Rename bytesobject.c back to stringobject.c to keep with the PyString theme.

Part of reverting most of r63675 per the mailing list discussion.

1 files changed, 5215 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Objects/stringobject.c b/Objects/stringobject.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..793cc88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Objects/stringobject.c
@@ -0,0 +1,5215 @@
+/* String (str/bytes) object implementation */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+
+#include "Python.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+int null_strings, one_strings;
+#endif
+
+static PyStringObject *characters[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
+static PyStringObject *nullstring;
+
+/* This dictionary holds all interned strings.  Note that references to
+   strings in this dictionary are *not* counted in the string's ob_refcnt.
+   When the interned string reaches a refcnt of 0 the string deallocation
+   function will delete the reference from this dictionary.
+
+   Another way to look at this is that to say that the actual reference
+   count of a string is:  s->ob_refcnt + (s->ob_sstate?2:0)
+*/
+static PyObject *interned;
+
+/*
+   For both PyString_FromString() and PyString_FromStringAndSize(), the
+   parameter `size' denotes number of characters to allocate, not counting any
+   null terminating character.
+
+   For PyString_FromString(), the parameter `str' points to a null-terminated
+   string containing exactly `size' bytes.
+
+   For PyString_FromStringAndSize(), the parameter the parameter `str' is
+   either NULL or else points to a string containing at least `size' bytes.
+   For PyString_FromStringAndSize(), the string in the `str' parameter does
+   not have to be null-terminated.  (Therefore it is safe to construct a
+   substring by calling `PyString_FromStringAndSize(origstring, substrlen)'.)
+   If `str' is NULL then PyString_FromStringAndSize() will allocate `size+1'
+   bytes (setting the last byte to the null terminating character) and you can
+   fill in the data yourself.  If `str' is non-NULL then the resulting
+   PyString object must be treated as immutable and you must not fill in nor
+   alter the data yourself, since the strings may be shared.
+
+   The PyObject member `op->ob_size', which denotes the number of "extra
+   items" in a variable-size object, will contain the number of bytes
+   allocated for string data, not counting the null terminating character.  It
+   is therefore equal to the equal to the `size' parameter (for
+   PyString_FromStringAndSize()) or the length of the string in the `str'
+   parameter (for PyString_FromString()).
+*/
+PyObject *
+PyString_FromStringAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+	register PyStringObject *op;
+	if (size < 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+		    "Negative size passed to PyString_FromStringAndSize");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+		null_strings++;
+#endif
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+		return (PyObject *)op;
+	}
+	if (size == 1 && str != NULL &&
+	    (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL)
+	{
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+		one_strings++;
+#endif
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+		return (PyObject *)op;
+	}
+
+	/* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
+	op = (PyStringObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size);
+	if (op == NULL)
+		return PyErr_NoMemory();
+	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyString_Type, size);
+	op->ob_shash = -1;
+	op->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	if (str != NULL)
+		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, str, size);
+	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
+	/* share short strings */
+	if (size == 0) {
+		PyObject *t = (PyObject *)op;
+		PyString_InternInPlace(&t);
+		op = (PyStringObject *)t;
+		nullstring = op;
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+	} else if (size == 1 && str != NULL) {
+		PyObject *t = (PyObject *)op;
+		PyString_InternInPlace(&t);
+		op = (PyStringObject *)t;
+		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+	}
+	return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_FromString(const char *str)
+{
+	register size_t size;
+	register PyStringObject *op;
+
+	assert(str != NULL);
+	size = strlen(str);
+	if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+			"string is too long for a Python string");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+		null_strings++;
+#endif
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+		return (PyObject *)op;
+	}
+	if (size == 1 && (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL) {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+		one_strings++;
+#endif
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+		return (PyObject *)op;
+	}
+
+	/* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
+	op = (PyStringObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size);
+	if (op == NULL)
+		return PyErr_NoMemory();
+	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyString_Type, size);
+	op->ob_shash = -1;
+	op->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, str, size+1);
+	/* share short strings */
+	if (size == 0) {
+		PyObject *t = (PyObject *)op;
+		PyString_InternInPlace(&t);
+		op = (PyStringObject *)t;
+		nullstring = op;
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+	} else if (size == 1) {
+		PyObject *t = (PyObject *)op;
+		PyString_InternInPlace(&t);
+		op = (PyStringObject *)t;
+		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
+		Py_INCREF(op);
+	}
+	return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
+{
+	va_list count;
+	Py_ssize_t n = 0;
+	const char* f;
+	char *s;
+	PyObject* string;
+
+#ifdef VA_LIST_IS_ARRAY
+	Py_MEMCPY(count, vargs, sizeof(va_list));
+#else
+#ifdef  __va_copy
+	__va_copy(count, vargs);
+#else
+	count = vargs;
+#endif
+#endif
+	/* step 1: figure out how large a buffer we need */
+	for (f = format; *f; f++) {
+		if (*f == '%') {
+			const char* p = f;
+			while (*++f && *f != '%' && !isalpha(Py_CHARMASK(*f)))
+				;
+
+			/* skip the 'l' or 'z' in {%ld, %zd, %lu, %zu} since
+			 * they don't affect the amount of space we reserve.
+			 */
+			if ((*f == 'l' || *f == 'z') &&
+					(f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u'))
+				++f;
+
+			switch (*f) {
+			case 'c':
+				(void)va_arg(count, int);
+				/* fall through... */
+			case '%':
+				n++;
+				break;
+			case 'd': case 'u': case 'i': case 'x':
+				(void) va_arg(count, int);
+				/* 20 bytes is enough to hold a 64-bit
+				   integer.  Decimal takes the most space.
+				   This isn't enough for octal. */
+				n += 20;
+				break;
+			case 's':
+				s = va_arg(count, char*);
+				n += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case 'p':
+				(void) va_arg(count, int);
+				/* maximum 64-bit pointer representation:
+				 * 0xffffffffffffffff
+				 * so 19 characters is enough.
+				 * XXX I count 18 -- what's the extra for?
+				 */
+				n += 19;
+				break;
+			default:
+				/* if we stumble upon an unknown
+				   formatting code, copy the rest of
+				   the format string to the output
+				   string. (we cannot just skip the
+				   code, since there's no way to know
+				   what's in the argument list) */
+				n += strlen(p);
+				goto expand;
+			}
+		} else
+			n++;
+	}
+ expand:
+	/* step 2: fill the buffer */
+	/* Since we've analyzed how much space we need for the worst case,
+	   use sprintf directly instead of the slower PyOS_snprintf. */
+	string = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (!string)
+		return NULL;
+
+	s = PyString_AsString(string);
+
+	for (f = format; *f; f++) {
+		if (*f == '%') {
+			const char* p = f++;
+			Py_ssize_t i;
+			int longflag = 0;
+			int size_tflag = 0;
+			/* parse the width.precision part (we're only
+			   interested in the precision value, if any) */
+			n = 0;
+			while (isdigit(Py_CHARMASK(*f)))
+				n = (n*10) + *f++ - '0';
+			if (*f == '.') {
+				f++;
+				n = 0;
+				while (isdigit(Py_CHARMASK(*f)))
+					n = (n*10) + *f++ - '0';
+			}
+			while (*f && *f != '%' && !isalpha(Py_CHARMASK(*f)))
+				f++;
+			/* handle the long flag, but only for %ld and %lu.
+			   others can be added when necessary. */
+			if (*f == 'l' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
+				longflag = 1;
+				++f;
+			}
+			/* handle the size_t flag. */
+			if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
+				size_tflag = 1;
+				++f;
+			}
+
+			switch (*f) {
+			case 'c':
+				*s++ = va_arg(vargs, int);
+				break;
+			case 'd':
+				if (longflag)
+					sprintf(s, "%ld", va_arg(vargs, long));
+				else if (size_tflag)
+					sprintf(s, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
+					        va_arg(vargs, Py_ssize_t));
+				else
+					sprintf(s, "%d", va_arg(vargs, int));
+				s += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case 'u':
+				if (longflag)
+					sprintf(s, "%lu",
+						va_arg(vargs, unsigned long));
+				else if (size_tflag)
+					sprintf(s, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u",
+					        va_arg(vargs, size_t));
+				else
+					sprintf(s, "%u",
+						va_arg(vargs, unsigned int));
+				s += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case 'i':
+				sprintf(s, "%i", va_arg(vargs, int));
+				s += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case 'x':
+				sprintf(s, "%x", va_arg(vargs, int));
+				s += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case 's':
+				p = va_arg(vargs, char*);
+				i = strlen(p);
+				if (n > 0 && i > n)
+					i = n;
+				Py_MEMCPY(s, p, i);
+				s += i;
+				break;
+			case 'p':
+				sprintf(s, "%p", va_arg(vargs, void*));
+				/* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
+				if (s[1] == 'X')
+					s[1] = 'x';
+				else if (s[1] != 'x') {
+					memmove(s+2, s, strlen(s)+1);
+					s[0] = '0';
+					s[1] = 'x';
+				}
+				s += strlen(s);
+				break;
+			case '%':
+				*s++ = '%';
+				break;
+			default:
+				strcpy(s, p);
+				s += strlen(s);
+				goto end;
+			}
+		} else
+			*s++ = *f;
+	}
+
+ end:
+	_PyString_Resize(&string, s - PyString_AS_STRING(string));
+	return string;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
+{
+	PyObject* ret;
+	va_list vargs;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+	va_start(vargs, format);
+#else
+	va_start(vargs);
+#endif
+	ret = PyString_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
+	va_end(vargs);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+PyObject *PyString_Decode(const char *s,
+			  Py_ssize_t size,
+			  const char *encoding,
+			  const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v, *str;
+
+    str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(s, size);
+    if (str == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    v = PyString_AsDecodedString(str, encoding, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return v;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyString_AsDecodedObject(PyObject *str,
+				   const char *encoding,
+				   const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyString_Check(str)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL) {
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+#else
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "no encoding specified");
+	goto onError;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* Decode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Decode(str, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyString_AsDecodedString(PyObject *str,
+				   const char *encoding,
+				   const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    v = PyString_AsDecodedObject(str, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+    /* Convert Unicode to a string using the default encoding */
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+	PyObject *temp = v;
+	v = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(v, NULL, NULL);
+	Py_DECREF(temp);
+	if (v == NULL)
+	    goto onError;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "decoder did not return a string object (type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyString_Encode(const char *s,
+			  Py_ssize_t size,
+			  const char *encoding,
+			  const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v, *str;
+
+    str = PyString_FromStringAndSize(s, size);
+    if (str == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    v = PyString_AsEncodedString(str, encoding, errors);
+    Py_DECREF(str);
+    return v;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyString_AsEncodedObject(PyObject *str,
+				   const char *encoding,
+				   const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyString_Check(str)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    if (encoding == NULL) {
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
+#else
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "no encoding specified");
+	goto onError;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* Encode via the codec registry */
+    v = PyCodec_Encode(str, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyObject *PyString_AsEncodedString(PyObject *str,
+				   const char *encoding,
+				   const char *errors)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    v = PyString_AsEncodedObject(str, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+    /* Convert Unicode to a string using the default encoding */
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+	PyObject *temp = v;
+	v = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(v, NULL, NULL);
+	Py_DECREF(temp);
+	if (v == NULL)
+	    goto onError;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "encoder did not return a string object (type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        goto onError;
+    }
+
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+string_dealloc(PyObject *op)
+{
+	switch (PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(op)) {
+		case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
+			break;
+
+		case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
+			/* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */
+			Py_REFCNT(op) = 3;
+			if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, op) != 0)
+				Py_FatalError(
+					"deletion of interned string failed");
+			break;
+
+		case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
+			Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died.");
+
+		default:
+			Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
+	}
+	Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free(op);
+}
+
+/* Unescape a backslash-escaped string. If unicode is non-zero,
+   the string is a u-literal. If recode_encoding is non-zero,
+   the string is UTF-8 encoded and should be re-encoded in the
+   specified encoding.  */
+
+PyObject *PyString_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
+				Py_ssize_t len,
+				const char *errors,
+				Py_ssize_t unicode,
+				const char *recode_encoding)
+{
+	int c;
+	char *p, *buf;
+	const char *end;
+	PyObject *v;
+	Py_ssize_t newlen = recode_encoding ? 4*len:len;
+	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, newlen);
+	if (v == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	p = buf = PyString_AsString(v);
+	end = s + len;
+	while (s < end) {
+		if (*s != '\\') {
+		  non_esc:
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+			if (recode_encoding && (*s & 0x80)) {
+				PyObject *u, *w;
+				char *r;
+				const char* t;
+				Py_ssize_t rn;
+				t = s;
+				/* Decode non-ASCII bytes as UTF-8. */
+				while (t < end && (*t & 0x80)) t++;
+				u = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, t - s, errors);
+				if(!u) goto failed;
+
+				/* Recode them in target encoding. */
+				w = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(
+					u, recode_encoding, errors);
+				Py_DECREF(u);
+				if (!w)	goto failed;
+
+				/* Append bytes to output buffer. */
+				assert(PyString_Check(w));
+				r = PyString_AS_STRING(w);
+				rn = PyString_GET_SIZE(w);
+				Py_MEMCPY(p, r, rn);
+				p += rn;
+				Py_DECREF(w);
+				s = t;
+			} else {
+				*p++ = *s++;
+			}
+#else
+			*p++ = *s++;
+#endif
+			continue;
+		}
+		s++;
+                if (s==end) {
+			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+					"Trailing \\ in string");
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		switch (*s++) {
+		/* XXX This assumes ASCII! */
+		case '\n': break;
+		case '\\': *p++ = '\\'; break;
+		case '\'': *p++ = '\''; break;
+		case '\"': *p++ = '\"'; break;
+		case 'b': *p++ = '\b'; break;
+		case 'f': *p++ = '\014'; break; /* FF */
+		case 't': *p++ = '\t'; break;
+		case 'n': *p++ = '\n'; break;
+		case 'r': *p++ = '\r'; break;
+		case 'v': *p++ = '\013'; break; /* VT */
+		case 'a': *p++ = '\007'; break; /* BEL, not classic C */
+		case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
+		case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+			c = s[-1] - '0';
+			if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
+				c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+				if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
+					c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
+			}
+			*p++ = c;
+			break;
+		case 'x':
+			if (s+1 < end &&
+                            isxdigit(Py_CHARMASK(s[0])) &&
+			    isxdigit(Py_CHARMASK(s[1])))
+                        {
+				unsigned int x = 0;
+				c = Py_CHARMASK(*s);
+				s++;
+				if (isdigit(c))
+					x = c - '0';
+				else if (islower(c))
+					x = 10 + c - 'a';
+				else
+					x = 10 + c - 'A';
+				x = x << 4;
+				c = Py_CHARMASK(*s);
+				s++;
+				if (isdigit(c))
+					x += c - '0';
+				else if (islower(c))
+					x += 10 + c - 'a';
+				else
+					x += 10 + c - 'A';
+				*p++ = x;
+				break;
+			}
+			if (!errors || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
+				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+						"invalid \\x escape");
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			if (strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0) {
+				*p++ = '?';
+			} else if (strcmp(errors, "ignore") == 0)
+				/* do nothing */;
+			else {
+				PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+					     "decoding error; "
+					     "unknown error handling code: %.400s",
+					     errors);
+				goto failed;
+			}
+#ifndef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		case 'u':
+		case 'U':
+		case 'N':
+			if (unicode) {
+				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+					  "Unicode escapes not legal "
+					  "when Unicode disabled");
+				goto failed;
+			}
+#endif
+		default:
+			*p++ = '\\';
+			s--;
+			goto non_esc; /* an arbitry number of unescaped
+					 UTF-8 bytes may follow. */
+		}
+	}
+	if (p-buf < newlen)
+		_PyString_Resize(&v, p - buf);
+	return v;
+  failed:
+	Py_DECREF(v);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* object api */
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_getsize(register PyObject *op)
+{
+    	char *s;
+    	Py_ssize_t len;
+	if (PyString_AsStringAndSize(op, &s, &len))
+		return -1;
+	return len;
+}
+
+static /*const*/ char *
+string_getbuffer(register PyObject *op)
+{
+    	char *s;
+    	Py_ssize_t len;
+	if (PyString_AsStringAndSize(op, &s, &len))
+		return NULL;
+	return s;
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+PyString_Size(register PyObject *op)
+{
+	if (!PyString_Check(op))
+		return string_getsize(op);
+	return Py_SIZE(op);
+}
+
+/*const*/ char *
+PyString_AsString(register PyObject *op)
+{
+	if (!PyString_Check(op))
+		return string_getbuffer(op);
+	return ((PyStringObject *)op) -> ob_sval;
+}
+
+int
+PyString_AsStringAndSize(register PyObject *obj,
+			 register char **s,
+			 register Py_ssize_t *len)
+{
+	if (s == NULL) {
+		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!PyString_Check(obj)) {
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
+			obj = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(obj, NULL);
+			if (obj == NULL)
+				return -1;
+		}
+		else
+#endif
+		{
+			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+				     "expected string or Unicode object, "
+				     "%.200s found", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*s = PyString_AS_STRING(obj);
+	if (len != NULL)
+		*len = PyString_GET_SIZE(obj);
+	else if (strlen(*s) != (size_t)PyString_GET_SIZE(obj)) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+				"expected string without null bytes");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Methods */
+
+#include "stringlib/stringdefs.h"
+#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
+
+#include "stringlib/count.h"
+#include "stringlib/find.h"
+#include "stringlib/partition.h"
+
+#define _Py_InsertThousandsGrouping _PyString_InsertThousandsGrouping
+#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
+
+
+
+static int
+string_print(PyStringObject *op, FILE *fp, int flags)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t i, str_len;
+	char c;
+	int quote;
+
+	/* XXX Ought to check for interrupts when writing long strings */
+	if (! PyString_CheckExact(op)) {
+		int ret;
+		/* A str subclass may have its own __str__ method. */
+		op = (PyStringObject *) PyObject_Str((PyObject *)op);
+		if (op == NULL)
+			return -1;
+		ret = string_print(op, fp, flags);
+		Py_DECREF(op);
+		return ret;
+	}
+	if (flags & Py_PRINT_RAW) {
+		char *data = op->ob_sval;
+		Py_ssize_t size = Py_SIZE(op);
+		Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+		while (size > INT_MAX) {
+			/* Very long strings cannot be written atomically.
