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-rw-r--r--Doc/library/asyncio-policy.rst62
-rw-r--r--Doc/library/asyncio-subprocess.rst26
-rw-r--r--Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py273
-rw-r--r--Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_subprocess.py40
-rw-r--r--Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_unix_events.py34
-rw-r--r--Lib/test/test_asyncio/utils.py13
-rw-r--r--Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2019-05-28-19-03-46.bpo-35621.Abc1lf.rst2
7 files changed, 378 insertions, 72 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-policy.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-policy.rst
index 6212df8..aa8f8f1 100644
--- a/Doc/library/asyncio-policy.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-policy.rst
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ asyncio ships with the following built-in policies:
.. availability:: Windows.
+.. _asyncio-watchers:
Process Watchers
================
@@ -129,10 +130,11 @@ In asyncio, child processes are created with
:func:`create_subprocess_exec` and :meth:`loop.subprocess_exec`
functions.
-asyncio defines the :class:`AbstractChildWatcher` abstract base class,
-which child watchers should implement, and has two different
-implementations: :class:`SafeChildWatcher` (configured to be used
-by default) and :class:`FastChildWatcher`.
+asyncio defines the :class:`AbstractChildWatcher` abstract base class, which child
+watchers should implement, and has four different implementations:
+:class:`ThreadedChildWatcher` (configured to be used by default),
+:class:`MultiLoopChildWatcher`, :class:`SafeChildWatcher`, and
+:class:`FastChildWatcher`.
See also the :ref:`Subprocess and Threads <asyncio-subprocess-threads>`
section.
@@ -184,6 +186,15 @@ implementation used by the asyncio event loop:
Note: loop may be ``None``.
+ .. method:: is_active()
+
+ Return ``True`` if the watcher is ready to use.
+
+ Spawning a subprocess with *inactive* current child watcher raises
+ :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.8
+
.. method:: close()
Close the watcher.
@@ -191,16 +202,48 @@ implementation used by the asyncio event loop:
This method has to be called to ensure that underlying
resources are cleaned-up.
-.. class:: SafeChildWatcher
+.. class:: ThreadedChildWatcher
+
+ This implementation starts a new waiting thread for every subprocess spawn.
+
+ It works reliably even when the asyncio event loop is run in a non-main OS thread.
+
+ There is no noticeable overhead when handling a big number of children (*O(1)* each
+ time a child terminates), but stating a thread per process requires extra memory.
+
+ This watcher is used by default.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.8
- This implementation avoids disrupting other code spawning processes
+.. class:: MultiLoopChildWatcher
+
+ This implementation registers a :py:data:`SIGCHLD` signal handler on
+ instantiation. That can break third-party code that installs a custom handler for
+ `SIGCHLD`. signal).
+
+ The watcher avoids disrupting other code spawning processes
by polling every process explicitly on a :py:data:`SIGCHLD` signal.
- This is a safe solution but it has a significant overhead when
+ There is no limitation for running subprocesses from different threads once the
+ watcher is installed.
+
+ The solution is safe but it has a significant overhead when
handling a big number of processes (*O(n)* each time a
:py:data:`SIGCHLD` is received).
- asyncio uses this safe implementation by default.
+ .. versionadded:: 3.8
+
+.. class:: SafeChildWatcher
+
+ This implementation uses active event loop from the main thread to handle
+ :py:data:`SIGCHLD` signal. If the main thread has no running event loop another
+ thread cannot spawn a subprocess (:exc:`RuntimeError` is raised).
+
+ The watcher avoids disrupting other code spawning processes
+ by polling every process explicitly on a :py:data:`SIGCHLD` signal.
+
+ This solution is as safe as :class:`MultiLoopChildWatcher` and has the same *O(N)*
+ complexity but requires a running event loop in the main thread to work.
.. class:: FastChildWatcher
@@ -211,6 +254,9 @@ implementation used by the asyncio event loop:
There is no noticeable overhead when handling a big number of
children (*O(1)* each time a child terminates).
+ This solution requires a running event loop in the main thread to work, as
+ :class:`SafeChildWatcher`.
+
Custom Policies
===============
diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-subprocess.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-subprocess.rst
index 00dc66c..444fb63 100644
--- a/Doc/library/asyncio-subprocess.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-subprocess.rst
@@ -293,18 +293,26 @@ their completion.
Subprocess and Threads
----------------------
-Standard asyncio event loop supports running subprocesses from
-different threads, but there are limitations:
+Standard asyncio event loop supports running subprocesses from different threads by
+default.
