Issue #19795: Mark up None as literal text.

44 files changed, 97 insertions, 95 deletions

diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst
index 879bfed..c6b2bf6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/argparse.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ Sub-commands
      positional arguments
 
    * description - description for the sub-parser group in help output, by
-     default None
+     default ``None``
 
    * prog - usage information that will be displayed with sub-command help,
      by default the name of the program and any positional arguments before the
@@ -1565,12 +1565,12 @@ Sub-commands
      encountered at the command line
 
    * dest_ - name of the attribute under which sub-command name will be
-     stored; by default None and no value is stored
+     stored; by default ``None`` and no value is stored
 
-   * help_ - help for sub-parser group in help output, by default None
+   * help_ - help for sub-parser group in help output, by default ``None``
 
    * metavar_ - string presenting available sub-commands in help; by default it
-     is None and presents sub-commands in form {cmd1, cmd2, ..}
+     is ``None`` and presents sub-commands in form {cmd1, cmd2, ..}
 
    Some example usage::
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-protocol.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-protocol.rst
index a38d1e0..0deecd9 100644
--- a/Doc/library/asyncio-protocol.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-protocol.rst
@@ -372,10 +372,10 @@ The following callbacks are called on :class:`Protocol` instances:
    (for example by calling :meth:`write_eof`, if the other end also uses
    asyncio).
 
-   This method may return a false value (including None), in which case
+   This method may return a false value (including ``None``), in which case
    the transport will close itself.  Conversely, if this method returns a
    true value, closing the transport is up to the protocol.  Since the
-   default implementation returns None, it implicitly closes the connection.
+   default implementation returns ``None``, it implicitly closes the connection.
 
    .. note::
       Some transports such as SSL don't support half-closed connections,
diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst
index 61061be..c838be7 100644
--- a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ any that have been added to the map during asynchronous service) is closed.
 
    Enter a polling loop that terminates after count passes or all open
    channels have been closed.  All arguments are optional.  The *count*
-   parameter defaults to None, resulting in the loop terminating only when all
+   parameter defaults to ``None``, resulting in the loop terminating only when all
    channels have been closed.  The *timeout* argument sets the timeout
    parameter for the appropriate :func:`~select.select` or :func:`~select.poll`
    call, measured in seconds; the default is 30 seconds.  The *use_poll*
diff --git a/Doc/library/bdb.rst b/Doc/library/bdb.rst
index 8ee9921..116ffcf 100644
--- a/Doc/library/bdb.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/bdb.rst
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ The :mod:`bdb` module also defines two classes:
    .. method:: set_continue()
 
       Stop only at breakpoints or when finished.  If there are no breakpoints,
-      set the system trace function to None.
+      set the system trace function to ``None``.
 
    .. method:: set_quit()
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/code.rst b/Doc/library/code.rst
index 4cce1fa..e2c47ba 100644
--- a/Doc/library/code.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/code.rst
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ interpreter objects as well as the following additions.
 
    The optional *exitmsg* argument specifies an exit message printed when exiting.
    Pass the empty string to suppress the exit message. If *exitmsg* is not given or
-   None, a default message is printed.
+   ``None``, a default message is printed.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.4
       To suppress printing any banner, pass an empty string.
diff --git a/Doc/library/collections.rst b/Doc/library/collections.rst
index 51c235d..9f3f5dc 100644
--- a/Doc/library/collections.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/collections.rst
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ or subtracting from an empty counter.
     position of the underlying data representation.
 
 
-    If *maxlen* is not specified or is *None*, deques may grow to an
+    If *maxlen* is not specified or is ``None``, deques may grow to an
     arbitrary length.  Otherwise, the deque is bounded to the specified maximum
     length.  Once a bounded length deque is full, when new items are added, a
     corresponding number of items are discarded from the opposite end.  Bounded
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ or subtracting from an empty counter.
 
     .. attribute:: maxlen
 
-        Maximum size of a deque or *None* if unbounded.
+        Maximum size of a deque or ``None`` if unbounded.
 
         .. versionadded:: 3.1
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/dis.rst b/Doc/library/dis.rst
index 257bcd7..a15690b 100644
--- a/Doc/library/dis.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/dis.rst
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ code.
    notably :func:`get_instructions`, as iterating over a :class:`Bytecode`
    instance yields the bytecode operations as :class:`Instruction` instances.
 