+			 * But don't write exactly INT_MAX bytes at a time
+			 * to avoid memory aligment issues.
+			 */
+			const int chunk_size = INT_MAX & ~0x3FFF;
+			fwrite(data, 1, chunk_size, fp);
+			data += chunk_size;
+			size -= chunk_size;
+		}
+#ifdef __VMS
+                if (size) fwrite(data, (int)size, 1, fp);
+#else
+                fwrite(data, 1, (int)size, fp);
+#endif
+		Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* figure out which quote to use; single is preferred */
+	quote = '\'';
+	if (memchr(op->ob_sval, '\'', Py_SIZE(op)) &&
+	    !memchr(op->ob_sval, '"', Py_SIZE(op)))
+		quote = '"';
+
+	str_len = Py_SIZE(op);
+	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+	fputc(quote, fp);
+	for (i = 0; i < str_len; i++) {
+		/* Since strings are immutable and the caller should have a
+		reference, accessing the interal buffer should not be an issue
+		with the GIL released. */
+		c = op->ob_sval[i];
+		if (c == quote || c == '\\')
+			fprintf(fp, "\\%c", c);
+                else if (c == '\t')
+                        fprintf(fp, "\\t");
+                else if (c == '\n')
+                        fprintf(fp, "\\n");
+                else if (c == '\r')
+                        fprintf(fp, "\\r");
+		else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f)
+			fprintf(fp, "\\x%02x", c & 0xff);
+		else
+			fputc(c, fp);
+	}
+	fputc(quote, fp);
+	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+	return 0;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_Repr(PyObject *obj, int smartquotes)
+{
+	register PyStringObject* op = (PyStringObject*) obj;
+	size_t newsize = 2 + 4 * Py_SIZE(op);
+	PyObject *v;
+	if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX || newsize / 4 != Py_SIZE(op)) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+			"string is too large to make repr");
+                return NULL;
+	}
+	v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, newsize);
+	if (v == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	else {
+		register Py_ssize_t i;
+		register char c;
+		register char *p;
+		int quote;
+
+		/* figure out which quote to use; single is preferred */
+		quote = '\'';
+		if (smartquotes &&
+		    memchr(op->ob_sval, '\'', Py_SIZE(op)) &&
+		    !memchr(op->ob_sval, '"', Py_SIZE(op)))
+			quote = '"';
+
+		p = PyString_AS_STRING(v);
+		*p++ = quote;
+		for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(op); i++) {
+			/* There's at least enough room for a hex escape
+			   and a closing quote. */
+			assert(newsize - (p - PyString_AS_STRING(v)) >= 5);
+			c = op->ob_sval[i];
+			if (c == quote || c == '\\')
+				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
+			else if (c == '\t')
+				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 't';
+			else if (c == '\n')
+				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'n';
+			else if (c == '\r')
+				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'r';
+			else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f) {
+				/* For performance, we don't want to call
+				   PyOS_snprintf here (extra layers of
+				   function call). */
+				sprintf(p, "\\x%02x", c & 0xff);
+                                p += 4;
+			}
+			else
+				*p++ = c;
+		}
+		assert(newsize - (p - PyString_AS_STRING(v)) >= 1);
+		*p++ = quote;
+		*p = '\0';
+		_PyString_Resize(
+			&v, (p - PyString_AS_STRING(v)));
+		return v;
+	}
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_repr(PyObject *op)
+{
+	return PyString_Repr(op, 1);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_str(PyObject *s)
+{
+	assert(PyString_Check(s));
+	if (PyString_CheckExact(s)) {
+		Py_INCREF(s);
+		return s;
+	}
+	else {
+		/* Subtype -- return genuine string with the same value. */
+		PyStringObject *t = (PyStringObject *) s;
+		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(t));
+	}
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_length(PyStringObject *a)
+{
+	return Py_SIZE(a);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_concat(register PyStringObject *a, register PyObject *bb)
+{
+	register Py_ssize_t size;
+	register PyStringObject *op;
+	if (!PyString_Check(bb)) {
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		if (PyUnicode_Check(bb))
+		    return PyUnicode_Concat((PyObject *)a, bb);
+#endif
+		if (PyByteArray_Check(bb))
+		    return PyByteArray_Concat((PyObject *)a, bb);
+		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+			     "cannot concatenate 'str' and '%.200s' objects",
+			     Py_TYPE(bb)->tp_name);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+#define b ((PyStringObject *)bb)
+	/* Optimize cases with empty left or right operand */
+	if ((Py_SIZE(a) == 0 || Py_SIZE(b) == 0) &&
+	    PyString_CheckExact(a) && PyString_CheckExact(b)) {
+		if (Py_SIZE(a) == 0) {
+			Py_INCREF(bb);
+			return bb;
+		}
+		Py_INCREF(a);
+		return (PyObject *)a;
+	}
+	size = Py_SIZE(a) + Py_SIZE(b);
+	if (size < 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+				"strings are too large to concat");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	  
+	/* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
+	op = (PyStringObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyStringObject) + size);
+	if (op == NULL)
+		return PyErr_NoMemory();
+	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyString_Type, size);
+	op->ob_shash = -1;
+	op->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
+	Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval + Py_SIZE(a), b->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(b));
+	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
+	return (PyObject *) op;
+#undef b
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_repeat(register PyStringObject *a, register Py_ssize_t n)
+{
+	register Py_ssize_t i;
+	register Py_ssize_t j;
+	register Py_ssize_t size;
+	register PyStringObject *op;
+	size_t nbytes;
+	if (n < 0)
+		n = 0;
+	/* watch out for overflows:  the size can overflow int,
+	 * and the # of bytes needed can overflow size_t
+	 */
+	size = Py_SIZE(a) * n;
+	if (n && size / n != Py_SIZE(a)) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+			"repeated string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (size == Py_SIZE(a) && PyString_CheckExact(a)) {
+		Py_INCREF(a);
+		return (PyObject *)a;
+	}
+	nbytes = (size_t)size;
+	if (nbytes + sizeof(PyStringObject) <= nbytes) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+			"repeated string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	op = (PyStringObject *)
+		PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyStringObject) + nbytes);
+	if (op == NULL)
+		return PyErr_NoMemory();
+	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyString_Type, size);
+	op->ob_shash = -1;
+	op->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
+	if (Py_SIZE(a) == 1 && n > 0) {
+		memset(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval[0] , n);
+		return (PyObject *) op;
+	}
+	i = 0;
+	if (i < size) {
+		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
+		i = Py_SIZE(a);
+	}
+	while (i < size) {
+		j = (i <= size-i)  ?  i  :  size-i;
+		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval+i, op->ob_sval, j);
+		i += j;
+	}
+	return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+
+/* String slice a[i:j] consists of characters a[i] ... a[j-1] */
+
+static PyObject *
+string_slice(register PyStringObject *a, register Py_ssize_t i,
+	     register Py_ssize_t j)
+     /* j -- may be negative! */
+{
+	if (i < 0)
+		i = 0;
+	if (j < 0)
+		j = 0; /* Avoid signed/unsigned bug in next line */
+	if (j > Py_SIZE(a))
+		j = Py_SIZE(a);
+	if (i == 0 && j == Py_SIZE(a) && PyString_CheckExact(a)) {
+		/* It's the same as a */
+		Py_INCREF(a);
+		return (PyObject *)a;
+	}
+	if (j < i)
+		j = i;
+	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(a->ob_sval + i, j-i);
+}
+
+static int
+string_contains(PyObject *str_obj, PyObject *sub_obj)
+{
+	if (!PyString_CheckExact(sub_obj)) {
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		if (PyUnicode_Check(sub_obj))
+			return PyUnicode_Contains(str_obj, sub_obj);
+#endif
+		if (!PyString_Check(sub_obj)) {
+			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+			    "'in <string>' requires string as left operand, "
+			    "not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sub_obj)->tp_name);
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return stringlib_contains_obj(str_obj, sub_obj);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_item(PyStringObject *a, register Py_ssize_t i)
+{
+	char pchar;
+	PyObject *v;
+	if (i < 0 || i >= Py_SIZE(a)) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	pchar = a->ob_sval[i];
+	v = (PyObject *)characters[pchar & UCHAR_MAX];
+	if (v == NULL)
+		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(&pchar, 1);
+	else {
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+		one_strings++;
+#endif
+		Py_INCREF(v);
+	}
+	return v;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+string_richcompare(PyStringObject *a, PyStringObject *b, int op)
+{
+	int c;
+	Py_ssize_t len_a, len_b;
+	Py_ssize_t min_len;
+	PyObject *result;
+
+	/* Make sure both arguments are strings. */
+	if (!(PyString_Check(a) && PyString_Check(b))) {
+		result = Py_NotImplemented;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	if (a == b) {
+		switch (op) {
+		case Py_EQ:case Py_LE:case Py_GE:
+			result = Py_True;
+			goto out;
+		case Py_NE:case Py_LT:case Py_GT:
+			result = Py_False;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+	if (op == Py_EQ) {
+		/* Supporting Py_NE here as well does not save
+		   much time, since Py_NE is rarely used.  */
+		if (Py_SIZE(a) == Py_SIZE(b)
+		    && (a->ob_sval[0] == b->ob_sval[0]
+			&& memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a)) == 0)) {
+			result = Py_True;
+		} else {
+			result = Py_False;
+		}
+		goto out;
+	}
+	len_a = Py_SIZE(a); len_b = Py_SIZE(b);
+	min_len = (len_a < len_b) ? len_a : len_b;
+	if (min_len > 0) {
+		c = Py_CHARMASK(*a->ob_sval) - Py_CHARMASK(*b->ob_sval);
+		if (c==0)
+			c = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, min_len);
+	} else
+		c = 0;
+	if (c == 0)
+		c = (len_a < len_b) ? -1 : (len_a > len_b) ? 1 : 0;
+	switch (op) {
+	case Py_LT: c = c <  0; break;
+	case Py_LE: c = c <= 0; break;
+	case Py_EQ: assert(0);  break; /* unreachable */
+	case Py_NE: c = c != 0; break;
+	case Py_GT: c = c >  0; break;
+	case Py_GE: c = c >= 0; break;
+	default:
+		result = Py_NotImplemented;
+		goto out;
+	}
+	result = c ? Py_True : Py_False;
+  out:
+	Py_INCREF(result);
+	return result;
+}
+
+int
+_PyString_Eq(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2)
+{
+	PyStringObject *a = (PyStringObject*) o1;
+	PyStringObject *b = (PyStringObject*) o2;
+        return Py_SIZE(a) == Py_SIZE(b)
+          && *a->ob_sval == *b->ob_sval
+          && memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a)) == 0;
+}
+
+static long
+string_hash(PyStringObject *a)
+{
+	register Py_ssize_t len;
+	register unsigned char *p;
+	register long x;
+
+	if (a->ob_shash != -1)
+		return a->ob_shash;
+	len = Py_SIZE(a);
+	p = (unsigned char *) a->ob_sval;
+	x = *p << 7;
+	while (--len >= 0)
+		x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
+	x ^= Py_SIZE(a);
+	if (x == -1)
+		x = -2;
+	a->ob_shash = x;
+	return x;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+string_subscript(PyStringObject* self, PyObject* item)
+{
+	if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
+		Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
+		if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+			return NULL;
+		if (i < 0)
+			i += PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+		return string_item(self, i);
+	}
+	else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
+		Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
+		char* source_buf;
+		char* result_buf;
+		PyObject* result;
+
+		if (PySlice_GetIndicesEx((PySliceObject*)item,
+				 PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+				 &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength) < 0) {
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (slicelength <= 0) {
+			return PyString_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+		}
+		else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
+			 slicelength == PyString_GET_SIZE(self) &&
+			 PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+			Py_INCREF(self);
+			return (PyObject *)self;
+		}
+		else if (step == 1) {
+			return PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+				PyString_AS_STRING(self) + start,
+				slicelength);
+		}
+		else {
+			source_buf = PyString_AsString((PyObject*)self);
+			result_buf = (char *)PyMem_Malloc(slicelength);
+			if (result_buf == NULL)
+				return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+			for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength;
+			     cur += step, i++) {
+				result_buf[i] = source_buf[cur];
+			}
+
+			result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(result_buf,
+							    slicelength);
+			PyMem_Free(result_buf);
+			return result;
+		}
+	}
+	else {
+		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+			     "string indices must be integers, not %.200s",
+			     Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_buffer_getreadbuf(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t index, const void **ptr)
+{
+	if ( index != 0 ) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+				"accessing non-existent string segment");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	*ptr = (void *)self->ob_sval;
+	return Py_SIZE(self);
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_buffer_getwritebuf(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t index, const void **ptr)
+{
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+			"Cannot use string as modifiable buffer");
+	return -1;
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_buffer_getsegcount(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t *lenp)
+{
+	if ( lenp )
+		*lenp = Py_SIZE(self);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+string_buffer_getcharbuf(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t index, const char **ptr)
+{
+	if ( index != 0 ) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
+				"accessing non-existent string segment");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	*ptr = self->ob_sval;
+	return Py_SIZE(self);
+}
+
+static int
+string_buffer_getbuffer(PyStringObject *self, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
+{
+	return PyBuffer_FillInfo(view, (void *)self->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(self),
+				 0, flags);
+}
+
+static PySequenceMethods string_as_sequence = {
+	(lenfunc)string_length, /*sq_length*/
+	(binaryfunc)string_concat, /*sq_concat*/
+	(ssizeargfunc)string_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
+	(ssizeargfunc)string_item, /*sq_item*/
+	(ssizessizeargfunc)string_slice, /*sq_slice*/
+	0,		/*sq_ass_item*/
+	0,		/*sq_ass_slice*/
+	(objobjproc)string_contains /*sq_contains*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods string_as_mapping = {
+	(lenfunc)string_length,
+	(binaryfunc)string_subscript,
+	0,
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs string_as_buffer = {
+	(readbufferproc)string_buffer_getreadbuf,
+	(writebufferproc)string_buffer_getwritebuf,
+	(segcountproc)string_buffer_getsegcount,
+	(charbufferproc)string_buffer_getcharbuf,
+	(getbufferproc)string_buffer_getbuffer,
+	0, /* XXX */
+};
+
+
+
+#define LEFTSTRIP 0
+#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
+#define BOTHSTRIP 2
+
+/* Arrays indexed by above */
+static const char *stripformat[] = {"|O:lstrip", "|O:rstrip", "|O:strip"};
+
+#define STRIPNAME(i) (stripformat[i]+3)
+
+
+/* Don't call if length < 2 */
+#define Py_STRING_MATCH(target, offset, pattern, length)	\
+  (target[offset] == pattern[0] &&				\
+   target[offset+length-1] == pattern[length-1] &&		\
+   !memcmp(target+offset+1, pattern+1, length-2) )
+
+
+/* Overallocate the initial list to reduce the number of reallocs for small
+   split sizes.  Eg, "A A A A A A A A A A".split() (10 elements) has three
+   resizes, to sizes 4, 8, then 16.  Most observed string splits are for human
+   text (roughly 11 words per line) and field delimited data (usually 1-10
+   fields).  For large strings the split algorithms are bandwidth limited
