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-\section{\module{string} ---
-         Common string operations}
-
-\declaremodule{standard}{string}
-\modulesynopsis{Common string operations.}
-
-The \module{string} module contains a number of useful constants and classes,
-as well as some deprecated legacy functions that are also available as methods
-on strings.  See the module \refmodule{re}\refstmodindex{re} for string
-functions based on regular expressions.
-
-\subsection{String constants}
-
-The constants defined in this module are:
-
-\begin{datadesc}{ascii\_letters}
-  The concatenation of the \constant{ascii_lowercase} and
-  \constant{ascii_uppercase} constants described below.  This value is
-  not locale-dependent.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{ascii\_lowercase}
-  The lowercase letters \code{'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'}.  This
-  value is not locale-dependent and will not change.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{ascii\_uppercase}
-  The uppercase letters \code{'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'}.  This
-  value is not locale-dependent and will not change.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{digits}
-  The string \code{'0123456789'}.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{hexdigits}
-  The string \code{'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'}.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{octdigits}
-  The string \code{'01234567'}.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{punctuation}
-  String of \ASCII{} characters which are considered punctuation
-  characters in the \samp{C} locale.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{printable}
-  String of characters which are considered printable.  This is a
-  combination of \constant{digits}, \constant{letters},
-  \constant{punctuation}, and \constant{whitespace}.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\begin{datadesc}{whitespace}
-  A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace.
-  On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed,
-  return, formfeed, and vertical tab.  Do not change its definition ---
-  the effect on the routines \function{strip()} and \function{split()}
-  is undefined.
-\end{datadesc}
-
-\subsection{Template strings}
-
-Templates provide simpler string substitutions as described in \pep{292}.
-Instead of the normal \samp{\%}-based substitutions, Templates support
-\samp{\$}-based substitutions, using the following rules:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \samp{\$\$} is an escape; it is replaced with a single \samp{\$}.
-
-\item \samp{\$identifier} names a substitution placeholder matching a mapping
-       key of "identifier".  By default, "identifier" must spell a Python
-       identifier.  The first non-identifier character after the \samp{\$}
-       character terminates this placeholder specification.
-
-\item \samp{\$\{identifier\}} is equivalent to \samp{\$identifier}.  It is
-      required when valid identifier characters follow the placeholder but are
-      not part of the placeholder, such as "\$\{noun\}ification".
-\end{itemize}
-
-Any other appearance of \samp{\$} in the string will result in a
-\exception{ValueError} being raised.
-
-\versionadded{2.4}
-
-The \module{string} module provides a \class{Template} class that implements
-these rules.  The methods of \class{Template} are:
-
-\begin{classdesc}{Template}{template}
-The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string.
-\end{classdesc}
-
-\begin{methoddesc}[Template]{substitute}{mapping\optional{, **kws}}
-Performs the template substitution, returning a new string.  \var{mapping} is
-any dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in the
-template.  Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where the
-keywords are the placeholders.  When both \var{mapping} and \var{kws} are
-given and there are duplicates, the placeholders from \var{kws} take
-precedence.
-\end{methoddesc}
-
-\begin{methoddesc}[Template]{safe_substitute}{mapping\optional{, **kws}}
-Like \method{substitute()}, except that if placeholders are missing from
-\var{mapping} and \var{kws}, instead of raising a \exception{KeyError}
-exception, the original placeholder will appear in the resulting string
-intact.  Also, unlike with \method{substitute()}, any other appearances of the
-\samp{\$} will simply return \samp{\$} instead of raising
-\exception{ValueError}.
-
-While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called ``safe'' because
-substitutions always tries to return a usable string instead of raising an
-exception.  In another sense, \method{safe_substitute()} may be anything other
-than safe, since it will silently ignore malformed templates containing
-dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, or placeholders that are not valid
-Python identifiers.
-\end{methoddesc}
-
-\class{Template} instances also provide one public data attribute:
-
-\begin{memberdesc}[string]{template}
-This is the object passed to the constructor's \var{template} argument.  In
-general, you shouldn't change it, but read-only access is not enforced.
-\end{memberdesc}
-
-Here is an example of how to use a Template:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
->>> from string import Template
->>> s = Template('$who likes $what')
->>> s.substitute(who='tim', what='kung pao')
-'tim likes kung pao'
->>> d = dict(who='tim')
->>> Template('Give $who $100').substitute(d)
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-[...]
-ValueError: Invalid placeholder in string: line 1, col 10
->>> Template('$who likes $what').substitute(d)
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-[...]
