class of functions that simplify the task of
+writing iterators. Regular functions compute a value and return it,
+but generators return an iterator that returns a stream of values.
+
+You're doubtless familiar with how regular function calls work in
+Python or C. When you call a function, it gets a private namespace
+where its local variables are created. When the function reaches a
+``return`` statement, the local variables are destroyed and the
+value is returned to the caller. A later call to the same function
+creates a new private namespace and a fresh set of local
+variables. But, what if the local variables weren't thrown away on
+exiting a function? What if you could later resume the function where
+it left off? This is what generators provide; they can be thought of
+as resumable functions.
+
+Here's the simplest example of a generator function::
+
+ def generate_ints(N):
+ for i in range(N):
+ yield i
+
+Any function containing a ``yield`` keyword is a generator function;
+this is detected by Python's bytecode compiler which compiles the
+function specially as a result.
+
+When you call a generator function, it doesn't return a single value;
+instead it returns a generator object that supports the iterator
+protocol. On executing the ``yield`` expression, the generator
+outputs the value of ``i``, similar to a ``return``
+statement. The big difference between ``yield`` and a
+``return`` statement is that on reaching a ``yield`` the
+generator's state of execution is suspended and local variables are
+preserved. On the next call to the generator's ``.next()`` method,
+the function will resume executing.
+
+Here's a sample usage of the ``generate_ints()`` generator::
+
+ >>> gen = generate_ints(3)
+ >>> gen
+ <generator object at 0x8117f90>
+ >>> gen.next()
+ 0
+ >>> gen.next()
+ 1
+ >>> gen.next()
+ 2
+ >>> gen.next()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "stdin", line 1, in ?
+ File "stdin", line 2, in generate_ints
+ StopIteration
+
+You could equally write ``for i in generate_ints(5)``, or
+``a,b,c = generate_ints(3)``.
+
+Inside a generator function, the ``return`` statement can only be used
+without a value, and signals the end of the procession of values;
+after executing a ``return`` the generator cannot return any further
+values. ``return`` with a value, such as ``return 5``, is a syntax
+error inside a generator function. The end of the generator's results
+can also be indicated by raising ``StopIteration`` manually, or by
+just letting the flow of execution fall off the bottom of the
+function.
+
+You could achieve the effect of generators manually by writing your
+own class and storing all the local variables of the generator as
+instance variables. For example, returning a list of integers could
+be done by setting ``self.count`` to 0, and having the
+``next()`` method increment ``self.count`` and return it.
+However, for a moderately complicated generator, writing a
+corresponding class can be much messier.
+
+The test suite included with Python's library, ``test_generators.py``,
+contains a number of more interesting examples. Here's one generator
+that implements an in-order traversal of a tree using generators
+recursively.
+
+::
+
+ # A recursive generator that generates Tree leaves in in-order.
+ def inorder(t):
+ if t:
+ for x in inorder(t.left):
+ yield x
+
+ yield t.label
+
+ for x in inorder(t.right):
+ yield x
+
+Two other examples in ``test_generators.py`` produce
+solutions for the N-Queens problem (placing N queens on an NxN
+chess board so that no queen threatens another) and the Knight's Tour
+(finding a route that takes a knight to every square of an NxN chessboard
+without visiting any square twice).
+
+
+
+Passing values into a generator
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+In Python 2.4 and earlier, generators only produced output. Once a
+generator's code was invoked to create an iterator, there was no way to
+pass any new information into the function when its execution is
+resumed. You could hack together this ability by making the
+generator look at a global variable or by passing in some mutable object
+that callers then modify, but these approaches are messy.
+
+In Python 2.5 there's a simple way to pass values into a generator.
+``yield`` became an expression, returning a value that can be assigned
+to a variable or otherwise operated on::
+
+ val = (yield i)
+
+I recommend that you **always** put parentheses around a ``yield``
+expression when you're doing something with the returned value, as in
+the above example. The parentheses aren't always necessary, but it's
+easier to always add them instead of having to remember when they're
+needed.
