diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref2.tex | 106 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref5.tex | 244 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref6.tex | 182 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref7.tex | 111 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref8.tex | 28 |
5 files changed, 410 insertions, 261 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref2.tex b/Doc/ref/ref2.tex index c08f7f4..8a44b03 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref2.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref2.tex @@ -237,13 +237,18 @@ lexical definitions: \index{identifier} \index{name} -\begin{verbatim} -identifier: (letter|"_") (letter|digit|"_")* -letter: lowercase | uppercase -lowercase: "a"..."z" -uppercase: "A"..."Z" -digit: "0"..."9" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{identifier} + {(\token{letter}|"_") (\token{letter} | \token{digit} | "_")*} + \production{letter} + {\token{lowercase} | \token{uppercase}} + \production{lowercase} + {"a"..."z"} + \production{uppercase} + {"A"..."Z"} + \production{digit} + {"0"..."9"} +\end{productionlist} Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant. @@ -303,17 +308,27 @@ Literals are notations for constant values of some built-in types. String literals are described by the following lexical definitions: \index{string literal} -\begin{verbatim} -stringliteral: shortstring | longstring -shortstring: "'" shortstringitem* "'" | '"' shortstringitem* '"' -longstring: "'''" longstringitem* "'''" | '"""' longstringitem* '"""' -shortstringitem: shortstringchar | escapeseq -longstringitem: longstringchar | escapeseq -shortstringchar: <any ASCII character except "\" or newline or the quote> -longstringchar: <any ASCII character except "\"> -escapeseq: "\" <any ASCII character> -\end{verbatim} \index{ASCII@\ASCII{}} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{stringliteral} + {\token{shortstring} | \token{longstring}} + \production{shortstring} + {"'" \token{shortstringitem}* "'" + | '"' \token{shortstringitem}* '"'} + \production{longstring} + {"'''" \token{longstringitem}* "'''" + | '"""' \token{longstringitem}* '"""'} + \production{shortstringitem} + {\token{shortstringchar} | \token{escapeseq}} + \production{longstringitem} + {\token{longstringchar} | \token{escapeseq}} + \production{shortstringchar} + {<any ASCII character except "\e" or newline or the quote>} + \production{longstringchar} + {<any ASCII character except "\e">} + \production{escapeseq} + {"\e" <any ASCII character>} +\end{productionlist} \index{triple-quoted string} \index{Unicode Consortium} @@ -452,16 +467,24 @@ Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like Integer and long integer literals are described by the following lexical definitions: -\begin{verbatim} -longinteger: integer ("l"|"L") -integer: decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger -decimalinteger: nonzerodigit digit* | "0" -octinteger: "0" octdigit+ -hexinteger: "0" ("x"|"X") hexdigit+ -nonzerodigit: "1"..."9" -octdigit: "0"..."7" -hexdigit: digit|"a"..."f"|"A"..."F" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{longinteger} + {\token{integer} ("l" | "L")} + \production{integer} + {\token{decimalinteger} | \token{octinteger} | \token{hexinteger}} + \production{decimalinteger} + {\token{nonzerodigit} \token{digit}* | "0"} + \production{octinteger} + {"0" \token{octdigit}+} + \production{hexinteger} + {"0" ("x" | "X") \token{hexdigit}+} + \production{nonzerodigit} + {"1"..."9"} + \production{octdigit} + {"0"..."7"} + \production{hexdigit} + {\token{digit} | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"} +\end{productionlist} Although both lower case `l' and upper case `L' are allowed as suffix for long integers, it is strongly recommended to always use `L', since @@ -487,14 +510,21 @@ Some examples of plain and long integer literals: Floating point literals are described by the following lexical definitions: -\begin{verbatim} -floatnumber: pointfloat | exponentfloat -pointfloat: [intpart] fraction | intpart "." -exponentfloat: (nonzerodigit digit* | pointfloat) exponent -intpart: nonzerodigit digit* | "0" -fraction: "." digit+ -exponent: ("e"|"E") ["+"|"-"] digit+ -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{floatnumber} + {\token{pointfloat} | \token{exponentfloat}} + \production{pointfloat} + {[\token{intpart}] \token{fraction} | \token{intpart} "."