-   If *first_line* is not None, it indicates the line number that should be
+   If *first_line* is not ``None``, it indicates the line number that should be
    reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.  Otherwise, the
    source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
    object.
 
-   If *current_offset* is not None, it refers to an instruction offset in the
+   If *current_offset* is not ``None``, it refers to an instruction offset in the
    disassembled code. Setting this means :meth:`.dis` will display a "current
    instruction" marker against the specified opcode.
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn't useful:
    The iterator generates a series of :class:`Instruction` named tuples giving
    the details of each operation in the supplied code.
 
-   If *first_line* is not None, it indicates the line number that should be
+   If *first_line* is not ``None``, it indicates the line number that should be
    reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.  Otherwise, the
    source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
    object.
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ details of bytecode instructions as :class:`Instruction` instances:
 
    .. data:: arg
 
-      numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None
+      numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise ``None``
 
 
    .. data:: argval
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ details of bytecode instructions as :class:`Instruction` instances:
 
    .. data:: starts_line
 
-      line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None
+      line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise ``None``
 
 
    .. data:: is_jump_target
diff --git a/Doc/library/doctest.rst b/Doc/library/doctest.rst
index 66a521e..131206d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/doctest.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/doctest.rst
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ DocTest Objects
 
    .. attribute:: docstring
 
-      The string that the test was extracted from, or 'None' if the string is
+      The string that the test was extracted from, or ``None`` if the string is
       unavailable, or if the test was not extracted from a string.
 
 
@@ -1320,7 +1320,7 @@ DocTestFinder objects
       not specified, then ``obj.__name__`` is used.
 
       The optional parameter *module* is the module that contains the given object.
-      If the module is not specified or is None, then the test finder will attempt
+      If the module is not specified or is ``None``, then the test finder will attempt
       to automatically determine the correct module.  The object's module is used:
 
       * As a default namespace, if *globs* is not specified.
diff --git a/Doc/library/ensurepip.rst b/Doc/library/ensurepip.rst
index 6aeeabc..c797f63 100644
--- a/Doc/library/ensurepip.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/ensurepip.rst
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Module API
    Bootstraps ``pip`` into the current or designated environment.
 
    *root* specifies an alternative root directory to install relative to.
-   If *root* is None, then installation uses the default install location
+   If *root* is ``None``, then installation uses the default install location
    for the current environment.
 
    *upgrade* indicates whether or not to upgrade an existing installation
diff --git a/Doc/library/functools.rst b/Doc/library/functools.rst
index 127e3fa..f9b90a8 100644
--- a/Doc/library/functools.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/functools.rst
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ The :mod:`functools` module defines the following functions:
    Since a dictionary is used to cache results, the positional and keyword
    arguments to the function must be hashable.
 
-   If *maxsize* is set to None, the LRU feature is disabled and the cache can
+   If *maxsize* is set to ``None``, the LRU feature is disabled and the cache can
    grow without bound.  The LRU feature performs best when *maxsize* is a
    power-of-two.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/http.server.rst b/Doc/library/http.server.rst
index c1ea873..fb5c1df 100644
--- a/Doc/library/http.server.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/http.server.rst
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ of which this module provides three different variants:
 
    .. method:: date_time_string(timestamp=None)
 
-      Returns the date and time given by *timestamp* (which must be None or in
+      Returns the date and time given by *timestamp* (which must be ``None`` or in
       the format returned by :func:`time.time`), formatted for a message
       header. If *timestamp* is omitted, it uses the current date and time.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/imaplib.rst b/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
index 7024a1b..1632eb7 100644
--- a/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ The following utility functions are defined:
 
    Parse an IMAP4 ``INTERNALDATE`` string and return corresponding local
    time.  The return value is a :class:`time.struct_time` tuple or
-   None if the string has wrong format.
+   ``None`` if the string has wrong format.
 
 .. function:: Int2AP(num)
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/importlib.rst b/Doc/library/importlib.rst
index 0d314a7..f63a18d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/importlib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/importlib.rst
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ find and load modules.
    (``__loader__``)
 
    The loader to use for loading.  For namespace packages this should be
-   set to None.
+   set to ``None``.
 
    .. attribute:: origin
 
@@ -1064,33 +1064,33 @@ find and load modules.
 
    Name of the place from which the module is loaded, e.g. "builtin" for
    built-in modules and the filename for modules loaded from source.
-   Normally "origin" should be set, but it may be None (the default)
+   Normally "origin" should be set, but it may be ``None`` (the default)
    which indicates it is unspecified.
 
