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authorGeorg Brandl <georg@python.org>2007-08-15 14:27:07 (GMT)
committerGeorg Brandl <georg@python.org>2007-08-15 14:27:07 (GMT)
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-\section{\module{traceback} ---
- Print or retrieve a stack traceback}
-
-\declaremodule{standard}{traceback}
-\modulesynopsis{Print or retrieve a stack traceback.}
-
-
-This module provides a standard interface to extract, format and print
-stack traces of Python programs. It exactly mimics the behavior of
-the Python interpreter when it prints a stack trace. This is useful
-when you want to print stack traces under program control, such as in a
-``wrapper'' around the interpreter.
-
-The module uses traceback objects --- this is the object type that is
-stored in the \code{sys.last_traceback} variable and returned
-as the third item from \function{sys.exc_info()}.
-\obindex{traceback}
-
-The module defines the following functions:
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{print_tb}{traceback\optional{, limit\optional{, file}}}
-Print up to \var{limit} stack trace entries from \var{traceback}. If
-\var{limit} is omitted or \code{None}, all entries are printed.
-If \var{file} is omitted or \code{None}, the output goes to
-\code{sys.stderr}; otherwise it should be an open file or file-like
-object to receive the output.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{print_exception}{type, value, traceback\optional{,
- limit\optional{, file}}}
-Print exception information and up to \var{limit} stack trace entries
-from \var{traceback} to \var{file}.
-This differs from \function{print_tb()} in the
-following ways: (1) if \var{traceback} is not \code{None}, it prints a
-header \samp{Traceback (most recent call last):}; (2) it prints the
-exception \var{type} and \var{value} after the stack trace; (3) if
-\var{type} is \exception{SyntaxError} and \var{value} has the
-appropriate format, it prints the line where the syntax error occurred
-with a caret indicating the approximate position of the error.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{print_exc}{\optional{limit\optional{, file}}}
-This is a shorthand for \code{print_exception(*\function{sys.exc_info()}}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_exc}{\optional{limit}}
-This is like \code{print_exc(\var{limit})} but returns a string
-instead of printing to a file.
-\versionadded{2.4}
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{print_last}{\optional{limit\optional{, file}}}
-This is a shorthand for \code{print_exception(sys.last_type,
-sys.last_value, sys.last_traceback, \var{limit}, \var{file})}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{print_stack}{\optional{f\optional{, limit\optional{, file}}}}
-This function prints a stack trace from its invocation point. The
-optional \var{f} argument can be used to specify an alternate stack
-frame to start. The optional \var{limit} and \var{file} arguments have the
-same meaning as for \function{print_exception()}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{extract_tb}{traceback\optional{, limit}}
-Return a list of up to \var{limit} ``pre-processed'' stack trace
-entries extracted from the traceback object \var{traceback}. It is
-useful for alternate formatting of stack traces. If \var{limit} is
-omitted or \code{None}, all entries are extracted. A
-``pre-processed'' stack trace entry is a quadruple (\var{filename},
-\var{line number}, \var{function name}, \var{text}) representing
-the information that is usually printed for a stack trace. The
-\var{text} is a string with leading and trailing whitespace
-stripped; if the source is not available it is \code{None}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{extract_stack}{\optional{f\optional{, limit}}}
-Extract the raw traceback from the current stack frame. The return
-value has the same format as for \function{extract_tb()}. The
-optional \var{f} and \var{limit} arguments have the same meaning as
-for \function{print_stack()}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_list}{list}
-Given a list of tuples as returned by \function{extract_tb()} or
-\function{extract_stack()}, return a list of strings ready for
-printing. Each string in the resulting list corresponds to the item
-with the same index in the argument list. Each string ends in a
-newline; the strings may contain internal newlines as well, for those
-items whose source text line is not \code{None}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_exception_only}{type, value}
-Format the exception part of a traceback. The arguments are the
-exception type and value such as given by \code{sys.last_type} and
-\code{sys.last_value}. The return value is a list of strings, each
-ending in a newline. Normally, the list contains a single string;
-however, for \exception{SyntaxError} exceptions, it contains several
-lines that (when printed) display detailed information about where the
-syntax error occurred. The message indicating which exception
-occurred is the always last string in the list.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_exception}{type, value, tb\optional{, limit}}
-Format a stack trace and the exception information. The arguments
-have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments to
-\function{print_exception()}. The return value is a list of strings,
-each ending in a newline and some containing internal newlines. When
-these lines are concatenated and printed, exactly the same text is
-printed as does \function{print_exception()}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_tb}{tb\optional{, limit}}
-A shorthand for \code{format_list(extract_tb(\var{tb}, \var{limit}))}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{format_stack}{\optional{f\optional{, limit}}}
-A shorthand for \code{format_list(extract_stack(\var{f}, \var{limit}))}.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-\begin{funcdesc}{tb_lineno}{tb}
-This function returns the current line number set in the traceback
-object. This function was necessary because in versions of Python
-prior to 2.3 when the \programopt{-O} flag was passed to Python the
-\code{\var{tb}.tb_lineno} was not updated correctly. This function
-has no use in versions past 2.3.
-\end{funcdesc}
-
-
-\subsection{Traceback Example \label{traceback-example}}
-
-This simple example implements a basic read-eval-print loop, similar
-to (but less useful than) the standard Python interactive interpreter
-loop. For a more complete implementation of the interpreter loop,
-refer to the \refmodule{code} module.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-import sys, traceback
-
-def run_user_code(envdir):
- source = raw_input(">>> ")
- try:
- exec(source, envdir)
- except:
- print "Exception in user code:"
- print '-'*60
- traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
- print '-'*60
-
-envdir = {}
-while 1:
- run_user_code(envdir)
-\end{verbatim}