+
+(PEP 342 explains the exact rules, which are that a
+``yield``-expression must always be parenthesized except when it
+occurs at the top-level expression on the right-hand side of an
+assignment. This means you can write ``val = yield i`` but have to
+use parentheses when there's an operation, as in ``val = (yield i)
++ 12``.)
+
+Values are sent into a generator by calling its
+``send(value)`` method. This method resumes the
+generator's code and the ``yield`` expression returns the specified
+value. If the regular ``next()`` method is called, the
+``yield`` returns ``None``.
+
+Here's a simple counter that increments by 1 and allows changing the
+value of the internal counter.
+
+::
+
+ def counter (maximum):
+ i = 0
+ while i < maximum:
+ val = (yield i)
+ # If value provided, change counter
+ if val is not None:
+ i = val
+ else:
+ i += 1
+
+And here's an example of changing the counter:
+
+ >>> it = counter(10)
+ >>> print it.next()
+ 0
+ >>> print it.next()
+ 1
+ >>> print it.send(8)
+ 8
+ >>> print it.next()
+ 9
+ >>> print it.next()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File ``t.py'', line 15, in ?
+ print it.next()
+ StopIteration
+
+Because ``yield`` will often be returning ``None``, you
+should always check for this case. Don't just use its value in
+expressions unless you're sure that the ``send()`` method
+will be the only method used resume your generator function.
+
+In addition to ``send()``, there are two other new methods on
+generators:
+
+* ``throw(type, value=None, traceback=None)`` is used to raise an exception inside the
+ generator; the exception is raised by the ``yield`` expression
+ where the generator's execution is paused.
+
+* ``close()`` raises a ``GeneratorExit``
+ exception inside the generator to terminate the iteration.
+ On receiving this
+ exception, the generator's code must either raise
+ ``GeneratorExit`` or ``StopIteration``; catching the
+ exception and doing anything else is illegal and will trigger
+ a ``RuntimeError``. ``close()`` will also be called by
+ Python's garbage collector when the generator is garbage-collected.
+
+ If you need to run cleanup code when a ``GeneratorExit`` occurs,
+ I suggest using a ``try: ... finally:`` suite instead of
+ catching ``GeneratorExit``.
+
+The cumulative effect of these changes is to turn generators from
+one-way producers of information into both producers and consumers.
+
+Generators also become **coroutines**, a more generalized form of
+subroutines. Subroutines are entered at one point and exited at
+another point (the top of the function, and a ``return``
+statement), but coroutines can be entered, exited, and resumed at
+many different points (the ``yield`` statements).
+
+
+Built-in functions
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Let's look in more detail at built-in functions often used with iterators.
+
+Two Python's built-in functions, ``map()`` and ``filter()``, are
+somewhat obsolete; they duplicate the features of list comprehensions
+but return actual lists instead of iterators.
+
+``map(f, iterA, iterB, ...)`` returns a list containing ``f(iterA[0],
+iterB[0]), f(iterA[1], iterB[1]), f(iterA[2], iterB[2]), ...``.
+
+::
+
+ def upper(s):
+ return s.upper()
+ map(upper, ['sentence', 'fragment']) =>
+ ['SENTENCE', 'FRAGMENT']
+
+ [upper(s) for s in ['sentence', 'fragment']] =>
+ ['SENTENCE', 'FRAGMENT']
+
+As shown above, you can achieve the same effect with a list
+comprehension. The ``itertools.imap()`` function does the same thing
+but can handle infinite iterators; it'll be discussed later, in the section on
+the ``itertools`` module.
+
+``filter(predicate, iter)`` returns a list
+that contains all the sequence elements that meet a certain condition,
+and is similarly duplicated by list comprehensions.
+A **predicate** is a function that returns the truth value of
+some condition; for use with ``filter()``, the predicate must take a
+single value.