    .. attribute:: submodule_search_locations
 
    (``__path__``)
 
-   List of strings for where to find submodules, if a package (None
+   List of strings for where to find submodules, if a package (``None``
    otherwise).
 
    .. attribute:: loader_state
 
    Container of extra module-specific data for use during loading (or
-   None).
+   ``None``).
 
    .. attribute:: cached
 
    (``__cached__``)
 
-   String for where the compiled module should be stored (or None).
+   String for where the compiled module should be stored (or ``None``).
 
    .. attribute:: parent
 
    (``__package__``)
 
    (Read-only) Fully-qualified name of the package to which the module
-   belongs as a submodule (or None).
+   belongs as a submodule (or ``None``).
 
    .. attribute:: has_location
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/json.rst b/Doc/library/json.rst
index 302f839..033e3fc 100644
--- a/Doc/library/json.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/json.rst
@@ -407,8 +407,9 @@ Encoders and Decoders
    (to raise :exc:`TypeError`).
 
    If *skipkeys* is false (the default), then it is a :exc:`TypeError` to
-   attempt encoding of keys that are not str, int, float or None.  If
-   *skipkeys* is true, such items are simply skipped.
+   attempt encoding of keys that are not :class:`str`, :class:`int`,
+   :class:`float` or ``None``.  If *skipkeys* is true, such items are simply
+   skipped.
 
    If *ensure_ascii* is true (the default), the output is guaranteed to
    have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped.  If *ensure_ascii* is
diff --git a/Doc/library/linecache.rst b/Doc/library/linecache.rst
index ae3de9f..34fcac5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/linecache.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/linecache.rst
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The :mod:`linecache` module defines the following functions:
 .. function:: lazycache(filename, module_globals)
 
    Capture enough detail about a non-file-based module to permit getting its
-   lines later via :func:`getline` even if *module_globals* is None in the later
+   lines later via :func:`getline` even if *module_globals* is ``None`` in the later
    call. This avoids doing I/O until a line is actually needed, without having
    to carry the module globals around indefinitely.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.config.rst b/Doc/library/logging.config.rst
index bf60f17..a68a890 100644
--- a/Doc/library/logging.config.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/logging.config.rst
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in
    across the socket, such that the ``verify`` callable can perform
    signature verification and/or decryption. The ``verify`` callable is called
    with a single argument - the bytes received across the socket - and should
-   return the bytes to be processed, or None to indicate that the bytes should
+   return the bytes to be processed, or ``None`` to indicate that the bytes should
    be discarded. The returned bytes could be the same as the passed in bytes
    (e.g. when only verification is done), or they could be completely different
    (perhaps if decryption were performed).
diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst b/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst
index 8e27ad0..6be3279 100644
--- a/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/logging.handlers.rst
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ sends logging output to a disk file.  It inherits the output functionality from
 
    Returns a new instance of the :class:`FileHandler` class. The specified file is
    opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
-   :const:`'a'` is used.  If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
+   :const:`'a'` is used.  If *encoding* is not ``None``, it is used to open the file
    with that encoding.  If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
    first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely.
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ for this value.
 
    Returns a new instance of the :class:`WatchedFileHandler` class. The specified
    file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
-   :const:`'a'` is used.  If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
+   :const:`'a'` is used.  If *encoding* is not ``None``, it is used to open the file
    with that encoding.  If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
    first call to :meth:`emit`.  By default, the file grows indefinitely.
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ module, supports rotation of disk log files.
 
    Returns a new instance of the :class:`RotatingFileHandler` class. The specified
    file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified,
-   ``'a'`` is used.  If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file
+   ``'a'`` is used.  If *encoding* is not ``None``, it is used to open the file
    with that encoding.  If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the
    first call to :meth:`emit`.  By default, the file grows indefinitely.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.rst b/Doc/library/logging.rst
index 72da385..e2da9b6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/logging.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/logging.rst
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ is the module's name in the Python package namespace.
 
    Finds the caller's source filename and line number. Returns the filename, line
    number, function name and stack information as a 4-element tuple. The stack
-   information is returned as *None* unless *stack_info* is *True*.
+   information is returned as ``None`` unless *stack_info* is *True*.
 
