diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/README.txt | 37 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/c-api/init.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/distutils/builtdist.rst | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/documenting/building.rst | 91 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/documenting/index.rst | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/documenting/markup.rst | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/documenting/style.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/faq/gui.rst | 41 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/howto/functional.rst | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/howto/unicode.rst | 24 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/calendar.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/logging.rst | 531 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/os.rst | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/re.rst | 58 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/socket.rst | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/ssl.rst | 17 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/stdtypes.rst | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/string.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/sysconfig.rst | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/unittest.rst | 40 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/reference/datamodel.rst | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/reference/introduction.rst | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/tutorial/classes.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/using/mac.rst | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst | 1257 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Lib/urllib/parse.py | 15 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Modules/datetimemodule.c | 3 |
28 files changed, 1754 insertions, 458 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/README.txt b/Doc/README.txt index 7ef31cf..7a561c0 100644 --- a/Doc/README.txt +++ b/Doc/README.txt @@ -14,12 +14,11 @@ those familiar with the previous docs written in LaTeX. Building the docs ================= -You need to install Python 2.4 or higher (but Python 3.0 is not supported yet); -the toolset used to build the docs are written in Python. The toolset used -to build the documentation is called *Sphinx*, it is not included in this -tree, but maintained separately in the Python Subversion repository. Also -needed are Jinja, a templating engine (included in Sphinx as a Subversion -external), and optionally Pygments, a code highlighter. +You need to have Python 2.4 or higher installed; the toolset used to build the +docs is written in Python. It is called *Sphinx*, it is not included in this +tree, but maintained separately. Also needed are the docutils, supplying the +base markup that Sphinx uses, Jinja, a templating engine, and optionally +Pygments, a code highlighter. Using make @@ -47,29 +46,29 @@ Available make targets are: convert them into a single Compiled HTML (.chm) file -- these are popular under Microsoft Windows, but very handy on every platform. - To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop - over the generated project (.hhp) file. + To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop over + the generated project (.hhp) file. - * "latex", which builds LaTeX source files that can be run with "pdflatex" - to produce PDF documents. + * "latex", which builds LaTeX source files as input to "pdflatex" to produce + PDF documents. * "text", which builds a plain text file for each source file. * "linkcheck", which checks all external references to see whether they are - broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout - as well as a plain-text (.txt) file. + broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout as + well as a plain-text (.txt) file. * "changes", which builds an overview over all versionadded/versionchanged/ deprecated items in the current version. This is meant as a help for the writer of the "What's New" document. - * "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules - and C API. + * "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules and + C API. - * "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary - with plain text documentation for the labels defined in - `tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic - and keyword help. + * "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary with + plain text documentation for the labels defined in + `tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic and + keyword help. A "make update" updates the Subversion checkouts in `tools/`. @@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ You also need Jinja2, either by checking it out via :: or by installing it from PyPI. -You can optionally also install Pygments, either as a checkout via :: +You can optionally also install Pygments, either as a checkout via :: svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Pygments-1.3.1/pygments tools/pygments diff --git a/Doc/c-api/init.rst b/Doc/c-api/init.rst index 71e73b0..c694abd 100644 --- a/Doc/c-api/init.rst +++ b/Doc/c-api/init.rst @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ Initialization, Finalization, and Threads .. cfunction:: void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, wchar_t **argv) - This function works like :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` with *updatepath* set to 1. + This function works like :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set to 1. .. cfunction:: void Py_SetPythonHome(wchar_t *home) diff --git a/Doc/distutils/builtdist.rst b/Doc/distutils/builtdist.rst index ab37c0f..5832552 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/builtdist.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/builtdist.rst @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ the :option:`--no-target-compile` and/or the :option:`--no-target-optimize` option. By default the installer will display the cool "Python Powered" logo when it is -run, but you can also supply your own 152x161 bitmap which must be a Windows +run, but you can also supply your own 152x261 bitmap which must be a Windows :file:`.bmp` file with the :option:`--bitmap` option. The installer will also display a large title on the desktop background window @@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ check or modify your existing install.) The Postinstallation script --------------------------- -Starting with Python 2.3, a postinstallation script can be specified which the +Starting with Python 2.3, a postinstallation script can be specified with the :option:`--install-script` option. The basename of the script must be specified, and the script filename must also be listed in the scripts argument to the setup function. diff --git a/Doc/documenting/building.rst b/Doc/documenting/building.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ab2519 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/documenting/building.rst @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +Building the documentation +========================== + +You need to have Python 2.4 or higher installed; the toolset used to build the +docs is written in Python. It is called *Sphinx*, it is not included in this +tree, but maintained separately. Also needed are the docutils, supplying the +base markup that Sphinx uses, Jinja, a templating engine, and optionally +Pygments, a code highlighter. + + +Using make +---------- + +Luckily, a Makefile has been prepared so that on Unix, provided you have +installed Python and Subversion, you can just run :: + + make html + +to check out the necessary toolset in the `tools/` subdirectory and build the +HTML output files. To view the generated HTML, point your favorite browser at +the top-level index `build/html/index.html` after running "make". + +Available make targets are: + + * "html", which builds standalone HTML files for offline viewing. + + * "htmlhelp", which builds HTML files and a HTML Help project file usable to + convert them into a single Compiled HTML (.chm) file -- these are popular + under Microsoft Windows, but very handy on every platform. + + To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop + over the generated project (.hhp) file. + + * "latex", which builds LaTeX source files as input to "pdflatex" to produce + PDF documents. + + * "text", which builds a plain text file for each source file. + + * "linkcheck", which checks all external references to see whether they are + broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout + as well as a plain-text (.txt) file. + + * "changes", which builds an overview over all versionadded/versionchanged/ + deprecated items in the current version. This is meant as a help for the + writer of the "What's New" document. + + * "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules + and C API. + + * "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary with + plain text documentation for the labels defined in + `tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic and + keyword help. + +A "make update" updates the Subversion checkouts in `tools/`. + + +Without make +------------ + +You'll need to install the Sphinx package, either by checking it out via :: + + svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Sphinx-0.6.5/sphinx tools/sphinx + +or by installing it from PyPI. + +Then, you need to install Docutils, either by checking it out via :: + + svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/docutils-0.6/docutils tools/docutils + +or by installing it from http://docutils.sf.net/. + +You also need Jinja2, either by checking it out via :: + + svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Jinja-2.3.1/jinja2 tools/jinja2 + +or by installing it from PyPI. + +You can optionally also install Pygments, either as a checkout via :: + + svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Pygments-1.3.1/pygments tools/pygments + +or from PyPI at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pygments. + + +Then, make an output directory, e.g. under `build/`, and run :: + + python tools/sphinx-build.py -b<builder> . build/<outputdirectory> + +where `<builder>` is one of html, text, latex, or htmlhelp (for explanations see +the make targets above). diff --git a/Doc/documenting/index.rst b/Doc/documenting/index.rst index 88d97be..2c186a7 100644 --- a/Doc/documenting/index.rst +++ b/Doc/documenting/index.rst @@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ contributed by various authors. The markup used for the Python documentation is `reStructuredText`_, developed by the `docutils`_ project, amended by custom directives and using a toolset named `Sphinx`_ to postprocess the HTML output. -This document describes the style guide for our documentation, the custom -reStructuredText markup introduced to support Python documentation and how it -should be used, as well as the Sphinx build system. +This document describes the style guide for our documentation as well as the +custom reStructuredText markup introduced by Sphinx to support Python +documentation and how it should be used. .. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sf.net/rst.html .. _docutils: http://docutils.sf.net/ @@ -35,3 +35,4 @@ should be used, as well as the Sphinx build system. rest.rst markup.rst fromlatex.rst + building.rst diff --git a/Doc/documenting/markup.rst b/Doc/documenting/markup.rst index eed51d2..6b54c5b 100644 --- a/Doc/documenting/markup.rst +++ b/Doc/documenting/markup.rst @@ -698,10 +698,10 @@ tables of contents. The ``toctree`` directive is the central element. .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 2 - intro.rst - strings.rst - datatypes.rst - numeric.rst + intro + strings + datatypes + numeric (many more files listed here) This accomplishes two things: @@ -709,8 +709,8 @@ tables of contents. The ``toctree`` directive is the central element. * Tables of contents from all those files are inserted, with a maximum depth of two, that means one nested heading. ``toctree`` directives in those files are also taken into account. - * Sphinx knows that the relative order of the files ``intro.rst``, - ``strings.rst`` and so forth, and it knows that they are children of the + * Sphinx knows that the relative order of the files ``intro``, + ``strings`` and so forth, and it knows that they are children of the shown file, the library index. From this information it generates "next chapter", "previous chapter" and "parent chapter" links. diff --git a/Doc/documenting/style.rst b/Doc/documenting/style.rst index 6145559..c3dded9 100644 --- a/Doc/documenting/style.rst +++ b/Doc/documenting/style.rst @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The Python documentation should follow the `Apple Publications Style Guide`_ wherever possible. This particular style guide was selected mostly because it seems reasonable and is easy to get online. -Topics which are not covered in the Apple's style guide will be discussed in +Topics which are not covered in Apple's style guide will be discussed in this document. All reST files use an indentation of 3 spaces. The maximum line length is 80 diff --git a/Doc/faq/gui.rst b/Doc/faq/gui.rst index e218896..fd6ca0c 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/gui.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/gui.rst @@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ General GUI Questions ===================== What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python? --------------------------------------------------------- +======================================================== Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are several. .. XXX check links Tkinter -''''''' +------- Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk widget set, called Tkinter. This is probably the easiest to install and use. @@ -29,22 +29,27 @@ page at http://www.tcl.tk. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the MacOS, Windows, and Unix platforms. wxWidgets -''''''''' +--------- -wxWidgets is a GUI class library written in C++ that's a portable -interface to various platform-specific libraries, and that has a -Python interface called `wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`__. +wxWidgets (http://www.wxwidgets.org) is a free, portable GUI class +library written in C++ that provides a native look and feel on a +number of platforms, with Windows, MacOS X, GTK, X11, all listed as +current stable targets. Language bindings are available for a number +of languages including Python, Perl, Ruby, etc. -wxWidgets preserves the look and feel of the -underlying graphics toolkit, and has a large set of widgets and -collection of GDI classes. See `the wxWidgets page -<http://www.wxwidgets.org>`_ for more details. +wxPython (http://www.wxpython.org) is the Python binding for +wxwidgets. While it often lags slightly behind the official wxWidgets +releases, it also offers a number of features via pure Python +extensions that are not available in other language bindings. There +is an active wxPython user and developer community. + +Both wxWidgets and wxPython are free, open source, software with +permissive licences that allow their use in commercial products as +well as in freeware or shareware. -wxWidgets supports Windows and MacOS; on Unix variants, -it supports both GTk+ and Motif toolkits. Qt -''' +--- There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (`PyQt <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_) and for KDE (`PyKDE <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pykde/intro>`__). If @@ -55,13 +60,13 @@ Qt 4.5 upwards is licensed under the LGPL license) a Qt license from `Trolltech <http://www.trolltech.com>`_. Gtk+ -'''' +---- PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ toolkit <http://www.gtk.org>`_ have been implemented by James Henstridge; see <http://www.pygtk.org>. FLTK -'''' +---- Python bindings for `the FLTK toolkit <http://www.fltk.org>`_, a simple yet powerful and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from `the @@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ PyFLTK project <http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net>`_. FOX -''' +---- A wrapper for `the FOX toolkit <http://www.fox-toolkit.org/>`_ called `FXpy <http://fxpy.sourceforge.net/>`_ is available. FOX supports both Unix variants @@ -77,13 +82,13 @@ and Windows. OpenGL -'''''' +------ For OpenGL bindings, see `PyOpenGL <http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net>`_. What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python? ------------------------------------------------------ +======================================================== `The Mac port <http://python.org/download/mac>`_ by Jack Jansen has a rich and ever-growing set of modules that support the native Mac toolbox calls. The port diff --git a/Doc/howto/functional.rst b/Doc/howto/functional.rst index 76a4400..bfd2c96 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/functional.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/functional.rst @@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ :Author: A. M. Kuchling :Release: 0.31 -(This is a first draft. Please send comments/error reports/suggestions to -amk@amk.ca.) - In this document, we'll take a tour of Python's features suitable for implementing programs in a functional style. After an introduction to the concepts of functional programming, we'll look at language features such as diff --git a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst index 3d8bc06..25c53e3 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst @@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ Unicode HOWTO ***************** -:Release: 1.1 +:Release: 1.11 -This HOWTO discusses Python's support for Unicode, and explains various problems -that people commonly encounter when trying to work with Unicode. +This HOWTO discusses Python 2.x's support for Unicode, and explains +various problems that people commonly encounter when trying to work +with Unicode. (This HOWTO has not yet been updated to cover the 3.x +versions of Python.) Introduction to Unicode @@ -146,8 +148,9 @@ problems. 