+   so increasing the preallocation likely will not improve things.*/
+
+#define MAX_PREALLOC 12
+
+/* 5 splits gives 6 elements */
+#define PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit) \
+	(maxsplit >= MAX_PREALLOC ? MAX_PREALLOC : maxsplit+1)
+
+#define SPLIT_APPEND(data, left, right)				\
+	str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((data) + (left),	\
+					 (right) - (left));	\
+	if (str == NULL)					\
+		goto onError;					\
+	if (PyList_Append(list, str)) {				\
+		Py_DECREF(str);					\
+		goto onError;					\
+	}							\
+	else							\
+		Py_DECREF(str);
+
+#define SPLIT_ADD(data, left, right) {				\
+	str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((data) + (left),	\
+					 (right) - (left));	\
+	if (str == NULL)					\
+		goto onError;					\
+	if (count < MAX_PREALLOC) {				\
+		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, count, str);		\
+	} else {						\
+		if (PyList_Append(list, str)) {			\
+			Py_DECREF(str);				\
+			goto onError;				\
+		}						\
+		else						\
+			Py_DECREF(str);				\
+	}							\
+	count++; }
+
+/* Always force the list to the expected size. */
+#define FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list) Py_SIZE(list) = count
+
+#define SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len)    { while (i<len &&  isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) i++; }
+#define SKIP_NONSPACE(s, i, len) { while (i<len && !isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) i++; }
+#define RSKIP_SPACE(s, i)        { while (i>=0  &&  isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) i--; }
+#define RSKIP_NONSPACE(s, i)     { while (i>=0  && !isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) i--; }
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+split_whitespace(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+{
+	const char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
+	PyObject *str;
+	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
+
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	i = j = 0;
+
+	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
+		SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len);
+		if (i==len) break;
+		j = i; i++;
+		SKIP_NONSPACE(s, i, len);
+		if (j == 0 && i == len && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+			/* No whitespace in self, so just use it as list[0] */
+			Py_INCREF(self);
+			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
+			count++;
+			break;
+		}
+		SPLIT_ADD(s, j, i);
+	}
+
+	if (i < len) {
+		/* Only occurs when maxsplit was reached */
+		/* Skip any remaining whitespace and copy to end of string */
+		SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len);
+		if (i != len)
+			SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
+	}
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	return list;
+  onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+split_char(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, char ch, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	const char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	register Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
+	PyObject *str;
+	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxcount));
+
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	i = j = 0;
+	while ((j < len) && (maxcount-- > 0)) {
+		for(; j<len; j++) {
+			/* I found that using memchr makes no difference */
+			if (s[j] == ch) {
+				SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
+				i = j = j + 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (i == 0 && count == 0 && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+		/* ch not in self, so just use self as list[0] */
+		Py_INCREF(self);
+		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
+		count++;
+	}
+	else if (i <= len) {
+		SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
+	}
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	return list;
+
+  onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(split__doc__,
+"S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the\n\
+delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n\
+splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n\
+whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed\n\
+from the result.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_split(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), n, i, j;
+	Py_ssize_t maxsplit = -1, count=0;
+	const char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
+	PyObject *list, *str, *subobj = Py_None;
+#ifdef USE_FAST
+	Py_ssize_t pos;
+#endif
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:split", &subobj, &maxsplit))
+		return NULL;
+	if (maxsplit < 0)
+		maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	if (subobj == Py_None)
+		return split_whitespace(self, len, maxsplit);
+	if (PyString_Check(subobj)) {
+		sub = PyString_AS_STRING(subobj);
+		n = PyString_GET_SIZE(subobj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(subobj))
+		return PyUnicode_Split((PyObject *)self, subobj, maxsplit);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(subobj, &sub, &n))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (n == 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty separator");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	else if (n == 1)
+		return split_char(self, len, sub[0], maxsplit);
+
+	list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+#ifdef USE_FAST
+	i = j = 0;
+	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
+		pos = fastsearch(s+i, len-i, sub, n, FAST_SEARCH);
+		if (pos < 0)
+			break;
+		j = i+pos;
+		SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
+		i = j + n;
+	}
+#else
+	i = j = 0;
+	while ((j+n <= len) && (maxsplit-- > 0)) {
+		for (; j+n <= len; j++) {
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(s, j, sub, n)) {
+				SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
+				i = j = j + n;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+	SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	return list;
+
+ onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(partition__doc__,
+"S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
+\n\
+Searches for the separator sep in S, and returns the part before it,\n\
+the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n\
+found, returns S and two empty strings.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_partition(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *sep_obj)
+{
+	const char *sep;
+	Py_ssize_t sep_len;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(sep_obj)) {
+		sep = PyString_AS_STRING(sep_obj);
+		sep_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(sep_obj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(sep_obj))
+		return PyUnicode_Partition((PyObject *) self, sep_obj);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sep_obj, &sep, &sep_len))
+		return NULL;
+
+	return stringlib_partition(
+		(PyObject*) self,
+		PyString_AS_STRING(self), PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+		sep_obj, sep, sep_len
+		);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rpartition__doc__,
+"S.rpartition(sep) -> (tail, sep, head)\n\
+\n\
+Searches for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and returns\n\
+the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the\n\
+separator is not found, returns two empty strings and S.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rpartition(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *sep_obj)
+{
+	const char *sep;
+	Py_ssize_t sep_len;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(sep_obj)) {
+		sep = PyString_AS_STRING(sep_obj);
+		sep_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(sep_obj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(sep_obj))
+		return PyUnicode_Partition((PyObject *) self, sep_obj);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sep_obj, &sep, &sep_len))
+		return NULL;
+
+	return stringlib_rpartition(
+		(PyObject*) self,
+		PyString_AS_STRING(self), PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+		sep_obj, sep, sep_len
+		);
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+rsplit_whitespace(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
+{
+	const char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
+	PyObject *str;
+	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
+
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	i = j = len-1;
+
+	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
+		RSKIP_SPACE(s, i);
+		if (i<0) break;
+		j = i; i--;
+		RSKIP_NONSPACE(s, i);
+		if (j == len-1 && i < 0 && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+			/* No whitespace in self, so just use it as list[0] */
+			Py_INCREF(self);
+			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
+			count++;
+			break;
+		}
+		SPLIT_ADD(s, i + 1, j + 1);
+	}
+	if (i >= 0) {
+		/* Only occurs when maxsplit was reached */
+		/* Skip any remaining whitespace and copy to beginning of string */
+		RSKIP_SPACE(s, i);
+		if (i >= 0)
+			SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, i + 1);
+
+	}
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
+		goto onError;
+	return list;
+  onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+rsplit_char(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, char ch, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	const char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	register Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
+	PyObject *str;
+	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxcount));
+
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	i = j = len - 1;
+	while ((i >= 0) && (maxcount-- > 0)) {
+		for (; i >= 0; i--) {
+			if (s[i] == ch) {
+				SPLIT_ADD(s, i + 1, j + 1);
+				j = i = i - 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (i < 0 && count == 0 && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+		/* ch not in self, so just use self as list[0] */
+		Py_INCREF(self);
+		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
+		count++;
+	}
+	else if (j >= -1) {
+		SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, j + 1);
+	}
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
+		goto onError;
+	return list;
+
+ onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rsplit__doc__,
+"S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the\n\
+delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working\n\
+to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are\n\
+done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string\n\
+is a separator.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rsplit(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), n, i, j;
+	Py_ssize_t maxsplit = -1, count=0;
+	const char *s, *sub;
+	PyObject *list, *str, *subobj = Py_None;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:rsplit", &subobj, &maxsplit))
+		return NULL;
+	if (maxsplit < 0)
+		maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	if (subobj == Py_None)
+		return rsplit_whitespace(self, len, maxsplit);
+	if (PyString_Check(subobj)) {
+		sub = PyString_AS_STRING(subobj);
+		n = PyString_GET_SIZE(subobj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(subobj))
+		return PyUnicode_RSplit((PyObject *)self, subobj, maxsplit);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(subobj, &sub, &n))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (n == 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty separator");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	else if (n == 1)
+		return rsplit_char(self, len, sub[0], maxsplit);
+
+	list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
+	if (list == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	j = len;
+	i = j - n;
+
+	s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	while ( (i >= 0) && (maxsplit-- > 0) ) {
+		for (; i>=0; i--) {
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(s, i, sub, n)) {
+				SPLIT_ADD(s, i + n, j);
+				j = i;
+				i -= n;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, j);
+	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
+	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
+		goto onError;
+	return list;
+
+onError:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(join__doc__,
+"S.join(sequence) -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n\
+sequence.  The separator between elements is S.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_join(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *orig)
+{
+	char *sep = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	const Py_ssize_t seplen = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	PyObject *res = NULL;
+	char *p;
+	Py_ssize_t seqlen = 0;
+	size_t sz = 0;
+	Py_ssize_t i;
+	PyObject *seq, *item;
+
+	seq = PySequence_Fast(orig, "");
+	if (seq == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	seqlen = PySequence_Size(seq);
+	if (seqlen == 0) {
+		Py_DECREF(seq);
+		return PyString_FromString("");
+	}
+	if (seqlen == 1) {
+		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 0);
+		if (PyString_CheckExact(item) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(item)) {
+			Py_INCREF(item);
+			Py_DECREF(seq);
+			return item;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* There are at least two things to join, or else we have a subclass
+	 * of the builtin types in the sequence.
+	 * Do a pre-pass to figure out the total amount of space we'll
+	 * need (sz), see whether any argument is absurd, and defer to
+	 * the Unicode join if appropriate.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
+		const size_t old_sz = sz;
+		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
+		if (!PyString_Check(item)){
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+			if (PyUnicode_Check(item)) {
+				/* Defer to Unicode join.
+				 * CAUTION:  There's no gurantee that the
+				 * original sequence can be iterated over
+				 * again, so we must pass seq here.
+				 */
+				PyObject *result;
+				result = PyUnicode_Join((PyObject *)self, seq);
+				Py_DECREF(seq);
+				return result;
+			}
+#endif
+			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+				     "sequence item %zd: expected string,"
+				     " %.80s found",
+				     i, Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
+			Py_DECREF(seq);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		sz += PyString_GET_SIZE(item);
+		if (i != 0)
+			sz += seplen;
+		if (sz < old_sz || sz > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
+			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+				"join() result is too long for a Python string");
+			Py_DECREF(seq);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Allocate result space. */
+	res = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char*)NULL, sz);
+	if (res == NULL) {
+		Py_DECREF(seq);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* Catenate everything. */
+	p = PyString_AS_STRING(res);
+	for (i = 0; i < seqlen; ++i) {
+		size_t n;
+		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
+		n = PyString_GET_SIZE(item);
+		Py_MEMCPY(p, PyString_AS_STRING(item), n);
+		p += n;
+		if (i < seqlen - 1) {
+			Py_MEMCPY(p, sep, seplen);
+			p += seplen;
+		}
+	}
+
+	Py_DECREF(seq);
+	return res;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+_PyString_Join(PyObject *sep, PyObject *x)
+{
+	assert(sep != NULL && PyString_Check(sep));
+	assert(x != NULL);
+	return string_join((PyStringObject *)sep, x);
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
+string_adjust_indices(Py_ssize_t *start, Py_ssize_t *end, Py_ssize_t len)
+{
+	if (*end > len)
+		*end = len;
+	else if (*end < 0)
+		*end += len;
+	if (*end < 0)
+		*end = 0;
+	if (*start < 0)
+		*start += len;
+	if (*start < 0)
+		*start = 0;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
+string_find_internal(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args, int dir)
+{
+	PyObject *subobj;
+	const char *sub;
+	Py_ssize_t sub_len;
+	Py_ssize_t start=0, end=PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	PyObject *obj_start=Py_None, *obj_end=Py_None;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|OO:find/rfind/index/rindex", &subobj,
+		&obj_start, &obj_end))
+		return -2;
+	/* To support None in "start" and "end" arguments, meaning
+	   the same as if they were not passed.
