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authorGeorg Brandl <georg@python.org>2007-08-15 14:26:55 (GMT)
committerGeorg Brandl <georg@python.org>2007-08-15 14:26:55 (GMT)
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-\section{\module{copy} ---
- Shallow and deep copy operations}
-
-\declaremodule{standard}{copy}
-\modulesynopsis{Shallow and deep copy operations.}
-
-
-This module provides generic (shallow and deep) copying operations.
-\withsubitem{(in copy)}{\ttindex{copy()}\ttindex{deepcopy()}}
-
-Interface summary:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-import copy
-
-x = copy.copy(y) # make a shallow copy of y
-x = copy.deepcopy(y) # make a deep copy of y
-\end{verbatim}
-%
-For module specific errors, \exception{copy.error} is raised.
-
-The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for
-compound objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or
-class instances):
-
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item
-A \emph{shallow copy} constructs a new compound object and then (to the
-extent possible) inserts \emph{references} into it to the objects found
-in the original.
-
-\item
-A \emph{deep copy} constructs a new compound object and then,
-recursively, inserts \emph{copies} into it of the objects found in the
-original.
-
-\end{itemize}
-
-Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don't exist
-with shallow copy operations:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item
-Recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly,
-contain a reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop.
-
-\item
-Because deep copy copies \emph{everything} it may copy too much,
-e.g., administrative data structures that should be shared even
-between copies.
-
-\end{itemize}
-
-The \function{deepcopy()} function avoids these problems by:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item
-keeping a ``memo'' dictionary of objects already copied during the current
-copying pass; and
-
-\item
-letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the
-set of components copied.
-
-\end{itemize}
-
-This module does not copy types like module, method,
-stack trace, stack frame, file, socket, window, array, or any similar
-types. It does ``copy'' functions and classes (shallow and deeply),
-by returning the original object unchanged; this is compatible with
-the way these are treated by the \module{pickle} module.
-\versionchanged[Added copying functions]{2.5}
-
-Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use
-to control pickling. See the description of module
-\refmodule{pickle}\refstmodindex{pickle} for information on these
-methods. The \module{copy} module does not use the
-\refmodule[copyreg]{copy_reg} registration module.
-
-In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can
-define special methods \method{__copy__()} and
-\method{__deepcopy__()}. The former is called to implement the
-shallow copy operation; no additional arguments are passed. The
-latter is called to implement the deep copy operation; it is passed
-one argument, the memo dictionary. If the \method{__deepcopy__()}
-implementation needs to make a deep copy of a component, it should
-call the \function{deepcopy()} function with the component as first
-argument and the memo dictionary as second argument.
-\withsubitem{(copy protocol)}{\ttindex{__copy__()}\ttindex{__deepcopy__()}}
-
-\begin{seealso}
-\seemodule{pickle}{Discussion of the special methods used to
-support object state retrieval and restoration.}
-\end{seealso}