4. Many Internet standards are defined in terms of textual data, and can't handle content with embedded zero bytes. -Generally people don't use this encoding, instead choosing other encodings that -are more efficient and convenient. +Generally people don't use this encoding, instead choosing other +encodings that are more efficient and convenient. UTF-8 is probably +the most commonly supported encoding; it will be discussed below. Encodings don't have to handle every possible Unicode character, and most encodings don't. The rules for converting a Unicode string into the ASCII @@ -223,8 +226,8 @@ Wikipedia entries are often helpful; see the entries for "character encoding" <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8>, for example. -Python's Unicode Support -======================== +Python 2.x's Unicode Support +============================ Now that you've learned the rudiments of Unicode, we can look at Python's Unicode features. @@ -266,8 +269,8 @@ Unicode result). The following examples show the differences:: >>> b'\x80abc'.decode("utf-8", "ignore") 'abc' -Encodings are specified as strings containing the encoding's name. Python comes -with roughly 100 different encodings; see the Python Library Reference at +Encodings are specified as strings containing the encoding's name. Python 3.2 +comes with roughly 100 different encodings; see the Python Library Reference at :ref:`standard-encodings` for a list. Some encodings have multiple names; for example, 'latin-1', 'iso_8859_1' and '8859' are all synonyms for the same encoding. @@ -626,7 +629,10 @@ Version 1.02: posted August 16 2005. Corrects factual errors. Version 1.1: Feb-Nov 2008. Updates the document with respect to Python 3 changes. +Version 1.11: posted June 20 2010. Notes that Python 3.x is not covered, +and that the HOWTO only covers 2.x. +.. comment Describe Python 3.x support (new section? new document?) .. comment Additional topic: building Python w/ UCS2 or UCS4 support .. comment Describe use of codecs.StreamRecoder and StreamReaderWriter diff --git a/Doc/library/calendar.rst b/Doc/library/calendar.rst index f8c14fa..2228920 100644 --- a/Doc/library/calendar.rst +++ b/Doc/library/calendar.rst @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ the week to Sunday (6) or to any other weekday. Parameters that specify dates are given as integers. For related functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`time` modules. -Most of these functions and classses rely on the :mod:`datetime` module which +Most of these functions and classes rely on the :mod:`datetime` module which uses an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both directions. This matches the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book "Calendrical Calculations", where diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.rst b/Doc/library/logging.rst index d3d1d5f..1a5d7eb 100644 --- a/Doc/library/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/library/logging.rst @@ -53,10 +53,12 @@ Simple examples Most applications are probably going to want to log to a file, so let's start with that case. Using the :func:`basicConfig` function, we can set up the -default handler so that debug messages are written to a file:: +default handler so that debug messages are written to a file (in the example, +we assume that you have the appropriate permissions to create a file called +*example.log* in the current directory):: import logging - LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_example.out' + LOG_FILENAME = 'example.log' logging.basicConfig(filename=LOG_FILENAME,level=logging.DEBUG) logging.debug('This message should go to the log file') @@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ yourself, though, it is simpler to use a :class:`RotatingFileHandler`:: import logging import logging.handlers - LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out' + LOG_FILENAME = 'logging_rotatingfile_example.out' # Set up a specific logger with our desired output level my_logger = logging.getLogger('MyLogger') @@ -100,14 +102,14 @@ yourself, though, it is simpler to use a :class:`RotatingFileHandler`:: The result should be 6 separate files, each with part of the log history for the application:: - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.1 - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.2 - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.3 - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.4 - /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.5 + logging_rotatingfile_example.out + logging_rotatingfile_example.out.1 + logging_rotatingfile_example.out.2 + logging_rotatingfile_example.out.3 + logging_rotatingfile_example.out.4 + logging_rotatingfile_example.out.5 -The most current file is always :file:`/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out`, +The most current file is always :file:`logging_rotatingfile_example.out`, and each time it reaches the size limit it is renamed with the suffix ``.1``. Each of the existing backup files is renamed to increment the suffix (``.1`` becomes ``.2``, etc.) and the ``.6`` file is erased. @@ -321,24 +323,34 @@ order:: Configuring Logging ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -Programmers can configure logging either by creating loggers, handlers, and -formatters explicitly in a main module with the configuration methods listed -above (using Python code), or by creating a logging config file. The following -code is an example of configuring a very simple logger, a console handler, and a -simple formatter in a Python module:: +Programmers can configure logging in three ways: + +1. Creating loggers, handlers, and formatters explicitly using Python + code that calls the configuration methods listed above. +2. Creating a logging config file and reading it using the :func:`fileConfig` + function. +3. Creating a dictionary of configuration information and passing it + to the :func:`dictConfig` function. + +The following example configures a very simple logger, a console +handler, and a simple formatter using Python code:: import logging # create logger logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example") logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create console handler and set level to debug ch = logging.StreamHandler() ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create formatter formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s") + # add formatter to ch ch.setFormatter(formatter) + # add ch to logger logger.addHandler(ch) @@ -428,6 +440,45 @@ import mechanisms. Thus, you could use either `handlers.WatchedFileHandler` class defined in package `mypackage` and module `mymodule`, where `mypackage` is available on the Python import path). +.. versionchanged:: 2.7 + +In Python 2.7, a new means of configuring logging has been introduced, using +dictionaries to hold configuration information. This provides a superset of the +functionality of the config-file-based approach outlined above, and is the +recommended configuration method for new applications and deployments. Because +a Python dictionary is used to hold configuration information, and since you +can populate that dictionary using different means, you have more options for +configuration. For example, you can use a configuration file in JSON format, +or, if you have access to YAML processing functionality, a file in YAML +format, to populate the configuration dictionary. Or, of course, you can +construct the dictionary in Python code, receive it in pickled form over a +socket, or use whatever approach makes sense for your application. + +Here's an example of the same configuration as above, in YAML format for +the new dictionary-based approach:: + + version: 1 + formatters: + simple: + format: format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s + handlers: + console: + class: logging.StreamHandler + level: DEBUG + formatter: simple + stream: ext://sys.stdout + loggers: + simpleExample: + level: DEBUG + handlers: [console] + propagate: no + root: + level: DEBUG + handlers: [console] + +For more information about logging using a dictionary, see +:ref:`logging-config-api`. + .. _library-config: Configuring Logging for a Library @@ -1065,14 +1116,14 @@ destination can be easily changed, as shown in the example below:: logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s', - filename='/tmp/myapp.log', + filename='myapp.log', filemode='w') logging.debug('A debug message') logging.info('Some information') logging.warning('A shot across the bows') The :meth:`basicConfig` method is used to change the configuration defaults, -which results in output (written to ``/tmp/myapp.log``) which should look +which results in output (written to ``myapp.log``) which should look something like the following:: 2004-07-02 13:00:08,743 DEBUG A debug message @@ -2553,19 +2604,57 @@ logging module using these functions or by making calls to the main API (defined in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in :mod:`logging` or :mod:`logging.handlers`. - -.. function:: fileConfig(fname, defaults=None, disable_existing_loggers=True) +.. function:: dictConfig(config) + + Takes the logging configuration from a dictionary. The contents of + this dictionary are described in :ref:`logging-config-dictschema` + below. + + If an error is encountered during configuration, this function will + raise a :exc:`ValueError`, :exc:`TypeError`, :exc:`AttributeError` + or :exc:`ImportError` with a suitably descriptive message. The + following is a (possibly incomplete) list of conditions which will + raise an error: + + * A ``level`` which is not a string or which is a string not + corresponding to an actual logging level. + * A ``propagate`` value which is not a boolean. + * An id which does not have a corresponding destination. + * A non-existent handler id found during an incremental call. + * An invalid logger name. + * Inability to resolve to an internal or external object. + + Parsing is performed by the :class:`DictConfigurator` class, whose + constructor is passed the dictionary used for configuration, and + has a :meth:`configure` method. The :mod:`logging.config` module + has a callable attribute :attr:`dictConfigClass` + which is initially set to :class:`DictConfigurator`. + You can replace the value of :attr:`dictConfigClass` with a + suitable implementation of your own. + + :func:`dictConfig` calls :attr:`dictConfigClass` passing + the specified dictionary, and then calls the :meth:`configure` method on + the returned object to put the configuration into effect:: + + def dictConfig(config): + dictConfigClass(config).configure() + + For example, a subclass of :class:`DictConfigurator` could call + ``DictConfigurator.