} + \production{exponentfloat} + {(\token{nonzerodigit} \token{digit}* | \token{pointfloat}) + \token{exponent}} + \production{intpart} + {\token{nonzerodigit} \token{digit}* | "0"} + \production{fraction} + {"." \token{digit}+} + \production{exponent} + {("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] \token{digit}+} +\end{productionlist} Note that the integer part of a floating point number cannot look like an octal integer, though the exponent may look like an octal literal @@ -517,9 +547,9 @@ Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like Imaginary literals are described by the following lexical definitions: -\begin{verbatim} -imagnumber: (floatnumber | intpart) ("j"|"J") -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{imagnumber}{(\token{floatnumber} | \token{intpart}) ("j" | "J")} +\end{productionlist} An imaginary literal yields a complex number with a real part of 0.0. Complex numbers are represented as a pair of floating point diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref5.tex b/Doc/ref/ref5.tex index c736b0e..5002f4d 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref5.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref5.tex @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ Python. BNF\index{BNF} notation will be used to describe syntax, not lexical analysis. When (one alternative of) a syntax rule has the form -\begin{verbatim} -name: othername -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist}[*] + \production{name}{\token{othername}} +\end{productionlist} and no semantics are given, the semantics of this form of \code{name} are the same as for \code{othername}. @@ -50,10 +50,13 @@ are identifiers or literals. Forms enclosed in reverse quotes or in parentheses, brackets or braces are also categorized syntactically as atoms. The syntax for atoms is: -\begin{verbatim} -atom: identifier | literal | enclosure -enclosure: parenth_form|list_display|dict_display|string_conversion -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{atom} + {\token{identifier} | \token{literal} | \token{enclosure}} + \production{enclosure} + {\token{parenth_form} | \token{list_display} + | \token{dict_display} | \token{string_conversion}} +\end{productionlist} \subsection{Identifiers (Names)\label{atom-identifiers}} @@ -107,9 +110,12 @@ consists only of underscores, no transformation is done. Python supports string literals and various numeric literals: -\begin{verbatim} -literal: stringliteral | integer | longinteger | floatnumber | imagnumber -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{literal} + {\token{stringliteral} | \token{integer} + | \token{longinteger} | \token{floatnumber} + | \token{imagnumber}} +\end{productionlist} Evaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type (string, integer, long integer, floating point number, complex number) with the @@ -132,9 +138,10 @@ the same object or a different object with the same value. A parenthesized form is an optional expression list enclosed in parentheses: -\begin{verbatim} -parenth_form: "(" [expression_list] ")" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{parenth_form} + {"(" [\token{expression_list}] ")"} +\end{productionlist} A parenthesized expression list yields whatever that expression list yields: if the list contains at least one comma, it yields a tuple; @@ -162,13 +169,20 @@ pass uncaught. A list display is a possibly empty series of expressions enclosed in square brackets: -\begin{verbatim} -list_display: "[" [listmaker] "]" -listmaker: expression ( list_for | ( "," expression)* [","] ) -list_iter: list_for | list_if -list_for: "for" expression_list "in" testlist [list_iter] -list_if: "if" test [list_iter] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{list_display} + {"[" [\token{listmaker}] "]"} + \production{listmaker} + {\token{expression} ( \token{list_for} + | ( "," \token{expression})* [","] )} + \production{list_iter} + {\token{list_for} | \token{list_if}} + \production{list_for} + {"for" \token{expression_list} "in" \token{testlist} + [\token{list_iter}]} + \production{list_if} + {"if" \token{test} [\token{list_iter}]} +\end{productionlist} A list display yields a new list object. Its contents are specified by providing either a list of expressions or a list comprehension. @@ -196,11 +210,14 @@ enclosed in curly braces: \index{datum} \index{key/datum pair} -\begin{verbatim} -dict_display: "{" [key_datum_list] "}" -key_datum_list: key_datum ("," key_datum)* [","] -key_datum: expression ":" expression -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{dict_display} + {"{" [\token{key_datum_list}] "}"} + \production{key_datum_list} + {\token{key_datum} ("," \token{key_datum})* [","]} + \production{key_datum} + {\token{expression} ":" \token{expression}} +\end{productionlist} A dictionary display yields a new dictionary object. \obindex{dictionary} @@ -226,9 +243,10 @@ stored for a given key value prevails. A string conversion is an expression list enclosed in reverse (a.k.a. backward) quotes: -\begin{verbatim} -string_conversion: "`" expression_list "`" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{string_conversion} + {"`" \token{expression_list} "`"} +\end{productionlist} A string conversion evaluates the contained expression list and converts the resulting object into a string according to rules @@ -263,9 +281,11 @@ similar but more user-friendly conversion. Primaries represent the most tightly bound operations of the language. Their syntax is: -\begin{verbatim} -primary: atom | attributeref | subscription | slicing | call -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{primary} + {\token{atom} | \token{attributeref} + | \token{subscription} | \token{slicing} | \token{call}} +\end{productionlist} \subsection{Attribute references\label{attribute-references}} @@ -273,9 +293,10 @@ primary: atom | attributeref | subscription | slicing | call An attribute reference is a primary followed by a period and a name: -\begin{verbatim} -attributeref: primary "." identifier -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{attributeref} + {\token{primary} "." \token{identifier}} +\end{productionlist} The primary must evaluate to an object of a type that supports attribute references, e.g., a module, list, or an instance. This @@ -302,9 +323,10 @@ or mapping (dictionary) object: \obindex{dictionary} \indexii{sequence}{item} -\begin{verbatim} -subscription: primary "[" expression_list "]" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{subscription} + {\token{primary} "[" \token{expression_list} "]"} +\end{productionlist} The primary must evaluate to an object of a sequence or mapping type. @@ -339,20 +361,32 @@ targets in assignment or del statements. The syntax for a slicing: \obindex{tuple} \obindex{list} -\begin{verbatim} -slicing: simple_slicing | extended_slicing -simple_slicing: primary "[" short_slice "]" -extended_slicing: primary "[" slice_list "]" -slice_list: slice_item ("," slice_item)* [","] -slice_item: expression | proper_slice | ellipsis -proper_slice: short_slice | long_slice -short_slice: [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound] -long_slice: short_slice ":" [stride] -lower_bound: expression -upper_bound: expression -stride: expression -ellipsis: "..." -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{slicing} + {\token{simple_slicing} | \token{extended_slicing}} + \production{simple_slicing} + {\token{primary} "[" \token{short_slice} "]"} + \production{extended_slicing} + {\token{primary} "[" \token{slice_list} "]" } + \production{slice_list} + {\token{slice_item} ("," \token{slice_item})* [","]} + \production{slice_item} + {\token{expression} | \token{proper_slice} | \token{ellipsis}} + \production{proper_slice} + {\token{short_slice} | \token{long_slice}} + \production{short_slice} + {[\token{lower_bound}] ":" [\token{upper_bound}]} + \production{long_slice} + {\token{short_slice} ":" [\token{stride}]} + \production{lower_bound} + {\token{expression}} + \production{upper_bound} + {\token{expression}} + \production{stride} + {\token{expression}} + \production{ellipsis} + {"..."} +\end{productionlist} There is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like an expression list also looks like a slice list, so any subscription @@ -401,14 +435,19 @@ A call calls a callable object (e.g., a function) with a possibly empty series of arguments: \obindex{callable} -\begin{verbatim} -call: primary "(" [argument_list [","]] ")" -argument_list: positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments] - | keyword_arguments -positional_arguments: expression ("," expression)* -keyword_arguments: keyword_item ("," keyword_item)* -keyword_item: identifier "=" expression -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{call} + {\token{primary} "(" [\token{argument_list} [","]] ")"} + \production{argument_list} + {\token{positional_arguments} ["," \token{keyword_arguments}] + | \token{keyword_arguments}} + \production{positional_arguments} + {\token{expression} ("," \token{expression})*} + \production{keyword_arguments} + {\token{keyword_item} ("," \token{keyword_item})*} + \production{keyword_item} + {\token{identifier} "=" \token{expression}} +\end{productionlist} A