Merge heads

1 files changed, 203 insertions, 202 deletions

diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst
index ab095e4..7267ae4 100644
--- a/Doc/library/argparse.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst
@@ -137,40 +137,136 @@ ArgumentParser objects
                           argument_default=None, conflict_handler='error', \
                           add_help=True)
 
-   Create a new :class:`ArgumentParser` object.  Each parameter has its own more
-   detailed description below, but in short they are:
+   Create a new :class:`ArgumentParser` object. All parameters should be passed
+   as keyword arguments. Each parameter has its own more detailed description
+   below, but in short they are:
 
-   * description_ - Text to display before the argument help.
+   * prog_ - The name of the program (default: ``sys.argv[0]``)
 
-   * epilog_ - Text to display after the argument help.
+   * usage_ - The string describing the program usage (default: generated from
+     arguments added to parser)
 
-   * add_help_ - Add a -h/--help option to the parser. (default: ``True``)
+   * description_ - Text to display before the argument help (default: none)
 
-   * argument_default_ - Set the global default value for arguments.
-     (default: ``None``)
+   * epilog_ - Text to display after the argument help (default: none)
 
    * parents_ - A list of :class:`ArgumentParser` objects whose arguments should
-     also be included.
+     also be included
+
+   * formatter_class_ - A class for customizing the help output
 
-   * prefix_chars_ - The set of characters that prefix optional arguments.
+   * prefix_chars_ - The set of characters that prefix optional arguments
      (default: '-')
 
    * fromfile_prefix_chars_ - The set of characters that prefix files from
-     which additional arguments should be read. (default: ``None``)
-
-   * formatter_class_ - A class for customizing the help output.
+     which additional arguments should be read (default: ``None``)
 
-   * conflict_handler_ - Usually unnecessary, defines strategy for resolving
-     conflicting optionals.
+   * argument_default_ - The global default value for arguments
+     (default: ``None``)
 
-   * prog_ - The name of the program (default:
-     ``sys.argv[0]``)
+   * conflict_handler_ - The strategy for resolving conflicting optionals
+     (usually unnecessary)
 
-   * usage_ - The string describing the program usage (default: generated)
+   * add_help_ - Add a -h/--help option to the parser (default: ``True``)
 
 The following sections describe how each of these are used.
 
 
+prog
+^^^^
+
+By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects uses ``sys.argv[0]`` to determine
+how to display the name of the program in help messages.  This default is almost
+always desirable because it will make the help messages match how the program was
+invoked on the command line.  For example, consider a file named
+``myprogram.py`` with the following code::
+
+   import argparse
+   parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+   parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help')
+   args = parser.parse_args()
+
+The help for this program will display ``myprogram.py`` as the program name
+(regardless of where the program was invoked from)::
+
+   $ python myprogram.py --help
+   usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+    --foo FOO   foo help
+   $ cd ..
+   $ python subdir\myprogram.py --help
+   usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+    --foo FOO   foo help
+
+To change this default behavior, another value can be supplied using the
+``prog=`` argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram')
+   >>> parser.print_help()
+   usage: myprogram [-h]
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+Note that the program name, whether determined from ``sys.argv[0]`` or from the
+``prog=`` argument, is available to help messages using the ``%(prog)s`` format
+specifier.
+
+::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo of the %(prog)s program')
+   >>> parser.print_help()
+   usage: myprogram [-h] [--foo FOO]
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+    --foo FOO   foo of the myprogram program
+
+
+usage
+^^^^^
+
+By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` calculates the usage message from the
+arguments it contains::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help')
+   >>> parser.print_help()
+   usage: PROG [-h] [--foo [FOO]] bar [bar ...]
+
+   positional arguments:
+    bar          bar help
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help   show this help message and exit
+    --foo [FOO]  foo help
+
+The default message can be overridden with the ``usage=`` keyword argument::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='%(prog)s [options]')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help')
+   >>> parser.print_help()
+   usage: PROG [options]
+
+   positional arguments:
+    bar          bar help
+
+   optional arguments:
+    -h, --help   show this help message and exit
+    --foo [FOO]  foo help
+
+The ``%(prog)s`` format specifier is available to fill in the program name in
+your usage messages.
+
+
 description
 ^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -218,122 +314,6 @@ line-wrapped, but this behavior can be adjusted with the formatter_class_
 argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`.
 
