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author | Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> | 2008-07-23 16:10:53 (GMT) |
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committer | Georg Brandl <georg@python.org> | 2008-07-23 16:10:53 (GMT) |
commit | 3dbca81c9b7903e8d808089a6a76dc97807b3df3 (patch) | |
tree | a58e68eeadfebe5797dc830e3ce20352118174bb /Doc | |
parent | 4f6f34fb0b7c1048b238062015f3fef7372a911f (diff) | |
download | cpython-3dbca81c9b7903e8d808089a6a76dc97807b3df3.zip cpython-3dbca81c9b7903e8d808089a6a76dc97807b3df3.tar.gz cpython-3dbca81c9b7903e8d808089a6a76dc97807b3df3.tar.bz2 |
Merged revisions 65012,65035,65037-65040,65048,65057,65077,65091-65095,65097-65099,65127-65128,65131,65133-65136,65139,65149-65151,65155,65158-65159,65176-65178,65183-65184,65187-65190,65192,65194 via svnmerge from
svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk
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r65012 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-16 15:24:06 +0200 (Wed, 16 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Apply patch for issue 3090: ARCHFLAGS parsing incorrect
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r65035 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-16 23:19:28 +0200 (Wed, 16 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3045: fix pydoc behavior for TEMP path with spaces.
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r65037 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-16 23:31:41 +0200 (Wed, 16 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#1608818: errno can get set by every call to readdir().
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r65038 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-17 00:04:20 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3305: self->stream can be NULL.
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r65039 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-17 00:09:17 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3345: fix docstring.
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r65040 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-17 00:33:18 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3312: fix two sqlite3 crashes.
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r65048 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-17 01:35:54 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3388: add a paragraph about using "with" for file objects.
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r65057 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-17 05:13:05 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
news note for r63052
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r65077 | jesse.noller | 2008-07-17 23:01:05 +0200 (Thu, 17 Jul 2008) | 3 lines
Fix issue 3395, update _debugInfo to be _debug_info
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r65091 | ronald.oussoren | 2008-07-18 07:48:03 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Last bit of a fix for issue3381 (addon for my patch in r65061)
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r65092 | vinay.sajip | 2008-07-18 10:59:06 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Issue #3389: Allow resolving dotted names for handlers in logging configuration files. Thanks to Philip Jenvey for the patch.
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r65093 | vinay.sajip | 2008-07-18 11:00:00 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Issue #3389: Allow resolving dotted names for handlers in logging configuration files. Thanks to Philip Jenvey for the patch.
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r65094 | vinay.sajip | 2008-07-18 11:00:35 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Issue #3389: Allow resolving dotted names for handlers in logging configuration files. Thanks to Philip Jenvey for the patch.
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r65095 | vinay.sajip | 2008-07-18 11:01:10 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Issue #3389: Allow resolving dotted names for handlers in logging configuration files. Thanks to Philip Jenvey for the patch.
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r65097 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-18 12:20:59 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Remove duplicate entry in __all__.
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r65098 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-18 12:29:30 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Correct attribute name.
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r65099 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-18 13:15:06 +0200 (Fri, 18 Jul 2008) | 3 lines
Document the different meaning of precision for {:f} and {:g}.
Also document how inf and nan are formatted. #3404.
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r65127 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-19 02:42:03 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Improve accuracy of gamma test function
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r65128 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-19 02:43:00 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Add recipe to the itertools docs.
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r65131 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 12:08:55 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3378: in case of no memory, don't leak even more memory. :)
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r65133 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 14:39:10 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 3 lines
#3302: fix segfaults when passing None for arguments that can't
be NULL for the C functions.
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r65134 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 14:46:12 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#3303: fix crash with invalid Py_DECREF in strcoll().
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r65135 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 15:00:22 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 3 lines
#3319: don't raise ZeroDivisionError if number of rounds is so
low that benchtime is zero.
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r65136 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 15:09:42 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 3 lines
#3323: mention that if inheriting from a class without __slots__,
the subclass will have a __dict__ available too.