trailing comma may be present after an argument list but does not affect the semantics. @@ -521,9 +560,10 @@ The power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its left; it binds less tightly than unary operators on its right. The syntax is: -\begin{verbatim} -power: primary ["**" u_expr] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{power} + {\token{primary} ["**" \token{u_expr}]} +\end{productionlist} Thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the operators are evaluated from right to left (this does not constrain @@ -545,9 +585,11 @@ power, or a negative floating point number to a broken power), a All unary arithmetic (and bit-wise) operations have the same priority: -\begin{verbatim} -u_expr: power | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{u_expr} + {\token{power} | "-" \token{u_expr} + | "+" \token{u_expr} | "~" \token{u_expr}} +\end{productionlist} The unary \code{-} (minus) operator yields the negation of its numeric argument. @@ -578,11 +620,15 @@ non-numeric types. Apart from the power operator, there are only two levels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive operators: -\begin{verbatim} -m_expr: u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr - | m_expr "/" u_expr | m_expr "%" u_expr -a_expr: m_expr | aexpr "+" m_expr | aexpr "-" m_expr -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{m_expr} + {\token{u_expr} | \token{m_expr} "*" \token{u_expr} + | \token{m_expr} "/" \token{u_expr} + | \token{m_expr} "\%" \token{u_expr}} + \production{a_expr} + {\token{m_expr} | \token{aexpr} "+" \token{m_expr} + \token{aexpr} "-" \token{m_expr}} +\end{productionlist} The \code{*} (multiplication) operator yields the product of its arguments. The arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument @@ -646,9 +692,11 @@ type. The shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic operations: -\begin{verbatim} -shift_expr: a_expr | shift_expr ( "<<" | ">>" ) a_expr -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{shift_expr} + {\token{a_expr} + | \token{shift_expr} ( "<<" | ">>" ) \token{a_expr}} +\end{productionlist} These operators accept plain or long integers as arguments. The arguments are converted to a common type. They shift the first @@ -670,11 +718,14 @@ exception. Each of the three bitwise operations has a different priority level: -\begin{verbatim} -and_expr: shift_expr | and_expr "&" shift_expr -xor_expr: and_expr | xor_expr "^" and_expr -or_expr: xor_expr | or_expr "|" xor_expr -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{and_expr} + {\token{shift_expr} | \token{and_expr} "\&" \token{shift_expr}} + \production{xor_expr} + {\token{and_expr} | \token{xor_expr} "\textasciicircum" \token{and_expr}} + \production{or_expr} + {\token{xor_expr} | \token{or_expr} "|" \token{xor_expr}} +\end{productionlist} The \code{\&} operator yields the bitwise AND of its arguments, which must be plain or long integers. The arguments are converted to a @@ -703,10 +754,13 @@ operation. Also unlike C, expressions like \code{a < b < c} have the interpretation that is conventional in mathematics: \indexii{C}{language} -\begin{verbatim} -comparison: or_expr (comp_operator or_expr)* -comp_operator: "<"|">"|"=="|">="|"<="|"<>"|"!="|"is" ["not"]|["not"] "in" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{comparison} + {\token{or_expr} ( \token{comp_operator} \token{or_expr} )*} + \production{comp_operator} + {"<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "<>" | "!=" + | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"} +\end{productionlist} Comparisons yield integer values: \code{1} for true, \code{0} for false. @@ -830,13 +884,18 @@ truth value. Boolean operations have the lowest priority of all Python operations: -\begin{verbatim} -expression: or_test | lambda_form -or_test: and_test | or_test "or" and_test -and_test: not_test | and_test "and" not_test -not_test: comparison | "not" not_test -lambda_form: "lambda" [parameter_list]: expression -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{expression} + {\token{or_test} | \token{lambda_form}} + \production{or_test} + {\token{and_test} | \token{or_test} "or" \token{and_test}} + \production{and_test} + {\token{not_test} | \token{and_test} "and" \token{not_test}} + \production{not_test} + {\token{comparison} | "not" \token{not_test}} + \production{lambda_form} + {"lambda" [\token{parameter_list}]: \token{expression}} +\end{productionlist} In the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions are used by control flow statements, the following values are interpreted @@ -914,9 +973,10 @@ def make_incrementor(increment): \section{Expression lists\label{exprlists}} \indexii{expression}{list} -\begin{verbatim} -expression_list: expression ("," expression)* [","] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{expression_list} + {\token{expression} ( "," \token{expression} )* [","]} +\end{productionlist} An expression list containing at least one comma yields a tuple. The length of the tuple is the number of expressions in the diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref6.tex b/Doc/ref/ref6.tex index 9922fe7..d96a670 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref6.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref6.tex @@ -5,22 +5,23 @@ Simple statements are comprised within a single logical line. Several simple statements may occur on a single line separated by semicolons. The syntax for simple statements is: -\begin{verbatim} -simple_stmt: expression_stmt - | assert_stmt - | assignment_stmt - | augmented_assignment_stmt - | pass_stmt - | del_stmt - | print_stmt - | return_stmt - | raise_stmt - | break_stmt - | continue_stmt - | import_stmt - | global_stmt - | exec_stmt -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{simple_stmt} + {\token{expression_stmt} + | \token{assert_stmt} + | \token{assignment_stmt} + | \token{augmented_assignment_stmt} + | \token{pass_stmt} + | \token{del_stmt} + | \token{print_stmt} + | \token{return_stmt} + | \token{raise_stmt} + | \token{break_stmt} + | \token{continue_stmt} + | \token{import_stmt} + | \token{global_stmt} + | \token{exec_stmt}} +\end{productionlist} \section{Expression statements \label{exprstmts}} @@ -32,9 +33,10 @@ returns no meaningful result; in Python, procedures return the value \code{None}). Other uses of expression statements are allowed and occasionally useful. The syntax for an expression statement is: -\begin{verbatim} -expression_stmt: expression_list -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{expression_stmt} + {\token{expression_list}} +\end{productionlist} An expression statement evaluates the expression list (which may be a single expression). @@ -59,9 +61,10 @@ any output.) Assert statements\stindex{assert} are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions\indexii{debugging}{assertions} into a program: -\begin{verbatim} -assert_statement: "assert" expression ["," expression] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{assert_statement} + {"assert" \token{expression} ["," \token{expression}]} +\end{productionlist} The simple form, \samp{assert expression}, is equivalent to @@ -102,12 +105,19 @@ objects: \obindex{mutable} \indexii{attribute}{assignment} -\begin{verbatim} -assignment_stmt: (target_list "=")+ expression_list -target_list: target ("," target)* [","] -target: identifier | "(" target_list ")" | "[" target_list "]" - | attributeref | subscription | slicing -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{assignment_stmt} + {(\token{target_list} "=")+ \token{expression_list}} + \production{target_list} + {\token{target} ("," \token{target})* [","]} + \production{target} + {\token{identifier} + | "(" \token{target_list} ")" + | "[" \token{target_list} "]" + | \token{attributeref} + | \token{subscription} + | \token{slicing}} +\end{productionlist} (See section \ref{primaries} for the syntax definitions for the last three symbols.) @@ -260,13 +270,20 @@ operation and an assignment statement: \indexii{augmented}{assignment} \index{statement!assignment, augmented} -\begin{verbatim} -augmented_assignment_stmt: target augop expression_list -augop: "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "%=" | "**=" - | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|=" -target: identifier | "(" target_list ")" | "[" target_list "]" - | attributeref | subscription | slicing -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{augmented_assignment_stmt} + {\token{target} \token{augop} \token{expression_list}} + \production{augop} + {"+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "\%=" | "**=" + | ">>=" | "<<=" | "\&=" | "\textasciicircum=" | "|="} + \production{target} + {\token{identifier} + | "(" \token{target_list} ")" + | "[" \token{target_list} "]" + | \token{attributeref} + | \token{subscription} + | \token{slicing}} +\end{productionlist} (See