+	*/
+	if (obj_start != Py_None)
+		if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(obj_start, &start))
+	        return -2;
+	if (obj_end != Py_None)
+		if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(obj_end, &end))
+	        return -2;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(subobj)) {
+		sub = PyString_AS_STRING(subobj);
+		sub_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(subobj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(subobj))
+		return PyUnicode_Find(
+			(PyObject *)self, subobj, start, end, dir);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(subobj, &sub, &sub_len))
+		/* XXX - the "expected a character buffer object" is pretty
+		   confusing for a non-expert.  remap to something else ? */
+		return -2;
+
+	if (dir > 0)
+		return stringlib_find_slice(
+			PyString_AS_STRING(self), PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+			sub, sub_len, start, end);
+	else
+		return stringlib_rfind_slice(
+			PyString_AS_STRING(self), PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+			sub, sub_len, start, end);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(find__doc__,
+"S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
+such that sub is contained within s[start:end].  Optional\n\
+arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
+\n\
+Return -1 on failure.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_find(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, +1);
+	if (result == -2)
+		return NULL;
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(index__doc__,
+"S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_index(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, +1);
+	if (result == -2)
+		return NULL;
+	if (result == -1) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+				"substring not found");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rfind__doc__,
+"S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
+such that sub is contained within s[start:end].  Optional\n\
+arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
+\n\
+Return -1 on failure.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rfind(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, -1);
+	if (result == -2)
+		return NULL;
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rindex__doc__,
+"S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rindex(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, -1);
+	if (result == -2)
+		return NULL;
+	if (result == -1) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+				"substring not found");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(result);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_xstrip(PyStringObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
+{
+	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	char *sep = PyString_AS_STRING(sepobj);
+	Py_ssize_t seplen = PyString_GET_SIZE(sepobj);
+	Py_ssize_t i, j;
+
+	i = 0;
+	if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+		while (i < len && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[i]), seplen)) {
+			i++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	j = len;
+	if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+		do {
+			j--;
+		} while (j >= i && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[j]), seplen));
+		j++;
+	}
+
+	if (i == 0 && j == len && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+		Py_INCREF(self);
+		return (PyObject*)self;
+	}
+	else
+		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_strip(PyStringObject *self, int striptype)
+{
+	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self), i, j;
+
+	i = 0;
+	if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
+		while (i < len && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[i]))) {
+			i++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	j = len;
+	if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
+		do {
+			j--;
+		} while (j >= i && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[j])));
+		j++;
+	}
+
+	if (i == 0 && j == len && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+		Py_INCREF(self);
+		return (PyObject*)self;
+	}
+	else
+		return PyString_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+do_argstrip(PyStringObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *args)
+{
+	PyObject *sep = NULL;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, (char *)stripformat[striptype], &sep))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (sep != NULL && sep != Py_None) {
+		if (PyString_Check(sep))
+			return do_xstrip(self, striptype, sep);
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		else if (PyUnicode_Check(sep)) {
+			PyObject *uniself = PyUnicode_FromObject((PyObject *)self);
+			PyObject *res;
+			if (uniself==NULL)
+				return NULL;
+			res = _PyUnicode_XStrip((PyUnicodeObject *)uniself,
+				striptype, sep);
+			Py_DECREF(uniself);
+			return res;
+		}
+#endif
+		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+			     "%s arg must be None, str or unicode",
+#else
+			     "%s arg must be None or str",
+#endif
+			     STRIPNAME(striptype));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return do_strip(self, striptype);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(strip__doc__,
+"S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n\
+whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n\
+If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_strip(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+		return do_strip(self, BOTHSTRIP); /* Common case */
+	else
+		return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(lstrip__doc__,
+"S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n\
+If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_lstrip(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+		return do_strip(self, LEFTSTRIP); /* Common case */
+	else
+		return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rstrip__doc__,
+"S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.\n\
+If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n\
+If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rstrip(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
+		return do_strip(self, RIGHTSTRIP); /* Common case */
+	else
+		return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, args);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(lower__doc__,
+"S.lower() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.");
+
+/* _tolower and _toupper are defined by SUSv2, but they're not ISO C */
+#ifndef _tolower
+#define _tolower tolower
+#endif
+
+static PyObject *
+string_lower(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	char *s;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	PyObject *newobj;
+
+	newobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (!newobj)
+		return NULL;
+
+	s = PyString_AS_STRING(newobj);
+
+	Py_MEMCPY(s, PyString_AS_STRING(self), n);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(s[i]);
+		if (isupper(c))
+			s[i] = _tolower(c);
+	}
+
+	return newobj;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(upper__doc__,
+"S.upper() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.");
+
+#ifndef _toupper
+#define _toupper toupper
+#endif
+
+static PyObject *
+string_upper(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	char *s;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	PyObject *newobj;
+
+	newobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (!newobj)
+		return NULL;
+
+	s = PyString_AS_STRING(newobj);
+
+	Py_MEMCPY(s, PyString_AS_STRING(self), n);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(s[i]);
+		if (islower(c))
+			s[i] = _toupper(c);
+	}
+
+	return newobj;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(title__doc__,
+"S.title() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase\n\
+characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_title(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	int previous_is_cased = 0;
+	PyObject *newobj;
+
+	newobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (newobj == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	s_new = PyString_AsString(newobj);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
+		if (islower(c)) {
+			if (!previous_is_cased)
+			    c = toupper(c);
+			previous_is_cased = 1;
+		} else if (isupper(c)) {
+			if (previous_is_cased)
+			    c = tolower(c);
+			previous_is_cased = 1;
+		} else
+			previous_is_cased = 0;
+		*s_new++ = c;
+	}
+	return newobj;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(capitalize__doc__,
+"S.capitalize() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with only its first character\n\
+capitalized.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_capitalize(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	PyObject *newobj;
+
+	newobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (newobj == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	s_new = PyString_AsString(newobj);
+	if (0 < n) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
+		if (islower(c))
+			*s_new = toupper(c);
+		else
+			*s_new = c;
+		s_new++;
+	}
+	for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
+		if (isupper(c))
+			*s_new = tolower(c);
+		else
+			*s_new = c;
+		s_new++;
+	}
+	return newobj;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(count__doc__,
+"S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
+\n\
+Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n\
+string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted\n\
+as in slice notation.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_count(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	PyObject *sub_obj;
+	const char *str = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
+	Py_ssize_t sub_len;
+	Py_ssize_t start = 0, end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:count", &sub_obj,
+		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(sub_obj)) {
+		sub = PyString_AS_STRING(sub_obj);
+		sub_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(sub_obj);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(sub_obj)) {
+		Py_ssize_t count;
+		count = PyUnicode_Count((PyObject *)self, sub_obj, start, end);
+		if (count == -1)
+			return NULL;
+		else
+		    	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(count);
+	}
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sub_obj, &sub, &sub_len))
+		return NULL;
+
+	string_adjust_indices(&start, &end, PyString_GET_SIZE(self));
+
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(
+		stringlib_count(str + start, end - start, sub, sub_len)
+		);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(swapcase__doc__,
+"S.swapcase() -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters\n\
+converted to lowercase and vice versa.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_swapcase(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	char *s = PyString_AS_STRING(self), *s_new;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	PyObject *newobj;
+
+	newobj = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
+	if (newobj == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	s_new = PyString_AsString(newobj);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		int c = Py_CHARMASK(*s++);
+		if (islower(c)) {
+			*s_new = toupper(c);
+		}
+		else if (isupper(c)) {
+			*s_new = tolower(c);
+		}
+		else
+			*s_new = c;
+		s_new++;
+	}
+	return newobj;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(translate__doc__,
+"S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring\n\
+in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the\n\
+remaining characters have been mapped through the given\n\
+translation table, which must be a string of length 256.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_translate(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	register char *input, *output;
+	const char *table;
+	register Py_ssize_t i, c, changed = 0;
+	PyObject *input_obj = (PyObject*)self;
+	const char *output_start, *del_table=NULL;
+	Py_ssize_t inlen, tablen, dellen = 0;
+	PyObject *result;
+	int trans_table[256];
+	PyObject *tableobj, *delobj = NULL;
+
+	if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "translate", 1, 2,
+			      &tableobj, &delobj))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(tableobj)) {
+		table = PyString_AS_STRING(tableobj);
+		tablen = PyString_GET_SIZE(tableobj);
+	}
+	else if (tableobj == Py_None) {
+		table = NULL;
+		tablen = 256;
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(tableobj)) {
+		/* Unicode .translate() does not support the deletechars
+		   parameter; instead a mapping to None will cause characters
+		   to be deleted. */
+		if (delobj != NULL) {
+			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+			"deletions are implemented differently for unicode");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		return PyUnicode_Translate((PyObject *)self, tableobj, NULL);
+	}
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(tableobj, &table, &tablen))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (tablen != 256) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+		  "translation table must be 256 characters long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (delobj != NULL) {
+		if (PyString_Check(delobj)) {
+			del_table = PyString_AS_STRING(delobj);
+			dellen = PyString_GET_SIZE(delobj);
+		}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+		else if (PyUnicode_Check(delobj)) {
+			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+			"deletions are implemented differently for unicode");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+#endif
+		else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(delobj, &del_table, &dellen))
+			return NULL;
+	}
+	else {
+		del_table = NULL;
+		dellen = 0;
+	}
+
+	inlen = PyString_GET_SIZE(input_obj);
+	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, inlen);
+	if (result == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	output_start = output = PyString_AsString(result);
+	input = PyString_AS_STRING(input_obj);
+
+	if (dellen == 0 && table != NULL) {
+		/* If no deletions are required, use faster code */
+		for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
+			c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
+			if (Py_CHARMASK((*output++ = table[c])) != c)
+				changed = 1;
+		}
+		if (changed || !PyString_CheckExact(input_obj))
+			return result;
+		Py_DECREF(result);
+		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
+		return input_obj;
+	}
+
+	if (table == NULL) {
+		for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+			trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(i);
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+			trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(table[i]);
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dellen; i++)
+		trans_table[(int) Py_CHARMASK(del_table[i])] = -1;
+
+	for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
+		c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
+		if (trans_table[c] != -1)
+			if (Py_CHARMASK(*output++ = (char)trans_table[c]) == c)
+				continue;
+		changed = 1;
+	}
+	if (!changed && PyString_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
+		Py_DECREF(result);
+		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
+		return input_obj;
+	}
+	/* Fix the size of the resulting string */
+	if (inlen > 0)
+		_PyString_Resize(&result, output - output_start);
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+#define FORWARD 1
+#define REVERSE -1
+
+/* find and count characters and substrings */
+
+#define findchar(target, target_len, c)				\
+  ((char *)memchr((const void *)(target), c, target_len))
+
+/* String ops must return a string.  */
+/* If the object is subclass of string, create a copy */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+return_self(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+	if (PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+		Py_INCREF(self);
+		return self;
+	}
+	return (PyStringObject *)PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+		PyString_AS_STRING(self),
+		PyString_GET_SIZE(self));
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
+countchar(const char *target, int target_len, char c, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t count=0;
+	const char *start=target;
+	const char *end=target+target_len;
+
+	while ( (start=findchar(start, end-start, c)) != NULL ) {
+		count++;
+		if (count >= maxcount)
+			break;
+		start += 1;
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL(Py_ssize_t)
+findstring(const char *target, Py_ssize_t target_len,
+	   const char *pattern, Py_ssize_t pattern_len,
+	   Py_ssize_t start,
+	   Py_ssize_t end,
+	   int direction)
+{
+	if (start < 0) {
+		start += target_len;
+		if (start < 0)
+			start = 0;
+	}
+	if (end > target_len) {
+		end = target_len;
+	} else if (end < 0) {
+		end += target_len;
+		if (end < 0)
+			end = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* zero-length substrings always match at the first attempt */
+	if (pattern_len == 0)
+		return (direction > 0) ? start : end;
+
+	end -= pattern_len;
+
+	if (direction < 0) {
+		for (; end >= start; end--)
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, end, pattern, pattern_len))
+				return end;
+	} else {
+		for (; start <= end; start++)
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, start, pattern, pattern_len))
+				return start;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
+countstring(const char *target, Py_ssize_t target_len,
+	    const char *pattern, Py_ssize_t pattern_len,
+	    Py_ssize_t start,
+	    Py_ssize_t end,
+	    int direction, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t count=0;
+
+	if (start < 0) {
+		start += target_len;
+		if (start < 0)
+			start = 0;
+	}
+	if (end > target_len) {
+		end = target_len;
+	} else if (end < 0) {
+		end += target_len;
+		if (end < 0)
+			end = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* zero-length substrings match everywhere */
+	if (pattern_len == 0 || maxcount == 0) {
+		if (target_len+1 < maxcount)
+			return target_len+1;
+		return maxcount;
+	}
+
+	end -= pattern_len;
+	if (direction < 0) {
+		for (; (end >= start); end--)
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, end, pattern, pattern_len)) {
+				count++;
+				if (--maxcount <= 0) break;
+				end -= pattern_len-1;
+			}
+	} else {
+		for (; (start <= end); start++)
+			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, start, pattern, pattern_len)) {
+				count++;
+				if (--maxcount <= 0)
+					break;
+				start += pattern_len-1;
+			}
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+
+/* Algorithms for different cases of string replacement */
+
+/* len(self)>=1, from="", len(to)>=1, maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_interleave(PyStringObject *self,
+		   const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
+		   Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	char *self_s, *result_s;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
+	Py_ssize_t count, i, product;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+	/* 1 at the end plus 1 after every character */
+	count = self_len+1;
+	if (maxcount < count) 
+		count = maxcount;
+
+	/* Check for overflow */
+	/*   result_len = count * to_len + self_len; */
+	product = count * to_len;
+	if (product / to_len != count) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+				"replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	result_len = product + self_len;
+	if (result_len < 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+				"replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+  
+	if (! (result = (PyStringObject *)
+	                 PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) )
+		return NULL;
+
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+
+	/* TODO: special case single character, which doesn't need memcpy */
+
+	/* Lay the first one down (guaranteed this will occur) */
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+	result_s += to_len;
+	count -= 1;
+  
+	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
+		*result_s++ = *self_s++;
+		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+		result_s += to_len;
+	}
+
+	/* Copy the rest of the original string */
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len-i);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* Special case for deleting a single character */