 
-add_help
-^^^^^^^^
-
-By default, ArgumentParser objects add an option which simply displays
-the parser's help message. For example, consider a file named
-``myprogram.py`` containing the following code::
-
-   import argparse
-   parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-   parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help')
-   args = parser.parse_args()
-
-If ``-h`` or ``--help`` is supplied at the command line, the ArgumentParser
-help will be printed::
-
-   $ python myprogram.py --help
-   usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
-
-   optional arguments:
-    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
-    --foo FOO   foo help
-
-Occasionally, it may be useful to disable the addition of this help option.
-This can be achieved by passing ``False`` as the ``add_help=`` argument to
-:class:`ArgumentParser`::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
-   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help')
-   >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: PROG [--foo FOO]
-
-   optional arguments:
-    --foo FOO  foo help
-
-The help option is typically ``-h/--help``. The exception to this is
-if the ``prefix_chars=`` is specified and does not include ``-``, in
-which case ``-h`` and ``--help`` are not valid options.  In
-this case, the first character in ``prefix_chars`` is used to prefix
-the help options::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='+/')
-   >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: PROG [+h]
-
-   optional arguments:
-     +h, ++help  show this help message and exit
-
-
-prefix_chars
-^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Most command-line options will use ``-`` as the prefix, e.g. ``-f/--foo``.
-Parsers that need to support different or additional prefix
-characters, e.g. for options
-like ``+f`` or ``/foo``, may specify them using the ``prefix_chars=`` argument
-to the ArgumentParser constructor::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='-+')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('+f')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('++bar')
-   >>> parser.parse_args('+f X ++bar Y'.split())
-   Namespace(bar='Y', f='X')
-
-The ``prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``'-'``. Supplying a set of
-characters that does not include ``-`` will cause ``-f/--foo`` options to be
-disallowed.
-
-
-fromfile_prefix_chars
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Sometimes, for example when dealing with a particularly long argument lists, it
-may make sense to keep the list of arguments in a file rather than typing it out
-at the command line.  If the ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument is given to the
-:class:`ArgumentParser` constructor, then arguments that start with any of the
-specified characters will be treated as files, and will be replaced by the
-arguments they contain.  For example::
-
-   >>> with open('args.txt', 'w') as fp:
-   ...    fp.write('-f\nbar')
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(fromfile_prefix_chars='@')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('-f')
-   >>> parser.parse_args(['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt'])
-   Namespace(f='bar')
-
-Arguments read from a file must by default be one per line (but see also
-:meth:`~ArgumentParser.convert_arg_line_to_args`) and are treated as if they
-were in the same place as the original file referencing argument on the command
-line.  So in the example above, the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']``
-is considered equivalent to the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '-f', 'bar']``.
-
-The ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``None``, meaning that
-arguments will never be treated as file references.
-
-
-argument_default
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Generally, argument defaults are specified either by passing a default to
-:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` or by calling the
-:meth:`~ArgumentParser.set_defaults` methods with a specific set of name-value
-pairs.  Sometimes however, it may be useful to specify a single parser-wide
-default for arguments.  This can be accomplished by passing the
-``argument_default=`` keyword argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`.  For example,
-to globally suppress attribute creation on :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`
-calls, we supply ``argument_default=SUPPRESS``::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS)
-   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?')
-   >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', '1', 'BAR'])
-   Namespace(bar='BAR', foo='1')
-   >>> parser.parse_args([])
-   Namespace()
-
-
 parents
 ^^^^^^^
 