section \ref{primaries} for the syntax definitions for the last three symbols.) @@ -294,9 +311,10 @@ augmented assignment is the same as the normal binary operations. \section{The \keyword{pass} statement \label{pass}} \stindex{pass} -\begin{verbatim} -pass_stmt: "pass" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{pass_stmt} + {"pass"} +\end{productionlist} \keyword{pass} is a null operation --- when it is executed, nothing happens. It is useful as a placeholder when a statement is @@ -313,9 +331,10 @@ class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet) \section{The \keyword{del} statement \label{del}} \stindex{del} -\begin{verbatim} -del_stmt: "del" target_list -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{del_stmt} + {"del" \token{target_list}} +\end{productionlist} Deletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is defined. Rather that spelling it out in full details, here are some @@ -342,9 +361,12 @@ right type (but even this is determined by the sliced object). \section{The \keyword{print} statement \label{print}} \stindex{print} -\begin{verbatim} -print_stmt: "print" [ expression ("," expression)* [","] ] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{print_stmt} + {"print" ( \optional{\token{expression} ("," \token{expression})* \optional{","}} + | ">\code{>}" \token{expression} + \optional{("," \token{expression})+ \optional{","}})} +\end{productionlist} \keyword{print} evaluates each expression in turn and writes the resulting object to standard output (see below). If an object is not @@ -376,13 +398,9 @@ exception is raised. \withsubitem{(in module sys)}{\ttindex{stdout}} \exindex{RuntimeError} -\keyword{print} also has an extended form, defined as -\index{extended print statement} - -\begin{verbatim} -print_stmt: "print" ">>" expression [ ("," expression)+ [","] ] -\end{verbatim} - +\keyword{print} also has an extended\index{extended print statement} +form, defined by the second portion of the syntax described above. +This form is sometimes referred to as ``\keyword{print} chevron.'' In this form, the first expression after the \code{>}\code{>} must evaluate to a ``file-like'' object, specifically an object that has a \method{write()} method as described above. With this extended form, @@ -394,9 +412,10 @@ used as the file for output. \section{The \keyword{return} statement \label{return}} \stindex{return} -\begin{verbatim} -return_stmt: "return" [expression_list] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{return_stmt} + {"return" [\token{expression_list}]} +\end{productionlist} \keyword{return} may only occur syntactically nested in a function definition, not within a nested class definition. @@ -418,9 +437,11 @@ before really leaving the function. \section{The \keyword{raise} statement \label{raise}} \stindex{raise} -\begin{verbatim} -raise_stmt: "raise" [expression ["," expression ["," expression]]] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{raise_stmt} + {"raise" [\token{expression} ["," \token{expression} + ["," \token{expression}]]]} +\end{productionlist} If no expressions are present, \keyword{raise} re-raises the last expression that was raised in the current scope. @@ -459,9 +480,10 @@ transparently in an except clause. \section{The \keyword{break} statement \label{break}} \stindex{break} -\begin{verbatim} -break_stmt: "break" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{break_stmt} + {"break"} +\end{productionlist} \keyword{break} may only occur syntactically nested in a \keyword{for} or \keyword{while} loop, but not nested in a function or class definition @@ -487,9 +509,10 @@ before really leaving the loop. \section{The \keyword{continue} statement \label{continue}} \stindex{continue} -\begin{verbatim} -continue_stmt: "continue" -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{continue_stmt} + {"continue"} +\end{productionlist} \keyword{continue} may only occur syntactically nested in a \keyword{for} or \keyword{while} loop, but not nested in a function or class definition or @@ -507,13 +530,17 @@ It continues with the next cycle of the nearest enclosing loop. \section{The \keyword{import} statement \label{import}} \stindex{import} -\begin{verbatim} -import_stmt: "import" module ["as" name] ("," module ["as" name] )* - | "from" module "import" identifier ["as" name] - ("," identifier ["as" name] )* - | "from" module "import" "*" -module: (identifier ".")