 
 .. method:: Logger.handle(record)
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ wire).
    :param args: Variable data to merge into the *msg* argument to obtain the
                 event description.
    :param exc_info: An exception tuple with the current exception information,
-                    or *None* if no exception information is available.
+                    or ``None`` if no exception information is available.
    :param func: The name of the function or method from which the logging call
                 was invoked.
    :param sinfo: A text string representing stack information from the base of
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ the options available to you.
 |                |                         | (as returned by :func:`time.time`).           |
 +----------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
 | exc_info       | You shouldn't need to   | Exception tuple (à la ``sys.exc_info``) or,   |
-|                | format this yourself.   | if no exception has occurred, *None*.         |
+|                | format this yourself.   | if no exception has occurred, ``None``.         |
 +----------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
 | filename       | ``%(filename)s``        | Filename portion of ``pathname``.             |
 +----------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ functions.
       :lno: The line number in the file where the logging call was made.
       :msg: The logging message.
       :args: The arguments for the logging message.
-      :exc_info: An exception tuple, or None.
+      :exc_info: An exception tuple, or ``None``.
       :func: The name of the function or method which invoked the logging
              call.
       :sinfo: A stack traceback such as is provided by
diff --git a/Doc/library/mmap.rst b/Doc/library/mmap.rst
index c544c80..6e6e290 100644
--- a/Doc/library/mmap.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/mmap.rst
@@ -204,13 +204,13 @@ To map anonymous memory, -1 should be passed as the fileno along with the length
    .. method:: read([n])
 
       Return a :class:`bytes` containing up to *n* bytes starting from the
-      current file position. If the argument is omitted, *None* or negative,
+      current file position. If the argument is omitted, ``None`` or negative,
       return all bytes from the current file position to the end of the
       mapping. The file position is updated to point after the bytes that were
       returned.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.3
-         Argument can be omitted or *None*.
+         Argument can be omitted or ``None``.
 
    .. method:: read_byte()
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
index 79c5687..96d1424 100644
--- a/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/multiprocessing.rst
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ Miscellaneous
    Return a context object which has the same attributes as the
    :mod:`multiprocessing` module.
 
-   If *method* is *None* then the default context is returned.
+   If *method* is ``None`` then the default context is returned.
    Otherwise *method* should be ``'fork'``, ``'spawn'``,
    ``'forkserver'``.  :exc:`ValueError` is raised if the specified
    start method is not available.
@@ -962,10 +962,10 @@ Miscellaneous
    If the start method has not been fixed and *allow_none* is false,
    then the start method is fixed to the default and the name is
    returned.  If the start method has not been fixed and *allow_none*
-   is true then *None* is returned.
+   is true then ``None`` is returned.
 
    The return value can be ``'fork'``, ``'spawn'``, ``'forkserver'``
-   or *None*.  ``'fork'`` is the default on Unix, while ``'spawn'`` is
+   or ``None``.  ``'fork'`` is the default on Unix, while ``'spawn'`` is
    the default on Windows.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.4
@@ -2059,7 +2059,7 @@ with the :class:`Pool` class.
 
    *maxtasksperchild* is the number of tasks a worker process can complete
    before it will exit and be replaced with a fresh worker process, to enable
-   unused resources to be freed. The default *maxtasksperchild* is None, which
+   unused resources to be freed. The default *maxtasksperchild* is ``None``, which
    means worker processes will live as long as the pool.
 
    *context* can be used to specify the context used for starting
@@ -2329,7 +2329,7 @@ multiple connections at the same time.
    ``None`` then digest authentication is used.
 
    If *authkey* is a byte string then it will be used as the
-   authentication key; otherwise it must be *None*.
+   authentication key; otherwise it must be ``None``.
 
    If *authkey* is ``None`` and *authenticate* is ``True`` then
    ``current_process().authkey`` is used as the authentication key.  If
diff --git a/Doc/library/nntplib.rst b/Doc/library/nntplib.rst
index 4577ff4..2c3cd8d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/nntplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/nntplib.rst
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ tuples or objects that the method normally returns will be empty.
 .. method:: NNTP.login(user=None, password=None, usenetrc=True)
 
    Send ``AUTHINFO`` commands with the user name and password.  If *user*
-   and *password* are None and *usenetrc* is true, credentials from
+   and *password* are ``None`` and *usenetrc* is true, credentials from
    ``~/.netrc`` will be used if possible.
 