@@ -471,6 +451,74 @@ as the regular formatter does)::
      --foo int
 
 
+prefix_chars
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Most command-line options will use ``-`` as the prefix, e.g. ``-f/--foo``.
+Parsers that need to support different or additional prefix
+characters, e.g. for options
+like ``+f`` or ``/foo``, may specify them using the ``prefix_chars=`` argument
+to the ArgumentParser constructor::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='-+')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('+f')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('++bar')
+   >>> parser.parse_args('+f X ++bar Y'.split())
+   Namespace(bar='Y', f='X')
+
+The ``prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``'-'``. Supplying a set of
+characters that does not include ``-`` will cause ``-f/--foo`` options to be
+disallowed.
+
+
+fromfile_prefix_chars
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Sometimes, for example when dealing with a particularly long argument lists, it
+may make sense to keep the list of arguments in a file rather than typing it out
+at the command line.  If the ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument is given to the
+:class:`ArgumentParser` constructor, then arguments that start with any of the
+specified characters will be treated as files, and will be replaced by the
+arguments they contain.  For example::
+
+   >>> with open('args.txt', 'w') as fp:
+   ...    fp.write('-f\nbar')
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(fromfile_prefix_chars='@')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('-f')
+   >>> parser.parse_args(['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt'])
+   Namespace(f='bar')
+
+Arguments read from a file must by default be one per line (but see also
+:meth:`~ArgumentParser.convert_arg_line_to_args`) and are treated as if they
+were in the same place as the original file referencing argument on the command
+line.  So in the example above, the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']``
+is considered equivalent to the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '-f', 'bar']``.
+
+The ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``None``, meaning that
+arguments will never be treated as file references.
+
+
+argument_default
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Generally, argument defaults are specified either by passing a default to
+:meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` or by calling the
+:meth:`~ArgumentParser.set_defaults` methods with a specific set of name-value
+pairs.  Sometimes however, it may be useful to specify a single parser-wide
+default for arguments.  This can be accomplished by passing the
+``argument_default=`` keyword argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`.  For example,
+to globally suppress attribute creation on :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args`
+calls, we supply ``argument_default=SUPPRESS``::
+
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS)
+   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo')
+   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?')
+   >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', '1', 'BAR'])
+   Namespace(bar='BAR', foo='1')
+   >>> parser.parse_args([])
+   Namespace()
+
+
 conflict_handler
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -508,22 +556,20 @@ action is retained as the ``-f`` action, because only the ``--foo`` option
 string was overridden.
 
 
-prog
-^^^^
+add_help
+^^^^^^^^
 
-By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects uses ``sys.argv[0]`` to determine
-how to display the name of the program in help messages.  This default is almost
-always desirable because it will make the help messages match how the program was
-invoked on the command line.  For example, consider a file named
-``myprogram.py`` with the following code::
+By default, ArgumentParser objects add an option which simply displays
+the parser's help message. For example, consider a file named
+``myprogram.py`` containing the following code::
 
    import argparse
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help')
    args = parser.parse_args()
 
-The help for this program will display ``myprogram.py`` as the program name
-(regardless of where the program was invoked from)::
+If ``-h`` or ``--help`` is supplied at the command line, the ArgumentParser
+help will be printed::
 
    $ python myprogram.py --help
    usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
@@ -531,76 +577,31 @@ The help for this program will display ``myprogram.py`` as the program name
    optional arguments:
     -h, --help  show this help message and exit
     --foo FOO   foo help
-   $ cd ..
-   $ python subdir\myprogram.py --help
-   usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO]
 
-   optional arguments:
-    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
-    --foo FOO   foo help
-
-To change this default behavior, another value can be supplied using the
-``prog=`` argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram')
-   >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: myprogram [-h]
-
-   optional arguments:
-    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
-
-Note that the program name, whether determined from ``sys.argv[0]`` or from the
-``prog=`` argument, is available to help messages using the ``%(prog)s`` format
-specifier.
-
-::
-
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo of the %(prog)s program')
-   >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: myprogram [-h] [--foo FOO]
-
-   optional arguments:
-    -h, --help  show this help message and exit
-    --foo FOO   foo of the myprogram program
-
-
-usage
-^^^^^
-
-By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` calculates the usage message from the
-arguments it contains::
+Occasionally, it may be useful to disable the addition of this help option.
+This can be achieved by passing ``False`` as the ``add_help=`` argument to
+:class:`ArgumentParser`::
 
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help')
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False)
+   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help')
    >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: PROG [-h] [--foo [FOO]] bar [bar ...]
-
-   positional arguments:
-    bar          bar help
+   usage: PROG [--foo FOO]
 
    optional arguments:
-    -h, --help   show this help message and exit
-    --foo [FOO]  foo help
+    --foo FOO  foo help
 
-The default message can be overridden with the ``usage=`` keyword argument::
+The help option is typically ``-h/--help``. The exception to this is
+if the ``prefix_chars=`` is specified and does not include ``-``, in
+which case ``-h`` and ``--help`` are not valid options.  In
+this case, the first character in ``prefix_chars`` is used to prefix
+the help options::
 
-   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='%(prog)s [options]')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help')
-   >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help')
+   >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='+/')
    >>> parser.print_help()
-   usage: PROG [options]
-
-   positional arguments:
-    bar          bar help
+   usage: PROG [-h]
 
    optional arguments:
-    -h, --help   show this help message and exit
-    --foo [FOO]  foo help
-
-The ``%(prog)s`` format specifier is available to fill in the program name in
-your usage messages.
+     -h, --help  show this help message and exit
 
 
 The add_argument() method