__init__()`` in its own :meth:`__init__()`, then + set up custom prefixes which would be usable in the subsequent + :meth:`configure` call. :attr:`dictConfigClass` would be bound to + this new subclass, and then :func:`dictConfig` could be called exactly as + in the default, uncustomized state. + +.. function:: fileConfig(fname[, defaults]) Reads the logging configuration from a :mod:`configparser`\-format file named *fname*. This function can be called several times from an application, - allowing an end user the ability to select from various pre-canned + allowing an end user to select from various pre-canned configurations (if the developer provides a mechanism to present the choices and load the chosen configuration). Defaults to be passed to the ConfigParser can be specified in the *defaults* argument. - If *disable_existing_loggers* is true, any existing loggers that are not - children of named loggers will be disabled. - .. function:: listen(port=DEFAULT_LOGGING_CONFIG_PORT) @@ -2589,6 +2678,402 @@ in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in :func:`listen`. +.. _logging-config-dictschema: + +Configuration dictionary schema +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Describing a logging configuration requires listing the various +objects to create and the connections between them; for example, you +may create a handler named "console" and then say that the logger +named "startup" will send its messages to the "console" handler. +These objects aren't limited to those provided by the :mod:`logging` +module because you might write your own formatter or handler class. +The parameters to these classes may also need to include external +objects such as ``sys.stderr``. The syntax for describing these +objects and connections is defined in :ref:`logging-config-dict-connections` +below. + +Dictionary Schema Details +""""""""""""""""""""""""" + +The dictionary passed to :func:`dictConfig` must contain the following +keys: + +* `version` - to be set to an integer value representing the schema + version. The only valid value at present is 1, but having this key + allows the schema to evolve while still preserving backwards + compatibility. + +All other keys are optional, but if present they will be interpreted +as described below. In all cases below where a 'configuring dict' is +mentioned, it will be checked for the special ``'()'`` key to see if a +custom instantiation is required. If so, the mechanism described in +:ref:`logging-config-dict-userdef` below is used to create an instance; +otherwise, the context is used to determine what to instantiate. + +* `formatters` - the corresponding value will be a dict in which each + key is a formatter id and each value is a dict describing how to + configure the corresponding Formatter instance. + + The configuring dict is searched for keys ``format`` and ``datefmt`` + (with defaults of ``None``) and these are used to construct a + :class:`logging.Formatter` instance. + +* `filters` - the corresponding value will be a dict in which each key + is a filter id and each value is a dict describing how to configure + the corresponding Filter instance. + + The configuring dict is searched for the key ``name`` (defaulting to the + empty string) and this is used to construct a :class:`logging.Filter` + instance. + +* `handlers` - the corresponding value will be a dict in which each + key is a handler id and each value is a dict describing how to + configure the corresponding Handler instance. + + The configuring dict is searched for the following keys: + + * ``class`` (mandatory). This is the fully qualified name of the + handler class. + + * ``level`` (optional). The level of the handler. + + * ``formatter`` (optional). The id of the formatter for this + handler. + + * ``filters`` (optional). A list of ids of the filters for this + handler. + + All *other* keys are passed through as keyword arguments to the + handler's constructor. For example, given the snippet:: + + handlers: + console: + class : logging.StreamHandler + formatter: brief + level : INFO + filters: [allow_foo] + stream : ext://sys.stdout + file: + class : logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler + formatter: precise + filename: logconfig.log + maxBytes: 1024 + backupCount: 3 + + the handler with id ``console`` is instantiated as a + :class:`logging.StreamHandler`, using ``sys.stdout`` as the underlying + stream. The handler with id ``file`` is instantiated as a + :class:`logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler` with the keyword arguments + ``filename='logconfig.log', maxBytes=1024, backupCount=3``. + +* `loggers` - the corresponding value will be a dict in which each key + is a logger name and each value is a dict describing how to + configure the corresponding Logger instance. + + The configuring dict is searched for the following keys: + + * ``level`` (optional). The level of the logger. + + * ``propagate`` (optional). The propagation setting of the logger. + + * ``filters`` (optional). A list of ids of the filters for this + logger. + + * ``handlers`` (optional). A list of ids of the handlers for this + logger. + + The specified loggers will be configured according to the level, + propagation, filters and handlers specified. + +* `root` - this will be the configuration for the root logger. + Processing of the configuration will be as for any logger, except + that the ``propagate`` setting will not be applicable. + +* `incremental` - whether the configuration is to be interpreted as + incremental to the existing configuration. This value defaults to + ``False``, which means that the specified configuration replaces the + existing configuration with the same semantics as used by the + existing :func:`fileConfig` API. + + If the specified value is ``True``, the configuration is processed + as described in the section on :ref:`logging-config-dict-incremental`. + +* `disable_existing_loggers` - whether any existing loggers are to be + disabled. This setting mirrors the parameter of the same name in + :func:`fileConfig`. If absent, this parameter defaults to ``True``. + This value is ignored if `incremental` is ``True``. + +.. _logging-config-dict-incremental: + +Incremental Configuration +""""""""""""""""""""""""" + +It is difficult to provide complete flexibility for incremental +configuration. For example, because objects such as filters +and formatters are anonymous, once a configuration is set up, it is +not possible to refer to such anonymous objects when augmenting a +configuration. + +Furthermore, there is not a compelling case for arbitrarily altering +the object graph of loggers, handlers, filters, formatters at +run-time, once a configuration is set up; the verbosity of loggers and +handlers can be controlled just by setting levels (and, in the case of +loggers, propagation flags). Changing the object graph arbitrarily in +a safe way is problematic in a multi-threaded environment; while not +impossible, the benefits are not worth the complexity it adds to the +implementation. + +Thus, when the ``incremental`` key of a configuration dict is present +and is ``True``, the system will completely ignore any ``formatters`` and +``filters`` entries, and process only the ``level`` +settings in the ``handlers`` entries, and the ``level`` and +``propagate`` settings in the ``loggers`` and ``root`` entries. + +Using a value in the configuration dict lets configurations to be sent +over the wire as pickled dicts to a socket listener. Thus, the logging +verbosity of a long-running application can be altered over time with +no need to stop and restart the application. + +.. _logging-config-dict-connections: + +Object connections +"""""""""""""""""" + +The schema describes a set of logging objects - loggers, +handlers, formatters, filters - which are connected to each other in +an object graph. Thus, the schema needs to represent connections +between the objects. For example, say that, once configured, a +particular logger has attached to it a particular handler. For the +purposes of this discussion, we can say that the logger represents the +source, and the handler the destination, of a connection between the +two. Of course in the configured objects this is represented by the +logger holding a reference to the handler. In the configuration dict, +this is done by giving each destination object an id which identifies +it unambiguously, and then using the id in the source object's +configuration to indicate that a connection exists between the source +and the destination object with that id. + +So, for example, consider the following YAML snippet:: + + formatters: + brief: + # configuration for formatter with id 'brief' goes here + precise: + # configuration for formatter with id 'precise' goes here + handlers: + h1: #This is an id + # configuration of handler with id 'h1' goes here + formatter: brief + h2: #This is another id + # configuration of handler with id 'h2' goes here + formatter: precise + loggers: + foo.bar.baz: + # other configuration for logger 'foo.bar.baz' + handlers: [h1, h2] + +(Note: YAML used here because it's a little more readable than the +equivalent Python source form for the dictionary.) + +The ids for loggers are the logger names which would be used +programmatically to obtain a reference to those loggers, e.g. +``foo.bar.baz``. The ids for Formatters and Filters can be any string +value (such as ``brief``, ``precise`` above) and they are transient, +in that they are only meaningful for processing the configuration +dictionary and used to determine connections between objects, and are +not persisted anywhere when the configuration call is complete. + +The above snippet indicates that logger named ``foo.bar.baz`` should +have two handlers attached to it, which are described by the handler +ids ``h1`` and ``h2``. The formatter for ``h1`` is that described by id +``brief``, and the formatter for ``h2`` is that described by id +``precise``. + + +.. _logging-config-dict-userdef: + +User-defined objects +"""""""""""""""""""" + +The schema supports user-defined objects for handlers, filters and +formatters. (Loggers do not need to have different types for +different instances, so there is no support in this configuration +schema for user-defined logger classes.) + +Objects to be configured are described by dictionaries +which detail their configuration. In some places, the logging system +will be able