* identifier -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{import_stmt} + {"import" \token{module} ["as" \token{name}] + ( "," \token{module} ["as" \token{name}] )* + | "from" \token{module} "import" \token{identifier} + ["as" \token{name}] + ( "," \token{identifier} ["as" \token{name}] )* + | "from" \token{module} "import" "*"} + \production{module} + {(\token{identifier} ".")* \token{identifier}} +\end{productionlist} Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and initialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local @@ -608,9 +635,10 @@ about how the module search works from inside a package.] \section{The \keyword{global} statement \label{global}} \stindex{global} -\begin{verbatim} -global_stmt: "global" identifier ("," identifier)* -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{global_stmt} + {"global" \token{identifier} ("," \token{identifier})*} +\end{productionlist} The \keyword{global} statement is a declaration which holds for the entire current code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to be @@ -649,9 +677,11 @@ containing the \keyword{exec} statement. The same applies to the \section{The \keyword{exec} statement \label{exec}} \stindex{exec} -\begin{verbatim} -exec_stmt: "exec" expression ["in" expression ["," expression]] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{exec_stmt} + {"exec" \token{expression} + ["in" \token{expression} ["," \token{expression}]]} +\end{productionlist} This statement supports dynamic execution of Python code. The first expression should evaluate to either a string, an open file object, or diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref7.tex b/Doc/ref/ref7.tex index e43faec..c9e33f9 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref7.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref7.tex @@ -40,13 +40,18 @@ if x < y < z: print x; print y; print z Summarizing: -\begin{verbatim} -compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt - | try_stmt | funcdef | classdef -suite: stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT statement+ DEDENT -statement: stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt -stmt_list: simple_stmt (";" simple_stmt)* [";"] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{compound_stmt} + {\token{if_stmt} | \token{while_stmt} | \token{for_stmt} + | \token{try_stmt} | \token{funcdef} | \token{classdef}} + \production{suite} + {\token{stmt_list} NEWLINE + | NEWLINE INDENT \token{statement}+ DEDENT} + \production{statement} + {\token{stmt_list} NEWLINE | \token{compound_stmt}} + \production{stmt_list} + {\token{simple_stmt} (";" \token{simple_stmt})* [";"]} +\end{productionlist} Note that statements always end in a \code{NEWLINE}\index{NEWLINE token} possibly followed by a @@ -66,11 +71,12 @@ each clause on a separate line for clarity. The \keyword{if} statement is used for conditional execution: -\begin{verbatim} -if_stmt: "if" expression ":" suite - ("elif" expression ":" suite)* - ["else" ":" suite] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{if_stmt} + {"if" \token{expression} ":" \token{suite} + ( "elif" \token{expression} ":" \token{suite} )* + ["else" ":" \token{suite}]} +\end{productionlist} It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one by one until one is found to be true (see section \ref{Booleans} for @@ -89,10 +95,11 @@ present, is executed. The \keyword{while} statement is used for repeated execution as long as an expression is true: -\begin{verbatim} -while_stmt: "while" expression ":" suite - ["else" ":" suite] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{while_stmt} + {"while" \token{expression} ":" \token{suite} + ["else" ":" \token{suite}]} +\end{productionlist} This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the first suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time it @@ -116,10 +123,12 @@ The \keyword{for} statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object: \obindex{sequence} -\begin{verbatim} -for_stmt: "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite - ["else" ":" suite] -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{for_stmt} + {"for" \token{target_list} "in" \token{expression_list} + ":" \token{suite} + ["else" ":" \token{suite}]} +\end{productionlist} The expression list is evaluated once; it should yield a sequence. The suite is then executed once for each item in the