closes bpo-37966: Fully implement the UAX #15 quick-check algorithm. (GH-15558)

The purpose of the `unicodedata.is_normalized` function is to answer
the question `str == unicodedata.normalized(form, str)` more
efficiently than writing just that, by using the "quick check"
optimization described in the Unicode standard in UAX #15.

However, it turns out the code doesn't implement the full algorithm
from the standard, and as a result we often miss the optimization and
end up having to compute the whole normalized string after all.

Implement the standard's algorithm.  This greatly speeds up
`unicodedata.is_normalized` in many cases where our partial variant
of quick-check had been returning MAYBE and the standard algorithm
returns NO.

At a quick test on my desktop, the existing code takes about 4.4 ms/MB
(so 4.4 ns per byte) when the partial quick-check returns MAYBE and it
has to do the slow normalize-and-compare:

  $ build.base/python -m timeit -s 'import unicodedata; s = "\uf900"*500000' \
      -- 'unicodedata.is_normalized("NFD", s)'
  50 loops, best of 5: 4.39 msec per loop

With this patch, it gets the answer instantly (58 ns) on the same 1 MB
string:

  $ build.dev/python -m timeit -s 'import unicodedata; s = "\uf900"*500000' \
      -- 'unicodedata.is_normalized("NFD", s)'
  5000000 loops, best of 5: 58.2 nsec per loop

This restores a small optimization that the original version of this
code had for the `unicodedata.normalize` use case.

With this, that case is actually faster than in master!

$ build.base/python -m timeit -s 'import unicodedata; s = "\u0338"*500000' \
    -- 'unicodedata.normalize("NFD", s)'
500 loops, best of 5: 561 usec per loop

$ build.dev/python -m timeit -s 'import unicodedata; s = "\u0338"*500000' \
    -- 'unicodedata.normalize("NFD", s)'
500 loops, best of 5: 512 usec per loop

1 files changed, 3 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.8.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.8.rst
index bcdb60d..4a1362d 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.8.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.8.rst
@@ -1090,8 +1090,9 @@ unicodedata
   <http://blog.unicode.org/2019/05/unicode-12-1-en.html>`_ release.
 
 * New function :func:`~unicodedata.is_normalized` can be used to verify a string
-  is in a specific normal form. (Contributed by Max Belanger and David Euresti in
-  :issue:`32285`).
+  is in a specific normal form, often much faster than by actually normalizing
+  the string.  (Contributed by Max Belanger, David Euresti, and Greg Price in
+  :issue:`32285` and :issue:`37966`).
 
 
 unittest