+
+::
+
+ def is_even(x):
+ return (x % 2) == 0
+
+ filter(is_even, range(10)) =>
+ [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
+
+This can also be written as a list comprehension::
+
+ >>> [x for x in range(10) if is_even(x)]
+ [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
+
+``filter()`` also has a counterpart in the ``itertools`` module,
+``itertools.ifilter()``, that returns an iterator and
+can therefore handle infinite sequences just as ``itertools.imap()`` can.
+
+``reduce(func, iter, [initial_value])`` doesn't have a counterpart in
+the ``itertools`` module because it cumulatively performs an operation
+on all the iterable's elements and therefore can't be applied to
+infinite iterables. ``func`` must be a function that takes two elements
+and returns a single value. ``reduce()`` takes the first two elements
+A and B returned by the iterator and calculates ``func(A, B)``. It
+then requests the third element, C, calculates ``func(func(A, B),
+C)``, combines this result with the fourth element returned, and
+continues until the iterable is exhausted. If the iterable returns no
+values at all, a ``TypeError`` exception is raised. If the initial
+value is supplied, it's used as a starting point and
+``func(initial_value, A)`` is the first calculation.
+
+::
+
+ import operator
+ reduce(operator.concat, ['A', 'BB', 'C']) =>
+ 'ABBC'
+ reduce(operator.concat, []) =>
+ TypeError: reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value
+ reduce(operator.mul, [1,2,3], 1) =>
+ 6
+ reduce(operator.mul, [], 1) =>
+ 1
+
+If you use ``operator.add`` with ``reduce()``, you'll add up all the
+elements of the iterable. This case is so common that there's a special
+built-in called ``sum()`` to compute it::
+
+ reduce(operator.add, [1,2,3,4], 0) =>
+ 10
+ sum([1,2,3,4]) =>
+ 10
+ sum([]) =>
+ 0
+
+For many uses of ``reduce()``, though, it can be clearer to just write
+the obvious ``for`` loop::
+
+ # Instead of:
+ product = reduce(operator.mul, [1,2,3], 1)
+
+ # You can write:
+ product = 1
+ for i in [1,2,3]:
+ product *= i
+
+
+``enumerate(iter)`` counts off the elements in the iterable, returning
+2-tuples containing the count and each element.
+
+::
+
+ enumerate(['subject', 'verb', 'object']) =>
+ (0, 'subject'), (1, 'verb'), (2, 'object')
+
+``enumerate()`` is often used when looping through a list
+and recording the indexes at which certain conditions are met::
+
+ f = open('data.txt', 'r')
+ for i, line in enumerate(f):
+ if line.strip() == '':
+ print 'Blank line at line #%i' % i
+
+``sorted(iterable, [cmp=None], [key=None], [reverse=False)``
+collects all the elements of the iterable into a list, sorts
+the list, and returns the sorted result. The ``cmp``, ``key``,
+and ``reverse`` arguments are passed through to the
+constructed list's ``.sort()`` method.
+
+::
+
+ import random
+ # Generate 8 random numbers between [0, 10000)
+ rand_list = random.sample(range(10000), 8)
+ rand_list =>
+ [769, 7953, 9828, 6431, 8442, 9878, 6213, 2207]
+ sorted(rand_list) =>
+ [769, 2207, 6213, 6431, 7953, 8442, 9828, 9878]
+ sorted(rand_list, reverse=True) =>
+ [9878, 9828, 8442, 7953, 6431, 6213, 2207, 769]
+
+(For a more detailed discussion of sorting, see the Sorting mini-HOWTO
+in the Python wiki at http://wiki.python.org/moin/HowTo/Sorting.)
+
+The ``any(iter)`` and ``all(iter)`` built-ins look at
+the truth values of an iterable's contents. ``any()`` returns
+True if any element in the iterable is a true value, and ``all()``
+returns True if all of the elements are true values::
+
+ any([0,1,0]) =>
+ True
+ any([0,0,0]) =>
+ False
+ any([1,1,1]) =>
+ True
+ all([0,1,0]) =>
+ False
+ all([0,0,0]) =>
+ False
+ all([1,1,1]) =>
+ True
+
+
+Small functions and the lambda statement
+----------------------------------------------
+
+When writing functional-style programs, you'll often need little
+functions that act as predicates or that combine elements in some way.
