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author | Thomas Wouters <thomas@python.org> | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 (GMT) |
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committer | Thomas Wouters <thomas@python.org> | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 (GMT) |
commit | 49fd7fa4431da299196d74087df4a04f99f9c46f (patch) | |
tree | 35ace5fe78d3d52c7a9ab356ab9f6dbf8d4b71f4 /Doc/lib/libregex.tex | |
parent | 9ada3d6e29d5165dadacbe6be07bcd35cfbef59d (diff) | |
download | cpython-49fd7fa4431da299196d74087df4a04f99f9c46f.zip cpython-49fd7fa4431da299196d74087df4a04f99f9c46f.tar.gz cpython-49fd7fa4431da299196d74087df4a04f99f9c46f.tar.bz2 |
Merge p3yk branch with the trunk up to revision 45595. This breaks a fair
number of tests, all because of the codecs/_multibytecodecs issue described
here (it's not a Py3K issue, just something Py3K discovers):
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2006-April/064051.html
Hye-Shik Chang promised to look for a fix, so no need to fix it here. The
tests that are expected to break are:
test_codecencodings_cn
test_codecencodings_hk
test_codecencodings_jp
test_codecencodings_kr
test_codecencodings_tw
test_codecs
test_multibytecodec
This merge fixes an actual test failure (test_weakref) in this branch,
though, so I believe merging is the right thing to do anyway.
Diffstat (limited to 'Doc/lib/libregex.tex')
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/lib/libregex.tex | 370 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 370 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/lib/libregex.tex b/Doc/lib/libregex.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 0982f81..0000000 --- a/Doc/lib/libregex.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,370 +0,0 @@ -\section{\module{regex} --- - Regular expression operations} -\declaremodule{builtin}{regex} - -\modulesynopsis{Regular expression search and match operations. - \strong{Obsolete!}} - - -This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to -those found in Emacs. - -\strong{Obsolescence note:} -This module is obsolete as of Python version 1.5; it is still being -maintained because much existing code still uses it. All new code in -need of regular expressions should use the new -\code{re}\refstmodindex{re} module, which supports the more powerful -and regular Perl-style regular expressions. Existing code should be -converted. The standard library module -\code{reconvert}\refstmodindex{reconvert} helps in converting -\code{regex} style regular expressions to \code{re}\refstmodindex{re} -style regular expressions. (For more conversion help, see Andrew -Kuchling's\index{Kuchling, Andrew} ``\module{regex-to-re} HOWTO'' at -\url{http://www.python.org/doc/howto/regex-to-re/}.) - -By default the patterns are Emacs-style regular expressions -(with one exception). There is -a way to change the syntax to match that of several well-known -\UNIX{} utilities. The exception is that Emacs' \samp{\e s} -pattern is not supported, since the original implementation references -the Emacs syntax tables. - -This module is 8-bit clean: both patterns and strings may contain null -bytes and characters whose high bit is set. - -\strong{Please note:} There is a little-known fact about Python string -literals which means that you don't usually have to worry about -doubling backslashes, even though they are used to escape special -characters in string literals as well as in regular expressions. This -is because Python doesn't remove backslashes from string literals if -they are followed by an unrecognized escape character. -\emph{However}, if you want to include a literal \dfn{backslash} in a -regular expression represented as a string literal, you have to -\emph{quadruple} it or enclose it in a singleton character class. -E.g.\ to extract \LaTeX\ \samp{\e section\{\textrm{\ldots}\}} headers -from a document, you can use this pattern: -\code{'[\e ]section\{\e (.