to infer from the context how an object is to be +instantiated, but when a user-defined object is to be instantiated, +the system will not know how to do this. In order to provide complete +flexibility for user-defined object instantiation, the user needs +to provide a 'factory' - a callable which is called with a +configuration dictionary and which returns the instantiated object. +This is signalled by an absolute import path to the factory being +made available under the special key ``'()'``. Here's a concrete +example:: + + formatters: + brief: + format: '%(message)s' + default: + format: '%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(name)-15s %(message)s' + datefmt: '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' + custom: + (): my.package.customFormatterFactory + bar: baz + spam: 99.9 + answer: 42 + +The above YAML snippet defines three formatters. The first, with id +``brief``, is a standard :class:`logging.Formatter` instance with the +specified format string. The second, with id ``default``, has a +longer format and also defines the time format explicitly, and will +result in a :class:`logging.Formatter` initialized with those two format +strings. Shown in Python source form, the ``brief`` and ``default`` +formatters have configuration sub-dictionaries:: + + { + 'format' : '%(message)s' + } + +and:: + + { + 'format' : '%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(name)-15s %(message)s', + 'datefmt' : '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' + } + +respectively, and as these dictionaries do not contain the special key +``'()'``, the instantiation is inferred from the context: as a result, +standard :class:`logging.Formatter` instances are created. The +configuration sub-dictionary for the third formatter, with id +``custom``, is:: + + { + '()' : 'my.package.customFormatterFactory', + 'bar' : 'baz', + 'spam' : 99.9, + 'answer' : 42 + } + +and this contains the special key ``'()'``, which means that +user-defined instantiation is wanted. In this case, the specified +factory callable will be used. If it is an actual callable it will be +used directly - otherwise, if you specify a string (as in the example) +the actual callable will be located using normal import mechanisms. +The callable will be called with the **remaining** items in the +configuration sub-dictionary as keyword arguments. In the above +example, the formatter with id ``custom`` will be assumed to be +returned by the call:: + + my.package.customFormatterFactory(bar='baz', spam=99.9, answer=42) + +The key ``'()'`` has been used as the special key because it is not a +valid keyword parameter name, and so will not clash with the names of +the keyword arguments used in the call. The ``'()'`` also serves as a +mnemonic that the corresponding value is a callable. + + +.. _logging-config-dict-externalobj: + +Access to external objects +"""""""""""""""""""""""""" + +There are times where a configuration needs to refer to objects +external to the configuration, for example ``sys.stderr``. If the +configuration dict is constructed using Python code, this is +straightforward, but a problem arises when the configuration is +provided via a text file (e.g. JSON, YAML). In a text file, there is +no standard way to distinguish ``sys.stderr`` from the literal string +``'sys.stderr'``. To facilitate this distinction, the configuration +system looks for certain special prefixes in string values and +treat them specially. For example, if the literal string +``'ext://sys.stderr'`` is provided as a value in the configuration, +then the ``ext://`` will be stripped off and the remainder of the +value processed using normal import mechanisms. + +The handling of such prefixes is done in a way analogous to protocol +handling: there is a generic mechanism to look for prefixes which +match the regular expression ``^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$`` +whereby, if the ``prefix`` is recognised, the ``suffix`` is processed +in a prefix-dependent manner and the result of the processing replaces +the string value. If the prefix is not recognised, then the string +value will be left as-is. + + +.. _logging-config-dict-internalobj: + +Access to internal objects +"""""""""""""""""""""""""" + +As well as external objects, there is sometimes also a need to refer +to objects in the configuration. This will be done implicitly by the +configuration system for things that it knows about. For example, the +string value ``'DEBUG'`` for a ``level`` in a logger or handler will +automatically be converted to the value ``logging.DEBUG``, and the +``handlers``, ``filters`` and ``formatter`` entries will take an +object id and resolve to the appropriate destination object. + +However, a more generic mechanism is needed for user-defined +objects which are not known to the :mod:`logging` module. For +example, consider :class:`logging.handlers.MemoryHandler`, which takes +a ``target`` argument which is another handler to delegate to. Since +the system already knows about this class, then in the configuration, +the given ``target`` just needs to be the object id of the relevant +target handler, and the system will resolve to the handler from the +id. If, however, a user defines a ``my.package.MyHandler`` which has +an ``alternate`` handler, the configuration system would not know that +the ``alternate`` referred to a handler. To cater for this, a generic +resolution system allows the user to specify:: + + handlers: + file: + # configuration of file handler goes here + + custom: + (): my.package.MyHandler + alternate: cfg://handlers.file + +The literal string ``'cfg://handlers.file'`` will be resolved in an +analogous way to strings with the ``ext://`` prefix, but looking +in the configuration itself rather than the import namespace. The +mechanism allows access by dot or by index, in a similar way to +that provided by ``str.format``. Thus, given the following snippet:: + + handlers: + email: + class: logging.handlers.SMTPHandler + mailhost: localhost + fromaddr: my_app@domain.tld + toaddrs: + - support_team@domain.tld + - dev_team@domain.tld + subject: Houston, we have a problem. + +in the configuration, the string ``'cfg://handlers'`` would resolve to +the dict with key ``handlers``, the string ``'cfg://handlers.email`` +would resolve to the dict with key ``email`` in the ``handlers`` dict, +and so on. The string ``'cfg://handlers.email.toaddrs[1]`` would +resolve to ``'dev_team.domain.tld'`` and the string +``'cfg://handlers.email.toaddrs[0]'`` would resolve to the value +``'support_team@domain.tld'``. The ``subject`` value could be accessed +using either ``'cfg://handlers.email.subject'`` or, equivalently, +``'cfg://handlers.email[subject]'``. The latter form only needs to be +used if the key contains spaces or non-alphanumeric characters. If an +index value consists only of decimal digits, access will be attempted +using the corresponding integer value, falling back to the string +value if needed. + +Given a string ``cfg://handlers.myhandler.mykey.123``, this will +resolve to ``config_dict['handlers']['myhandler']['mykey']['123']``. +If the string is specified as ``cfg://handlers.myhandler.mykey[123]``, +the system will attempt to retrieve the value from +``config_dict['handlers']['myhandler']['mykey'][123]``, and fall back +to ``config_dict['handlers']['myhandler']['mykey']['123']`` if that +fails. + .. _logging-config-fileformat: Configuration file format diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst index 7503697..b74350d 100644 --- a/Doc/library/os.rst +++ b/Doc/library/os.rst @@ -1115,7 +1115,8 @@ Files and Directories Create a directory named *path* with numeric mode *mode*. The default *mode* is ``0o777`` (octal). On some systems, *mode* is ignored. Where it is used, - the current umask value is first masked out. + the current umask value is first masked out. If the directory already + exists, :exc:`OSError` is raised. It is also possible to create temporary directories; see the :mod:`tempfile` module's :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp` function. diff --git a/Doc/library/re.rst b/Doc/library/re.rst index 73ed56f..9d2cdf5 100644 --- a/Doc/library/re.rst +++ b/Doc/library/re.rst @@ -709,18 +709,12 @@ Regular Expression Objects The :class:`RegexObject` class supports the following methods and attributes: + .. method:: RegexObject.search(string[, pos[, endpos]]) - .. method:: RegexObject.match(string[, pos[, endpos]]) - - If zero or more characters at the beginning of *string* match this regular - expression, return a corresponding :class:`MatchObject` instance. Return - ``None`` if the string does not match the pattern; note that this is different - from a zero-length match. - - .. note:: - - If you want to locate a match anywhere in *string*, use - :meth:`~RegexObject.search` instead. + Scan through *string* looking for a location where this regular expression + produces a match, and return a corresponding :class:`MatchObject` instance. + Return ``None`` if no position in the string matches the pattern; note that this + is different from finding a zero-length match at some point in the string. The optional second parameter *pos* gives an index in the string where the search is to start; it defaults to ``0``. This is not completely equivalent to @@ -732,24 +726,34 @@ Regular Expression Objects will be as if the string is *endpos* characters long, so only the characters from *pos* to ``endpos - 1`` will be searched for a match. If *endpos* is less than *pos*, no match will be found, otherwise, if *rx* is a compiled regular - expression object, ``rx.match(string, 0, 50)`` is equivalent to - ``rx.match(string[:50], 0)``. + expression object, ``rx.search(string, 0, 50)`` is equivalent to + ``rx.search(string[:50], 0)``. - >>> pattern = re.compile("o") - >>> pattern.match("dog") # No match as "o" is not