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| author | Jack Jansen <jack.jansen@cwi.nl> | 1996-03-18 13:38:52 (GMT) |
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| committer | Jack Jansen <jack.jansen@cwi.nl> | 1996-03-18 13:38:52 (GMT) |
| commit | a6308130bb9e130ec532e05a2784e170584a5ac7 (patch) | |
| tree | b85ff85f71045522a37067d013067082ce497b2b /Mac/Demo/example1.html | |
| parent | f4875af09c1c2dc2ad76329560ce4345b0fe4cd9 (diff) | |
| download | cpython-a6308130bb9e130ec532e05a2784e170584a5ac7.zip cpython-a6308130bb9e130ec532e05a2784e170584a5ac7.tar.gz cpython-a6308130bb9e130ec532e05a2784e170584a5ac7.tar.bz2 | |
Explanations of the examples here
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diff --git a/Mac/Demo/example1.html b/Mac/Demo/example1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddb897c --- /dev/null +++ b/Mac/Demo/example1.html @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part one</TITLE></HEAD> +<BODY> +<H1>Using python to create Macintosh applications, part one</H1> +<HR> + +This document will show you how to create a simple mac-style +application using Python. We will glance at how to use dialogs and +resources. <p> + +The example application we look at will be a simple program with a +dialog that allows you to control and monitor InterSLIP, a device +driver that connects your mac to the Internet via a modem connection. +<A HREF="example1/InterslipControl-1.py">Source</A> and resource file +(in binary and <A +HREF="example1/InterslipControl-1.rsrc.hqx">BinHex</A> form for +downloading) for this application are available in the <A +HREF="example1">example1</A> folder (which you will have to download +if you are reading this document over the net and if you want to look +at the resources). <p> + +We will use a C extension module module "interslip" that allows a +Python program to control and monitor the behaviour of the low-level +driver, and we will create the user interface around that. If you want +to actually run the code, you will obvously need InterSLIP and the +interslip module. The latter is available as a dynamically loadable +extension for PowerPC macs, and may be compiled in your Python +interpreter for 68K macs. As of this writing there is still a slight +problem with the Python interslip module causing it to say "file not +found" if the driver is not loaded yet. The workaround is to load the +driver by starting InterSLIP Control and quitting it. <p> + +<CITE> +If you are interested in building your own extensions to python you +should check out the companion document <A +HREF="plugins.html">Creating Macintosh Python C extensions</A>, +which tells you how to build your own C extension. Not completely +coincidental this document uses the interslip module that we will use +here as an example. <p> +</CITE> + +<H2><A NAME="dialog-resources">Creating dialog resources</A></H2> + +Let us start with the creative bit: building the dialogs and creating +an icon for our program. For this you need ResEdit, and a reasonable +working knowledge of how to use it. "Inside Mac" or various books on +macintosh programming will help here. <p> + +There is one fine point that deserves to be mentioned here: <A +NAME="resource-numbering">resource numbering</A>. Because often your +resources will be combined with those that the Python interpreter and +various standard modules need you should give your DLOG and DITL +resources numbers above 512. 128 and below are reserved for Apple, +128-255 for the Python interpreter and 256-511 for standard +modules. If you are writing a module that you will be distributing for +inclusion in other people's programs you may want to register a number +in the 256-511 range, contact Guido or myself or whoever you think is +"in charge" of Python for the Macintosh at the moment. Even though the +application we are writing at the moment will keep its resources in a +separate resource file it is still a good idea to make sure that no +conflicts arise: once you have opened your resource file any attempt +by the interpreter to open a dialog will also search your resource +file. <p> + +Okay, let's have a look at InterslipControl-1.rsrc, our resource file. +The DLOG and accompanying DITL resource both have number 512. Since +ResEdit creates both with default ID=128 you should take care to +change the number on both. The dialog itself is pretty basic: four +buttons (connect, disconnect, update status and quit), two labels and +two status fields. <p> + +<H2><A NAME="modal-dialog">An application with a modal dialog</A></H2> + +Next, we will have to write the actual application. For this example, +we will use a modal dialog. This means that we will put up the dialog +and go into a loop asking the dialog manager for events (buttons +pushed). We handle the actions requested by the user until the quit +button is pressed, upon which we exit our loop (and the program). This +way of structuring your program is actually rather antisocial, since +you force the user to do whatever you, the application writer, happen +to want. A modal dialog leaves no way of escape whatsoever (except +command-option-escape), and is usually not a good way to structure +anything but the most simple questions. Even then: how often have you +been confronted with a dialog asking a question that you could not +answer because the data you needed was obscured by the dialog itself? +In the next example we will look at an application that does pretty +much the same as this one but in a more user-friendly way. <p> + +On to the code itself, in file <A +HREF="example1/InterslipControl-1.py"> InterslipControl-1.py</A>. Have +a copy handy before you read on. The file starts off with a +textstring giving a short description. Not many tools do anything with +this as yet, but at some point in the future we <EM>will</EM> have all +sorts of nifty class browser that will display this string, so just +include it. Just put a short description at the start of each module, +class, method and function. After the initial description and some +comments, we import the modules we need. <p> + +<A