*\e )\}'}. \emph{Another exception:} -the escape sequence \samp{\e b} is significant in string literals -(where it means the ASCII bell character) as well as in Emacs regular -expressions (where it stands for a word boundary), so in order to -search for a word boundary, you should use the pattern \code{'\e \e b'}. -Similarly, a backslash followed by a digit 0-7 should be doubled to -avoid interpretation as an octal escape. - -\subsection{Regular Expressions} - -A regular expression (or RE) specifies a set of strings that matches -it; the functions in this module let you check if a particular string -matches a given regular expression (or if a given regular expression -matches a particular string, which comes down to the same thing). - -Regular expressions can be concatenated to form new regular -expressions; if \emph{A} and \emph{B} are both regular expressions, -then \emph{AB} is also an regular expression. If a string \emph{p} -matches A and another string \emph{q} matches B, the string \emph{pq} -will match AB. Thus, complex expressions can easily be constructed -from simpler ones like the primitives described here. For details of -the theory and implementation of regular expressions, consult almost -any textbook about compiler construction. - -% XXX The reference could be made more specific, say to -% "Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools", by Alfred V. Aho, -% Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman, or some FA text. - -A brief explanation of the format of regular expressions follows. - -Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters. -Ordinary characters, like '\code{A}', '\code{a}', or '\code{0}', are -the simplest regular expressions; they simply match themselves. You -can concatenate ordinary characters, so '\code{last}' matches the -characters 'last'. (In the rest of this section, we'll write RE's in -\code{this special font}, usually without quotes, and strings to be -matched 'in single quotes'.) - -Special characters either stand for classes of ordinary characters, or -affect how the regular expressions around them are interpreted. - -The special characters are: -\begin{itemize} -\item[\code{.}] (Dot.) Matches any character except a newline. -\item[\code{\^}] (Caret.) Matches the start of the string. -\item[\code{\$}] Matches the end of the string. -\code{foo} matches both 'foo' and 'foobar', while the regular -expression '\code{foo\$}' matches only 'foo'. -\item[\code{*}] Causes the resulting RE to -match 0 or more repetitions of the preceding RE. \code{ab*} will -match 'a', 'ab', or 'a' followed by any number of 'b's. -\item[\code{+}] Causes the -resulting RE to match 1 or more repetitions of the preceding RE. -\code{ab+} will match 'a' followed by any non-zero number of 'b's; it -will not match just 'a'. -\item[\code{?}] Causes the resulting RE to -match 0 or 1 repetitions of the preceding RE. \code{ab?} will -match either 'a' or 'ab'. - -\item[\code{\e}] Either escapes special characters (permitting you to match -characters like '*?+\&\$'), or signals a special sequence; special -sequences are discussed below. Remember that Python also uses the -backslash as an escape sequence in string literals; if the escape -sequence isn't recognized by Python's parser, the backslash and -subsequent character are included in the resulting string. However, -if Python would recognize the resulting sequence, the backslash should -be repeated twice. - -\item[\code{[]}] Used to indicate a set of characters. Characters can -be listed individually, or a range is indicated by giving two -characters and separating them by a '-'. Special characters are -not active inside sets. For example, \code{[akm\$]} -will match any of the characters 'a', 'k', 'm', or '\$'; \code{[a-z]} will -match any lowercase letter. - -If you want to include a \code{]} inside a -set, it must be the first character of the set; to include a \code{-}, -place it as the first or last character. - -Characters \emph{not} within a range can be matched by including a -\code{\^} as the first character of the set; \code{\^} elsewhere will -simply match the '\code{\^}' character. -\end{itemize} - -The special sequences consist of '\code{\e}' and a character -from the list below. If the ordinary character is not on the list, -then the resulting RE will match the second character. For example, -\code{\e\$} matches the character '\$'. Ones where the backslash -should be doubled in string literals are indicated. - -\begin{itemize} -\item[\code{\e|}]\code{A\e|B}, where A and B can be arbitrary REs, -creates a regular expression that will match either A or B. This can -be used inside groups (see below) as well. -% -\item[\code{\e( \e)}] Indicates the start and end of a group; the -contents of a group can be matched later in the string with the -\code{\e [1-9]} special sequence, described next. -\end{itemize} - -\begin{fulllineitems} -\item[\code{\e \e 1, ... \e \e 7, \e 8, \e 9}] -Matches the contents of the group of the same -number. For example, \code{\e (.