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r65139 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-19 15:48:44 +0200 (Sat, 19 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Add ordering info for findall and finditer.
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r65149 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-20 01:21:57 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Fix compress() recipe in docs to use itertools.
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r65150 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-20 01:58:47 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Clean-up itertools docs and recipes.
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r65151 | gregory.p.smith | 2008-07-20 02:22:08 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 9 lines
fix issue3120 - don't truncate handles on 64-bit Windows.
This is still messy, realistically PC/_subprocess.c should never cast pointers
to python numbers and back at all.
I don't have a 64-bit windows build environment because microsoft apparently
thinks that should cost money. Time to watch the buildbots. It builds and
passes tests on 32-bit windows.
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r65155 | georg.brandl | 2008-07-20 13:50:29 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
#926501: add info where to put the docstring.
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r65158 | neal.norwitz | 2008-07-20 21:35:23 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Fix a couple of names in error messages that were wrong
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r65159 | neal.norwitz | 2008-07-20 22:39:36 +0200 (Sun, 20 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Fix misspeeld method name (negative)
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r65176 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-21 23:36:24 +0200 (Mon, 21 Jul 2008) | 4 lines
Increment version number in NEWS file, and move items that were added after 2.6b2.
(I thought there was a script to automate this kind of updates)
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r65177 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-07-22 00:00:38 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 5 lines
Issue2378: pdb would delete free variables when stepping into a class statement.
The problem was introduced by r53954, the correction is to restore the symmetry between
PyFrame_FastToLocals and PyFrame_LocalsToFast
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r65178 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-22 00:05:34 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 1 line
don't use assert statement
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r65183 | ronald.oussoren | 2008-07-22 09:06:00 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Fix buglet in fix for issue3381
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r65184 | ronald.oussoren | 2008-07-22 09:06:33 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 2 lines
Fix build issue on OSX 10.4, somehow this wasn't committed before.
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r65187 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-22 20:54:02 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Remove out-of-date section on Exact/Inexact.
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r65188 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-22 21:00:47 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Tuples now have both count() and index().
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r65189 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-22 21:03:05 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 1 line
Fix credits for math.sum()
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r65190 | raymond.hettinger | 2008-07-22 21:18:50 +0200 (Tue, 22 Jul 2008) | 1 line
One more attribution.
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r65192 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-23 01:44:37 +0200 (Wed, 23 Jul 2008) | 1 line
remove unneeded import
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r65194 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-07-23 15:25:06 +0200 (Wed, 23 Jul 2008) | 1 line
use isinstance
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Diffstat (limited to 'Doc')
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/glossary.rst | 8 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/itertools.rst | 87 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/logging.rst | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/re.rst | 15 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/string.rst | 20 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst | 19 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/reference/datamodel.rst | 4 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/tutorial/inputoutput.rst | 10 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst | 21 |