-* An event loop must run in the main thread.
+On Windows subprocesses are provided by :class:`ProactorEventLoop` only (default),
+:class:`SelectorEventLoop` has no subprocess support.
-* The child watcher must be instantiated in the main thread
- before executing subprocesses from other threads. Call the
- :func:`get_child_watcher` function in the main thread to instantiate
- the child watcher.
+On UNIX *child watchers* are used for subprocess finish waiting, see
+:ref:`asyncio-watchers` for more info.
-Note that alternative event loop implementations might not share
-the above limitations; please refer to their documentation.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 3.8
+
+ UNIX switched to use :class:`ThreadedChildWatcher` for spawning subprocesses from
+ different threads without any limitation.
+
+ Spawning a subprocess with *inactive* current child watcher raises
+ :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+Note that alternative event loop implementations might have own limitations;
+please refer to their documentation.
.. seealso::
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
index 28128d2..d7a4af8 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
import errno
import io
+import itertools
import os
import selectors
import signal
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ import sys
import threading
import warnings
-
from . import base_events
from . import base_subprocess
from . import constants
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ from .log import logger
__all__ = (
'SelectorEventLoop',
'AbstractChildWatcher', 'SafeChildWatcher',
- 'FastChildWatcher', 'DefaultEventLoopPolicy',
+ 'FastChildWatcher',
+ 'MultiLoopChildWatcher', 'ThreadedChildWatcher',
+ 'DefaultEventLoopPolicy',
)
@@ -184,6 +186,13 @@ class _UnixSelectorEventLoop(selector_events.BaseSelectorEventLoop):
stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
extra=None, **kwargs):
with events.get_child_watcher() as watcher:
+ if not watcher.is_active():
+ # Check early.
+ # Raising exception before process creation
+ # prevents subprocess execution if the watcher
+ # is not ready to handle it.
+ raise RuntimeError("asyncio.get_child_watcher() is not activated, "
+ "subprocess support is not installed.")
waiter = self.create_future()
transp = _UnixSubprocessTransport(self, protocol, args, shell,
stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
@@ -838,6 +847,15 @@ class AbstractChildWatcher:
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
+ def is_active(self):
+ """Return ``True`` if the watcher is active and is used by the event loop.
+
+ Return True if the watcher is installed and ready to handle process exit
+ notifications.
+
+ """
+ raise NotImplementedError()
+
def __enter__(self):
"""Enter the watcher's context and allow starting new processes
@@ -849,6 +867,20 @@ class AbstractChildWatcher:
raise NotImplementedError()
+def _compute_returncode(status):
+ if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
+ # The child process died because of a signal.
+ return -os.WTERMSIG(status)
+ elif os.WIFEXITED(status):
+ # The child process exited (e.g sys.exit()).
+ return os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
+ else:
+ # The child exited, but we don't understand its status.
+ # This shouldn't happen, but if it does, let's just
+ # return that status; perhaps that helps debug it.
+ return status
+
+
class BaseChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
def __init__(self):
@@ -858,6 +890,9 @@ class BaseChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
def close(self):
self.attach_loop(None)
+ def is_active(self):
+ return self._loop is not None and self._loop.is_running()
+
def _do_waitpid(self, expected_pid):
raise NotImplementedError()
@@ -898,19 +933,6 @@ class BaseChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
'exception': exc,
})
- def _compute_returncode(self, status):
- if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
- # The child process died because of a signal.
- return -os.WTERMSIG(status)
- elif os.WIFEXITED(status):
- # The child process exited (e.g sys.exit()).
- return os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
- else:
- # The child exited, but we don't understand its status.
- # This shouldn't happen, but if it does, let's just
- # return that status; perhaps that helps debug it.
- return status
-
class SafeChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
"""'Safe' child watcher implementation.