+\e ) \e \e 1} matches 'the the' or -'55 55', but not 'the end' (note the space after the group). This -special sequence can only be used to match one of the first 9 groups; -groups with higher numbers can be matched using the \code{\e v} -sequence. (\code{\e 8} and \code{\e 9} don't need a double backslash -because they are not octal digits.) -\end{fulllineitems} - -\begin{itemize} -\item[\code{\e \e b}] Matches the empty string, but only at the -beginning or end of a word. A word is defined as a sequence of -alphanumeric characters, so the end of a word is indicated by -whitespace or a non-alphanumeric character. -% -\item[\code{\e B}] Matches the empty string, but when it is \emph{not} at the -beginning or end of a word. -% -\item[\code{\e v}] Must be followed by a two digit decimal number, and -matches the contents of the group of the same number. The group -number must be between 1 and 99, inclusive. -% -\item[\code{\e w}]Matches any alphanumeric character; this is -equivalent to the set \code{[a-zA-Z0-9]}. -% -\item[\code{\e W}] Matches any non-alphanumeric character; this is -equivalent to the set \code{[\^a-zA-Z0-9]}. -\item[\code{\e <}] Matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a -word. A word is defined as a sequence of alphanumeric characters, so -the end of a word is indicated by whitespace or a non-alphanumeric -character. -\item[\code{\e >}] Matches the empty string, but only at the end of a -word. - -\item[\code{\e \e \e \e}] Matches a literal backslash. - -% In Emacs, the following two are start of buffer/end of buffer. In -% Python they seem to be synonyms for ^$. -\item[\code{\e `}] Like \code{\^}, this only matches at the start of the -string. -\item[\code{\e \e '}] Like \code{\$}, this only matches at the end of -the string. -% end of buffer -\end{itemize} - -\subsection{Module Contents} -\nodename{Contents of Module regex} - -The module defines these functions, and an exception: - - -\begin{funcdesc}{match}{pattern, string} - Return how many characters at the beginning of \var{string} match - the regular expression \var{pattern}. Return \code{-1} if the - string does not match the pattern (this is different from a - zero-length match!). -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{search}{pattern, string} - Return the first position in \var{string} that matches the regular - expression \var{pattern}. Return \code{-1} if no position in the string - matches the pattern (this is different from a zero-length match - anywhere!). -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{compile}{pattern\optional{, translate}} - Compile a regular expression pattern into a regular expression - object, which can be used for matching using its \code{match()} and - \code{search()} methods, described below. The optional argument - \var{translate}, if present, must be a 256-character string - indicating how characters (both of the pattern and of the strings to - be matched) are translated before comparing them; the \var{i}-th - element of the string gives the translation for the character with - \ASCII{} code \var{i}. This can be used to implement - case-insensitive matching; see the \code{casefold} data item below. - - The sequence - -\begin{verbatim} -prog = regex.compile(pat) -result = prog.match(str) -\end{verbatim} -% -is equivalent to - -\begin{verbatim} -result = regex.match(pat, str) -\end{verbatim} - -but the version using \code{compile()} is more efficient when multiple -regular expressions are used concurrently in a single program. (The -compiled version of the last pattern passed to \code{regex.match()} or -\code{regex.search()} is cached, so programs that use only a single -regular expression at a time needn't worry about compiling regular -expressions.) -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{set_syntax}{flags} - Set the syntax to be used by future calls to \code{compile()}, - \code{match()} and \code{search()}. (Already compiled expression - objects are not affected.) The argument is an integer which is the - OR of several flag bits. The return value is the previous value of - the syntax flags. Names for the flags are defined in the standard - module \code{regex_syntax}\refstmodindex{regex_syntax}; read the - file \file{regex_syntax.py} for more information. -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{get_syntax}{} - Returns the current value of the syntax flags as an integer. -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{symcomp}{pattern\optional{, translate}} -This is like \code{compile()}, but supports symbolic group names: if a -parenthesis-enclosed group begins with a group name in angular -brackets, e.g. \code{'\e(<id>[a-z][a-z0-9]*\e)'}, the group can -be referenced by its name in