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authorFred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>2007-10-05 02:46:12 (GMT)
committerFred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>2007-10-05 02:46:12 (GMT)
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--- a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
===============================================
.. module:: asyncore
- :synopsis: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.
+ :synopsis: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling
+ services.
.. moduleauthor:: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com>
.. sectionauthor:: Christopher Petrilli <petrilli@amber.org>
.. sectionauthor:: Steve Holden <sholden@holdenweb.com>
@@ -16,59 +17,62 @@ service clients and servers.
There are only two ways to have a program on a single processor do "more than
one thing at a time." Multi-threaded programming is the simplest and most
-popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique, that lets
+popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique, that lets
you have nearly all the advantages of multi-threading, without actually using
multiple threads. It's really only practical if your program is largely I/O
-bound. If your program is processor bound, then pre-emptive scheduled threads
-are probably what you really need. Network servers are rarely processor bound,
-however.
+bound. If your program is processor bound, then pre-emptive scheduled threads
+are probably what you really need. Network servers are rarely processor
+bound, however.
If your operating system supports the :cfunc:`select` system call in its I/O
library (and nearly all do), then you can use it to juggle multiple
-communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking place
-in the "background." Although this strategy can seem strange and complex,
-especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and control than
-multi-threaded programming. The :mod:`asyncore` module solves many of the
-difficult problems for you, making the task of building sophisticated
-high-performance network servers and clients a snap. For "conversational"
-applications and protocols the companion :mod:`asynchat` module is invaluable.
-
-The basic idea behind both modules is to create one or more network *channels*,
-instances of class :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` and
-:class:`asynchat.async_chat`. Creating the channels adds them to a global map,
-used by the :func:`loop` function if you do not provide it with your own *map*.
+communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking
+place in the "background." Although this strategy can seem strange and
+complex, especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and
+control than multi-threaded programming. The :mod:`asyncore` module solves
+many of the difficult problems for you, making the task of building
+sophisticated high-performance network servers and clients a snap. For
+"conversational" applications and protocols the companion :mod:`asynchat`
+module is invaluable.
+
+The basic idea behind both modules is to create one or more network
+*channels*, instances of class :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` and
+:class:`asynchat.async_chat`. Creating the channels adds them to a global
+map, used by the :func:`loop` function if you do not provide it with your own
+*map*.
Once the initial channel(s) is(are) created, calling the :func:`loop` function
-activates channel service, which continues until the last channel (including any
-that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
+activates channel service, which continues until the last channel (including
+any that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
.. function:: loop([timeout[, use_poll[, map[,count]]]])
- Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open channels
- have been closed. All arguments are optional. The *count* parameter defaults
- to None, resulting in the loop terminating only when all channels have been
- closed. The *timeout* argument sets the timeout parameter for the appropriate
- :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call, measured in seconds; the default is 30
- seconds. The *use_poll* parameter, if true, indicates that :func:`poll` should
- be used in preference to :func:`select` (the default is ``False``).
+ Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open
+ channels have been closed. All arguments are optional. The *count*
+ parameter defaults to None, resulting in the loop terminating only when all
+ channels have been closed. The *timeout* argument sets the timeout
+ parameter for the appropriate :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call, measured
+ in seconds; the default is 30 seconds. The *use_poll* parameter, if true,
+ indicates that :func:`poll` should be used in preference to :func:`select`
+ (the default is ``False``).
- The *map* parameter is a dictionary whose items are the channels to watch. As
- channels are closed they are deleted from their map. If *map* is omitted, a
- global map is used. Channels (instances of :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`,
- :class:`asynchat.async_chat` and subclasses thereof) can freely be mixed in the
- map.
+ The *map* parameter is a dictionary whose items are the channels to watch.
+ As channels are closed they are deleted from their map. If *map* is
+ omitted, a global map is used. Channels (instances of
+ :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`asynchat.async_chat` and subclasses
+ thereof) can freely be mixed in the map.
.. class:: dispatcher()
The :class:`dispatcher` class is a thin wrapper around a low-level socket
- object. To make it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling which
- are called from the asynchronous loop. Otherwise, it can be treated as a
- normal non-blocking socket object.
+ object. To make it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling
+ which are called from the asynchronous loop. Otherwise, it can be treated
+ as a normal non-blocking socket object.
- Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly even
- to conserve memory.
+ Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly
+ even to conserve memory.
.. data:: ac_in_buffer_size
@@ -80,12 +84,13 @@ that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
The asynchronous output buffer size (default ``4096``).
- The firing of low-level events at certain times or in certain connection states
- tells the asynchronous loop that certain higher-level events have taken place.