    Unless intentionally delayed, login is normally performed during the
diff --git a/Doc/library/optparse.rst b/Doc/library/optparse.rst
index e5f40f4..2ef187d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/optparse.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/optparse.rst
@@ -2026,12 +2026,12 @@ Features of note:
 
      values.ensure_value(attr, value)
 
-  If the ``attr`` attribute of ``values`` doesn't exist or is None, then
+  If the ``attr`` attribute of ``values`` doesn't exist or is ``None``, then
   ensure_value() first sets it to ``value``, and then returns 'value. This is
   very handy for actions like ``"extend"``, ``"append"``, and ``"count"``, all
   of which accumulate data in a variable and expect that variable to be of a
   certain type (a list for the first two, an integer for the latter).  Using
   :meth:`ensure_value` means that scripts using your action don't have to worry
   about setting a default value for the option destinations in question; they
-  can just leave the default as None and :meth:`ensure_value` will take care of
+  can just leave the default as ``None`` and :meth:`ensure_value` will take care of
   getting it right when it's needed.
diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst
index 925a722..3260cdc 100644
--- a/Doc/library/os.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/os.rst
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ process and user.
    executable, similar to a shell, when launching a process.
    *env*, when specified, should be an environment variable dictionary
    to lookup the PATH in.
-   By default, when *env* is None, :data:`environ` is used.
+   By default, when *env* is ``None``, :data:`environ` is used.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.2
 
@@ -3814,7 +3814,7 @@ Miscellaneous System Information
 
 .. function:: cpu_count()
 
-   Return the number of CPUs in the system. Returns None if undetermined.
+   Return the number of CPUs in the system. Returns ``None`` if undetermined.
 
    This number is not equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can
    use.  The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with
diff --git a/Doc/library/queue.rst b/Doc/library/queue.rst
index ed408f4..bd0fc2d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/queue.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/queue.rst
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ provide the public methods described below.
 .. method:: Queue.put(item, block=True, timeout=None)
 
    Put *item* into the queue. If optional args *block* is true and *timeout* is
-   None (the default), block if necessary until a free slot is available. If
+   ``None`` (the default), block if necessary until a free slot is available. If
    *timeout* is a positive number, it blocks at most *timeout* seconds and raises
    the :exc:`Full` exception if no free slot was available within that time.
    Otherwise (*block* is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ provide the public methods described below.
 .. method:: Queue.get(block=True, timeout=None)
 
    Remove and return an item from the queue. If optional args *block* is true and
-   *timeout* is None (the default), block if necessary until an item is available.
+   *timeout* is ``None`` (the default), block if necessary until an item is available.
    If *timeout* is a positive number, it blocks at most *timeout* seconds and
    raises the :exc:`Empty` exception if no item was available within that time.
    Otherwise (*block* is false), return an item if one is immediately available,
diff --git a/Doc/library/select.rst b/Doc/library/select.rst
index c621949..f97118e 100644
--- a/Doc/library/select.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/select.rst
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ Kqueue Objects
 
    Low level interface to kevent
 
-   - changelist must be an iterable of kevent object or None
+   - changelist must be an iterable of kevent object or ``None``
    - max_events must be 0 or a positive integer
    - timeout in seconds (floats possible)
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/smtplib.rst b/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
index 1cb3aaf..86e769e 100644
--- a/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/smtplib.rst
@@ -349,10 +349,10 @@ An :class:`SMTP` instance has the following methods:
    :rfc:`4954` "initial response" bytes which will be encoded and sent with
    the ``AUTH`` command as below.  If the ``authobject()`` does not support an
    initial response (e.g. because it requires a challenge), it should return
-   None when called with ``challenge=None``.  If *initial_response_ok* is
-   false, then ``authobject()`` will not be called first with None.
+   ``None`` when called with ``challenge=None``.  If *initial_response_ok* is
+   false, then ``authobject()`` will not be called first with ``None``.
 
-   If the initial response check returns None, or if *initial_response_ok* is
+   If the initial response check returns ``None``, or if *initial_response_ok* is
    false, ``authobject()`` will be called to process the server's challenge
    response; the *challenge* argument it is passed will be a ``bytes``.  It
    should return ``bytes`` *data* that will be base64 encoded and sent to the
@@ -382,8 +382,9 @@ An :class:`SMTP` instance has the following methods:
    If *keyfile* and *certfile* are provided, these are passed to the :mod:`socket`
    module's :func:`ssl` function.
 