at the start of "dog." - >>> pattern.match("dog", 1) # Match as "o" is the 2nd character of "dog". - <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> + >>> pattern = re.compile("d") + >>> pattern.search("dog") # Match at index 0 + <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> + >>> pattern.search("dog", 1) # No match; search doesn't include the "d" - .. method:: RegexObject.search(string[, pos[, endpos]]) + .. method:: RegexObject.match(string[, pos[, endpos]]) - Scan through *string* looking for a location where this regular expression - produces a match, and return a corresponding :class:`MatchObject` instance. - Return ``None`` if no position in the string matches the pattern; note that this - is different from finding a zero-length match at some point in the string. + If zero or more characters at the *beginning* of *string* match this regular + expression, return a corresponding :class:`MatchObject` instance. Return + ``None`` if the string does not match the pattern; note that this is different + from a zero-length match. The optional *pos* and *endpos* parameters have the same meaning as for the - :meth:`~RegexObject.match` method. + :meth:`~RegexObject.search` method. + + .. note:: + + If you want to locate a match anywhere in *string*, use + :meth:`~RegexObject.search` instead. + + >>> pattern = re.compile("o") + >>> pattern.match("dog") # No match as "o" is not at the start of "dog". + >>> pattern.match("dog", 1) # Match as "o" is the 2nd character of "dog". + <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> .. method:: RegexObject.split(string[, maxsplit=0]) @@ -759,12 +763,16 @@ Regular Expression Objects .. method:: RegexObject.findall(string[, pos[, endpos]]) - Identical to the :func:`findall` function, using the compiled pattern. + Similar to the :func:`findall` function, using the compiled pattern, but + also accepts optional *pos* and *endpos* parameters that limit the search + region like for :meth:`match`. .. method:: RegexObject.finditer(string[, pos[, endpos]]) - Identical to the :func:`finditer` function, using the compiled pattern. + Similar to the :func:`finditer` function, using the compiled pattern, but + also accepts optional *pos* and *endpos* parameters that limit the search + region like for :meth:`match`. .. method:: RegexObject.sub(repl, string[, count=0]) diff --git a/Doc/library/socket.rst b/Doc/library/socket.rst index 8bc5046..1cc0f04 100644 --- a/Doc/library/socket.rst +++ b/Doc/library/socket.rst @@ -71,18 +71,21 @@ for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is ``(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])``, where: - - *addr_type* is one of TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, TIPC_ADDR_NAME, or - TIPC_ADDR_ID. - - *scope* is one of TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE, TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE, and - TIPC_NODE_SCOPE. - - If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_NAME, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* is - the port identifier, and *v3* should be 0. +- *addr_type* is one of TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, TIPC_ADDR_NAME, or + TIPC_ADDR_ID. +- *scope* is one of TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE, TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE, and + TIPC_NODE_SCOPE. +- If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_NAME, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* is + the port identifier, and *v3* should be 0. - If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* - is the lower port number, and *v3* is the upper port number. + If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* + is the lower port number, and *v3* is the upper port number. - If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then *v1* is the node, *v2* is the - reference, and *v3* should be set to 0. + If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then *v1* is the node, *v2* is the + reference, and *v3* should be set to 0. + + If *addr_type* is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then *v1* is the node, *v2* is the + reference, and *v3* should be set to 0. All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types @@ -690,7 +693,7 @@ correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets. Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The *value* argument can be a nonnegative float expressing seconds, or ``None``. If a float is given, - subsequent socket operations will raise an :exc:`timeout` exception if the + subsequent socket operations will raise a :exc:`timeout` exception if the timeout period *value* has elapsed before the operation has completed. Setting a timeout of ``None`` disables timeouts on socket operations. ``s.settimeout(0.0)`` is equivalent to ``s.setblocking(0)``; diff --git a/Doc/library/ssl.rst b/Doc/library/ssl.rst index bc55262..ab7ffdb 100644 --- a/Doc/library/ssl.rst +++ b/Doc/library/ssl.rst @@ -110,13 +110,16 @@ Functions, Constants, and Exceptions .. note:: - This information varies depending on the version of OpenSSL. - For instance, in some older versions of OpenSSL (such as 0.9.7l on - OS X 10.4), an SSLv2 client could not connect to an SSLv23 server. - Conversely, starting from 1.0.0, an SSLv23 client will actually - try the SSLv3 protocol unless you explicitly enable SSLv2 ciphers. - - The parameter ``ciphers`` sets the available ciphers for this SSL object. + Which connections succeed will vary depending on the version of + OpenSSL. For instance, in some older versions of OpenSSL (such + as 0.9.7l on OS X 10.4), an SSLv2 client could not connect to an + SSLv23 server. Another example: beginning with OpenSSL 1.0.0, + an SSLv23 client will not actually attempt SSLv2 connections + unless you explicitly enable SSLv2 ciphers; for example, you + might specify ``"ALL"`` or ``"SSLv2"`` as the *ciphers* parameter + to enable them. + + The *ciphers* parameter sets the available ciphers for this SSL object. It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_LIST_FORMAT>`_. diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst index a2682bb..e62fee4 100644 --- a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst +++ b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst @@ -1329,6 +1329,10 @@ functions based on regular expressions. You can use :meth:`str.maketrans` to create a translation map from character-to-character mappings in different formats. + You can use the :func:`~string.maketrans` helper function in the :mod:`string` + module to create a translation table. For string objects, set the *table* + argument to ``None`` for translations that only delete characters: + .. note:: An even more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping @@ -2295,7 +2299,7 @@ is generally interpreted as simple bytes. File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ValueError: cannot modify size of memoryview object - Notice how the size of the memoryview object can not be changed. + Notice how the size of the memoryview object cannot be changed. :class:`memoryview` has two methods: diff --git a/Doc/library/string.rst b/Doc/library/string.rst index ea4b5da..6b8b2bc 100644 --- a/Doc/library/string.rst +++ b/Doc/library/string.rst @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ The grammar for a replacement field is as follows: .. productionlist:: sf replacement_field: "{" [`field_name`] ["!" `conversion`] [":" `format_spec`] "}" field_name: arg_name ("." `attribute_name` | "[" `element_index` "]")* - arg_name: (`identifier` | `integer`)? + arg_name: [`identifier` | `integer`] attribute_name: `identifier` element_index: `integer` | `index_string` index_string: <any source character except "]"> + diff --git a/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst b/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst index 0a7e3de..f3194f8 100644 --- a/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst +++ b/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ relevant for the current platform. Configuration variables ----------------------- -A Python distribution contains a :file:`Makefile` file and a :file:`python.h` -that are necessary to build the Python binary itself, but also any C extension -created in a third party project and compiled using :mod:`distutils`. +A Python distribution contains a :file:`Makefile` and a :file:`pyconfig.h` +header file that are necessary to build both the Python binary itself and +third-party C extensions compiled using :mod:`distutils`. :mod:`sysconfig` puts all variables found in these files in a dictionary that can be accessed using :func:`get_config_vars` or :func:`get_config_var`. diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.rst index c36ff87..f430c17 100644 --- a/Doc/library/unittest.rst +++ b/Doc/library/unittest.rst @@ -220,26 +220,26 @@ failfast, catch and buffer command line options unittest supports three command options. -* -f / --failfast +* :option:`-b` / :option:`--buffer` - Stop the test run on the first error or failure. + The standard output and standard error streams are buffered during the test + run. Output during a passing test is discarded. Output is echoed normally + on test fail or error and is added to the failure messages. -* -c / --catch +* :option:`-c` / :option:`--catch` - Control-c during the test run waits for the current test to end and then - reports all the results so far. A second control-c raises the normal - ``KeyboardInterrupt`` exception. + Control-C during the test run waits for the current test to end and then + reports all the results so far. A second control-C raises the normal + :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. See `Signal Handling`_ for the functions that provide this functionality. -* -b / --buffer +* :option:`-f` / :option:`--failfast` - The standard out and standard