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authorGeorg Brandl <georg@python.org>2007-08-15 14:27:07 (GMT)
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-\section{\module{shelve} ---
- Python object persistence}
-
-\declaremodule{standard}{shelve}
-\modulesynopsis{Python object persistence.}
-
-
-A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference
-with ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf
-can be essentially arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the
-\refmodule{pickle} module can handle. This includes most class
-instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared
-sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.
-\refstmodindex{pickle}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{open}{filename\optional{,flag='c'\optional{,protocol=\code{None}\optional{,writeback=\code{False}}}}}
-Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename
-for the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to
-the filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the
-underlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional
-{}\var{flag} parameter has the same interpretation as the \var{flag}
-parameter of \function{anydbm.open}.
-
-By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values.
-The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
-\var{protocol} parameter. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
-parameter was added]{2.3}
-
-By default, mutations to persistent-dictionary mutable entries are not
-automatically written back. If the optional \var{writeback} parameter
-is set to {}\var{True}, all entries accessed are cached in memory, and
-written back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutable
-entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries are
-accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and it
-can make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries are
-written back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries are
-mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated).
-
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-Shelve objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases
-the transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent
-storage.
-
-One additional method is supported:
-\begin{methoddesc}[Shelf]{sync}{}
-Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with
-\var{writeback} set to \var{True}. Also empty the cache and synchronize
-the persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible. This is called automatically
-when the shelf is closed with \method{close()}.
-\end{methoddesc}
-
-\subsection{Restrictions}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-
-\item
-The choice of which database package will be used
-(such as \refmodule{dbm}, \refmodule{gdbm} or \refmodule{bsddb}) depends on
-which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database
-directly using \refmodule{dbm}. The database is also (unfortunately) subject
-to the limitations of \refmodule{dbm}, if it is used --- this means
-that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the
-database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may
-cause the database to refuse updates.
-\refbimodindex{dbm}
-\refbimodindex{gdbm}
-\refbimodindex{bsddb}
-
-\item
-Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may
-or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The \method{__del__}
-method of the \class{Shelf} class calls the \method{close} method, so the
-programmer generally need not do this explicitly.
-
-\item
-The \module{shelve} module does not support \emph{concurrent} read/write
-access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are
-safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program
-should have it open for reading or writing. \UNIX{} file locking can
-be used to solve this, but this differs across \UNIX{} versions and
-requires knowledge about the database implementation used.
-
-\end{itemize}
-
-\begin{classdesc}{Shelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}
-A subclass of \class{UserDict.DictMixin} which stores pickled values in the
-\var{dict} object.
-
-By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The
-version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
-\var{protocol} parameter. See the \module{pickle} documentation for a
-discussion of the pickle protocols. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
-parameter was added]{2.3}
-
-If the \var{writeback} parameter is \code{True}, the object will hold a
-cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the \var{dict} at
-sync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries,
-but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time.
-\end{classdesc}
-
-\begin{classdesc}{BsdDbShelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}
-
-A subclass of \class{Shelf} which exposes \method{first},
-\method{next}, \method{previous}, \method{last} and
-\method{set_location} which are available in the \module{bsddb} module
-but not in other database modules. The \var{dict} object passed to
-the constructor must support those methods. This is generally
-accomplished by calling one of \function{bsddb.hashopen},
-\function{bsddb.btopen} or \function{bsddb.rnopen}. The optional
-\var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters have the
-same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
-
-\end{classdesc}
-
-\begin{classdesc}{DbfilenameShelf}{filename\optional{, flag='c'\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}}
-
-A subclass of \class{Shelf} which accepts a \var{filename} instead of
-a dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using
-{}\function{anydbm.open}. By default, the file will be created and
-opened for both read and write. The optional \var{flag} parameter has
-the same interpretation as for the \function{open} function. The
-optional \var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters
-have the same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
-
-\end{classdesc}
-
-\subsection{Example}
-
-To summarize the interface (\code{key} is a string, \code{data} is an
-arbitrary object):
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-import shelve
-
-d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level
- # library
-
-d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
- # using an existing key)
-data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no
- # such key)
-del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
- # if no such key)
-flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists
-klist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
-
-# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:
-d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but...
-d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!!!
-
-# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:
-temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copy
-temp.append(5) # mutates the copy
-d['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it
-
-# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code
-# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also
-# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower.
-
-d.close() # close it
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{seealso}
- \seemodule{anydbm}{Generic interface to \code{dbm}-style databases.}
- \seemodule{bsddb}{BSD \code{db} database interface.}
- \seemodule{dbhash}{Thin layer around the \module{bsddb} which provides an
- \function{open} function like the other database modules.}
- \seemodule{dbm}{Standard \UNIX{} database interface.}
- \seemodule{dumbdbm}{Portable implementation of the \code{dbm} interface.}
- \seemodule{gdbm}{GNU database interface, based on the \code{dbm} interface.}
- \seemodule{pickle}{Object serialization used by \module{shelve}.}
- \seemodule{cPickle}{High-performance version of \refmodule{pickle}.}
-\end{seealso}