-   Optional *context* parameter is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object; This is an alternative to
-   using a keyfile and a certfile and if specified both *keyfile* and *certfile* should be None.
+   Optional *context* parameter is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object; This is
+   an alternative to using a keyfile and a certfile and if specified both
+   *keyfile* and *certfile* should be ``None``.
 
    If there has been no previous ``EHLO`` or ``HELO`` command this session,
    this method tries ESMTP ``EHLO`` first.
diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst
index 6909a64..9671857 100644
--- a/Doc/library/socket.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst
@@ -1388,10 +1388,10 @@ to sockets.
    Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page
    :manpage:`setsockopt(2)`).  The needed symbolic constants are defined in the
    :mod:`socket` module (:const:`SO_\*` etc.).  The value can be an integer,
-   None or a :term:`bytes-like object` representing a buffer. In the later
+   ``None`` or a :term:`bytes-like object` representing a buffer. In the later
    case it is up to the caller to ensure that the bytestring contains the
    proper bits (see the optional built-in module :mod:`struct` for a way to
-   encode C structures as bytestrings). When value is set to None,
+   encode C structures as bytestrings). When value is set to ``None``,
    optlen argument is required. It's equivalent to call setsockopt C
    function with optval=NULL and optlen=optlen.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
index 76693bd..5635577 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ Connection Objects
       called as the SQL function.
 
       The function can return any of the types supported by SQLite: bytes, str, int,
-      float and None.
+      float and ``None``.
 
       Example:
 
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ Connection Objects
       final result of the aggregate.
 
       The ``finalize`` method can return any of the types supported by SQLite:
-      bytes, str, int, float and None.
+      bytes, str, int, float and ``None``.
 
       Example:
 
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ Connection Objects
 
       .. literalinclude:: ../includes/sqlite3/collation_reverse.py
 
-      To remove a collation, call ``create_collation`` with None as callable::
+      To remove a collation, call ``create_collation`` with ``None`` as callable::
 
          con.create_collation("reverse", None)
 
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ You can control which kind of ``BEGIN`` statements sqlite3 implicitly executes
 (or none at all) via the *isolation_level* parameter to the :func:`connect`
 call, or via the :attr:`isolation_level` property of connections.
 
-If you want **autocommit mode**, then set :attr:`isolation_level` to None.
+If you want **autocommit mode**, then set :attr:`isolation_level` to ``None``.
 
 Otherwise leave it at its default, which will result in a plain "BEGIN"
 statement, or set it to one of SQLite's supported isolation levels: "DEFERRED",
diff --git a/Doc/library/ssl.rst b/Doc/library/ssl.rst
index 76003ea..baa0cc6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/ssl.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/ssl.rst
@@ -464,8 +464,8 @@ Certificate handling
    :meth:`SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths`. The return value is a
    :term:`named tuple` ``DefaultVerifyPaths``:
 
-   * :attr:`cafile` - resolved path to cafile or None if the file doesn't exist,
-   * :attr:`capath` - resolved path to capath or None if the directory doesn't exist,
+   * :attr:`cafile` - resolved path to cafile or ``None`` if the file doesn't exist,
+   * :attr:`capath` - resolved path to capath or ``None`` if the directory doesn't exist,
    * :attr:`openssl_cafile_env` - OpenSSL's environment key that points to a cafile,
    * :attr:`openssl_cafile` - hard coded path to a cafile,
    * :attr:`openssl_capath_env` - OpenSSL's environment key that points to a capath,
diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
index ec0ace8..19a02ff 100644
--- a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
@@ -1756,13 +1756,13 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module).
 
    If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
    ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of length 1) to Unicode ordinals,
-   strings (of arbitrary lengths) or None.  Character keys will then be
+   strings (of arbitrary lengths) or ``None``.  Character keys will then be
    converted to ordinals.
 
    If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and in the
    resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the character at
    the same position in y.  If there is a third argument, it must be a string,
-   whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
+   whose characters will be mapped to ``None`` in the result.
 
 
 .. method:: str.partition(sep)
@@ -3760,7 +3760,7 @@ copying.
       memory as an N-dimensional array.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.3
-         An empty tuple instead of None when ndim = 0.
+         An empty tuple instead of ``None`` when ndim = 0.
 
    .. attribute:: strides
 
@@ -3768,7 +3768,7 @@ copying.
       access each element for each dimension of the array.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.3
-         An empty tuple instead of None when ndim = 0.
+         An empty tuple instead of ``None`` when ndim = 0.
 
