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author | Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> | 2007-10-05 02:46:12 (GMT) |
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committer | Fred Drake <fdrake@acm.org> | 2007-10-05 02:46:12 (GMT) |
commit | c9b7163da511684c49f53fef7b9a49eb44fff5e8 (patch) | |
tree | ba121f80d93f1bac88336d3dfcfc087d8cb40343 /Doc/library/asyncore.rst | |
parent | 6ba1a5f51b94b9af0aeb27ba6d4f8f50be0b5bbf (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst index 7f80dd3..f48134b 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst @@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ =============================================== .. module:: asyncore - :synopsis: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services. + :synopsis: A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling + services. .. moduleauthor:: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com> .. sectionauthor:: Christopher Petrilli <petrilli@amber.org> .. sectionauthor:: Steve Holden <sholden@holdenweb.com> @@ -16,59 +17,62 @@ service clients and servers. There are only two ways to have a program on a single processor do "more than one thing at a time." Multi-threaded programming is the simplest and most -popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique, that lets +popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique, that lets you have nearly all the advantages of multi-threading, without actually using multiple threads. It's really only practical if your program is largely I/O -bound. If your program is processor bound, then pre-emptive scheduled threads -are probably what you really need. Network servers are rarely processor bound, -however. +bound. If your program is processor bound, then pre-emptive scheduled threads +are probably what you really need. Network servers are rarely processor +bound, however. If your operating system supports the :cfunc:`select` system call in its I/O library (and nearly all do), then you can use it to juggle multiple -communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking place -in the "background." Although this strategy can seem strange and complex, -especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and control than -multi-threaded programming. The :mod:`asyncore` module solves many of the -difficult problems for you, making the task of building sophisticated -high-performance network servers and clients a snap. For "conversational" -applications and protocols the companion :mod:`asynchat` module is invaluable. - -The basic idea behind both modules is to create one or more network *channels*, -instances of class :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` and -:class:`asynchat.async_chat`. Creating the channels adds them to a global map, -used by the :func:`loop` function if you do not provide it with your own *map*. +communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking +place in the "background." Although this strategy can seem strange and +complex, especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and +control than multi-threaded programming. The :mod:`asyncore` module solves +many of the difficult problems for you, making the task of building +sophisticated high-performance network servers and clients a snap. For +"conversational" applications and protocols the companion :mod:`asynchat` +module is invaluable. + +The basic idea behind both modules is to create one or more network +*channels*, instances of class :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` and +:class:`asynchat.async_chat`. Creating the channels adds them to a global +map, used by the :func:`loop` function if you do not provide it with your own +*map*. Once the initial channel(s) is(are) created, calling the :func:`loop` function -activates channel service, which continues until the last channel (including any -that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed. +activates channel service, which continues until the last channel (including +any that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed. .. function:: loop([timeout[, use_poll[, map[,count]]]]) - Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open channels - have been closed. All arguments are optional. The *count* parameter defaults - to None, resulting in the loop terminating only when all channels have been - closed. The *timeout* argument sets the timeout parameter for the appropriate - :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call, measured in seconds; the default is 30 - seconds. The *use_poll* parameter, if true, indicates that :func:`poll` should - be used in preference to :func:`select` (the default is ``False``). + Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open + channels have been closed. All arguments are optional. The *count* + parameter defaults to None, resulting in the loop terminating only when all + channels have been closed. The *timeout* argument sets the timeout + parameter for the appropriate :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call, measured + in seconds; the default is 30 seconds. The *use_poll* parameter, if true, + indicates that :func:`poll` should be used in preference to :func:`select` + (the default is ``False``). - The *map* parameter is a dictionary whose items are the channels to watch. As - channels are closed they are deleted from their map. If *map* is omitted, a - global map is used. Channels (instances of :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, - :class:`asynchat.async_chat` and subclasses thereof) can freely be mixed in the - map. + The *map* parameter is a dictionary whose items are the channels to watch. + As channels are closed they are deleted from their map. If *map* is + omitted, a global map is used. Channels (instances of + :class:`asyncore.dispatcher`, :class:`asynchat.async_chat` and subclasses + thereof) can freely be mixed in the map. .. class:: dispatcher() The :class:`dispatcher` class is a thin wrapper around a low-level socket - object. To make it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling which - are called from the asynchronous loop. Otherwise, it can be treated as a - normal non-blocking socket object. + object. To make it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling + which are called from the asynchronous loop. Otherwise, it can be treated + as a normal non-blocking socket object. - Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly even - to conserve memory. + Two class attributes can be modified, to improve performance, or possibly + even to conserve memory. .. data:: ac_in_buffer_size @@ -80,12 +84,13 @@ that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed. The asynchronous output buffer size (default ``4096``). - The firing of low-level events at certain times or in certain connection states - tells the asynchronous loop that certain higher-level events have taken place. - For example, if we have asked for a socket to connect to another host, we know - that the connection has been made when the socket becomes writable for the first - time (at this point you know that you may write to it with the expectation of - success). The implied higher-level events are: + The firing of low-level events at certain times or in certain connection + states tells the asynchronous loop that certain higher-level events have + taken place. For example, if we have asked for a socket to connect to + another host, we know that the connection has been made when the socket + becomes writable for the first time (at this point you know that you may + write to it with the expectation of success). The implied higher-level + events are: +----------------------+----------------------------------------+ | Event | Description | @@ -101,11 +106,11 @@ that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed. During asynchronous processing, each mapped channel's :meth:`readable` and :meth:`writable` methods are used to determine whether the channel's socket - should be added to the list of channels :cfunc:`select`\ ed or :cfunc:`poll`\ ed - for read and write events. + should be added to the list of channels :cfunc:`select`\ ed or + :cfunc:`poll`\ ed for read and write events. -Thus, the set of channel events is larger than the basic socket events. The full -set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows: +Thus, the set of channel events is larger than the basic socket events. The +full set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows: .. method:: dispatcher.handle_read() @@ -116,9 +121,9 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows: .. method:: dispatcher.handle_write() - Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a writable socket can be written. - Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for performance. For - example:: + Called when the asynchronous loop detects that a writable socket can be + written. Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for + performance. For example:: def handle_write(self): sent = self.send(self.buffer) @@ -127,15 +132,15 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows: .. method:: dispatcher.handle_expt() - Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket connection. This will - almost never happen, as OOB is tenuously supported and rarely used. + Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket connection. This + will almost never happen, as OOB is tenuously supported and rarely used. .. method:: dispatcher.handle_connect() - Called when the active opener's socket actually makes a connection. Might send a - "welcome" banner, or initiate a protocol negotiation with the remote endpoint, - for example. + Called when the active opener's socket actually makes a connection. Might + send a "welcome" banner, or initiate a protocol negotiation with the remote + endpoint, for example. .. method:: dispatcher.handle_close() @@ -152,40 +157,40 @@ set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass follows: .. method:: dispatcher.handle_accept() Called on listening channels (passive openers) when a connection can be - established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a :meth:`connect` call - for the local endpoint. + established with a new remote endpoint that has issued a :meth:`connect` + call for the local endpoint. .. method:: dispatcher.readable() - Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a channel's - socket should be added to the list on which read events can occur. The default - method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by default, all channels will - be interested in read events. + Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a + channel's socket should be added to the list on which read events can + occur. The default method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by + default, all channels will be interested in read events. .. method:: dispatcher.writable() - Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a channel's - socket should be added to the list on which write events can occur. The default - method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by default, all channels will - be interested in write events. + Called each time around the asynchronous loop to determine whether a + channel's socket should be added to the list on which write events can + occur. The default method simply returns ``True``, indicating that by + default, all channels will be interested in write events. -In addition, each channel delegates or extends many of the socket methods. Most -of these are nearly identical to their socket partners. +In addition, each channel delegates or extends many of the socket methods. +Most of these are nearly identical to their socket partners. .. method:: dispatcher.create_socket(family, type) - This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and will use the same - options for creation. Refer to the :mod:`socket` documentation for information - on creating sockets. + This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and will use the same + options for creation. Refer to the :mod:`socket` documentation for + information on creating sockets. .. method:: dispatcher.connect(address) - As with the normal socket object, *address* is a tuple with the first element - the host to connect to, and the second the port number. + As with the normal socket object, *address* is a tuple with the first + element the host to connect to, and the second the port number. .. method:: dispatcher.send(data) @@ -195,38 +200,41 @@ of these are nearly identical to their socket partners. .. method:: dispatcher.recv(buffer_size) - Read at most *buffer_size* bytes from the socket's remote end-point. An empty - string implies that the channel has been closed from the other end. + Read at most *buffer_size* bytes from the socket's remote end-point. + An empty string implies that the channel has been closed from the other + end. .. method:: dispatcher.listen(backlog) - Listen for connections made to the socket. The *backlog* argument specifies the - maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 1; the maximum value - is system-dependent (usually 5). + Listen for connections made to the socket. The *backlog* argument + specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least + 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5). .. method:: dispatcher.bind(address) Bind the socket to *address*. The socket must not already be bound. (The - format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) To mark the - socket as re-usable (setting the :const:`SO_REUSEADDR` option), call the - :class:`dispatcher` object's :meth:`set_reuse_addr` method. + format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.) To mark + the socket as re-usable (setting the :const:`SO_REUSEADDR` option), call + the :class:`dispatcher` object's :meth:`set_reuse_addr` method. .. method:: dispatcher.accept() - Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for - connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn* is a - *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and - *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection. + Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening + for connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where + *conn* is a *new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the + connection, and *address* is the address bound to the socket on the other + end of the connection. .. method:: dispatcher.close() - Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. The - remote end-point will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). - Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected. + Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. + The remote end-point will receive no more data (after queued data is + flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are + garbage-collected. .. _asyncore-example: @@ -266,4 +274,3 @@ implement its socket handling:: c = http_client('www.python.org', '/') asyncore.loop() - |