- For example, if we have asked for a socket to connect to another host, we know
- that the connection has been made when the socket becomes writable for the first
- time (at this point you know that you may write to it with the expectation of
- success). The implied higher-level events are:
+ The firing of low-level events at certain times or in certain connection
+ states tells the asynchronous loop that certain higher-level events have
+ taken place. For example, if we have asked for a socket to connect to
+ another host, we know that the connection has been made when the socket
+ becomes writable for the first time (at this point you know that you may
+ write to it with the expectation of success). The implied higher-level
+ events are:
+----------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Event | Description |
@@ -101,11 +106,11 @@ that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
During asynchronous processing, each mapped channel's :meth:`readable` and
:meth:`writable` methods are used to determine whether the channel's socket
- should be added to the list of channels :cfunc:`select`\ ed or :cfunc:`poll`\ ed
- for read and write events.
+ should be added to the list of channels :cfunc:`select`\ ed or
+ :cfunc:`poll`\ ed for read and write events.
-Thus, the set of channel events is larger than the basic socket events. The full
-set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
+Thus, the set of channel events is larger than the basic socket events. The
+full set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_read()
@@ -116,9 +121,9 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_write()
- Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a writable socket can be written.
- Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for performance. For
- example::
+ Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a writable socket can be
+ written. Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for
+ performance. For example::
def handle_write(self):
sent = self.send(self.buffer)
@@ -127,15 +132,15 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_expt()
- Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket connection. This will
- almost never happen, as OOB is tenuously supported and rarely used.
+ Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket connection. This
+ will almost never happen, as OOB is tenuously supported and rarely used.
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_connect()
- Called when the active opener's socket actually makes a connection. Might send a
- "welcome" banner, or initiate a protocol negotiation with the remote endpoint,
- for example.
+ Called when the active opener's socket actually makes a connection. Might
+ send a "welcome" banner, or initiate a protocol negotiation with the remote
+ endpoint, for example.
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_close()
@@ -152,40 +157,40 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows:
.. method:: dispatcher.handle_accept()
Called on listening channels (passive openers) when a connection can be
- established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a :meth:`connect` call
- for the local endpoint.
+ established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a :meth:`connect`
+ call for the local endpoint.
.. method:: dispatcher.readable()
- Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a channel's
- socket should be added to the list on which read events can occur. The default
- method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by default, all channels will
- be interested in read events.
+ Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a
+ channel's socket should be added to the list on which read events can
+ occur. The default method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by
+ default, all channels will be interested in read events.
.. method:: dispatcher.writable()
- Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a channel's
- socket should be added to the list on which write events can occur. The default
- method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by default, all channels will
- be interested in write events.
+ Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a
+ channel's socket should be added to the list on which write events can
+ occur. The default method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by
+ default, all channels will be interested in write events.
-In addition, each channel delegates or extends many of the socket methods. Most
-of these are nearly identical to their socket partners.
+In addition, each channel delegates or extends many of the socket methods.
+Most of these are nearly identical to their socket partners.
.. method:: dispatcher.create_socket(family, type)
- This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and will use the same
- options for creation. Refer to the :mod:`socket` documentation for information
- on creating sockets.
+ This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and will use the same
+ options for creation. Refer to the :mod:`socket` documentation for
+ information on creating sockets.
.. method:: dispatcher.connect(address)
- As with the normal socket object, *address* is a tuple with the first element
- the host to connect to, and the second the port number.
+ As with the normal socket object, *address* is a tuple with the first
+ element the host to connect to, and the second the port number.
.. method:: dispatcher.send(data)
@@ -195,38 +200,41 @@ of these are nearly identical to their socket partners.
.. method:: dispatcher.recv(buffer_size)
- Read at most *buffer_size* bytes from the socket's remote end-point. An empty
- string implies that the channel has been closed from the other end.
+ Read at most *buffer_size* bytes from the socket's remote end-point.
+ An empty string implies that the channel has been closed from the other
+ end.
.. method:: dispatcher.listen(backlog)
- Listen for connections made to the socket. The *backlog* argument specifies the
- maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 1; the maximum value
- is system-dependent (usually 5).
+ Listen for connections made to the socket. The *backlog* argument
+ specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least
+ 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5).
.. method:: dispatcher.bind(address)
Bind the socket to *address*. The socket must not already be bound. (The
- format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) To mark the
- socket as re-usable (setting the :const:`SO_REUSEADDR` option), call the
- :class:`dispatcher` object's :meth:`set_reuse_addr` method.
+ format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) To mark
+ the socket as re-usable (setting the :const:`SO_REUSEADDR` option), call
+ the :class:`dispatcher` object's :meth:`set_reuse_addr` method.
.. method:: dispatcher.accept()
- Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for
- connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn* is a
- *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and
- *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
+ Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening
+ for connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where
+ *conn* is a *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the
+ connection, and *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other
+ end of the connection.
.. method:: dispatcher.close()
- Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. The
- remote end-point will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).
- Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.
+ Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail.
+ The remote end-point will receive no more data (after queued data is
+ flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are
+ garbage-collected.
.. _asyncore-example:
@@ -266,4 +274,3 @@ implement its socket handling::
c = http_client('www.python.org', '/')
asyncore.loop()
-