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author | Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> | 2007-08-15 14:27:07 (GMT) |
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committer | Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> | 2007-08-15 14:27:07 (GMT) |
commit | 739c01d47b9118d04e5722333f0e6b4d0c8bdd9e (patch) | |
tree | f82b450d291927fc1758b96d981aa0610947b529 /Doc/lib/libshelve.tex | |
parent | 2d1649094402ef393ea2b128ba2c08c3937e6b93 (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Doc/lib/libshelve.tex b/Doc/lib/libshelve.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6ca3576..0000000 --- a/Doc/lib/libshelve.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,174 +0,0 @@ -\section{\module{shelve} --- - Python object persistence} - -\declaremodule{standard}{shelve} -\modulesynopsis{Python object persistence.} - - -A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference -with ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf -can be essentially arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the -\refmodule{pickle} module can handle. This includes most class -instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared -sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings. -\refstmodindex{pickle} - -\begin{funcdesc}{open}{filename\optional{,flag='c'\optional{,protocol=\code{None}\optional{,writeback=\code{False}}}}} -Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename -for the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to -the filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the -underlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional -{}\var{flag} parameter has the same interpretation as the \var{flag} -parameter of \function{anydbm.open}. - -By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. -The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the -\var{protocol} parameter. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol} -parameter was added]{2.3} - -By default, mutations to persistent-dictionary mutable entries are not -automatically written back. If the optional \var{writeback} parameter -is set to {}\var{True}, all entries accessed are cached in memory, and -written back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutable -entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries are -accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and it -can make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries are -written back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries are -mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated). - -\end{funcdesc} - -Shelve objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases -the transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent -storage. - -One additional method is supported: -\begin{methoddesc}[Shelf]{sync}{} -Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with -\var{writeback} set to \var{True}. Also empty the cache and synchronize -the persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible. This is called automatically -when the shelf is closed with \method{close()}. -\end{methoddesc} - -\subsection{Restrictions} - -\begin{itemize} - -\item -The choice of which database package will be used -(such as \refmodule{dbm}, \refmodule{gdbm} or \refmodule{bsddb}) depends on -which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database -directly using \refmodule{dbm}. The database is also (unfortunately) subject -to the limitations of \refmodule{dbm}, if it is used --- this means -that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the -database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may -cause the database to refuse updates. -\refbimodindex{dbm} -\refbimodindex{gdbm} -\refbimodindex{bsddb} - -\item -Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may -or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The \method{__del__} -method of the \class{Shelf} class calls the \method{close} method, so the -programmer generally need not do this explicitly. - -\item -The \module{shelve} module does not support \emph{concurrent} read/write -access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are -safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program -should have it open for reading or writing. \UNIX{} file locking can -be used to solve this, but this differs across \UNIX{} versions and -requires knowledge about the database implementation used. - -\end{itemize} - -\begin{classdesc}{Shelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}} -A subclass of \class{UserDict.DictMixin} which stores pickled values in the -\var{dict} object. - -By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The -version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the -\var{protocol} parameter. See the \module{pickle} documentation for a -discussion of the pickle protocols. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol} -parameter was added]{2.3} - -If the \var{writeback} parameter is \code{True}, the object will hold a -cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the \var{dict} at -sync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries, -but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time. -\end{classdesc} - -\begin{classdesc}{BsdDbShelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}} - -A subclass of \class{Shelf} which exposes \method{first}, -\method{next}, \method{previous}, \method{last} and -\method{set_location} which are available in the \module{bsddb} module -but not in other database modules. The \var{dict} object passed to -the constructor must support those methods. This is generally -accomplished by calling one of \function{bsddb.hashopen}, -\function{bsddb.btopen} or \function{bsddb.rnopen}. The optional -\var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters have the -same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class. - -\end{classdesc} - -\begin{classdesc}{DbfilenameShelf}{filename\optional{, flag='c'\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}} - -A subclass of \class{Shelf} which accepts a \var{filename} instead of -a dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using -{}\function{anydbm.open}. By default, the file will be created and -opened for both read and write. The optional \var{flag} parameter has -the same interpretation as for the \function{open} function. The -optional \var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters -have the same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class. - -\end{classdesc} - -\subsection{Example} - -To summarize the interface (\code{key} is a string, \code{data} is an -arbitrary object): - -\begin{verbatim} -import shelve - -d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level - # library - -d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if - # using an existing key) -data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no - # such key) -del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError - # if no such key) -flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists -klist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!) - -# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware: -d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but... -d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!!! - -# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully: -temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copy -temp.append(5) # mutates the copy -d['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it - -# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code -# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also -# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower. - -d.close() # close it -\end{verbatim} - -\begin{seealso} - \seemodule{anydbm}{Generic interface to \code{dbm}-style databases.} - \seemodule{bsddb}{BSD \code{db} database interface.} - \seemodule{dbhash}{Thin layer around the \module{bsddb} which provides an - \function{open} function like the other database modules.} - \seemodule{dbm}{Standard \UNIX{} database interface.} - \seemodule{dumbdbm}{Portable implementation of the \code{dbm} interface.} - \seemodule{gdbm}{GNU database interface, based on the \code{dbm} interface.} - \seemodule{pickle}{Object serialization used by \module{shelve}.} - \seemodule{cPickle}{High-performance version of \refmodule{pickle}.} -\end{seealso} |