    .. attribute:: suboffsets
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst
index 6dbd3f9..a0977b6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/string.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/string.rst
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ The available integer presentation types are:
 
 In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted
 with the floating point presentation types listed below (except
-``'n'`` and None). When doing so, :func:`float` is used to convert the
+``'n'`` and ``None``). When doing so, :func:`float` is used to convert the
 integer to a floating point number before formatting.
 
 The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are:
diff --git a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
index 0655dc4..773d207 100644
--- a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
@@ -114,17 +114,17 @@ compatibility with older versions, see the :ref:`call-function-trio` section.
    .. attribute:: stdout
 
       Captured stdout from the child process. A bytes sequence, or a string if
-      :func:`run` was called with an encoding or errors. None if stdout was not
+      :func:`run` was called with an encoding or errors. ``None`` if stdout was not
       captured.
 
       If you ran the process with ``stderr=subprocess.STDOUT``, stdout and
       stderr will be combined in this attribute, and :attr:`stderr` will be
-      None.
+      ``None``.
 
    .. attribute:: stderr
 
       Captured stderr from the child process. A bytes sequence, or a string if
-      :func:`run` was called with an encoding or errors. None if stderr was not
+      :func:`run` was called with an encoding or errors. ``None`` if stderr was not
       captured.
 
    .. method:: check_returncode()
diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst
index 55b744e..2d14a1d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sys.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ always available.
    .. note::
        Under some conditions ``stdin``, ``stdout`` and ``stderr`` as well as the
        original values ``__stdin__``, ``__stdout__`` and ``__stderr__`` can be
-       None. It is usually the case for Windows GUI apps that aren't connected
+       ``None``. It is usually the case for Windows GUI apps that aren't connected
        to a console and Python apps started with :program:`pythonw`.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/test.rst b/Doc/library/test.rst
index 7114cdf..fab3e1f 100644
--- a/Doc/library/test.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/test.rst
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following functions:
    A context manager that creates a temporary directory at *path* and
    yields the directory.
 
-   If *path* is None, the temporary directory is created using
+   If *path* is ``None``, the temporary directory is created using
    :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp`.  If *quiet* is ``False``, the context manager
    raises an exception on error.  Otherwise, if *path* is specified and
    cannot be created, only a warning is issued.
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ The :mod:`test.support` module defines the following functions:
 
    The context manager creates a temporary directory in the current
    directory with name *name* before temporarily changing the current
-   working directory.  If *name* is None, the temporary directory is
+   working directory.  If *name* is ``None``, the temporary directory is
    created using :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp`.
 
    If *quiet* is ``False`` and it is not possible to create or change
diff --git a/Doc/library/threading.rst b/Doc/library/threading.rst
index 3066496..5063ede 100644
--- a/Doc/library/threading.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/threading.rst
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ Semaphores also support the :ref:`context management protocol <with-locks>`.
       without an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise,
       do the same thing as when called without arguments, and return true.
 
-      When invoked with a *timeout* other than None, it will block for at
+      When invoked with a *timeout* other than ``None``, it will block for at
       most *timeout* seconds.  If acquire does not complete successfully in
       that interval, return false.  Return true otherwise.
 
@@ -854,8 +854,8 @@ For example::
 
    Create a timer that will run *function* with arguments *args* and  keyword
    arguments *kwargs*, after *interval* seconds have passed.
-   If *args* is None (the default) then an empty list will be used.
-   If *kwargs* is None (the default) then an empty dict will be used.
+   If *args* is ``None`` (the default) then an empty list will be used.
+   If *kwargs* is ``None`` (the default) then an empty dict will be used.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.3
       changed from a factory function to a class.
diff --git a/Doc/library/timeit.rst b/Doc/library/timeit.rst
index 5bae33b..3b77276 100644
--- a/Doc/library/timeit.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/timeit.rst
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The module defines three convenience functions and a public class:
        100, 1000, ...) up to a maximum of one billion, until the time taken
        is at least 0.2 second, or the maximum is reached.
 
-        If *callback* is given and is not *None*, it will be called after
+        If *callback* is given and is not ``None``, it will be called after
         each trial with two arguments: ``callback(number, time_taken)``.
 