9 files changed, 107 insertions, 83 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/glossary.rst b/Doc/glossary.rst index a2e9b02..ab11a83 100644 --- a/Doc/glossary.rst +++ b/Doc/glossary.rst @@ -100,6 +100,14 @@ Glossary of :class:`dict` much resembles that for :class:`list`, but the keys can be any object with a :meth:`__hash__` function, not just integers starting from zero. Called a hash in Perl. + + docstring + A docstring ("documentation string") is a string literal that appears as + the first thing in a class or function suite. While ignored when the + suite is executed, it is recognized by the compiler and put into the + :attr:`__doc__` attribute of the class or function. Since it is available + via introspection, it is the canonical place for documentation of the + object. duck-typing Pythonic programming style that determines an object's type by inspection diff --git a/Doc/library/itertools.rst b/Doc/library/itertools.rst index 63cace6..79a69ea 100644 --- a/Doc/library/itertools.rst +++ b/Doc/library/itertools.rst @@ -33,18 +33,11 @@ by combining :func:`map` and :func:`count` to form ``map(f, count())``. Likewise, the functional tools are designed to work well with the high-speed functions provided by the :mod:`operator` module. -The module author welcomes suggestions for other basic building blocks to be -added to future versions of the module. - Whether cast in pure python form or compiled code, tools that use iterators are -more memory efficient (and faster) than their list based counterparts. Adopting +more memory efficient (and often faster) than their list based counterparts. Adopting the principles of just-in-time manufacturing, they create data when and where needed instead of consuming memory with the computer equivalent of "inventory". -The performance advantage of iterators becomes more acute as the number of -elements increases -- at some point, lists grow large enough to severely impact -memory cache performance and start running slowly. - .. seealso:: @@ -517,55 +510,35 @@ which incur interpreter overhead. .. testcode:: - def take(n, seq): - return list(islice(seq, n)) + def take(n, iterable): + "Return first n items of the iterable as a list" + return list(islice(iterable, n)) - def enumerate(iterable): - return zip(count(), iterable) + def enumerate(iterable, start=0): + return zip(count(start), iterable) - def tabulate(function): + def tabulate(function, start=0): "Return function(0), function(1), ..." - return map(function, count()) - - def items(mapping): - return zip(mapping.keys(), mapping.values()) + return map(function, count(start)) def nth(iterable, n): - "Returns the nth item or raise StopIteration" - return next(islice(iterable, n, None)) - - def all(seq, pred=None): - "Returns True if pred(x) is true for every element in the iterable" - for elem in filterfalse(pred, seq): - return False - return True - - def any(seq, pred=None): - "Returns True if pred(x) is true for at least one element in the iterable" - for elem in filter(pred, seq): - return True - return False - - def no(seq, pred=None): - "Returns True if pred(x) is false for every element in the iterable" - for elem in filter(pred, seq): - return False - return True - - def quantify(seq, pred=None): - "Count how many times the predicate is true in the sequence" - return sum(map(pred, seq)) - - def padnone(seq): + "Returns the nth item or empty list" + return list(islice(iterable, n, n+1)) + + def quantify(iterable, pred=bool): + "Count how many times the predicate is true" + return sum(map(pred, iterable)) + + def padnone(iterable): """Returns the sequence elements and then returns None indefinitely. Useful for emulating the behavior of the built-in map() function. """ - return chain(seq, repeat(None)) + return chain(iterable, repeat(None)) - def ncycles(seq, n): + def ncycles(iterable, n): "Returns the sequence elements n times" - return chain.from_iterable(repeat(seq, n)) + return chain.from_iterable(repeat(iterable, n)) def dotproduct(vec1, vec2): return sum(map(operator.mul, vec1, vec2)) @@ -616,7 +589,21 @@ which incur interpreter overhead. def compress(data, selectors): "compress('abcdef', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) --> a c e f" - for d, s in zip(data, selectors): - if s: - yield d - + decorated = zip(data, selectors) + filtered = filter(operator.itemgetter(1), decorated) + return map(operator.itemgetter(0), filtered) + + def combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r): + "combinations_with_replacement('ABC', 3) --> AA AB AC BB BC CC" + pool = tuple(iterable) + n = len(pool) + indices = [0] * r + yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices) + while True: + for i in reversed(range(r)): + if indices[i] != n - 1: + break + else: + return + indices[i:] = [indices[i] + 1] * (r - i) + yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices) diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.rst b/Doc/library/logging.rst index 3f6b860..734e3b2 100644 --- a/Doc/library/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/library/logging.rst @@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ timed intervals. The system will save old log files by appending extensions to the filename. The extensions are date-and-time based, using the strftime format ``%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S`` or a leading portion thereof, depending on the - rollover interval. + rollover interval. If the *utc* argument is true, times in UTC will be used; otherwise local time is used. @@ -2315,6 +2315,10 @@ The ``class`` entry indicates the handler's class (as determined by :func:`eval` in the ``logging`` package's namespace). The ``level`` is interpreted as for loggers, and ``NOTSET`` is taken to mean "log everything". +.. versionchanged:: 2.6 + Added support for resolving the handler's class as a dotted module and class + name. + The ``formatter`` entry indicates the key name of the formatter for this handler. If blank, a