+
+If there's a Python built-in or a module function that's suitable, you
+don't need to define a new function at all::
+
+ stripped_lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+ existing_files = filter(os.path.exists, file_list)
+
+If the function you need doesn't exist, you need to write it. One way
+to write small functions is to use the ``lambda`` statement. ``lambda``
+takes a number of parameters and an expression combining these parameters,
+and creates a small function that returns the value of the expression::
+
+ lowercase = lambda x: x.lower()
+
+ print_assign = lambda name, value: name + '=' + str(value)
+
+ adder = lambda x, y: x+y
+
+An alternative is to just use the ``def`` statement and define a
+function in the usual way::
+
+ def lowercase(x):
+ return x.lower()
+
+ def print_assign(name, value):
+ return name + '=' + str(value)
+
+ def adder(x,y):
+ return x + y
+
+Which alternative is preferable? That's a style question; my usual
+course is to avoid using ``lambda``.
+
+One reason for my preference is that ``lambda`` is quite limited in
+the functions it can define. The result has to be computable as a
+single expression, which means you can't have multiway
+``if... elif... else`` comparisons or ``try... except`` statements.
+If you try to do too much in a ``lambda`` statement, you'll end up
+with an overly complicated expression that's hard to read. Quick,
+what's the following code doing?
+
+::
+
+ total = reduce(lambda a, b: (0, a[1] + b[1]), items)[1]
+
+You can figure it out, but it takes time to disentangle the expression
+to figure out what's going on. Using a short nested
+``def`` statements makes things a little bit better::
+
+ def combine (a, b):
+ return 0, a[1] + b[1]
+
+ total = reduce(combine, items)[1]
+
+But it would be best of all if I had simply used a ``for`` loop::
+
+ total = 0
+ for a, b in items:
+ total += b
+
+Or the ``sum()`` built-in and a generator expression::
+
+ total = sum(b for a,b in items)
+
+Many uses of ``reduce()`` are clearer when written as ``for`` loops.
+
+Fredrik Lundh once suggested the following set of rules for refactoring
+uses of ``lambda``:
+
+1) Write a lambda function.
+2) Write a comment explaining what the heck that lambda does.
+3) Study the comment for a while, and think of a name that captures
+ the essence of the comment.
+4) Convert the lambda to a def statement, using that name.
+5) Remove the comment.
+
+I really like these rules, but you're free to disagree that this
+lambda-free style is better.
+
+
+The itertools module
+-----------------------
+
+The ``itertools`` module contains a number of commonly-used iterators
+as well as functions for combining several iterators. This section
+will introduce the module's contents by showing small examples.
+
+The module's functions fall into a few broad classes:
+
+* Functions that create a new iterator based on an existing iterator.
+* Functions for treating an iterator's elements as function arguments.
+* Functions for selecting portions of an iterator's output.
+* A function for grouping an iterator's output.
+
+Creating new iterators
+''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+``itertools.count(n)`` returns an infinite stream of
+integers, increasing by 1 each time. You can optionally supply the
+starting number, which defaults to 0::
+
+ itertools.count() =>
+ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...
+ itertools.count(10) =>
+ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ...
+
+``itertools.cycle(iter)`` saves a copy of the contents of a provided
+iterable and returns a new iterator that returns its elements from
+first to last. The new iterator will repeat these elements infinitely.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.cycle([1,2,3,4,5]) =>
+ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
+
+``itertools.repeat(elem, [n])`` returns the provided element ``n``
+times, or returns the element endlessly if ``n`` is not provided.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.repeat('abc') =>
+ abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, abc, ...