         .. versionadded:: 3.6
diff --git a/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst b/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
index dbb5bd2..3dad182 100644
--- a/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ option. If you don't know the class name of a widget, use the method
 Layouts
 ^^^^^^^
 
-A layout can be just None, if it takes no options, or a dict of
+A layout can be just ``None``, if it takes no options, or a dict of
 options specifying how to arrange the element. The layout mechanism
 uses a simplified version of the pack geometry manager: given an
 initial cavity, each element is allocated a parcel. Valid
diff --git a/Doc/library/turtle.rst b/Doc/library/turtle.rst
index e4a82ea..1986972 100644
--- a/Doc/library/turtle.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/turtle.rst
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ Turtle motion
 
    :param n: an integer (or ``None``)
 
-   Delete all or first/last *n* of turtle's stamps.  If *n* is None, delete
+   Delete all or first/last *n* of turtle's stamps.  If *n* is ``None``, delete
    all stamps, if *n* > 0 delete first *n* stamps, else if *n* < 0 delete
    last *n* stamps.
 
@@ -1799,7 +1799,7 @@ Input methods
    Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is
    the title of the dialog window, propmt is a text mostly describing
    what information to input.
-   Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. ::
+   Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return ``None``. ::
 
       >>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:")
 
@@ -1819,7 +1819,7 @@ Input methods
    The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
    given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
    correction.
-   Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled,  return None. ::
+   Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled,  return ``None``. ::
 
       >>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
 
@@ -1984,10 +1984,10 @@ Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
    :param height: if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of
                   the screen; default is 75% of screen
    :param startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
-                  edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None,
+                  edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if ``None``,
                   center window horizontally
    :param starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
-                  edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None,
+                  edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if ``None``,
                   center window vertically
 
    .. doctest::
diff --git a/Doc/library/typing.rst b/Doc/library/typing.rst
index 447b548..bbf5db6 100644
--- a/Doc/library/typing.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/typing.rst
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ The module defines the following classes, functions and decorators:
 
    This is often the same as ``obj.__annotations__``, but it handles
    forward references encoded as string literals, and if necessary
-   adds ``Optional[t]`` if a default value equal to None is set.
+   adds ``Optional[t]`` if a default value equal to ``None`` is set.
 
 .. decorator:: overload
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
index 1bc1edb..3cc22fd 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ the *new_callable* argument to :func:`patch`.
 
       .. versionadded:: 3.5
 
-    * *wraps*: Item for the mock object to wrap. If *wraps* is not None then
+    * *wraps*: Item for the mock object to wrap. If *wraps* is not ``None`` then
       calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
       (returning the real result). Attribute access on the mock will return a
       Mock object that wraps the corresponding attribute of the wrapped
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.rst
index 128597c..1b0d7a7 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.rst
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ Test cases
    .. method:: assertIsNone(expr, msg=None)
                assertIsNotNone(expr, msg=None)
 
-      Test that *expr* is (or is not) None.
+      Test that *expr* is (or is not) ``None``.
 
       .. versionadded:: 3.1
 
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@ Test cases
       methods that delegate to it), :meth:`assertDictEqual` and
       :meth:`assertMultiLineEqual`.
 
-      Setting ``maxDiff`` to None means that there is no maximum length of
+      Setting ``maxDiff`` to ``None`` means that there is no maximum length of
       diffs.
 
       .. versionadded:: 3.2
diff --git a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
index 491bded..c990fb1 100644
--- a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ request.
 
 .. attribute:: Request.data
 
-   The entity body for the request, or None if not specified.
+   The entity body for the request, or ``None`` if not specified.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.4
       Changing value of :attr:`Request.data` now deletes "Content-Length"
diff --git a/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst b/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
index c368fc2..1b6e431 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xml.sax.reader.rst
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ InputSource Objects
    Get the byte stream for this input source.
 
    The getEncoding method will return the character encoding for this byte stream,
-   or None if unknown.
+   or ``None`` if unknown.
 
 
 .. method:: InputSource.setCharacterStream(charfile)
diff --git a/Doc/library/zipapp.rst b/Doc/library/zipapp.rst
index 7c7767f..9dee9a5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/zipapp.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/zipapp.rst
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ The module defines two convenience functions:
      the archive will be written to that file.
    * If it is an open file object, the archive will be written to that
      file object, which must be open for writing in bytes mode.
-   * If the target is omitted (or None), the source must be a directory
+   * If the target is omitted (or ``None``), the source must be a directory
      and the target will be a file with the same name as the source, with
      a ``.pyz`` extension added.