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==1, to="", maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_delete_single_character(PyStringObject *self,
+				char from_c, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	char *self_s, *result_s;
+	char *start, *next, *end;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
+	Py_ssize_t count;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+
+	count = countchar(self_s, self_len, from_c, maxcount);
+	if (count == 0) {
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+  
+	result_len = self_len - count;  /* from_len == 1 */
+	assert(result_len>=0);
+
+	if ( (result = (PyStringObject *)
+	                PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+
+	start = self_s;
+	end = self_s + self_len;
+	while (count-- > 0) {
+		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
+		if (next == NULL)
+			break;
+		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
+		result_s += (next-start);
+		start = next+1;
+	}
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)>=2, to="", maxcount>=1 */
+
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_delete_substring(PyStringObject *self,
+			 const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
+			 Py_ssize_t maxcount) {
+	char *self_s, *result_s;
+	char *start, *next, *end;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
+	Py_ssize_t count, offset;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+
+	count = countstring(self_s, self_len,
+			    from_s, from_len,
+			    0, self_len, 1,
+			    maxcount);
+
+	if (count == 0) {
+		/* no matches */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	result_len = self_len - (count * from_len);
+	assert (result_len>=0);
+
+	if ( (result = (PyStringObject *)
+	      PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL )
+		return NULL;
+
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+
+	start = self_s;
+	end = self_s + self_len;
+	while (count-- > 0) {
+		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
+				    from_s, from_len,
+				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
+		if (offset == -1)
+			break;
+		next = start + offset;
+
+		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
+
+		result_s += (next-start);
+		start = next+from_len;
+	}
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==len(to)==1, maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_single_character_in_place(PyStringObject *self,
+				  char from_c, char to_c,
+				  Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	char *self_s, *result_s, *start, *end, *next;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	/* The result string will be the same size */
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+	next = findchar(self_s, self_len, from_c);
+
+	if (next == NULL) {
+		/* No matches; return the original string */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	/* Need to make a new string */
+	result = (PyStringObject *) PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, self_len);
+	if (result == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len);
+
+	/* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
+	start =  result_s + (next-self_s);
+	*start = to_c;
+	start++;
+	end = result_s + self_len;
+
+	while (--maxcount > 0) {
+		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
+		if (next == NULL)
+			break;
+		*next = to_c;
+		start = next+1;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_substring_in_place(PyStringObject *self,
+			   const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
+			   const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
+			   Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	char *result_s, *start, *end;
+	char *self_s;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, offset;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	/* The result string will be the same size */
+
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+	offset = findstring(self_s, self_len,
+			    from_s, from_len,
+			    0, self_len, FORWARD);
+	if (offset == -1) {
+		/* No matches; return the original string */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	/* Need to make a new string */
+	result = (PyStringObject *) PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, self_len);
+	if (result == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len);
+
+	/* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
+	start =  result_s + offset;
+	Py_MEMCPY(start, to_s, from_len);
+	start += from_len;
+	end = result_s + self_len;
+
+	while ( --maxcount > 0) {
+		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
+				    from_s, from_len,
+				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
+		if (offset==-1)
+			break;
+		Py_MEMCPY(start+offset, to_s, from_len);
+		start += offset+from_len;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==1, len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_single_character(PyStringObject *self,
+			 char from_c,
+			 const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
+			 Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	char *self_s, *result_s;
+	char *start, *next, *end;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
+	Py_ssize_t count, product;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+	count = countchar(self_s, self_len, from_c, maxcount);
+	if (count == 0) {
+		/* no matches, return unchanged */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	/* use the difference between current and new, hence the "-1" */
+	/*   result_len = self_len + count * (to_len-1)  */
+	product = count * (to_len-1);
+	if (product / (to_len-1) != count) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	result_len = self_len + product;
+	if (result_len < 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if ( (result = (PyStringObject *)
+	      PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+
+	start = self_s;
+	end = self_s + self_len;
+	while (count-- > 0) {
+		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
+		if (next == NULL) 
+			break;
+
+		if (next == start) {
+			/* replace with the 'to' */
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+			result_s += to_len;
+			start += 1;
+		} else {
+			/* copy the unchanged old then the 'to' */
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
+			result_s += (next-start);
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+			result_s += to_len;
+			start = next+1;
+		}
+	}
+	/* Copy the remainder of the remaining string */
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* len(self)>=1, len(from)>=2, len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace_substring(PyStringObject *self,
+		  const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
+		  const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
+		  Py_ssize_t maxcount) {
+	char *self_s, *result_s;
+	char *start, *next, *end;
+	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
+	Py_ssize_t count, offset, product;
+	PyStringObject *result;
+
+	self_s = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+	self_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+	count = countstring(self_s, self_len,
+			    from_s, from_len,
+			    0, self_len, FORWARD, maxcount);
+	if (count == 0) {
+		/* no matches, return unchanged */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	/* Check for overflow */
+	/*    result_len = self_len + count * (to_len-from_len) */
+	product = count * (to_len-from_len);
+	if (product / (to_len-from_len) != count) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	result_len = self_len + product;
+	if (result_len < 0) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "replace string is too long");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if ( (result = (PyStringObject *)
+	      PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	result_s = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+
+	start = self_s;
+	end = self_s + self_len;
+	while (count-- > 0) {
+		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
+				    from_s, from_len,
+				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
+		if (offset == -1)
+			break;
+		next = start+offset;
+		if (next == start) {
+			/* replace with the 'to' */
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+			result_s += to_len;
+			start += from_len;
+		} else {
+			/* copy the unchanged old then the 'to' */
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
+			result_s += (next-start);
+			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
+			result_s += to_len;
+			start = next+from_len;
+		}
+	}
+	/* Copy the remainder of the remaining string */
+	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+
+Py_LOCAL(PyStringObject *)
+replace(PyStringObject *self,
+	const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
+	const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
+	Py_ssize_t maxcount)
+{
+	if (maxcount < 0) {
+		maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	} else if (maxcount == 0 || PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0) {
+		/* nothing to do; return the original string */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	if (maxcount == 0 ||
+	    (from_len == 0 && to_len == 0)) {
+		/* nothing to do; return the original string */
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	/* Handle zero-length special cases */
+
+	if (from_len == 0) {
+		/* insert the 'to' string everywhere.   */
+		/*    >>> "Python".replace("", ".")     */
+		/*    '.P.y.t.h.o.n.'                   */
+		return replace_interleave(self, to_s, to_len, maxcount);
+	}
+
+	/* Except for "".replace("", "A") == "A" there is no way beyond this */
+	/* point for an empty self string to generate a non-empty string */
+	/* Special case so the remaining code always gets a non-empty string */
+	if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0) {
+		return return_self(self);
+	}
+
+	if (to_len == 0) {
+		/* delete all occurances of 'from' string */
+		if (from_len == 1) {
+			return replace_delete_single_character(
+				self, from_s[0], maxcount);
+		} else {
+			return replace_delete_substring(self, from_s, from_len, maxcount);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Handle special case where both strings have the same length */
+
+	if (from_len == to_len) {
+		if (from_len == 1) {
+			return replace_single_character_in_place(
+				self,
+				from_s[0],
+				to_s[0],
+				maxcount);
+		} else {
+			return replace_substring_in_place(
+				self, from_s, from_len, to_s, to_len, maxcount);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Otherwise use the more generic algorithms */
+	if (from_len == 1) {
+		return replace_single_character(self, from_s[0],
+						to_s, to_len, maxcount);
+	} else {
+		/* len('from')>=2, len('to')>=1 */
+		return replace_substring(self, from_s, from_len, to_s, to_len, maxcount);
+	}
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(replace__doc__,
+"S.replace (old, new[, count]) -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring\n\
+old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n\
+given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_replace(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t count = -1;
+	PyObject *from, *to;
+	const char *from_s, *to_s;
+	Py_ssize_t from_len, to_len;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|n:replace", &from, &to, &count))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(from)) {
+		from_s = PyString_AS_STRING(from);
+		from_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(from);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	if (PyUnicode_Check(from))
+		return PyUnicode_Replace((PyObject *)self,
+					 from, to, count);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(from, &from_s, &from_len))
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(to)) {
+		to_s = PyString_AS_STRING(to);
+		to_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(to);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(to))
+		return PyUnicode_Replace((PyObject *)self,
+					 from, to, count);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(to, &to_s, &to_len))
+		return NULL;
+
+	return (PyObject *)replace((PyStringObject *) self,
+				   from_s, from_len,
+				   to_s, to_len, count);
+}
+
+/** End DALKE **/
+
+/* Matches the end (direction >= 0) or start (direction < 0) of self
+ * against substr, using the start and end arguments. Returns
+ * -1 on error, 0 if not found and 1 if found.
+ */
+Py_LOCAL(int)
+_string_tailmatch(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start,
+		  Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+	Py_ssize_t slen;
+	const char* sub;
+	const char* str;
+
+	if (PyString_Check(substr)) {
+		sub = PyString_AS_STRING(substr);
+		slen = PyString_GET_SIZE(substr);
+	}
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	else if (PyUnicode_Check(substr))
+		return PyUnicode_Tailmatch((PyObject *)self,
+					   substr, start, end, direction);
+#endif
+	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(substr, &sub, &slen))
+		return -1;
+	str = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+
+	string_adjust_indices(&start, &end, len);
+
+	if (direction < 0) {
+		/* startswith */
+		if (start+slen > len)
+			return 0;
+	} else {
+		/* endswith */
+		if (end-start < slen || start > len)
+			return 0;
+
+		if (end-slen > start)
+			start = end - slen;
+	}
+	if (end-start >= slen)
+		return ! memcmp(str+start, sub, slen);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(startswith__doc__,
+"S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n\
+With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
+With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
+prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_startswith(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t start = 0;
+	Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	PyObject *subobj;
+	int result;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:startswith", &subobj,
+		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
+		return NULL;
+	if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
+		Py_ssize_t i;
+		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
+			result = _string_tailmatch(self,
+					PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i),
+					start, end, -1);
+			if (result == -1)
+				return NULL;
+			else if (result) {
+				Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+			}
+		}
+		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+	}
+	result = _string_tailmatch(self, subobj, start, end, -1);
+	if (result == -1)
+		return NULL;
+	else
+		return PyBool_FromLong(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(endswith__doc__,
+"S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n\
+With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
+With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
+suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_endswith(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t start = 0;
+	Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
+	PyObject *subobj;
+	int result;
+
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:endswith", &subobj,
+		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
+		return NULL;
+	if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
+		Py_ssize_t i;
+		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
+			result = _string_tailmatch(self,
+					PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i),
+					start, end, +1);
+			if (result == -1)
+				return NULL;
+			else if (result) {
+				Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+			}
+		}
+		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+	}
+	result = _string_tailmatch(self, subobj, start, end, +1);
+	if (result == -1)
+		return NULL;
+	else
+		return PyBool_FromLong(result);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(encode__doc__,
+"S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object\n\
+\n\
+Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults\n\
+to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
+handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
+a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n\
+'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n\
+codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_encode(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char *encoding = NULL;
+    char *errors = NULL;
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|ss:encode", &encoding, &errors))
+        return NULL;
+    v = PyString_AsEncodedObject((PyObject *)self, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyString_Check(v) && !PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "encoder did not return a string/unicode object "
+                     "(type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(decode__doc__,
+"S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object\n\
+\n\
+Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults\n\
+to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
+handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
+a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'\n\
+as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is\n\
+able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_decode(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char *encoding = NULL;
+    char *errors = NULL;
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|ss:decode", &encoding, &errors))
+        return NULL;
+    v = PyString_AsDecodedObject((PyObject *)self, encoding, errors);
+    if (v == NULL)
+        goto onError;
+    if (!PyString_Check(v) && !PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "decoder did not return a string/unicode object "
+                     "(type=%.400s)",
+                     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+        Py_DECREF(v);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return v;
+
+ onError:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(expandtabs__doc__,
+"S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n\
+If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_expandtabs(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    const char *e, *p, *qe;
+    char *q;
+    Py_ssize_t i, j, incr;
+    PyObject *u;
+    int tabsize = 8;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|i:expandtabs", &tabsize))
+	return NULL;
+
+    /* First pass: determine size of output string */
+    i = 0; /* chars up to and including most recent \n or \r */
+    j = 0; /* chars since most recent \n or \r (use in tab calculations) */
+    e = PyString_AS_STRING(self) + PyString_GET_SIZE(self); /* end of input */
+    for (p = PyString_AS_STRING(self); p < e; p++)
+        if (*p == '\t') {
+	    if (tabsize > 0) {
+		incr = tabsize - (j % tabsize);
+		if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - incr)
+		    goto overflow1;
+		j += incr;
+            }
+	}
+        else {
+	    if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 1)
+		goto overflow1;
+            j++;
+            if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r') {
+		if (i > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - j)
+		    goto overflow1;
+                i += j;
+                j = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+    if (i > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - j)
+	goto overflow1;
+
+    /* Second pass: create output string and fill it */
+    u = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, i + j);
+    if (!u)
+        return NULL;
+
+    j = 0; /* same as in first pass */
+    q = PyString_AS_STRING(u); /* next output char */
+    qe = PyString_AS_STRING(u) + PyString_GET_SIZE(u); /* end of output */
+
+    for (p = PyString_AS_STRING(self); p < e; p++)
+        if (*p == '\t') {
+	    if (tabsize > 0) {
+		i = tabsize - (j % tabsize);
+		j += i;
+		while (i--) {
+		    if (q >= qe)
+			goto overflow2;
+		    *q++ = ' ';
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	else {
+	    if (q >= qe)
+		goto overflow2;
+	    *q++ = *p;
+            j++;
+            if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
+                j = 0;
+        }
+
+    return u;
+
+  overflow2:
+    Py_DECREF(u);
+  overflow1:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "new string is too long");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+pad(PyStringObject *self, Py_ssize_t left, Py_ssize_t right, char fill)
+{
+    PyObject *u;
+
+    if (left < 0)
+        left = 0;
+    if (right < 0)
+        right = 0;