sequence, in the @@ -179,14 +188,18 @@ for x in a[:]: The \keyword{try} statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements: -\begin{verbatim} -try_stmt: try_exc_stmt | try_fin_stmt -try_exc_stmt: "try" ":" suite - ("except" [expression ["," target]] ":" suite)+ - ["else" ":" suite] -try_fin_stmt: "try" ":" suite - "finally" ":" suite -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{try_stmt} + {\token{try_exc_stmt} | \token{try_fin_stmt}} + \production{try_exc_stmt} + {"try" ":" \token{suite} + ("except" [\token{expression} ["," \token{target}]] ":" + \token{suite})+ + ["else" ":" \token{suite}]} + \production{try_fin_stmt} + {"try" ":" \token{suite} + "finally" ":" \token{suite}} +\end{productionlist} There are two forms of \keyword{try} statement: \keyword{try}...\keyword{except} and @@ -291,16 +304,24 @@ section \ref{types}): \obindex{user-defined function} \obindex{function} -\begin{verbatim} -funcdef: "def" funcname "(" [parameter_list] ")" ":" suite -parameter_list: (defparameter ",")* ("*" identifier [, "**" identifier] - | "**" identifier - | defparameter [","]) -defparameter: parameter ["=" expression] -sublist: parameter ("," parameter)* [","] -parameter: identifier | "(" sublist ")" -funcname: identifier -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{funcdef} + {"def" \token{funcname} "(" [\token{parameter_list}] ")" + ":" \token{suite}} + \production{parameter_list} + {(\token{defparameter} ",")* + ("*" \token{identifier} [, "**" \token{identifier}] + | "**" \token{identifier} + | \token{defparameter} [","])} + \production{defparameter} + {\token{parameter} ["=" \token{expression}]} + \production{sublist} + {\token{parameter} ("," \token{parameter})* [","]} + \production{parameter} + {\token{identifier} | "(" \token{sublist} ")"} + \production{funcname} + {\token{identifier}} +\end{productionlist} A function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds the function name in the current local namespace to a function object @@ -376,11 +397,15 @@ description of the new semantics. A class definition defines a class object (see section \ref{types}): \obindex{class} -\begin{verbatim} -classdef: "class" classname [inheritance] ":" suite -inheritance: "(" [expression_list] ")" -classname: identifier -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{classdef} + {"class" \token{classname} [\token{inheritance}] ":" + \token{suite}} + \production{inheritance} + {"(" [\token{expression_list}] ")"} + \production{classname} + {\token{identifier}} +\end{productionlist} A class definition is an executable statement. It first evaluates the inheritance list, if present. Each item in the inheritance list diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref8.tex b/Doc/ref/ref8.tex index 24d10b1..d10c87f 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref8.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref8.tex @@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ program. All input read from non-interactive files has the same form: -\begin{verbatim} -file_input: (NEWLINE | statement)* -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{file_input} + {(NEWLINE | \token{statement})*} +\end{productionlist} This syntax is used in the following situations: @@ -70,9 +71,10 @@ This syntax is used in the following situations: Input in interactive mode is parsed using the following grammar: -\begin{verbatim} -interactive_input: [stmt_list] NEWLINE | compound_stmt NEWLINE -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{interactive_input} + {[\token{stmt_list}] NEWLINE | \token{compound_stmt} NEWLINE} +\end{productionlist} Note that a (top-level) compound statement must be followed by a blank line in interactive mode; this is needed to help the parser detect the @@ -87,16 +89,18 @@ whitespace. The string argument to \function{eval()} must have the following form: \bifuncindex{eval} -\begin{verbatim} -eval_input: expression_list NEWLINE* -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{eval_input} + {\token{expression_list} NEWLINE*} +\end{productionlist} The input line read by \function{input()} must have the following form: \bifuncindex{input} -\begin{verbatim} -input_input: expression_list NEWLINE -\end{verbatim} +\begin{productionlist} + \production{input_input} + {\token{expression_list} NEWLINE} +\end{productionlist} Note: to read `raw' input line without interpretation, you can use the built-in function \function{raw_input()} or the \method{readline()} method |