@@ -934,11 +956,6 @@ class SafeChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
pass
def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
- if self._loop is None:
- raise RuntimeError(
- "Cannot add child handler, "
- "the child watcher does not have a loop attached")
-
self._callbacks[pid] = (callback, args)
# Prevent a race condition in case the child is already terminated.
@@ -974,7 +991,7 @@ class SafeChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
# The child process is still alive.
return
- returncode = self._compute_returncode(status)
+ returncode = _compute_returncode(status)
if self._loop.get_debug():
logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
expected_pid, returncode)
@@ -1035,11 +1052,6 @@ class FastChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
assert self._forks, "Must use the context manager"
- if self._loop is None:
- raise RuntimeError(
- "Cannot add child handler, "
- "the child watcher does not have a loop attached")
-
with self._lock:
try:
returncode = self._zombies.pop(pid)
@@ -1072,7 +1084,7 @@ class FastChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
# A child process is still alive.
return
- returncode = self._compute_returncode(status)
+ returncode = _compute_returncode(status)
with self._lock:
try:
@@ -1101,6 +1113,209 @@ class FastChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
callback(pid, returncode, *args)
+class MultiLoopChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
+ """A watcher that doesn't require running loop in the main thread.
+
+ This implementation registers a SIGCHLD signal handler on
+ instantiation (which may conflict with other code that
+ install own handler for this signal).
+
+ The solution is safe but it has a significant overhead when
+ handling a big number of processes (*O(n)* each time a
+ SIGCHLD is received).
+ """
+
+ # Implementation note:
+ # The class keeps compatibility with AbstractChildWatcher ABC
+ # To achieve this it has empty attach_loop() method
+ # and doesn't accept explicit loop argument
+ # for add_child_handler()/remove_child_handler()
+ # but retrieves the current loop by get_running_loop()
+
+ def __init__(self):
+ self._callbacks = {}
+ self._saved_sighandler = None
+
+ def is_active(self):
+ return self._saved_sighandler is not None
+
+ def close(self):
+ self._callbacks.clear()
+ if self._saved_sighandler is not None:
+ handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGCHLD)
+ if handler != self._sig_chld:
+ logger.warning("SIGCHLD handler was changed by outside code")
+ else:
+ signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, self._saved_sighandler)
+ self._saved_sighandler = None
+
+ def __enter__(self):
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+ pass
+
+ def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
+ loop = events.get_running_loop()
+ self._callbacks[pid] = (loop, callback, args)
+
+ # Prevent a race condition in case the child is already terminated.
+ self._do_waitpid(pid)
+
+ def remove_child_handler(self, pid):
+ try:
+ del self._callbacks[pid]
+ return True
+ except KeyError:
+ return False
+
+ def attach_loop(self, loop):
+ # Don't save the loop but initialize itself if called first time
+ # The reason to do it here is that attach_loop() is called from
+ # unix policy only for the main thread.
+ # Main thread is required for subscription on SIGCHLD signal
+ if self._saved_sighandler is None:
+ self._saved_sighandler = signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, self._sig_chld)
+ if self._saved_sighandler is None:
+ logger.warning("Previous SIGCHLD handler was set by non-Python code, "
+ "restore to default handler on watcher close.")
+ self._saved_sighandler = signal.SIG_DFL
+
+ # Set SA_RESTART to limit EINTR occurrences.
+ signal.siginterrupt(signal.SIGCHLD, False)
+
+ def _do_waitpid_all(self):
+ for pid in list(self._callbacks):
+ self._do_waitpid(pid)
+
+ def _do_waitpid(self, expected_pid):
+ assert expected_pid > 0
+
+ try:
+ pid, status = os.waitpid(expected_pid, os.WNOHANG)
+ except ChildProcessError:
+ # The child process is already reaped
+ # (may happen if waitpid() is called elsewhere).
+ pid = expected_pid
+ returncode = 255
+ logger.warning(
+ "Unknown child process pid %d, will report returncode 255",
+ pid)
+ debug_log = False
+ else:
+ if pid == 0:
+ # The child process is still alive.
+ return
+
+ returncode = _compute_returncode(status)
+ debug_log = True
+ try:
+ loop, callback, args = self._callbacks.pop(pid)
+ except KeyError: # pragma: no cover
+ # May happen if .remove_child_handler() is called
+ # after os.waitpid() returns.
+ logger.warning("Child watcher got an unexpected pid: %r",
+ pid, exc_info=True)
+ else:
+ if loop.is_closed():
+ logger.warning("Loop %r that handles pid %r is closed", loop, pid)
+ else:
+ if debug_log and loop.get_debug():
+ logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
+ expected_pid, returncode)
+ loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, pid, returncode, *args)
+
+ def _sig_chld(self, signum, frame):
+ try:
+ self._do_waitpid_all()
+ except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+ raise
+ except BaseException:
+ logger.warning('Unknown exception in SIGCHLD handler', exc_info=True)
+
+
+class ThreadedChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
+ """Threaded child watcher implementation.