+
+    if (left == 0 && right == 0 && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject *)self;
+    }
+
+    u = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
+				   left + PyString_GET_SIZE(self) + right);
+    if (u) {
+        if (left)
+            memset(PyString_AS_STRING(u), fill, left);
+        Py_MEMCPY(PyString_AS_STRING(u) + left,
+	       PyString_AS_STRING(self),
+	       PyString_GET_SIZE(self));
+        if (right)
+            memset(PyString_AS_STRING(u) + left + PyString_GET_SIZE(self),
+		   fill, right);
+    }
+
+    return u;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(ljust__doc__,
+"S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string\n"
+"\n"
+"Return S left justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n"
+"done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_ljust(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    char fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|c:ljust", &width, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) >= width && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject*) self;
+    }
+
+    return pad(self, 0, width - PyString_GET_SIZE(self), fillchar);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(rjust__doc__,
+"S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string\n"
+"\n"
+"Return S right justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n"
+"done using the specified fill character (default is a space)");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_rjust(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    char fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|c:rjust", &width, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) >= width && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject*) self;
+    }
+
+    return pad(self, width - PyString_GET_SIZE(self), 0, fillchar);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(center__doc__,
+"S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string\n"
+"\n"
+"Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n"
+"done using the specified fill character (default is a space)");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_center(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t marg, left;
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+    char fillchar = ' ';
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|c:center", &width, &fillchar))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) >= width && PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_INCREF(self);
+        return (PyObject*) self;
+    }
+
+    marg = width - PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    left = marg / 2 + (marg & width & 1);
+
+    return pad(self, left, marg - left, fillchar);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(zfill__doc__,
+"S.zfill(width) -> string\n"
+"\n"
+"Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field\n"
+"of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_zfill(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t fill;
+    PyObject *s;
+    char *p;
+    Py_ssize_t width;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n:zfill", &width))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) >= width) {
+        if (PyString_CheckExact(self)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            return (PyObject*) self;
+        }
+        else
+            return PyString_FromStringAndSize(
+                PyString_AS_STRING(self),
+                PyString_GET_SIZE(self)
+            );
+    }
+
+    fill = width - PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+    s = pad(self, fill, 0, '0');
+
+    if (s == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    p = PyString_AS_STRING(s);
+    if (p[fill] == '+' || p[fill] == '-') {
+        /* move sign to beginning of string */
+        p[0] = p[fill];
+        p[fill] = '0';
+    }
+
+    return (PyObject*) s;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isspace__doc__,
+"S.isspace() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are whitespace\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_isspace(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1 &&
+	isspace(*p))
+	return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (!isspace(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isalpha__doc__,
+"S.isalpha() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_isalpha(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1 &&
+	isalpha(*p))
+	return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (!isalpha(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isalnum__doc__,
+"S.isalnum() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_isalnum(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1 &&
+	isalnum(*p))
+	return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (!isalnum(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isdigit__doc__,
+"S.isdigit() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all characters in S are digits\n\
+and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_isdigit(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1 &&
+	isdigit(*p))
+	return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (!isdigit(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(1);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(islower__doc__,
+"S.islower() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is\n\
+at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_islower(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+    int cased;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(islower(*p) != 0);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    cased = 0;
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (isupper(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+	else if (!cased && islower(*p))
+	    cased = 1;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(isupper__doc__,
+"S.isupper() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is\n\
+at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_isupper(PyStringObject *self)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+    int cased;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(isupper(*p) != 0);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    cased = 0;
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	if (islower(*p))
+	    return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+	else if (!cased && isupper(*p))
+	    cased = 1;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(istitle__doc__,
+"S.istitle() -> bool\n\
+\n\
+Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n\
+character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased\n\
+characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False\n\
+otherwise.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_istitle(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *uncased)
+{
+    register const unsigned char *p
+        = (unsigned char *) PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    register const unsigned char *e;
+    int cased, previous_is_cased;
+
+    /* Shortcut for single character strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 1)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(isupper(*p) != 0);
+
+    /* Special case for empty strings */
+    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(self) == 0)
+	return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+
+    e = p + PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+    cased = 0;
+    previous_is_cased = 0;
+    for (; p < e; p++) {
+	register const unsigned char ch = *p;
+
+	if (isupper(ch)) {
+	    if (previous_is_cased)
+		return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+	    previous_is_cased = 1;
+	    cased = 1;
+	}
+	else if (islower(ch)) {
+	    if (!previous_is_cased)
+		return PyBool_FromLong(0);
+	    previous_is_cased = 1;
+	    cased = 1;
+	}
+	else
+	    previous_is_cased = 0;
+    }
+    return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
+}
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(splitlines__doc__,
+"S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n\
+\n\
+Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n\
+Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n\
+is given and true.");
+
+static PyObject*
+string_splitlines(PyStringObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    register Py_ssize_t i;
+    register Py_ssize_t j;
+    Py_ssize_t len;
+    int keepends = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    PyObject *str;
+    char *data;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|i:splitlines", &keepends))
+        return NULL;
+
+    data = PyString_AS_STRING(self);
+    len = PyString_GET_SIZE(self);
+
+    /* This does not use the preallocated list because splitlines is
+       usually run with hundreds of newlines.  The overhead of
+       switching between PyList_SET_ITEM and append causes about a
+       2-3% slowdown for that common case.  A smarter implementation
+       could move the if check out, so the SET_ITEMs are done first
+       and the appends only done when the prealloc buffer is full.
+       That's too much work for little gain.*/
+
+    list = PyList_New(0);
+    if (!list)
+        goto onError;
+
+    for (i = j = 0; i < len; ) {
+	Py_ssize_t eol;
+
+	/* Find a line and append it */
+	while (i < len && data[i] != '\n' && data[i] != '\r')
+	    i++;
+
+	/* Skip the line break reading CRLF as one line break */
+	eol = i;
+	if (i < len) {
+	    if (data[i] == '\r' && i + 1 < len &&
+		data[i+1] == '\n')
+		i += 2;
+	    else
+		i++;
+	    if (keepends)
+		eol = i;
+	}
+	SPLIT_APPEND(data, j, eol);
+	j = i;
+    }
+    if (j < len) {
+	SPLIT_APPEND(data, j, len);
+    }
+
+    return list;
+
+ onError:
+    Py_XDECREF(list);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(sizeof__doc__,
+"S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes");
+
+static PyObject *
+string_sizeof(PyStringObject *v)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t res;
+	res = sizeof(PyStringObject) + v->ob_size * v->ob_type->tp_itemsize;
+	return PyInt_FromSsize_t(res);
+}
+
+#undef SPLIT_APPEND
+#undef SPLIT_ADD
+#undef MAX_PREALLOC
+#undef PREALLOC_SIZE
+
+static PyObject *
+string_getnewargs(PyStringObject *v)
+{
+	return Py_BuildValue("(s#)", v->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(v));
+}
+
+
+#include "stringlib/string_format.h"
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(format__doc__,
+"S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> unicode\n\
+\n\
+");
+
+static PyObject *
+string__format__(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyObject *format_spec;
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+    PyObject *tmp = NULL;
+
+    /* If 2.x, convert format_spec to the same type as value */
+    /* This is to allow things like u''.format('') */
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:__format__", &format_spec))
+        goto done;
+    if (!(PyString_Check(format_spec) || PyUnicode_Check(format_spec))) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "__format__ arg must be str "
+		     "or unicode, not %s", Py_TYPE(format_spec)->tp_name);
+	goto done;
+    }
+    tmp = PyObject_Str(format_spec);
+    if (tmp == NULL)
+        goto done;
+    format_spec = tmp;
+
+    result = _PyBytes_FormatAdvanced(self,
+				     PyString_AS_STRING(format_spec),
+				     PyString_GET_SIZE(format_spec));
+done:
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(p_format__doc__,
+"S.__format__(format_spec) -> unicode\n\
+\n\
+");
+
+
+static PyMethodDef
+string_methods[] = {
+	/* Counterparts of the obsolete stropmodule functions; except
+	   string.maketrans(). */
+	{"join", (PyCFunction)string_join, METH_O, join__doc__},
+	{"split", (PyCFunction)string_split, METH_VARARGS, split__doc__},
+	{"rsplit", (PyCFunction)string_rsplit, METH_VARARGS, rsplit__doc__},
+	{"lower", (PyCFunction)string_lower, METH_NOARGS, lower__doc__},
+	{"upper", (PyCFunction)string_upper, METH_NOARGS, upper__doc__},
+	{"islower", (PyCFunction)string_islower, METH_NOARGS, islower__doc__},
+	{"isupper", (PyCFunction)string_isupper, METH_NOARGS, isupper__doc__},
+	{"isspace", (PyCFunction)string_isspace, METH_NOARGS, isspace__doc__},
+	{"isdigit", (PyCFunction)string_isdigit, METH_NOARGS, isdigit__doc__},
+	{"istitle", (PyCFunction)string_istitle, METH_NOARGS, istitle__doc__},
+	{"isalpha", (PyCFunction)string_isalpha, METH_NOARGS, isalpha__doc__},
+	{"isalnum", (PyCFunction)string_isalnum, METH_NOARGS, isalnum__doc__},
+	{"capitalize", (PyCFunction)string_capitalize, METH_NOARGS,
+	 capitalize__doc__},
+	{"count", (PyCFunction)string_count, METH_VARARGS, count__doc__},
+	{"endswith", (PyCFunction)string_endswith, METH_VARARGS,
+	 endswith__doc__},
+	{"partition", (PyCFunction)string_partition, METH_O, partition__doc__},
+	{"find", (PyCFunction)string_find, METH_VARARGS, find__doc__},
+	{"index", (PyCFunction)string_index, METH_VARARGS, index__doc__},
+	{"lstrip", (PyCFunction)string_lstrip, METH_VARARGS, lstrip__doc__},
+	{"replace", (PyCFunction)string_replace, METH_VARARGS, replace__doc__},
+	{"rfind", (PyCFunction)string_rfind, METH_VARARGS, rfind__doc__},
+	{"rindex", (PyCFunction)string_rindex, METH_VARARGS, rindex__doc__},
+	{"rstrip", (PyCFunction)string_rstrip, METH_VARARGS, rstrip__doc__},
+	{"rpartition", (PyCFunction)string_rpartition, METH_O,
+	 rpartition__doc__},
+	{"startswith", (PyCFunction)string_startswith, METH_VARARGS,
+	 startswith__doc__},
+	{"strip", (PyCFunction)string_strip, METH_VARARGS, strip__doc__},
+	{"swapcase", (PyCFunction)string_swapcase, METH_NOARGS,
+	 swapcase__doc__},
+	{"translate", (PyCFunction)string_translate, METH_VARARGS,
+	 translate__doc__},
+	{"title", (PyCFunction)string_title, METH_NOARGS, title__doc__},
+	{"ljust", (PyCFunction)string_ljust, METH_VARARGS, ljust__doc__},
+	{"rjust", (PyCFunction)string_rjust, METH_VARARGS, rjust__doc__},
+	{"center", (PyCFunction)string_center, METH_VARARGS, center__doc__},
+	{"zfill", (PyCFunction)string_zfill, METH_VARARGS, zfill__doc__},
+	{"format", (PyCFunction) do_string_format, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, format__doc__},
+	{"__format__", (PyCFunction) string__format__, METH_VARARGS, p_format__doc__},
+	{"_formatter_field_name_split", (PyCFunction) formatter_field_name_split, METH_NOARGS},
+	{"_formatter_parser", (PyCFunction) formatter_parser, METH_NOARGS},
+	{"encode", (PyCFunction)string_encode, METH_VARARGS, encode__doc__},
+	{"decode", (PyCFunction)string_decode, METH_VARARGS, decode__doc__},
+	{"expandtabs", (PyCFunction)string_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS,
+	 expandtabs__doc__},
+	{"splitlines", (PyCFunction)string_splitlines, METH_VARARGS,
+	 splitlines__doc__},
+	{"__sizeof__", (PyCFunction)string_sizeof, METH_NOARGS,
+	 sizeof__doc__},
+	{"__getnewargs__",	(PyCFunction)string_getnewargs,	METH_NOARGS},
+	{NULL,     NULL}		     /* sentinel */
+};
+
+static PyObject *
+str_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
+
+static PyObject *
+string_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+	PyObject *x = NULL;
+	static char *kwlist[] = {"object", 0};
+
+	if (type != &PyString_Type)
+		return str_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
+	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|O:str", kwlist, &x))
+		return NULL;
+	if (x == NULL)
+		return PyString_FromString("");
+	return PyObject_Str(x);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+str_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+	PyObject *tmp, *pnew;
+	Py_ssize_t n;
+
+	assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyString_Type));
+	tmp = string_new(&PyString_Type, args, kwds);
+	if (tmp == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	assert(PyString_CheckExact(tmp));
+	n = PyString_GET_SIZE(tmp);
+	pnew = type->tp_alloc(type, n);
+	if (pnew != NULL) {
+		Py_MEMCPY(PyString_AS_STRING(pnew), PyString_AS_STRING(tmp), n+1);
+		((PyStringObject *)pnew)->ob_shash =
+			((PyStringObject *)tmp)->ob_shash;
+		((PyStringObject *)pnew)->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	}
+	Py_DECREF(tmp);
+	return pnew;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+basestring_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+			"The basestring type cannot be instantiated");
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+string_mod(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
+{
+	if (!PyString_Check(v)) {
+		Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);
+		return Py_NotImplemented;
+	}
+	return PyString_Format(v, w);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(basestring_doc,
+"Type basestring cannot be instantiated; it is the base for str and unicode.");
+
+static PyNumberMethods string_as_number = {
+	0,			/*nb_add*/
+	0,			/*nb_subtract*/
+	0,			/*nb_multiply*/
+	0, 			/*nb_divide*/
+	string_mod,		/*nb_remainder*/
+};
+
+
+PyTypeObject PyBaseString_Type = {
+	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+	"basestring",
+	0,
+	0,
+ 	0,			 		/* tp_dealloc */
+	0,			 		/* tp_print */
+	0,					/* tp_getattr */
+	0,					/* tp_setattr */
+	0,					/* tp_compare */
+	0,		 			/* tp_repr */
+	0,					/* tp_as_number */
+	0,					/* tp_as_sequence */
+	0,					/* tp_as_mapping */
+	0,		 			/* tp_hash */
+	0,					/* tp_call */
+	0,					/* tp_str */
+	0,					/* tp_getattro */
+	0,					/* tp_setattro */
+	0,					/* tp_as_buffer */
+	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags */
+	basestring_doc,				/* tp_doc */
+	0,					/* tp_traverse */
+	0,					/* tp_clear */
+	0,					/* tp_richcompare */
+	0,					/* tp_weaklistoffset */
+	0,					/* tp_iter */
+	0,					/* tp_iternext */
+	0,					/* tp_methods */
+	0,					/* tp_members */
+	0,					/* tp_getset */
+	&PyBaseObject_Type,			/* tp_base */
+	0,					/* tp_dict */
+	0,					/* tp_descr_get */
+	0,					/* tp_descr_set */
+	0,					/* tp_dictoffset */
+	0,					/* tp_init */
+	0,					/* tp_alloc */
+	basestring_new,				/* tp_new */
+	0,		                	/* tp_free */
+};
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(string_doc,
+"str(object) -> string\n\
+\n\
+Return a nice string representation of the object.\n\
+If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.");
+
+PyTypeObject PyString_Type = {
+	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
+	"str",
+	sizeof(PyStringObject),
+	sizeof(char),
+ 	string_dealloc, 			/* tp_dealloc */
+	(printfunc)string_print, 		/* tp_print */
+	0,					/* tp_getattr */
+	0,					/* tp_setattr */
+	0,					/* tp_compare */
+	string_repr, 				/* tp_repr */
+	&string_as_number,			/* tp_as_number */
+	&string_as_sequence,			/* tp_as_sequence */
+	&string_as_mapping,			/* tp_as_mapping */
+	(hashfunc)string_hash, 			/* tp_hash */
+	0,					/* tp_call */
+	string_str,				/* tp_str */
+	PyObject_GenericGetAttr,		/* tp_getattro */
+	0,					/* tp_setattro */
+	&string_as_buffer,			/* tp_as_buffer */
+	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES |
+		Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_STRING_SUBCLASS |
+		Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER,	/* tp_flags */
+	string_doc,				/* tp_doc */
+	0,					/* tp_traverse */
+	0,					/* tp_clear */
+	(richcmpfunc)string_richcompare,	/* tp_richcompare */
+	0,					/* tp_weaklistoffset */
+	0,					/* tp_iter */
+	0,					/* tp_iternext */
+	string_methods,				/* tp_methods */
+	0,					/* tp_members */
+	0,					/* tp_getset */
+	&PyBaseString_Type,			/* tp_base */
+	0,					/* tp_dict */
+	0,					/* tp_descr_get */
+	0,					/* tp_descr_set */
+	0,					/* tp_dictoffset */
+	0,					/* tp_init */
+	0,					/* tp_alloc */
+	string_new,				/* tp_new */
+	PyObject_Del,	                	/* tp_free */
+};
+
+void
+PyString_Concat(register PyObject **pv, register PyObject *w)
+{
+	register PyObject *v;
+	if (*pv == NULL)
+		return;
+	if (w == NULL || !PyString_Check(*pv)) {
+		Py_DECREF(*pv);
+		*pv = NULL;
+		return;
+	}
+	v = string_concat((PyStringObject *) *pv, w);
+	Py_DECREF(*pv);
+	*pv = v;
+}
+
+void
+PyString_ConcatAndDel(register PyObject **pv, register PyObject *w)
+{
+	PyString_Concat(pv, w);
+	Py_XDECREF(w);
+}
+
+
+/* The following function breaks the notion that strings are immutable:
+   it changes the size of a string.  We get away with this only if there
+   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
+   as creating a new string object and destroying the old one, only
+   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the string may
+   already be known to some other part of the code...