error streams are buffered during the test - run. Output during a passing test is discarded. Output is echoed normally - on test fail or error and is added to the failure messages. + Stop the test run on the first error or failure. .. versionadded:: 3.2 - The command line options ``-c``, ``-b`` and ``-f`` where added. + The command line options ``-c``, ``-b`` and ``-f`` were added. The command line can also be used for test discovery, for running all of the tests in a project or just a subset. @@ -270,8 +270,9 @@ The ``discover`` sub-command has the following options: -t directory Top level directory of project (default to start directory) -The -s, -p, & -t options can be passsed in as positional arguments. The -following two command lines are equivalent:: +The :option:`-s`, :option:`-p`, and :option:`-t` options can be passed in +as positional arguments in that order. The following two command lines +are equivalent:: python -m unittest discover -s project_directory -p '*_test.py' python -m unittest discover project_directory '*_test.py' @@ -829,6 +830,11 @@ Test cases compare equal, the test will fail with the explanation given by *msg*, or :const:`None`. + If *delta* is supplied instead of *places* then the difference + between *first* and *second* must be less than *delta*. + + Supplying both *delta* and *places* raises a ``TypeError``. + .. versionchanged:: 3.2 Objects that compare equal are automatically almost equal. Added the ``delta`` keyword argument. @@ -849,7 +855,7 @@ Test cases compare equal, the test will fail with the explanation given by *msg*, or :const:`None`. - If *delta* is supplied instead of *places* then the the difference + If *delta* is supplied instead of *places* then the difference between *first* and *second* must be more than *delta*. Supplying both *delta* and *places* raises a ``TypeError``. @@ -1902,12 +1908,12 @@ instead of as an error. Signal Handling --------------- -The -c / --catch command line option to unittest, along with the ``catchbreak`` +The :option:`-c`/:option:`--catch` command line option to unittest, along with the ``catchbreak`` parameter to :func:`unittest.main()`, provide more friendly handling of -control-c during a test run. With catch break behavior enabled control-c will +control-C during a test run. With catch break behavior enabled control-C will allow the currently running test to complete, and the test run will then end and report all the results so far. A second control-c will raise a -``KeyboardInterrupt`` in the usual way. +:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` in the usual way. The control-c handling signal handler attempts to remain compatible with code or tests that install their own :const:`signal.SIGINT` handler. If the ``unittest`` diff --git a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst index 06aa0f9..fc64b84 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst @@ -1595,7 +1595,7 @@ The following methods are used to override the default behavior of the In particular, the metaclass :class:`abc.ABCMeta` implements these methods in order to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) as "virtual base -classes" to any class or type (including built-in types), and including to other +classes" to any class or type (including built-in types), including other ABCs. .. method:: class.__instancecheck__(self, instance) @@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ ABCs. Note that these methods are looked up on the type (metaclass) of a class. They cannot be defined as class methods in the actual class. This is consistent with -the lookup of special methods that are called on instances, only that in this +the lookup of special methods that are called on instances, only in this case the instance is itself a class. .. seealso:: diff --git a/Doc/reference/introduction.rst b/Doc/reference/introduction.rst index b22d5e0..23ab88e 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/introduction.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/introduction.rst @@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ IronPython more information, see `the IronPython website <http://www.ironpython.com/>`_. PyPy - An implementation of Python written in Python; even the bytecode interpreter is - written in Python. This is executed using CPython as the underlying - interpreter. One of the goals of the project is to encourage experimentation - with the language itself by making it easier to modify the interpreter (since it - is written in Python). Additional information is available on `the PyPy - project's home page <http://codespeak.net/pypy/>`_. + An implementation of Python written completely in Python. It supports several + advanced features not found in other implementations like stackless support + and a Just in Time compiler. One of the goals of the project is to encourage + experimentation with the language itself by making it easier to modify the + interpreter (since it is written in Python). Additional information is + available on `the PyPy project's home page <http://pypy.org/>`_. Each of these implementations varies in some way from the language as documented in this manual, or introduces specific information beyond what's covered in the diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst b/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst index 6627ffb..c7b392c 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/classes.rst @@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ Private Variables ================= "Private" instance variables that cannot be accessed except from inside an -object, don't exist in Python. However, there is a convention that is followed +object don't exist in Python. However, there is a convention that is followed by most Python code: a name prefixed with an underscore (e.g. ``_spam``) should be treated as a non-public part of the API (whether it is a function, a method or a data member). It should be considered an implementation detail and subject diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst b/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst index f6339a7..11ed58e 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ next line is a logical continuation of the line:: print(hello) -Note that newlines still need to be embedded in the string using ``\n``; the +Note that newlines still need to be embedded in the string using ``\n`` -- the newline following the trailing backslash is discarded. This example would print the following: diff --git a/Doc/using/mac.rst b/Doc/using/mac.rst index 13ac4b2..2252cf1 100644 --- a/Doc/using/mac.rst +++ b/Doc/using/mac.rst @@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ The IDE ======= MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good -introduction to using IDLE can be found at http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/ -dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html. +introduction to using IDLE can be found at +http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html. .. _mac-package-manager: diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst index 74563d9..ded7f7e 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst @@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ :Release: |release| :Date: |today| -.. Fix accents on Kristjan Valur Jonsson, Fuerstenau - -.. Big jobs: ElementTree 1.3, pep 391, sysconfig -.. unittest test discovery .. hyperlink all the methods & functions. +.. T_STRING_INPLACE not described in main docs +.. "Format String Syntax" in string.rst could use many more examples. + .. $Id$ Rules for maintenance: @@ -54,20 +53,77 @@ when researching a change. This article explains the new features in Python 2.7. The final -release of 2.7 is currently scheduled for June 2010; the detailed +release of 2.7 is currently scheduled for July 2010; the detailed schedule is described in :pep:`373`. -Python 2.7 is planned to be the last major release in the 2.x series. -Though more major releases have not been absolutely ruled out, the -Python maintainers are planning to focus more on Python 3.x. Despite -that, it's likely that the 2.7 release will have a longer period of -maintenance compared to earlier 2.x versions. - -.. Compare with previous release in 2 - 3 sentences here. - add hyperlink when the documentation becomes available online. +Numeric handling has been improved in many ways, for both +floating-point numbers and for the :class:`Decimal` class. There are +some useful additions to the standard library, such as a greatly +enhanced :mod:`unittest` module, the :mod:`argparse` module for +parsing command-line options, convenient ordered-dictionary and +:class:`Counter` classes in the :mod:`collections` module, and many +other improvements. + +Python 2.7 is planned to be the last of the 2.x releases, so we worked +on making it a good release for the long term. To help with porting +to Python 3, several new features from the Python 3.x series have been +included in 2.7. + +This article doesn't attempt to provide a complete specification of +the new features, but instead provides a convenient overview. For +full details, you should refer to the documentation for Python 2.7 at +http://docs.python.org. If you want to understand the rationale for +the design and implementation, refer to the PEP for a particular new +feature or the issue on http://bugs.python.org in which a change was +discussed. Whenever possible, "What's New in Python" links to the +bug/patch item for each change. .. _whatsnew27-python31: +The Future for Python 2.x +========================= + +Python 2.7 is intended to be the last major release in the 2.x series. +The Python maintainers are planning to focus their future efforts on +the Python 3.x series. + +This means that 2.7 will remain in place for a long time, running +production systems that have not been ported to