+ itertools.repeat('abc', 5) =>
+ abc, abc, abc, abc, abc
+
+``itertools.chain(iterA, iterB, ...)`` takes an arbitrary number of
+iterables as input, and returns all the elements of the first
+iterator, then all the elements of the second, and so on, until all of
+the iterables have been exhausted.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.chain(['a', 'b', 'c'], (1, 2, 3)) =>
+ a, b, c, 1, 2, 3
+
+``itertools.izip(iterA, iterB, ...)`` takes one element from each iterable
+and returns them in a tuple::
+
+ itertools.izip(['a', 'b', 'c'], (1, 2, 3)) =>
+ ('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)
+
+It's similiar to the built-in ``zip()`` function, but doesn't
+construct an in-memory list and exhaust all the input iterators before
+returning; instead tuples are constructed and returned only if they're
+requested. (The technical term for this behaviour is
+`lazy evaluation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation>`__.)
+
+This iterator is intended to be used with iterables that are all of
+the same length. If the iterables are of different lengths, the
+resulting stream will be the same length as the shortest iterable.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.izip(['a', 'b'], (1, 2, 3)) =>
+ ('a', 1), ('b', 2)
+
+You should avoid doing this, though, because an element may be taken
+from the longer iterators and discarded. This means you can't go on
+to use the iterators further because you risk skipping a discarded
+element.
+
+``itertools.islice(iter, [start], stop, [step])`` returns a stream
+that's a slice of the iterator. With a single ``stop`` argument,
+it will return the first ``stop``
+elements. If you supply a starting index, you'll get ``stop-start``
+elements, and if you supply a value for ``step`, elements will be
+skipped accordingly. Unlike Python's string and list slicing, you
+can't use negative values for ``start``, ``stop``, or ``step``.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.islice(range(10), 8) =>
+ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
+ itertools.islice(range(10), 2, 8) =>
+ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
+ itertools.islice(range(10), 2, 8, 2) =>
+ 2, 4, 6
+
+``itertools.tee(iter, [n])`` replicates an iterator; it returns ``n``
+independent iterators that will all return the contents of the source
+iterator. If you don't supply a value for ``n``, the default is 2.
+Replicating iterators requires saving some of the contents of the source
+iterator, so this can consume significant memory if the iterator is large
+and one of the new iterators is consumed more than the others.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.tee( itertools.count() ) =>
+ iterA, iterB
+
+ where iterA ->
+ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...
+
+ and iterB ->
+ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...
+
+
+Calling functions on elements
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Two functions are used for calling other functions on the contents of an
+iterable.
+
+``itertools.imap(f, iterA, iterB, ...)`` returns
+a stream containing ``f(iterA[0], iterB[0]), f(iterA[1], iterB[1]),
+f(iterA[2], iterB[2]), ...``::
+
+ itertools.imap(operator.add, [5, 6, 5], [1, 2, 3]) =>
+ 6, 8, 8
+
+The ``operator`` module contains a set of functions
+corresponding to Python's operators. Some examples are
+``operator.add(a, b)`` (adds two values),
+``operator.ne(a, b)`` (same as ``a!=b``),
+and
+``operator.attrgetter('id')`` (returns a callable that
+fetches the ``"id"`` attribute).
+
+``itertools.starmap(func, iter)`` assumes that the iterable will
+return a stream of tuples, and calls ``f()`` using these tuples as the
+arguments::
+
+ itertools.starmap(os.path.join,
+ [('/usr', 'bin', 'java'), ('/bin', 'python'),
+ ('/usr', 'bin', 'perl'),('/usr', 'bin', 'ruby')])
+ =>
+ /usr/bin/java, /bin/python, /usr/bin/perl, /usr/bin/ruby
+
+
+Selecting elements
+''''''''''''''''''
+
+Another group of functions chooses a subset of an iterator's elements
+based on a predicate.
+
+``itertools.ifilter(predicate, iter)`` returns all the elements for
+which the predicate returns true::
+
+ def is_even(x):
+ return (x % 2) == 0
+
+ itertools.ifilter(is_even, itertools.count()) =>
+ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ...
+
+``itertools.ifilterfalse(predicate, iter)`` is the opposite,
+returning all elements for which the predicate returns false::
+
+ itertools.ifilterfalse(is_even, itertools.count()) =>
+ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...