arguments to the \code{group()} method of -the resulting compiled regular expression object, like this: -\code{p.group('id')}. Group names may contain alphanumeric characters -and \code{'_'} only. -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{excdesc}{error} - Exception raised when a string passed to one of the functions here - is not a valid regular expression (e.g., unmatched parentheses) or - when some other error occurs during compilation or matching. (It is - never an error if a string contains no match for a pattern.) -\end{excdesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{casefold} -A string suitable to pass as the \var{translate} argument to -\code{compile()} to map all upper case characters to their lowercase -equivalents. -\end{datadesc} - -\noindent -Compiled regular expression objects support these methods: - -\setindexsubitem{(regex method)} -\begin{funcdesc}{match}{string\optional{, pos}} - Return how many characters at the beginning of \var{string} match - the compiled regular expression. Return \code{-1} if the string - does not match the pattern (this is different from a zero-length - match!). - - The optional second parameter, \var{pos}, gives an index in the string - where the search is to start; it defaults to \code{0}. This is not - completely equivalent to slicing the string; the \code{'\^'} pattern - character matches at the real beginning of the string and at positions - just after a newline, not necessarily at the index where the search - is to start. -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{search}{string\optional{, pos}} - Return the first position in \var{string} that matches the regular - expression \code{pattern}. Return \code{-1} if no position in the - string matches the pattern (this is different from a zero-length - match anywhere!). - - The optional second parameter has the same meaning as for the - \code{match()} method. -\end{funcdesc} - -\begin{funcdesc}{group}{index, index, ...} -This method is only valid when the last call to the \code{match()} -or \code{search()} method found a match. It returns one or more -groups of the match. If there is a single \var{index} argument, -the result is a single string; if there are multiple arguments, the -result is a tuple with one item per argument. If the \var{index} is -zero, the corresponding return value is the entire matching string; if -it is in the inclusive range [1..99], it is the string matching the -corresponding parenthesized group (using the default syntax, -groups are parenthesized using \code{{\e}(} and \code{{\e})}). If no -such group exists, the corresponding result is \code{None}. - -If the regular expression was compiled by \code{symcomp()} instead of -\code{compile()}, the \var{index} arguments may also be strings -identifying groups by their group name. -\end{funcdesc} - -\noindent -Compiled regular expressions support these data attributes: - -\setindexsubitem{(regex attribute)} - -\begin{datadesc}{regs} -When the last call to the \code{match()} or \code{search()} method found a -match, this is a tuple of pairs of indexes corresponding to the -beginning and end of all parenthesized groups in the pattern. Indices -are relative to the string argument passed to \code{match()} or -\code{search()}. The 0-th tuple gives the beginning and end or the -whole pattern. When the last match or search failed, this is -\code{None}. -\end{datadesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{last} -When the last call to the \code{match()} or \code{search()} method found a -match, this is the string argument passed to that method. When the -last match or search failed, this is \code{None}. -\end{datadesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{translate} -This is the value of the \var{translate} argument to -\code{regex.compile()} that created this regular expression object. If -the \var{translate} argument was omitted in the \code{regex.compile()} -call, this is \code{None}. -\end{datadesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{givenpat} -The regular expression pattern as passed to \code{compile()} or -\code{symcomp()}. -\end{datadesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{realpat} -The regular expression after stripping the group names for regular -expressions compiled with \code{symcomp()}. Same as \code{givenpat} -otherwise. -\end{datadesc} - -\begin{datadesc}{groupindex} -A dictionary giving the mapping from symbolic group names to numerical -group indexes for regular expressions compiled with \code{symcomp()}. -\code{None} otherwise. -\end{datadesc} |