+   Note that if there's not enough memory to resize the string, the original
+   string object at *pv is deallocated, *pv is set to NULL, an "out of
+   memory" exception is set, and -1 is returned.  Else (on success) 0 is
+   returned, and the value in *pv may or may not be the same as on input.
+   As always, an extra byte is allocated for a trailing \0 byte (newsize
+   does *not* include that), and a trailing \0 byte is stored.
+*/
+
+int
+_PyString_Resize(PyObject **pv, Py_ssize_t newsize)
+{
+	register PyObject *v;
+	register PyStringObject *sv;
+	v = *pv;
+	if (!PyString_Check(v) || Py_REFCNT(v) != 1 || newsize < 0 ||
+	    PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(v)) {
+		*pv = 0;
+		Py_DECREF(v);
+		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+		return -1;
+	}
+	/* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
+	_Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+	_Py_ForgetReference(v);
+	*pv = (PyObject *)
+		PyObject_REALLOC((char *)v, sizeof(PyStringObject) + newsize);
+	if (*pv == NULL) {
+		PyObject_Del(v);
+		PyErr_NoMemory();
+		return -1;
+	}
+	_Py_NewReference(*pv);
+	sv = (PyStringObject *) *pv;
+	Py_SIZE(sv) = newsize;
+	sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
+	sv->ob_shash = -1;	/* invalidate cached hash value */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Helpers for formatstring */
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
+getnextarg(PyObject *args, Py_ssize_t arglen, Py_ssize_t *p_argidx)
+{
+	Py_ssize_t argidx = *p_argidx;
+	if (argidx < arglen) {
+		(*p_argidx)++;
+		if (arglen < 0)
+			return args;
+		else
+			return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
+	}
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+			"not enough arguments for format string");
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Format codes
+ * F_LJUST	'-'
+ * F_SIGN	'+'
+ * F_BLANK	' '
+ * F_ALT	'#'
+ * F_ZERO	'0'
+ */
+#define F_LJUST (1<<0)
+#define F_SIGN	(1<<1)
+#define F_BLANK (1<<2)
+#define F_ALT	(1<<3)
+#define F_ZERO	(1<<4)
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
+formatfloat(char *buf, size_t buflen, int flags,
+            int prec, int type, PyObject *v)
+{
+	/* fmt = '%#.' + `prec` + `type`
+	   worst case length = 3 + 10 (len of INT_MAX) + 1 = 14 (use 20)*/
+	char fmt[20];
+	double x;
+	x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
+	if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "float argument required, "
+			     "not %.200s", Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (prec < 0)
+		prec = 6;
+	if (type == 'f' && fabs(x)/1e25 >= 1e25)
+		type = 'g';
+	/* Worst case length calc to ensure no buffer overrun:
+
+	   'g' formats:
+	     fmt = %#.<prec>g
+	     buf = '-' + [0-9]*prec + '.' + 'e+' + (longest exp
+	        for any double rep.)
+	     len = 1 + prec + 1 + 2 + 5 = 9 + prec
+
+	   'f' formats:
+	     buf = '-' + [0-9]*x + '.' + [0-9]*prec (with x < 50)
+	     len = 1 + 50 + 1 + prec = 52 + prec
+
+	   If prec=0 the effective precision is 1 (the leading digit is
+	   always given), therefore increase the length by one.
+
+	*/
+	if (((type == 'g' || type == 'G') &&
+              buflen <= (size_t)10 + (size_t)prec) ||
+	    (type == 'f' && buflen <= (size_t)53 + (size_t)prec)) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+			"formatted float is too long (precision too large?)");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	PyOS_snprintf(fmt, sizeof(fmt), "%%%s.%d%c",
+		      (flags&F_ALT) ? "#" : "",
+		      prec, type);
+        PyOS_ascii_formatd(buf, buflen, fmt, x);
+	return (int)strlen(buf);
+}
+
+/* _PyString_FormatLong emulates the format codes d, u, o, x and X, and
+ * the F_ALT flag, for Python's long (unbounded) ints.  It's not used for
+ * Python's regular ints.
+ * Return value:  a new PyString*, or NULL if error.
+ *  .  *pbuf is set to point into it,
+ *     *plen set to the # of chars following that.
+ *     Caller must decref it when done using pbuf.
+ *     The string starting at *pbuf is of the form
+ *         "-"? ("0x" | "0X")? digit+
+ *     "0x"/"0X" are present only for x and X conversions, with F_ALT
+ *         set in flags.  The case of hex digits will be correct,
+ *     There will be at least prec digits, zero-filled on the left if
+ *         necessary to get that many.
+ * val		object to be converted
+ * flags	bitmask of format flags; only F_ALT is looked at
+ * prec		minimum number of digits; 0-fill on left if needed
+ * type		a character in [duoxX]; u acts the same as d
+ *
+ * CAUTION:  o, x and X conversions on regular ints can never
+ * produce a '-' sign, but can for Python's unbounded ints.
+ */
+PyObject*
+_PyString_FormatLong(PyObject *val, int flags, int prec, int type,
+		     char **pbuf, int *plen)
+{
+	PyObject *result = NULL;
+	char *buf;
+	Py_ssize_t i;
+	int sign;	/* 1 if '-', else 0 */
+	int len;	/* number of characters */
+	Py_ssize_t llen;
+	int numdigits;	/* len == numnondigits + numdigits */
+	int numnondigits = 0;
+
+	switch (type) {
+	case 'd':
+	case 'u':
+		result = Py_TYPE(val)->tp_str(val);
+		break;
+	case 'o':
+		result = Py_TYPE(val)->tp_as_number->nb_oct(val);
+		break;
+	case 'x':
+	case 'X':
+		numnondigits = 2;
+		result = Py_TYPE(val)->tp_as_number->nb_hex(val);
+		break;
+	default:
+		assert(!"'type' not in [duoxX]");
+	}
+	if (!result)
+		return NULL;
+
+	buf = PyString_AsString(result);
+	if (!buf) {
+		Py_DECREF(result);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* To modify the string in-place, there can only be one reference. */
+	if (Py_REFCNT(result) != 1) {
+		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	llen = PyString_Size(result);
+	if (llen > INT_MAX) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "string too large in _PyString_FormatLong");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	len = (int)llen;
+	if (buf[len-1] == 'L') {
+		--len;
+		buf[len] = '\0';
+	}
+	sign = buf[0] == '-';
+	numnondigits += sign;
+	numdigits = len - numnondigits;
+	assert(numdigits > 0);
+
+	/* Get rid of base marker unless F_ALT */
+	if ((flags & F_ALT) == 0) {
+		/* Need to skip 0x, 0X or 0. */
+		int skipped = 0;
+		switch (type) {
+		case 'o':
+			assert(buf[sign] == '0');
+			/* If 0 is only digit, leave it alone. */
+			if (numdigits > 1) {
+				skipped = 1;
+				--numdigits;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'x':
+		case 'X':
+			assert(buf[sign] == '0');
+			assert(buf[sign + 1] == 'x');
+			skipped = 2;
+			numnondigits -= 2;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (skipped) {
+			buf += skipped;
+			len -= skipped;
+			if (sign)
+				buf[0] = '-';
+		}
+		assert(len == numnondigits + numdigits);
+		assert(numdigits > 0);
+	}
+
+	/* Fill with leading zeroes to meet minimum width. */
+	if (prec > numdigits) {
+		PyObject *r1 = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
+					numnondigits + prec);
+		char *b1;
+		if (!r1) {
+			Py_DECREF(result);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		b1 = PyString_AS_STRING(r1);
+		for (i = 0; i < numnondigits; ++i)
+			*b1++ = *buf++;
+		for (i = 0; i < prec - numdigits; i++)
+			*b1++ = '0';
+		for (i = 0; i < numdigits; i++)
+			*b1++ = *buf++;
+		*b1 = '\0';
+		Py_DECREF(result);
+		result = r1;
+		buf = PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+		len = numnondigits + prec;
+	}
+
+	/* Fix up case for hex conversions. */
+	if (type == 'X') {
+		/* Need to convert all lower case letters to upper case.
+		   and need to convert 0x to 0X (and -0x to -0X). */
+		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+			if (buf[i] >= 'a' && buf[i] <= 'x')
+				buf[i] -= 'a'-'A';
+	}
+	*pbuf = buf;
+	*plen = len;
+	return result;
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
+formatint(char *buf, size_t buflen, int flags,
+          int prec, int type, PyObject *v)
+{
+	/* fmt = '%#.' + `prec` + 'l' + `type`
+	   worst case length = 3 + 19 (worst len of INT_MAX on 64-bit machine)
+	   + 1 + 1 = 24 */
+	char fmt[64];	/* plenty big enough! */
+	char *sign;
+	long x;
+
+	x = PyInt_AsLong(v);
+	if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "int argument required, not %.200s",
+			     Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (x < 0 && type == 'u') {
+		type = 'd';
+	}
+	if (x < 0 && (type == 'x' || type == 'X' || type == 'o'))
+		sign = "-";
+	else
+		sign = "";
+	if (prec < 0)
+		prec = 1;
+
+	if ((flags & F_ALT) &&
+	    (type == 'x' || type == 'X')) {
+		/* When converting under %#x or %#X, there are a number
+		 * of issues that cause pain:
+		 * - when 0 is being converted, the C standard leaves off
+		 *   the '0x' or '0X', which is inconsistent with other
+		 *   %#x/%#X conversions and inconsistent with Python's
+		 *   hex() function
+		 * - there are platforms that violate the standard and
+		 *   convert 0 with the '0x' or '0X'
+		 *   (Metrowerks, Compaq Tru64)
+		 * - there are platforms that give '0x' when converting
+		 *   under %#X, but convert 0 in accordance with the
+		 *   standard (OS/2 EMX)
+		 *
+		 * We can achieve the desired consistency by inserting our
+		 * own '0x' or '0X' prefix, and substituting %x/%X in place
+		 * of %#x/%#X.
+		 *
+		 * Note that this is the same approach as used in
+		 * formatint() in unicodeobject.c
+		 */
+		PyOS_snprintf(fmt, sizeof(fmt), "%s0%c%%.%dl%c",
+			      sign, type, prec, type);
+	}
+	else {
+		PyOS_snprintf(fmt, sizeof(fmt), "%s%%%s.%dl%c",
+			      sign, (flags&F_ALT) ? "#" : "",
+			      prec, type);
+	}
+
+	/* buf = '+'/'-'/'' + '0'/'0x'/'' + '[0-9]'*max(prec, len(x in octal))
+	 * worst case buf = '-0x' + [0-9]*prec, where prec >= 11
+	 */
+	if (buflen <= 14 || buflen <= (size_t)3 + (size_t)prec) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+		    "formatted integer is too long (precision too large?)");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (sign[0])
+		PyOS_snprintf(buf, buflen, fmt, -x);
+	else
+		PyOS_snprintf(buf, buflen, fmt, x);
+	return (int)strlen(buf);
+}
+
+Py_LOCAL_INLINE(int)
+formatchar(char *buf, size_t buflen, PyObject *v)
+{
+	/* presume that the buffer is at least 2 characters long */
+	if (PyString_Check(v)) {
+		if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "c;%c requires int or char", &buf[0]))
+			return -1;
+	}
+	else {
+		if (!PyArg_Parse(v, "b;%c requires int or char", &buf[0]))
+			return -1;
+	}
+	buf[1] = '\0';
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* fmt%(v1,v2,...) is roughly equivalent to sprintf(fmt, v1, v2, ...)
+
+   FORMATBUFLEN is the length of the buffer in which the floats, ints, &
+   chars are formatted. XXX This is a magic number. Each formatting
+   routine does bounds checking to ensure no overflow, but a better
+   solution may be to malloc a buffer of appropriate size for each
+   format. For now, the current solution is sufficient.