+
+``itertools.takewhile(predicate, iter)`` returns elements for as long
+as the predicate returns true. Once the predicate returns false,
+the iterator will signal the end of its results.
+
+::
+
+ def less_than_10(x):
+ return (x < 10)
+
+ itertools.takewhile(less_than_10, itertools.count()) =>
+ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
+
+ itertools.takewhile(is_even, itertools.count()) =>
+ 0
+
+``itertools.dropwhile(predicate, iter)`` discards elements while the
+predicate returns true, and then returns the rest of the iterable's
+results.
+
+::
+
+ itertools.dropwhile(less_than_10, itertools.count()) =>
+ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ...
+
+ itertools.dropwhile(is_even, itertools.count()) =>
+ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...
+
+
+Grouping elements
+'''''''''''''''''
+
+The last function I'll discuss, ``itertools.groupby(iter,
+key_func=None)``, is the most complicated. ``key_func(elem)`` is a
+function that can compute a key value for each element returned by the
+iterable. If you don't supply a key function, the key is simply each
+element itself.
+
+``groupby()`` collects all the consecutive elements from the
+underlying iterable that have the same key value, and returns a stream
+of 2-tuples containing a key value and an iterator for the elements
+with that key.
+
+::
+
+ city_list = [('Decatur', 'AL'), ('Huntsville', 'AL'), ('Selma', 'AL'),
+ ('Anchorage', 'AK'), ('Nome', 'AK'),
+ ('Flagstaff', 'AZ'), ('Phoenix', 'AZ'), ('Tucson', 'AZ'),
+ ...
+ ]
+
+ def get_state ((city, state)):
+ return state
+
+ itertools.groupby(city_list, get_state) =>
+ ('AL', iterator-1),
+ ('AK', iterator-2),
+ ('AZ', iterator-3), ...
+
+ where
+ iterator-1 =>
+ ('Decatur', 'AL'), ('Huntsville', 'AL'), ('Selma', 'AL')
+ iterator-2 =>
+ ('Anchorage', 'AK'), ('Nome', 'AK')
+ iterator-3 =>
+ ('Flagstaff', 'AZ'), ('Phoenix', 'AZ'), ('Tucson', 'AZ')
+
+``groupby()`` assumes that the underlying iterable's contents will
+already be sorted based on the key. Note that the returned iterators
+also use the underlying iterable, so you have to consume the results
+of iterator-1 before requesting iterator-2 and its corresponding key.
+
+
+The functools module
+----------------------------------------------
+
+The ``functools`` module in Python 2.5 contains some higher-order
+functions. A **higher-order function** takes one or more functions as
+input and returns a new function. The most useful tool in this module
+is the ``partial()`` function.
+
+For programs written in a functional style, you'll sometimes want to
+construct variants of existing functions that have some of the
+parameters filled in. Consider a Python function ``f(a, b, c)``; you
+may wish to create a new function ``g(b, c)`` that's equivalent to
+``f(1, b, c)``; you're filling in a value for one of ``f()``'s parameters.
+This is called "partial function application".
+
+The constructor for ``partial`` takes the arguments ``(function, arg1,
+arg2, ... kwarg1=value1, kwarg2=value2)``. The resulting object is
+callable, so you can just call it to invoke ``function`` with the
+filled-in arguments.
+
+Here's a small but realistic example::
+
+ import functools
+
+ def log (message, subsystem):
+ "Write the contents of 'message' to the specified subsystem."
+ print '%s: %s' % (subsystem, message)
+ ...
+
+ server_log = functools.partial(log, subsystem='server')
+ server_log('Unable to open socket')
+
+
+The operator module
+-------------------
+
+The ``operator`` module was mentioned earlier. It contains a set of
+functions corresponding to Python's operators. These functions
+are often useful in functional-style code because they save you
+from writing trivial functions that perform a single operation.
+
+Some of the functions in this module are:
+
+* Math operations: ``add()``, ``sub()``, ``mul()``, ``div()``, ``floordiv()``,
+ ``abs()``, ...