-KeyError: 'what'
->>> Template('$who likes $what').safe_substitute(d)
-'tim likes $what'
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of \class{Template} to customize the
-placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expression used
-to parse template strings.  To do this, you can override these class
-attributes:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \var{delimiter} -- This is the literal string describing a placeholder
-      introducing delimiter.  The default value \samp{\$}.  Note that this
-      should \emph{not} be a regular expression, as the implementation will
-      call \method{re.escape()} on this string as needed.
-\item \var{idpattern} -- This is the regular expression describing the pattern
-      for non-braced placeholders (the braces will be added automatically as
-      appropriate).  The default value is the regular expression
-      \samp{[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*}.
-\end{itemize}
-
-Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern by
-overriding the class attribute \var{pattern}.  If you do this, the value must
-be a regular expression object with four named capturing groups.  The
-capturing groups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid
-placeholder rule:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \var{escaped} -- This group matches the escape sequence,
-      e.g. \samp{\$\$}, in the default pattern.
-\item \var{named} -- This group matches the unbraced placeholder name; it
-      should not include the delimiter in capturing group.
-\item \var{braced} -- This group matches the brace enclosed placeholder name;
-      it should not include either the delimiter or braces in the capturing
-      group.
-\item \var{invalid} -- This group matches any other delimiter pattern (usually
-      a single delimiter), and it should appear last in the regular
-      expression.
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{String functions}
-
-The following functions are available to operate on string and Unicode
-objects.  They are not available as string methods.
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{capwords}{s}
-  Split the argument into words using \function{split()}, capitalize
-  each word using \function{capitalize()}, and join the capitalized
-  words using \function{join()}.  Note that this replaces runs of
-  whitespace characters by a single space, and removes leading and
-  trailing whitespace.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{maketrans}{from, to}
-  Return a translation table suitable for passing to
-  \function{translate()}, that will map
-  each character in \var{from} into the character at the same position
-  in \var{to}; \var{from} and \var{to} must have the same length.
-
-  \warning{Don't use strings derived from \constant{lowercase}
-  and \constant{uppercase} as arguments; in some locales, these don't have
-  the same length.  For case conversions, always use
-  \function{lower()} and \function{upper()}.}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\subsection{Deprecated string functions}
-
-The following list of functions are also defined as methods of string and
-Unicode objects; see ``String Methods'' (section
-\ref{string-methods}) for more information on those.  You should consider
-these functions as deprecated, although they will not be removed until Python
-3.0.  The functions defined in this module are:
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{atof}{s}
-  \deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{float()} built-in function.}
-  Convert a string to a floating point number.  The string must have
-  the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python,
-  optionally preceded by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}).  Note that
-  this behaves identical to the built-in function
-  \function{float()}\bifuncindex{float} when passed a string.
-
-  \note{When passing in a string, values for NaN\index{NaN}
-  and Infinity\index{Infinity} may be returned, depending on the
-  underlying C library.  The specific set of strings accepted which
-  cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library
-  and is known to vary.}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{atoi}{s\optional{, base}}
-  \deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{int()} built-in function.}
-  Convert string \var{s} to an integer in the given \var{base}.  The
-  string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a
-  sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}).  The \var{base} defaults to 10.  If it
-  is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters
-  of the string (after stripping the sign): \samp{0x} or \samp{0X}
-  means 16, \samp{0} means 8, anything else means 10.  If \var{base}
-  is 16, a leading \samp{0x} or \samp{0X} is always accepted, though
-  not required.  This behaves identically to the built-in function
-  \function{int()} when passed a string.  (Also note: for a more
-  flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in
-  function \function{eval()}\bifuncindex{eval}.)
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{atol}{s\optional{, base}}
-  \deprecated{2.0}{Use the \function{long()} built-in function.}
-  Convert string \var{s} to a long integer in the given \var{base}.
-  The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded
-  by a sign (\samp{+} or \samp{-}).  The \var{base} argument has the
-  same meaning as for \function{atoi()}.  A trailing \samp{l} or
-  \samp{L} is not allowed, except if the base is 0.  Note that when
-  invoked without \var{base} or with \var{base} set to 10, this
-  behaves identical to the built-in function
-  \function{long()}\bifuncindex{long} when passed a string.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{capitalize}{word}
-  Return a copy of \var{word} with only its first character capitalized.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{expandtabs}{s\optional{, tabsize}}
-  Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces,
-  depending on the current column and the given tab size.  The column
-  number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string.
-  This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape
-  sequences.  The tab size defaults to 8.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{find}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{,end}}}
-  Return the lowest index in \var{s} where the substring \var{sub} is
-  found such that \var{sub} is wholly contained in
-  \code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}.  Return \code{-1} on failure.