+*/
+#define FORMATBUFLEN (size_t)120
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
+{
+	char *fmt, *res;
+	Py_ssize_t arglen, argidx;
+	Py_ssize_t reslen, rescnt, fmtcnt;
+	int args_owned = 0;
+	PyObject *result, *orig_args;
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+	PyObject *v, *w;
+#endif
+	PyObject *dict = NULL;
+	if (format == NULL || !PyString_Check(format) || args == NULL) {
+		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	orig_args = args;
+	fmt = PyString_AS_STRING(format);
+	fmtcnt = PyString_GET_SIZE(format);
+	reslen = rescnt = fmtcnt + 100;
+	result = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, reslen);
+	if (result == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	res = PyString_AsString(result);
+	if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
+		arglen = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
+		argidx = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		arglen = -1;
+		argidx = -2;
+	}
+	if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping && !PyTuple_Check(args) &&
+	    !PyObject_TypeCheck(args, &PyBaseString_Type))
+		dict = args;
+	while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+		if (*fmt != '%') {
+			if (--rescnt < 0) {
+				rescnt = fmtcnt + 100;
+				reslen += rescnt;
+				if (_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen) < 0)
+					return NULL;
+				res = PyString_AS_STRING(result)
+					+ reslen - rescnt;
+				--rescnt;
+			}
+			*res++ = *fmt++;
+		}
+		else {
+			/* Got a format specifier */
+			int flags = 0;
+			Py_ssize_t width = -1;
+			int prec = -1;
+			int c = '\0';
+			int fill;
+			int isnumok;
+			PyObject *v = NULL;
+			PyObject *temp = NULL;
+			char *pbuf;
+			int sign;
+			Py_ssize_t len;
+			char formatbuf[FORMATBUFLEN];
+			     /* For format{float,int,char}() */
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+			char *fmt_start = fmt;
+			Py_ssize_t argidx_start = argidx;
+#endif
+
+			fmt++;
+			if (*fmt == '(') {
+				char *keystart;
+				Py_ssize_t keylen;
+				PyObject *key;
+				int pcount = 1;
+
+				if (dict == NULL) {
+					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+						 "format requires a mapping");
+					goto error;
+				}
+				++fmt;
+				--fmtcnt;
+				keystart = fmt;
+				/* Skip over balanced parentheses */
+				while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
+					if (*fmt == ')')
+						--pcount;
+					else if (*fmt == '(')
+						++pcount;
+					fmt++;
+				}
+				keylen = fmt - keystart - 1;
+				if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
+					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+						   "incomplete format key");
+					goto error;
+				}
+				key = PyString_FromStringAndSize(keystart,
+								 keylen);
+				if (key == NULL)
+					goto error;
+				if (args_owned) {
+					Py_DECREF(args);
+					args_owned = 0;
+				}
+				args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
+				Py_DECREF(key);
+				if (args == NULL) {
+					goto error;
+				}
+				args_owned = 1;
+				arglen = -1;
+				argidx = -2;
+			}
+			while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+				switch (c = *fmt++) {
+				case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
+				case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
+				case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
+				case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
+				case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+			if (c == '*') {
+				v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+				if (v == NULL)
+					goto error;
+				if (!PyInt_Check(v)) {
+					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+							"* wants int");
+					goto error;
+				}
+				width = PyInt_AsLong(v);
+				if (width < 0) {
+					flags |= F_LJUST;
+					width = -width;
+				}
+				if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+					c = *fmt++;
+			}
+			else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
+				width = c - '0';
+				while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+					c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
+					if (!isdigit(c))
+						break;
+					if ((width*10) / 10 != width) {
+						PyErr_SetString(
+							PyExc_ValueError,
+							"width too big");
+						goto error;
+					}
+					width = width*10 + (c - '0');
+				}
+			}
+			if (c == '.') {
+				prec = 0;
+				if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+					c = *fmt++;
+				if (c == '*') {
+					v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+					if (v == NULL)
+						goto error;
+					if (!PyInt_Check(v)) {
+						PyErr_SetString(
+							PyExc_TypeError,
+							"* wants int");
+						goto error;
+					}
+					prec = PyInt_AsLong(v);
+					if (prec < 0)
+						prec = 0;
+					if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+						c = *fmt++;
+				}
+				else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
+					prec = c - '0';
+					while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
+						c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
+						if (!isdigit(c))
+							break;
+						if ((prec*10) / 10 != prec) {
+							PyErr_SetString(
+							    PyExc_ValueError,
+							    "prec too big");
+							goto error;
+						}
+						prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
+					}
+				}
+			} /* prec */
+			if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
+				if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
+					if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
+						c = *fmt++;
+				}
+			}
+			if (fmtcnt < 0) {
+				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+						"incomplete format");
+				goto error;
+			}
+			if (c != '%') {
+				v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
+				if (v == NULL)
+					goto error;
+			}
+			sign = 0;
+			fill = ' ';
+			switch (c) {
+			case '%':
+				pbuf = "%";
+				len = 1;
+				break;
+			case 's':
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+				if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+					fmt = fmt_start;
+					argidx = argidx_start;
+					goto unicode;
+				}
+#endif
+				temp = _PyObject_Str(v);
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+				if (temp != NULL && PyUnicode_Check(temp)) {
+					Py_DECREF(temp);
+					fmt = fmt_start;
+					argidx = argidx_start;
+					goto unicode;
+				}
+#endif
+				/* Fall through */
+			case 'r':
+				if (c == 'r')
+					temp = PyObject_Repr(v);
+				if (temp == NULL)
+					goto error;
+				if (!PyString_Check(temp)) {
+					PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+					  "%s argument has non-string str()");
+					Py_DECREF(temp);
+					goto error;
+				}
+				pbuf = PyString_AS_STRING(temp);
+				len = PyString_GET_SIZE(temp);
+				if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
+					len = prec;
+				break;
+			case 'i':
+			case 'd':
+			case 'u':
+			case 'o':
+			case 'x':
+			case 'X':
+				if (c == 'i')
+					c = 'd';
+				isnumok = 0;
+				if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
+					PyObject *iobj=NULL;
+
+					if (PyInt_Check(v) || (PyLong_Check(v))) {
+						iobj = v;
+						Py_INCREF(iobj);
+					}
+					else {
+						iobj = PyNumber_Int(v);
+						if (iobj==NULL) iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
+					}
+					if (iobj!=NULL) {
+						if (PyInt_Check(iobj)) {
+							isnumok = 1;
+							pbuf = formatbuf;
+							len = formatint(pbuf,
+									sizeof(formatbuf),
+									flags, prec, c, iobj);
+							Py_DECREF(iobj);
+							if (len < 0)
+								goto error;
+							sign = 1;
+						}
+						else if (PyLong_Check(iobj)) {
+							int ilen;
+							
+							isnumok = 1;
+							temp = _PyString_FormatLong(iobj, flags,
+								prec, c, &pbuf, &ilen);
+							Py_DECREF(iobj);
+							len = ilen;
+							if (!temp)
+								goto error;
+							sign = 1;
+						}
+						else {
+							Py_DECREF(iobj);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if (!isnumok) {
+					PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, 
+					    "%%%c format: a number is required, "
+					    "not %.200s", c, Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
+					goto error;
+				}
+				if (flags & F_ZERO)
+					fill = '0';
+				break;
+			case 'e':
+			case 'E':
+			case 'f':
+			case 'F':
+			case 'g':
+			case 'G':
+				if (c == 'F')
+					c = 'f';
+				pbuf = formatbuf;
+				len = formatfloat(pbuf, sizeof(formatbuf),
+						  flags, prec, c, v);
+				if (len < 0)
+					goto error;
+				sign = 1;
+				if (flags & F_ZERO)
+					fill = '0';
+				break;
+			case 'c':
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+				if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
+					fmt = fmt_start;
+					argidx = argidx_start;
+					goto unicode;
+				}
+#endif
+				pbuf = formatbuf;
+				len = formatchar(pbuf, sizeof(formatbuf), v);
+				if (len < 0)
+					goto error;
+				break;
+			default:
+				PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+				  "unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x) "
+				  "at index %zd",
+				  c, c,
+				  (Py_ssize_t)(fmt - 1 -
+					       PyString_AsString(format)));
+				goto error;
+			}
+			if (sign) {
+				if (*pbuf == '-' || *pbuf == '+') {
+					sign = *pbuf++;
+					len--;
+				}
+				else if (flags & F_SIGN)
+					sign = '+';
+				else if (flags & F_BLANK)
+					sign = ' ';
+				else
+					sign = 0;
+			}
+			if (width < len)
+				width = len;
+			if (rescnt - (sign != 0) < width) {
+				reslen -= rescnt;
+				rescnt = width + fmtcnt + 100;
+				reslen += rescnt;
+				if (reslen < 0) {
+					Py_DECREF(result);
+					Py_XDECREF(temp);
+					return PyErr_NoMemory();
+				}
+				if (_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen) < 0) {
+					Py_XDECREF(temp);
+					return NULL;
+				}
+				res = PyString_AS_STRING(result)
+					+ reslen - rescnt;
+			}
+			if (sign) {
+				if (fill != ' ')
+					*res++ = sign;
+				rescnt--;
+				if (width > len)
+					width--;
+			}
+			if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
+				assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
+				assert(pbuf[1] == c);
+				if (fill != ' ') {
+					*res++ = *pbuf++;
+					*res++ = *pbuf++;
+				}
+				rescnt -= 2;
+				width -= 2;
+				if (width < 0)
+					width = 0;
+				len -= 2;
+			}
+			if (width > len && !(flags & F_LJUST)) {
+				do {
+					--rescnt;
+					*res++ = fill;
+				} while (--width > len);
+			}
+			if (fill == ' ') {
+				if (sign)
+					*res++ = sign;
+				if ((flags & F_ALT) &&
+				    (c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
+					assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
+					assert(pbuf[1] == c);
+					*res++ = *pbuf++;
+					*res++ = *pbuf++;
+				}
+			}
+			Py_MEMCPY(res, pbuf, len);
+			res += len;
+			rescnt -= len;
+			while (--width >= len) {
+				--rescnt;
+				*res++ = ' ';
+			}
+                        if (dict && (argidx < arglen) && c != '%') {
+                                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                           "not all arguments converted during string formatting");
+                                Py_XDECREF(temp);
+                                goto error;
+                        }
+			Py_XDECREF(temp);
+		} /* '%' */
+	} /* until end */
+	if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
+		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+				"not all arguments converted during string formatting");
+		goto error;
+	}
+	if (args_owned) {
+		Py_DECREF(args);
+	}
+	_PyString_Resize(&result, reslen - rescnt);
+	return result;
+
+#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
+ unicode:
+	if (args_owned) {
+		Py_DECREF(args);
+		args_owned = 0;
+	}
+	/* Fiddle args right (remove the first argidx arguments) */
+	if (PyTuple_Check(orig_args) && argidx > 0) {
+		PyObject *v;
+		Py_ssize_t n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(orig_args) - argidx;
+		v = PyTuple_New(n);
+		if (v == NULL)
+			goto error;
+		while (--n >= 0) {
+			PyObject *w = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(orig_args, n + argidx);
+			Py_INCREF(w);
+			PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, n, w);
+		}
+		args = v;
+	} else {
+		Py_INCREF(orig_args);
+		args = orig_args;
+	}
+	args_owned = 1;
+	/* Take what we have of the result and let the Unicode formatting
+	   function format the rest of the input. */
+	rescnt = res - PyString_AS_STRING(result);
+	if (_PyString_Resize(&result, rescnt))
+		goto error;
+	fmtcnt = PyString_GET_SIZE(format) - \
+		 (fmt - PyString_AS_STRING(format));
+	format = PyUnicode_Decode(fmt, fmtcnt, NULL, NULL);
+	if (format == NULL)
+		goto error;
+	v = PyUnicode_Format(format, args);
+	Py_DECREF(format);
+	if (v == NULL)
+		goto error;
+	/* Paste what we have (result) to what the Unicode formatting
+	   function returned (v) and return the result (or error) */
+	w = PyUnicode_Concat(result, v);
+	Py_DECREF(result);
+	Py_DECREF(v);
+	Py_DECREF(args);
+	return w;
+#endif /* Py_USING_UNICODE */
+
+ error:
+	Py_DECREF(result);
+	if (args_owned) {
+		Py_DECREF(args);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void
+PyString_InternInPlace(PyObject **p)
+{
+	register PyStringObject *s = (PyStringObject *)(*p);
+	PyObject *t;
+	if (s == NULL || !PyString_Check(s))
+		Py_FatalError("PyString_InternInPlace: strings only please!");
+	/* If it's a string subclass, we don't really know what putting
+	   it in the interned dict might do. */
+	if (!PyString_CheckExact(s))
+		return;
+	if (PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(s))
+		return;
+	if (interned == NULL) {
+		interned = PyDict_New();
+		if (interned == NULL) {
+			PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	t = PyDict_GetItem(interned, (PyObject *)s);
+	if (t) {
+		Py_INCREF(t);
+		Py_DECREF(*p);
+		*p = t;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (PyDict_SetItem(interned, (PyObject *)s, (PyObject *)s) < 0) {
+		PyErr_Clear();
+		return;
+	}
+	/* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt.
+	   The string deallocator will take care of this */
+	Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2;
+	PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(s) = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL;
+}
+
+void
+PyString_InternImmortal(PyObject **p)
+{
+	PyString_InternInPlace(p);
+	if (PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(*p) != SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL) {
+		PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(*p) = SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL;
+		Py_INCREF(*p);
+	}
+}
+
+
+PyObject *
+PyString_InternFromString(const char *cp)
+{
+	PyObject *s = PyString_FromString(cp);
+	if (s == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	PyString_InternInPlace(&s);
+	return s;
+}
+
+void
+PyString_Fini(void)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < UCHAR_MAX + 1; i++) {
+		Py_XDECREF(characters[i]);
+		characters[i] = NULL;
+	}
+	Py_XDECREF(nullstring);
+	nullstring = NULL;
+}
+
+void _Py_ReleaseInternedStrings(void)
+{
+	PyObject *keys;
+	PyStringObject *s;
+	Py_ssize_t i, n;
+	Py_ssize_t immortal_size = 0, mortal_size = 0;
+
+	if (interned == NULL || !PyDict_Check(interned))
+		return;
+	keys = PyDict_Keys(interned);
+	if (keys == NULL || !PyList_Check(keys)) {
+		PyErr_Clear();
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Since _Py_ReleaseInternedStrings() is intended to help a leak
+	   detector, interned strings are not forcibly deallocated; rather, we
+	   give them their stolen references back, and then clear and DECREF
+	   the interned dict. */
+
+	n = PyList_GET_SIZE(keys);
+	fprintf(stderr, "releasing %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d interned strings\n",
+		n);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		s = (PyStringObject *) PyList_GET_ITEM(keys, i);
+		switch (s->ob_sstate) {
+		case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
+			/* XXX Shouldn't happen */
+			break;
+		case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
+			Py_REFCNT(s) += 1;
+			immortal_size += Py_SIZE(s);
+			break;
+		case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
+			Py_REFCNT(s) += 2;
+			mortal_size += Py_SIZE(s);
+			break;
+		default:
+			Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
+		}
+		s->ob_sstate = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "total size of all interned strings: "
+			"%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d/%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d "
+			"mortal/immortal\n", mortal_size, immortal_size);
+	Py_DECREF(keys);
+	PyDict_Clear(interned);
+	Py_DECREF(interned);
+	interned = NULL;
+}