+* Logical operations: ``not_()``, ``truth()``.
+* Bitwise operations: ``and_()``, ``or_()``, ``invert()``.
+* Comparisons: ``eq()``, ``ne()``, ``lt()``, ``le()``, ``gt()``, and ``ge()``.
+* Object identity: ``is_()``, ``is_not()``.
+
+Consult `the operator module's documentation <http://docs.python.org/lib/module-operator.html>`__ for a complete
+list.
+
+
+
+The functional module
+---------------------
+
+Collin Winter's `functional module <http://oakwinter.com/code/functional/>`__
+provides a number of more
+advanced tools for functional programming. It also reimplements
+several Python built-ins, trying to make them more intuitive to those
+used to functional programming in other languages.
+
+This section contains an introduction to some of the most important
+functions in ``functional``; full documentation can be found at `the
+project's website <http://oakwinter.com/code/functional/documentation/>`__.
+
+``compose(outer, inner, unpack=False)``
+
+The ``compose()`` function implements function composition.
+In other words, it returns a wrapper around the ``outer`` and ``inner`` callables, such
+that the return value from ``inner`` is fed directly to ``outer``. That is,
+
+::
+
+ >>> def add(a, b):
+ ... return a + b
+ ...
+ >>> def double(a):
+ ... return 2 * a
+ ...
+ >>> compose(double, add)(5, 6)
+ 22
+
+is equivalent to
+
+::
+
+ >>> double(add(5, 6))
+ 22
+
+The ``unpack`` keyword is provided to work around the fact that Python functions are not always
+`fully curried <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying>`__.
+By default, it is expected that the ``inner`` function will return a single object and that the ``outer``
+function will take a single argument. Setting the ``unpack`` argument causes ``compose`` to expect a
+tuple from ``inner`` which will be expanded before being passed to ``outer``. Put simply,
+
+::
+
+ compose(f, g)(5, 6)
+
+is equivalent to::
+
+ f(g(5, 6))
+
+while
+
+::
+
+ compose(f, g, unpack=True)(5, 6)
+
+is equivalent to::
+
+ f(*g(5, 6))
+
+Even though ``compose()`` only accepts two functions, it's trivial to
+build up a version that will compose any number of functions. We'll
+use ``reduce()``, ``compose()`` and ``partial()`` (the last of which
+is provided by both ``functional`` and ``functools``).
+
+::
+
+ from functional import compose, partial
+
+ multi_compose = partial(reduce, compose)
+
+
+We can also use ``map()``, ``compose()`` and ``partial()`` to craft a
+version of ``"".join(...)`` that converts its arguments to string::
+
+ from functional import compose, partial
+
+ join = compose("".join, partial(map, str))
+
+
+``flip(func)``
+
+``flip()`` wraps the callable in ``func`` and
+causes it to receive its non-keyword arguments in reverse order.
+
+::
+
+ >>> def triple(a, b, c):
+ ... return (a, b, c)
+ ...
+ >>> triple(5, 6, 7)
+ (5, 6, 7)
+ >>>
+ >>> flipped_triple = flip(triple)
+ >>> flipped_triple(5, 6, 7)
+ (7, 6, 5)
+
+``foldl(func, start, iterable)``
+
+``foldl()`` takes a binary function, a starting value (usually some kind of 'zero'), and an iterable.
+The function is applied to the starting value and the first element of the list, then the result of
+that and the second element of the list, then the result of that and the third element of the list,
+and so on.