+
+ The watcher uses a thread per process
+ for waiting for the process finish.
+
+ It doesn't require subscription on POSIX signal
+ but a thread creation is not free.
+
+ The watcher has O(1) complexity, its perfomance doesn't depend
+ on amount of spawn processes.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self):
+ self._pid_counter = itertools.count(0)
+ self._threads = {}
+
+ def is_active(self):
+ return True
+
+ def close(self):
+ pass
+
+ def __enter__(self):
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+ pass
+
+ def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+ threads = [thread for thread in list(self._threads.values())
+ if thread.is_alive()]
+ if threads:
+ _warn(f"{self.__class__} has registered but not finished child processes",
+ ResourceWarning,
+ source=self)
+
+ def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
+ loop = events.get_running_loop()
+ thread = threading.Thread(target=self._do_waitpid,
+ name=f"waitpid-{next(self._pid_counter)}",
+ args=(loop, pid, callback, args),
+ daemon=True)
+ self._threads[pid] = thread
+ thread.start()
+
+ def remove_child_handler(self, pid):
+ # asyncio never calls remove_child_handler() !!!
+ # The method is no-op but is implemented because
+ # abstract base classe requires it
+ return True
+
+ def attach_loop(self, loop):
+ pass
+
+ def _do_waitpid(self, loop, expected_pid, callback, args):
+ assert expected_pid > 0
+
+ try:
+ pid, status = os.waitpid(expected_pid, 0)
+ except ChildProcessError:
+ # The child process is already reaped
+ # (may happen if waitpid() is called elsewhere).
+ pid = expected_pid
+ returncode = 255
+ logger.warning(
+ "Unknown child process pid %d, will report returncode 255",
+ pid)
+ else:
+ returncode = _compute_returncode(status)
+ if loop.get_debug():
+ logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
+ expected_pid, returncode)
+
+ if loop.is_closed():
+ logger.warning("Loop %r that handles pid %r is closed", loop, pid)
+ else:
+ loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, pid, returncode, *args)
+
+ self._threads.pop(expected_pid)
+
+
class _UnixDefaultEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
"""UNIX event loop policy with a watcher for child processes."""
_loop_factory = _UnixSelectorEventLoop
@@ -1112,7 +1327,7 @@ class _UnixDefaultEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
def _init_watcher(self):
with events._lock:
if self._watcher is None: # pragma: no branch
- self._watcher = SafeChildWatcher()
+ self._watcher = ThreadedChildWatcher()
if isinstance(threading.current_thread(),
threading._MainThread):
self._watcher.attach_loop(self._local._loop)
@@ -1134,7 +1349,7 @@ class _UnixDefaultEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
def get_child_watcher(self):
"""Get the watcher for child processes.
- If not yet set, a SafeChildWatcher object is automatically created.
+ If not yet set, a ThreadedChildWatcher object is automatically created.
"""
if self._watcher is None:
self._init_watcher()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_subprocess.py
index e9a9e50..b9578b2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_subprocess.py
@@ -633,6 +633,7 @@ class SubprocessMixin:
self.assertIsNone(self.loop.run_until_complete(execute()))
+
if sys.platform != 'win32':
# Unix
class SubprocessWatcherMixin(SubprocessMixin):
@@ -648,7 +649,24 @@ if sys.platform != 'win32':
watcher = self.Watcher()
watcher.attach_loop(self.loop)
policy.set_child_watcher(watcher)
- self.addCleanup(policy.set_child_watcher, None)
+
+ def tearDown(self):
+ super().tearDown()
+ policy = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy()
+ watcher = policy.get_child_watcher()
+ policy.set_child_watcher(None)
+ watcher.attach_loop(None)
+ watcher.close()
+
+ class SubprocessThreadedWatcherTests(SubprocessWatcherMixin,
+ test_utils.TestCase):
+
+ Watcher = unix_events.ThreadedChildWatcher
+
+ class SubprocessMultiLoopWatcherTests(SubprocessWatcherMixin,
+ test_utils.TestCase):
+
+ Watcher = unix_events.MultiLoopChildWatcher
class SubprocessSafeWatcherTests(SubprocessWatcherMixin,
test_utils.TestCase):
@@ -670,5 +688,25 @@ else:
self.set_event_loop(self.loop)
+class GenericWatcherTests:
+
+ def test_create_subprocess_fails_with_inactive_watcher(self):
+
+ async def execute():
+ watcher = mock.create_authspec(asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher)
+ watcher.is_active.return_value = False
+ asyncio.set_child_watcher(watcher)
+