default formatter (``logging._defaultFormatter``) is used. If a name is specified, it must appear in the ``[formatters]`` section and have diff --git a/Doc/library/re.rst b/Doc/library/re.rst index 5831364..a6ebc22 100644 --- a/Doc/library/re.rst +++ b/Doc/library/re.rst @@ -571,17 +571,20 @@ form. .. function:: findall(pattern, string[, flags]) Return all non-overlapping matches of *pattern* in *string*, as a list of - strings. If one or more groups are present in the pattern, return a list of - groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern has more than one group. - Empty matches are included in the result unless they touch the beginning of - another match. + strings. The *string* is scanned left-to-right, and matches are returned in + the order found. If one or more groups are present in the pattern, return a + list of groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern has more than + one group. Empty matches are included in the result unless they touch the + beginning of another match. .. function:: finditer(pattern, string[, flags]) Return an :term:`iterator` yielding :class:`MatchObject` instances over all - non-overlapping matches for the RE *pattern* in *string*. Empty matches are - included in the result unless they touch the beginning of another match. + non-overlapping matches for the RE *pattern* in *string*. The *string* is + scanned left-to-right, and matches are returned in the order found. Empty + matches are included in the result unless they touch the beginning of another + match. .. function:: sub(pattern, repl, string[, count]) diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst index faf5fed..5049dc1 100644 --- a/Doc/library/string.rst +++ b/Doc/library/string.rst @@ -360,10 +360,11 @@ zero-padding. This is equivalent to an *alignment* type of ``'='`` and a *fill* character of ``'0'``. The *precision* is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be -displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value. For non-number -types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many -characters will be used from the field content. The *precision* is ignored for -integer values. +displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with +``'f'`` and ``'F'``, or before and after the decimal point for a floating point +value formatted with ``'g'`` or ``'G'``. For non-number types the field +indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be +used from the field content. The *precision* is ignored for integer values. Finally, the *type* determines how the data should be presented. @@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ The available integer presentation types are: | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate | | | number separator characters. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ - | None | the same as ``'d'`` | + | None | The same as ``'d'``. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are: @@ -412,10 +413,13 @@ The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are: +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | ``'g'`` | General format. This prints the number as a fixed-point | | | number, unless the number is too large, in which case | - | | it switches to ``'e'`` exponent notation. | + | | it switches to ``'e'`` exponent notation. Infinity and | + | | NaN values are formatted as ``inf``, ``-inf`` and | + | | ``nan``, respectively. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | ``'G'`` | General format. Same as ``'g'`` except switches to | - | | ``'E'`` if the number gets to large. | + | | ``'E'`` if the number gets to large. The representations | + | | of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | ``'n'`` | Number. This is the same as ``'g'``, except that it uses | | | the current locale setting to insert the appropriate | @@ -424,7 +428,7 @@ The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are: | ``'%'`` | Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays | | | in fixed (``'f'``) format, followed by a percent sign. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ - | None | the same as ``'g'`` | + | None | The same as ``'g'``. | +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+ diff --git a/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst b/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst index a3665e7..9dd2c99 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/compound_stmts.rst @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ reference to the current global namespace as the global namespace to be used when the function is called. The function definition does not execute the function body; this gets executed -only when the function is called. +only when the function is called. [#]_ .. index:: statement: @ @@ -535,6 +535,7 @@ Class definitions pair: name; binding pair: execution; frame single: inheritance + single: docstring A class definition defines a class object (see section :ref:`types`): @@ -552,10 +553,10 @@ to a class object or class type which allows subclassing. The class's suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see section :ref:`naming`), using a newly created local namespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains only function definitions.) When the class's suite finishes -execution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. A -class object is then created using the inheritance list for the base classes and -the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary. The