Documentation for the weakref module.

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+\section{\module{weakref} ---
+         Weak references}
+
+\declaremodule{extension}{weakref}
+\moduleauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
+\sectionauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
+
+\versionadded{2.1}
+
+
+The \module{weakref} module allows the Python programmer to create
+\dfn{weak references} to objects.
+
+XXX --- need to say more here!
+
+Not all objects can be weakly referenced; those objects which do
+include class instances and dictionaries.  Extension types can easily
+be made to support weak references; see section \ref{weakref-extension},
+``Weak References in Extension Types,'' for more information.
+
+
+\strong{Warning:}
+The weak dictionaries provided in the current implementation and
+described below are subject to change.  They are included to solicit
+feedback and usage experience, and may be changed or removed in the
+final version.
+
+\strong{Warning:}
+The desired semantics of weak-reference proxy objects are not
+completely clear; it is very difficult to create proxies which behave
+exactly like the type of the referent.  The details of these objects
+are likely to change to some degree before the final release as
+experience reports become available.
+
+Please send specific feeback on this module to Fred Drake at
+\email{fdrake@acm.org}.
+
+
+\begin{funcdesc}{ref}{object\optional{, callback}}
+  Return a weak reference to \var{object}.  If \var{callback} is
+  provided, it will be called when the object is about to be
+  finalized; the weak reference object will be passed as the only
+  parameter to the callback; the referent will no longer be available.
+  The original object can be retrieved by calling the reference
+  object, if the referent is still alive.
+
+  It is allowable for many weak references to be constructed for the
+  same object.  Callbacks registered for each weak reference will be
+  called from the most recently registered callback to the oldest
+  registered callback.
+
+  Exceptions raised by the callback will be noted on the standard
+  error output, but cannot be propogated; they are handled in exactly
+  the same way as exceptions raised from an object's
+  \method{__del__()} method.
+\end{funcdesc}
+
+\begin{funcdesc}{mapping}{\optional{dict}}
+  Return a weak dictionary.  If \var{dict} is given and not
+  \code{None}, the new dictionary will contain the items contained in
+  \var{dict}.  The values from \var{dict} must be weakly referencable;
+  if any values which would be inserted into the new mapping are not
+  weakly referencable, \exception{TypeError} will be raised and the
+  new mapping will be empty.
+\end{funcdesc}
+
+\begin{funcdesc}{proxy}{object\optional{, callback}}
+  Return a proxy to \var{object} which uses a weak reference.  This
+  supports use of the proxy in most contexts instead of requiring the
+  explicit dereferencing used with weak reference objects.  The
+  returned object will have a type of either \code{ProxyType} or
+  \code{CallableProxyType}, depending on whether \var{object} is
+  callable.  Proxy objects are not hashable regardless of the
+  referent; this avoids a number of problems related to their
+  fundamentally mutable nature, and prevent their use as dictionary
+  keys.  \var{callable} is the same as the parameter of the same name
+  to the \function{ref()} function.
+\end{funcdesc}
+
+\begin{funcdesc}{getweakrefcount}{object}
+  Return the number of weak references and proxies which refer to
+  \var{object}.
+\end{funcdesc}
+
+\begin{funcdesc}{getweakrefs}{object}
+  Return a list of all weak reference and proxy objects which refer to
+  \var{object}.
+\end{funcdesc}
+
+\begin{classdesc}{WeakDictionary}{\optional{dict}}
+  The class of the mapping objects returned by \function{mapping()}.
+  This can be used for subclassing the implementation if needed.
+\end{classdesc}
+
+\begin{datadesc}{ReferenceType}
+  The type object for weak references objects.
+\end{datadesc}
+
+\begin{datadesc}{ProxyType}
+  The type object for proxies of objects which are not callable.
+\end{datadesc}
+
+\begin{datadesc}{CallableProxyType}
+  The type object for proxies of callable objects.
+\end{datadesc}
+
+\begin{datadesc}{ProxyTypes}
+  Sequence containing all the type objects for proxies.  This can make
+  it simpler to test if an object is a proxy without being dependent
+  on naming both proxy types.
+\end{datadesc}
+
+
+\begin{seealso}
+  \seepep{0205}{Weak References}{The proposal and rationale for this
+                feature, including links to earlier implementations
+                and information about similar features in other
+                languages.}
+\end{seealso}
+
+
+\subsection{Weak Reference Objects
+            \label{weakref-objects}}
+
+Weak reference objects have no attributes or methods, but do allow the
+referent to be obtained, if it still exists, by calling it:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+>>> import weakref
+>>> class Object:
+...     pass
+...
+>>> o = Object()
+>>> r = weakref.ref(o)
+>>> o2 = r()
+>>> o is o2
+1
+\end{verbatim}
+
+If the referent no longer exists, calling the reference object returns
+\code{None}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+>>> del o, o2
+>>> print r()
+None
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Testing that a weak reference object is still live should be done
+using the expression \code{\var{ref}.get() is not None}.  Normally,
+application code that needs to use a reference object should follow
+this pattern:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+o = ref.get()
+if o is None:
+    # referent has been garbage collected
+    print "Object has been allocated; can't frobnicate."
+else:
+    print "Object is still live!"
+    o.do_something_useful()
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Using a separate test for ``liveness'' creates race conditions in
+threaded applications; another thread can cause a weak reference to
+become invalidated before the \method{get()} method is called; the
+idiom shown above is safe in threaded applications as well as
+single-threaded applications.
+
+
+\subsection{Weak References in Extension Types
+            \label{weakref-extension}}
+
+One of the goals of the implementation is to allow any type to
+participate in the weak reference mechanism without incurring the
+overhead on those objects which do not benefit by weak referencing
+(such as numbers).
+
+For an object to be weakly referencable, the extension must include a
+\ctype{PyObject *} field in the instance structure for the use of the
+weak reference mechanism; it will be initialized by Python's functions
+for object creation.  It must also set the \code{tp_weaklistoffset}
+field of the corresponding type object to the offset of the field.
+For example, the instance type is defined with the following structure:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyClassObject *in_class;       /* The class object */
+    PyObject	  *in_dict;        /* A dictionary */
+    PyObject	  *in_weakreflist; /* List of weak references */
+} PyInstanceObject;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The statically-declared type object for instances is defined this way:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+PyTypeObject PyInstance_Type = {
+    PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type)
+    0,
+    "instance",
+
+    /* lots of stuff omitted for brevity */
+
+    offsetof(PyInstanceObject, in_weakreflist) /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+};
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The only further addition is that the destructor needs to call the
+weak reference manager to clear any weak references and return if the
+object has been resurrected.  This needs to occur before any other
+parts of the destruction have occurred:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+static void
+instance_dealloc(PyInstanceObject *inst)
+{
+    /* allocate tempories if needed, but do not begin
+       destruction here
+     */
+
+    if (!PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) inst))
+        return;
+
+    /* proceed with object destuction normally */
+}
+\end{verbatim}