+ with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+ await subprocess.create_subprocess_exec(
+ support.FakePath(sys.executable), '-c', 'pass')
+
+ watcher.add_child_handler.assert_not_called()
+
+ self.assertIsNone(self.loop.run_until_complete(execute()))
+
+
+
+
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_unix_events.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_unix_events.py
index 5c610cd..462a8b3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_unix_events.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_unix_events.py
@@ -1083,6 +1083,8 @@ class AbstractChildWatcherTests(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertRaises(
NotImplementedError, watcher.close)
self.assertRaises(
+ NotImplementedError, watcher.is_active)
+ self.assertRaises(
NotImplementedError, watcher.__enter__)
self.assertRaises(
NotImplementedError, watcher.__exit__, f, f, f)
@@ -1784,15 +1786,6 @@ class ChildWatcherTestsMixin:
if isinstance(self.watcher, asyncio.FastChildWatcher):
self.assertFalse(self.watcher._zombies)
- @waitpid_mocks
- def test_add_child_handler_with_no_loop_attached(self, m):
- callback = mock.Mock()
- with self.create_watcher() as watcher:
- with self.assertRaisesRegex(
- RuntimeError,
- 'the child watcher does not have a loop attached'):
- watcher.add_child_handler(100, callback)
-
class SafeChildWatcherTests (ChildWatcherTestsMixin, test_utils.TestCase):
def create_watcher(self):
@@ -1809,17 +1802,16 @@ class PolicyTests(unittest.TestCase):
def create_policy(self):
return asyncio.DefaultEventLoopPolicy()
- def test_get_child_watcher(self):
+ def test_get_default_child_watcher(self):
policy = self.create_policy()
self.assertIsNone(policy._watcher)
watcher = policy.get_child_watcher()
- self.assertIsInstance(watcher, asyncio.SafeChildWatcher)
+ self.assertIsInstance(watcher, asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher)
self.assertIs(policy._watcher, watcher)
self.assertIs(watcher, policy.get_child_watcher())
- self.assertIsNone(watcher._loop)
def test_get_child_watcher_after_set(self):
policy = self.create_policy()
@@ -1829,18 +1821,6 @@ class PolicyTests(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertIs(policy._watcher, watcher)
self.assertIs(watcher, policy.get_child_watcher())
- def test_get_child_watcher_with_mainloop_existing(self):
- policy = self.create_policy()
- loop = policy.get_event_loop()
-
- self.assertIsNone(policy._watcher)
- watcher = policy.get_child_watcher()
-
- self.assertIsInstance(watcher, asyncio.SafeChildWatcher)
- self.assertIs(watcher._loop, loop)
-
- loop.close()
-
def test_get_child_watcher_thread(self):
def f():
@@ -1866,7 +1846,11 @@ class PolicyTests(unittest.TestCase):
policy = self.create_policy()
loop = policy.get_event_loop()
- watcher = policy.get_child_watcher()
+ # Explicitly setup SafeChildWatcher,
+ # default ThreadedChildWatcher has no _loop property
+ watcher = asyncio.SafeChildWatcher()
+ policy.set_child_watcher(watcher)
+ watcher.attach_loop(loop)
self.assertIs(watcher._loop, loop)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/utils.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/utils.py
index cb373d5..5b4bb12 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/utils.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
"""Utilities shared by tests."""
+import asyncio
import collections
import contextlib
import io
@@ -512,6 +513,18 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
if executor is not None:
executor.shutdown(wait=True)
loop.close()
+ policy = support.maybe_get_event_loop_policy()
+ if policy is not None:
+ try:
+ watcher = policy.get_child_watcher()
+ except NotImplementedError:
+ # watcher is not implemented by EventLoopPolicy, e.g. Windows
+ pass
+ else:
+ if isinstance(watcher, asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher):
+ threads = list(watcher._threads.values())
+ for thread in threads:
+ thread.join()
def set_event_loop(self, loop, *, cleanup=True):
assert loop is not None
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2019-05-28-19-03-46.bpo-35621.Abc1lf.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2019-05-28-19-03-46.bpo-35621.Abc1lf.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c492e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2019-05-28-19-03-46.bpo-35621.Abc1lf.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Support running asyncio subprocesses when execution event loop in a thread
+on UNIX.
generated by cgit v0.12 at 2025-03-09 14:45:37 (GMT)