NAME="easydialogs"><CODE>EasyDialogs</CODE></A> is a handy standard +module that provides you with routines that put up common text-only +modal dialogs: +<UL> +<LI> <CODE>Message(str)</CODE> +displays the message "str" and an OK button, +<LI> <CODE>AskString(prompt, default)</CODE> +asks for a string, displays OK and Cancel buttons, +<LI> <CODE>AskYesNoCancel(question, default)</CODE> +displays a question and Yes, No and Cancel buttons. +</UL> + +<A NAME="res"><CODE>Res</CODE></A> is a pretty complete interface to +the MacOS Resource Manager, described fully in Inside Mac. There is +currently no documentation of it, but the Apple documentation (or +Think Ref) will help you on your way if you remember two points: +<UL> +<LI> Resources are implemented as Python objects, and each routine +with a resource first argument is implemented as a python method. +<LI> When in doubt about the arguments examine the routines docstring, +as in <CODE>print Res.OpenResFile.__doc__</CODE> +</UL> + +Similarly, <A NAME="dlg"><CODE>Dlg</CODE></A> is an interface to the +Dialog manager (with Dialogs being implemented as python objects and +routines with Dialog arguments being methods). The sys module you +know, I hope. <A NAME="interslip"><CODE>Interslip</CODE></A>, +finally, is the module with the interface to the InterSLIP driver. We +use four calls from it: +<UL> +<LI> <CODE>open()</CODE> +opens the driver +<LI> <CODE>connect()</CODE> +asks it to initiate a connection procedure (without waiting) +<LI> <CODE>disconnect()</CODE> +asks it to initiate a disconnection procedure (without waiting) +<LI> <CODE>status()</CODE> +returns the current connection status in the form of an integer state, +an integer "message sequence number" and a message string. +</UL> + +Next in the source file we get definitions for our dialog resource +number and for the item numbers in our dialog. These should match the +situation in our resource file InterslipControl-1.rsrc, +obviously. Then we get an array converting numeric state codes +returned by <CODE>interslip.status()</CODE> to textual messages. <p> + +On to the main program. We start off with opening our resource file, +which should live in the same folder as the python source. If we +cannot open it we use <CODE>EasyDialogs</CODE> to print a message and +exit. You can try it: just move the resource file somewhere else for a +moment. Then, we try to open the interslip driver, again catching an +error. All modules that raise <A NAME="macos-errors">MacOS error +exceptions</A> will pass a 2-tuple to the exception handler with the +first item being the numeric <CODE>OSErr</CODE> code and the second +one being an informative message. If no informative message is +available it will be the rather uninformative <CODE>"MacOS Error +-12345"</CODE>, but at least the second item will always be a +printable string. Finally we call do_dialog() to do the real work. <p> + +<CODE>Do_dialog()</CODE> uses <CODE>Dlg.GetNewDialog()</CODE> to open +a dialog window initialized from 'DLOG' resource ID_MAIN and putting +it on screen in the frontmost position. Next, we go into a loop, +calling <CODE>Dlg.ModalDialog()</CODE> to wait for the next user +action. <CODE>ModalDialog()</CODE> will return us the item number that +the user has clicked on (or otherwise activated). It will handle a few +slightly more complicated things also, like the user typing into +simple textfields, but it will <EM>not</EM> do things like updating +the physical appearance of radio buttons, etc. See Inside Mac or +another programming guide for how to handle this +yourself. Fortunately, our simple application doesn't have to bother +with this, since buttons are the only active elements we have. So, we +do a simple switch on item number and call the appropriate routine to +implement the action requested. Upon the user pressing "quit" we +simply leave the loop and, hence, <CODE>do_dialog()</CODE>. This will +cause the python dialog object <CODE>my_dlg</CODE> to be deleted and +the on-screen dialog to disappear. <p> + +<A NAME="dialog-warning">Time for a warning</A>: be very careful what +you do as long as a dialog is on-screen. Printing something, for +instance, may suddenly cause the standard output window to appear over +the dialog, and since we took no measures to redraw the dialog it will +become very difficult to get out of the dialog. Also, command-period +may or may not work in this situation. I have also seen crashes in +such a situation, probably due to the multiple event loops involved or +some oversight in the interpreter. You have been warned. <p> + +The implementation of the "update status" command can use a bit more +explaining: we get the new information with <CODE>do_status()</CODE> +but now we have to update the on-screen dialog to present this +information to the user. The <CODE>GetDialogItem()</CODE> method of +the dialog returns three bits of information about the given item: its +type, its data handle and its rect (the on-screen <CODE>x,y,w,h</CODE> +coordinates). We are only interested in the data handle here, on which +we call <CODE>SetDialogItemText()</CODE> to set our new text. Note +here that python programmers need not bother with the C-string versus +pascal-string controversy: the python glue module knows what is needed +and converts the python string to the correct type. <p> + +Finally, the three implementation routines <CODE>do_connect()</CODE>, +<CODE>do_disconnect()</CODE> and <CODE>do_status()</CODE> are simply +boring wrappers around the corresponding interslip methods that will +put up a dialog in case of an error. <p> + +And that concludes our first example of the use of resources and +dialogs. Next, you could have a look at the source of EasyDialogs for +some examples of using input fields and filterprocs. Or, go on with +reading the <A HREF="example2.html">second part</A> of this document +to see how to implement a better version of this application. Not only +will it allow the user to go back to the finder (or other apps) when +your application is running, it will also free her of the RSI-inducing +chore of pressing "update status" continuously... <p> + + |