+
+This means that a call such as::
+
+ foldl(f, 0, [1, 2, 3])
+
+is equivalent to::
+
+ f(f(f(0, 1), 2), 3)
+
+
+``foldl()`` is roughly equivalent to the following recursive function::
+
+ def foldl(func, start, seq):
+ if len(seq) == 0:
+ return start
+
+ return foldl(func, func(start, seq[0]), seq[1:])
+
+Speaking of equivalence, the above ``foldl`` call can be expressed in terms of the built-in ``reduce`` like
+so::
+
+ reduce(f, [1, 2, 3], 0)
+
+
+We can use ``foldl()``, ``operator.concat()`` and ``partial()`` to
+write a cleaner, more aesthetically-pleasing version of Python's
+``"".join(...)`` idiom::
+
+ from functional import foldl, partial
+ from operator import concat
+
+ join = partial(foldl, concat, "")
+
+
+Revision History and Acknowledgements
+------------------------------------------------
+
+The author would like to thank the following people for offering
+suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this
+article: Ian Bicking, Nick Coghlan, Nick Efford, Raymond Hettinger,
+Jim Jewett, Mike Krell, Leandro Lameiro, Jussi Salmela,
+Collin Winter, Blake Winton.
+
+Version 0.1: posted June 30 2006.
+
+Version 0.11: posted July 1 2006. Typo fixes.
+
+Version 0.2: posted July 10 2006. Merged genexp and listcomp
+sections into one. Typo fixes.
+
+Version 0.21: Added more references suggested on the tutor mailing list.
+
+Version 0.30: Adds a section on the ``functional`` module written by
+Collin Winter; adds short section on the operator module; a few other
+edits.
+
+
+References
+--------------------
+
+General
+'''''''''''''''
+
+**Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs**, by
+Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman.
+Full text at http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/.
+In this classic textbook of computer science, chapters 2 and 3 discuss the
+use of sequences and streams to organize the data flow inside a
+program. The book uses Scheme for its examples, but many of the
+design approaches described in these chapters are applicable to
+functional-style Python code.
+
+http://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/fp.html: A general
+introduction to functional programming that uses Java examples
+and has a lengthy historical introduction.
+
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming:
+General Wikipedia entry describing functional programming.
+
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine:
+Entry for coroutines.
+
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying:
+Entry for the concept of currying.
+
+Python-specific
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+http://gnosis.cx/TPiP/:
+The first chapter of David Mertz's book :title-reference:`Text Processing in Python`
+discusses functional programming for text processing, in the section titled
+"Utilizing Higher-Order Functions in Text Processing".
+
+Mertz also wrote a 3-part series of articles on functional programming
+for IBM's DeveloperWorks site; see
+`part 1 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-prog.html>`__,
+`part 2 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-prog2.html>`__, and
+`part 3 <http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3.html>`__,
+
+
+Python documentation
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+http://docs.python.org/lib/module-itertools.html:
+Documentation ``for the itertools`` module.
+
+http://docs.python.org/lib/module-operator.html:
+Documentation ``for the operator`` module.
+
+http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/:
+PEP 289: "Generator Expressions"
+
+http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342/
+PEP 342: "Coroutines via Enhanced Generators" describes the new generator
+features in Python 2.5.
+
+.. comment
+
+ Topics to place
+ -----------------------------
+
+ XXX os.walk()
+
+ XXX Need a large example.
+
+ But will an example add much? I'll post a first draft and see
+ what the comments say.
+
+.. comment
+
+ Original outline:
+ Introduction
+ Idea of FP
+ Programs built out of functions
+ Functions are strictly input-output, no internal state
+ Opposed to OO programming, where objects have state
+
+ Why FP?
+ Formal provability
+ Assignment is difficult to reason about
+ Not very relevant to Python
+ Modularity
+ Small functions that do one thing
+ Debuggability:
+ Easy to test due to lack of state
+ Easy to verify output from intermediate steps
+ Composability
+ You assemble a toolbox of functions that can be mixed
+
+ Tackling a problem
+ Need a significant example
+
+ Iterators
+ Generators
+ The itertools module
+ List comprehensions
+ Small functions and the lambda statement
+ Built-in functions
+ map
+ filter
+ reduce
+
+.. comment
+
+ Handy little function for printing part of an iterator -- used
+ while writing this document.
+
+ import itertools
+ def print_iter(it):
+ slice = itertools.islice(it, 10)
+ for elem in slice[:-1]:
+ sys.stdout.write(str(elem))
+ sys.stdout.write(', ')
+ print elem[-1]
+
+
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