-  Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
-  negative values is the same as for slices.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{rfind}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
-  Like \function{find()} but find the highest index.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{index}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
-  Like \function{find()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
-  substring is not found.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{rindex}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
-  Like \function{rfind()} but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
-  substring is not found.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{count}{s, sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
-  Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring
-  \var{sub} in string \code{\var{s}[\var{start}:\var{end}]}.
-  Defaults for \var{start} and \var{end} and interpretation of
-  negative values are the same as for slices.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{lower}{s}
-  Return a copy of \var{s}, but with upper case letters converted to
-  lower case.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{split}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
-  Return a list of the words of the string \var{s}.  If the optional
-  second argument \var{sep} is absent or \code{None}, the words are
-  separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab, 
-  newline, return, formfeed).  If the second argument \var{sep} is
-  present and not \code{None}, it specifies a string to be used as the 
-  word separator.  The returned list will then have one more item
-  than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in
-  the string.  The optional third argument \var{maxsplit} defaults to
-  0.  If it is nonzero, at most \var{maxsplit} number of splits occur,
-  and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of
-  the list (thus, the list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1}
-  elements).
-
-  The behavior of split on an empty string depends on the value of \var{sep}.
-  If \var{sep} is not specified, or specified as \code{None}, the result will
-  be an empty list.  If \var{sep} is specified as any string, the result will
-  be a list containing one element which is an empty string.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{rsplit}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
-  Return a list of the words of the string \var{s}, scanning \var{s}
-  from the end.  To all intents and purposes, the resulting list of
-  words is the same as returned by \function{split()}, except when the
-  optional third argument \var{maxsplit} is explicitly specified and
-  nonzero.  When \var{maxsplit} is nonzero, at most \var{maxsplit}
-  number of splits -- the \emph{rightmost} ones -- occur, and the remainder
-  of the string is returned as the first element of the list (thus, the
-  list will have at most \code{\var{maxsplit}+1} elements).
-  \versionadded{2.4}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{splitfields}{s\optional{, sep\optional{, maxsplit}}}
-  This function behaves identically to \function{split()}.  (In the
-  past, \function{split()} was only used with one argument, while
-  \function{splitfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{join}{words\optional{, sep}}
-  Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of 
-  \var{sep}.  The default value for \var{sep} is a single space
-  character.  It is always true that
-  \samp{string.join(string.split(\var{s}, \var{sep}), \var{sep})}
-  equals \var{s}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{joinfields}{words\optional{, sep}}
-  This function behaves identically to \function{join()}.  (In the past, 
-  \function{join()} was only used with one argument, while
-  \function{joinfields()} was only used with two arguments.)
-  Note that there is no \method{joinfields()} method on string
-  objects; use the \method{join()} method instead.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{lstrip}{s\optional{, chars}}
-Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed.  If
-\var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
-removed.  If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
-the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of
-the string this method is called on.
-\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added.  The \var{chars}
-parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{rstrip}{s\optional{, chars}}
-Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed.  If
-\var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace characters are
-removed.  If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars} must be a string;
-the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the
-string this method is called on.
-\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added.  The \var{chars}
-parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{strip}{s\optional{, chars}}
-Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters
-removed.  If \var{chars} is omitted or \code{None}, whitespace
-characters are removed.  If given and not \code{None}, \var{chars}
-must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from
-the both ends of the string this method is called on.
-\versionchanged[The \var{chars} parameter was added.  The \var{chars}
-parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions]{2.2.3}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{swapcase}{s}
-  Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters
-  converted to upper case and vice versa.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{translate}{s, table\optional{, deletechars}}
-  Delete all characters from \var{s} that are in \var{deletechars} (if 
-  present), and then translate the characters using \var{table}, which 
-  must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each
-  character value, indexed by its ordinal.  If \var{table} is \code{None},
-  then only the character deletion step is performed.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{upper}{s}
-  Return a copy of \var{s}, but with lower case letters converted to
-  upper case.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{ljust}{s, width}
-\funcline{rjust}{s, width}
-\funcline{center}{s, width}
-  These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center
-  a string in a field of given width.  They return a string that is at
-  least \var{width} characters wide, created by padding the string
-  \var{s} with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both
-  sides.  The string is never truncated.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{zfill}{s, width}
-  Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given
-  width is reached.  Strings starting with a sign are handled
-  correctly.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{replace}{str, old, new\optional{, maxreplace}}
-  Return a copy of string \var{str} with all occurrences of substring
-  \var{old} replaced by \var{new}.  If the optional argument
-  \var{maxreplace} is given, the first \var{maxreplace} occurrences are
-  replaced.
-\end{funcdesc}