class name is bound -to this class object in the original local namespace. +execution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is +saved. [#]_ A class object is then created using the inheritance list for the +base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary. The +class name is bound to this class object in the original local namespace. Classes can also be decorated; as with functions, :: @@ -597,3 +598,11 @@ which is then bound to the class name. .. [#] Currently, control "flows off the end" except in the case of an exception or the execution of a :keyword:`return`, :keyword:`continue`, or :keyword:`break` statement. + +.. [#] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the function body is + transformed into the function's ``__doc__`` attribute and therefore the + function's :term:`docstring`. + +.. [#] A string literal appearing as the first statement in the class body is + transformed into the namespace's ``__doc__`` item and therefore the class's + :term:`docstring`. diff --git a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst index 3d531c7..8f95700 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst @@ -1435,6 +1435,10 @@ saved because *__dict__* is not created for each instance. Notes on using *__slots__* """""""""""""""""""""""""" +* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__* attribute of + that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__* definition in the + subclass is meaningless. + * Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to assign to an unlisted variable name raises :exc:`AttributeError`. If dynamic assignment of new diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/inputoutput.rst b/Doc/tutorial/inputoutput.rst index cc2a392..cbca95b 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/inputoutput.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/inputoutput.rst @@ -355,6 +355,16 @@ attempts to use the file object will automatically fail. :: File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? ValueError: I/O operation on closed file +It is good practice to use the :keyword:`with` keyword when dealing with file +objects. This has the advantage that the file is properly closed after its +suite finishes, even if an exception is raised on the way. It is also much +shorter than writing equivalent :keyword:`try`\ -\ :keyword:`finally` blocks:: + + >>> with open('/tmp/workfile', 'r') as f: + ... read_data = f.read() + >>> f.closed + True + File objects have some additional methods, such as :meth:`isatty` and :meth:`truncate` which are less frequently used; consult the Library Reference for a complete guide to file objects. diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst index 5cf29cb..203091f 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst @@ -1324,14 +1324,6 @@ The most general ABC is :class:`Number`. It defines no operations at all, and only exists to allow checking if an object is a number by doing ``isinstance(obj, Number)``. -Numbers are further divided into :class:`Exact` and :class:`Inexact`. -Exact numbers can represent values precisely and operations never -round off the results or introduce tiny errors that may break the -commutativity and associativity properties; inexact numbers may -perform such rounding or introduce small errors. Integers, long -integers, and rational numbers are exact, while floating-point -and complex numbers are inexact. - :class:`Complex` is a subclass of :class:`Number`. Complex numbers can undergo the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, and you can retrieve the @@ -1449,13 +1441,15 @@ Here are all of the changes that Python 2.6 makes to the core Python language. it will be returned if *iterator* has been exhausted; otherwise, the :exc:`StopIteration` exception will be raised. (:issue:`2719`) -* Tuples now have an :meth:`index` method matching the list type's - :meth:`index` method:: +* Tuples now have :meth:`index` and :meth:`count` methods matching the + list type's :meth:`index` and :meth:`count` methods:: >>> t = (0,1,2,3,4) >>> t.index(3) 3 + (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger) + * The built-in types now have improved support for extended slicing syntax, where various combinations of ``(start, stop, step)`` are supplied. Previously, the support was partial and certain corner cases wouldn't work. @@ -1545,7 +1539,8 @@ Here are all of the changes that Python 2.6 makes to the core Python language. * :func:`~math.sum` adds up the stream of numbers from an iterable, and is careful to avoid loss of precision by calculating partial sums. - (Contributed by Jean Brouwers; :issue:`2819`.) + (Contributed by Jean Brouwers, Raymond Hettinger, and Mark Dickinson; + :issue:`2819`.) * The inverse hyperbolic functions :func:`~math.acosh`, :func:`~math.asinh` and :func:`~math.atanh`. @@ -1596,8 +1591,8 @@ Here are all of the changes that Python 2.6 makes to the core Python language. * The string :meth:`translate` method now accepts ``None`` as the translation table parameter, which is treated as the identity transformation. This makes it easier to carry out operations - that only delete characters. (Contributed by Bengt Richter; - :issue:`1193128`.) + that only delete characters. (Contributed by Bengt Richter and + implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1193128`.) * The built-in :func:`dir` function now checks for a :meth:`__dir__` method on the objects it receives. This method must return a list |