Python 3.x. +Two consequences of the long-term significance of 2.7 are: + +* It's very likely the 2.7 release will have a longer period of + maintenance compared to earlier 2.x versions. Python 2.7 will + continue to be maintained while the transition to 3.x continues, and + the developers are planning to support Python 2.7 with bug-fix + releases beyond the typical two years. + +* A policy decision was made to silence warnings only of interest to + developers. :exc:`DeprecationWarning` and its + descendants are now ignored unless otherwise requested, preventing + users from seeing warnings triggered by an application. This change + was also made in the branch that will become Python 3.2. (Discussed + on stdlib-sig and carried out in :issue:`7319`.) + + In previous releases, :exc:`DeprecationWarning` messages were + enabled by default, providing Python developers with a clear + indication of where their code may break in a future major version + of Python. + + However, there are increasingly many users of Python-based + applications who are not directly involved in the development of + those applications. :exc:`DeprecationWarning` messages are + irrelevant to such users, making them worry about an application + that's actually working correctly and burdening application developers + with responding to these concerns. + + You can re-enable display of :exc:`DeprecationWarning` messages by + running Python with the :option:`-Wdefault` (short form: + :option:`-Wd`) switch, or by setting the :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS` + environment variable to ``"default"`` (or ``"d"``) before running + Python. Python code can also re-enable them + by calling ``warnings.simplefilter('default')``. + + Python 3.1 Features ======================= @@ -78,25 +134,31 @@ for migrating to the 3.x series. A partial list of 3.1 features that were backported to 2.7: -* A version of the :mod:`io` library, rewritten in C for performance. +* The syntax for set literals (``{1,2,3}`` is a mutable set). +* Dictionary and set comprehensions (``{ i: i*2 for i in range(3)}``). +* Multiple context managers in a single :keyword:`with` statement. +* A new version of the :mod:`io` library, rewritten in C for performance. * The ordered-dictionary type described in :ref:`pep-0372`. -* The new format specifier described in :ref:`pep-0378`. +* The new ``","`` format specifier described in :ref:`pep-0378`. * The :class:`memoryview` object. -* A small subset of the :mod:`importlib` module `described below <#importlib-section>`__. +* A small subset of the :mod:`importlib` module, + `described below <#importlib-section>`__. * Float-to-string and string-to-float conversions now round their - results more correctly. And :func:`repr` of a floating-point + results more correctly, and :func:`repr` of a floating-point number *x* returns a result that's guaranteed to round back to the same number when converted back to a string. +* The :ctype:`PyCapsule` type, used to provide a C API for extension modules. * The :cfunc:`PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow` C API function. -One porting change: the :option:`-3` switch now automatically -enables the :option:`-Qwarn` switch that causes warnings -about using classic division with integers and long integers. - Other new Python3-mode warnings include: * :func:`operator.isCallable` and :func:`operator.sequenceIncludes`, - which are not supported in 3.x. + which are not supported in 3.x, now trigger warnings. +* The :option:`-3` switch now automatically + enables the :option:`-Qwarn` switch that causes warnings + about using classic division with integers and long integers. + + .. ======================================================================== .. Large, PEP-level features and changes should be described here. @@ -104,22 +166,22 @@ Other new Python3-mode warnings include: .. _pep-0372: -PEP 372: Adding an ordered dictionary to collections +PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections ==================================================== Regular Python dictionaries iterate over key/value pairs in arbitrary order. Over the years, a number of authors have written alternative implementations that remember the order that the keys were originally inserted. Based on -the experiences from those implementations, a new -:class:`~collections.OrderedDict` class has been introduced in the -:mod:`collections` module. +the experiences from those implementations, 2.7 introduces a new +:class:`~collections.OrderedDict` class in the :mod:`collections` module. -The :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` API is substantially the same as regular -dictionaries but will iterate over keys and values in a guaranteed order +The :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` API provides the same interface as regular +dictionaries but iterates over keys and values in a guaranteed order depending on when a key was first inserted:: >>> from collections import OrderedDict - >>> d = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2), + >>> d = OrderedDict([('first', 1), + ... ('second', 2), ... ('third', 3)]) >>> d.items() [('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third', 3)] @@ -156,9 +218,11 @@ oldest key is selected:: Comparing two ordered dictionaries checks both the keys and values, and requires that the insertion order was the same:: - >>> od1 = OrderedDict([('first', 1), ('second', 2), + >>> od1 = OrderedDict([('first', 1), + ... ('second', 2), ... ('third', 3)]) - >>> od2 = OrderedDict([('third', 3), ('first', 1), + >>> od2 = OrderedDict([('third', 3), + ... ('first', 1), ... ('second', 2)]) >>> od1 == od2 False @@ -176,17 +240,12 @@ A secondary dictionary maps keys to their corresponding list node, so deletion doesn't have to traverse the entire linked list and therefore remains O(1). -.. XXX check O(1)-ness with Raymond -.. Also check if the 'somenamedtuple' in the collection module should -.. be replaced/removed in order to use -.. :meth:`~collections.namedtuple._asdict()` (see below) - The standard library now supports use of ordered dictionaries in several modules. -* The :mod:`ConfigParser` module uses them by default, letting - configuration files be read, modified, and then written back in their original - order. +* The :mod:`ConfigParser` module uses them by default, meaning that + configuration files can now read, modified, and then written back + in their original order. * The :meth:`~collections.somenamedtuple._asdict()` method for :func:`collections.namedtuple` now returns an ordered dictionary with the @@ -210,7 +269,7 @@ PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator ================================================= To make program output more readable, it can be useful to add -separators to large numbers and render them as +separators to large numbers, rendering them as 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 instead of 18446744073709551616. The fully general solution for doing this is the :mod:`locale` module, @@ -237,8 +296,6 @@ separator and the grouping is always into three-digit groups. The comma-formatting mechanism isn't as general as the :mod:`locale` module, but it's easier to use. -.. XXX "Format String Syntax" in string.rst could use many more examples. - .. seealso:: :pep:`378` - Format Specifier for Thousands Separator @@ -248,13 +305,13 @@ PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines ====================================================== The :mod:`argparse` module for parsing command-line arguments was -added, intended as a more powerful replacement for the +added as a more powerful replacement for the :mod:`optparse` module. This means Python now supports three different modules for parsing command-line arguments: :mod:`getopt`, :mod:`optparse`, and :mod:`argparse`. The :mod:`getopt` module closely resembles the C -:cfunc:`getopt` function, so it remains useful if you're writing a +library's :cfunc:`getopt` function, so it remains useful if you're writing a Python prototype that will eventually be rewritten in C. :mod:`optparse` becomes redundant, but there are no plans to remove it because there are many scripts still using it, and there's no @@ -306,23 +363,28 @@ are automatically added, and produce neatly formatted output:: -o FILE direct output to FILE instead of stdout -C NUM display NUM lines of added context -Similarly to :mod:`optparse`, the command-line switches and arguments +As with :mod:`optparse`, the command-line switches and arguments are returned as an object with attributes named by the *dest* parameters:: -> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v - {'output': None, 'is_verbose': True, 'context': 0, 'inputs': []} + {'output': None, + 'is_verbose': True, + 'context': 0, + 'inputs': []} -> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v -o /tmp/output -C 4 file1 file2 - {'output': '/tmp/output', 'is_verbose': True, 'context': 4, + {'output': '/tmp/output', + 'is_verbose': True, + 'context': 4, 'inputs': ['file1', 'file2']} :mod:`argparse` has much fancier validation than :mod:`optparse`; you can specify an exact number of arguments as an integer, 0 or more arguments by passing ``'*'``, 1 or more by passing ``'+'``, or an optional argument with ``'?'``. A top-level parser can contain -sub-parsers, so you can define subcommands that have different sets of +sub-parsers to define subcommands that have different sets of switches, as in ``svn commit``, ``svn checkout``, etc. You can -specify an argument type as :class:`~argparse.FileType`, which will +specify an argument's type as :class:`~argparse.FileType`, which will automatically open files for you and understands that ``'-'`` means standard input or output. @@ -331,6 +393,8 @@ standard input or output. `argparse module documentation <http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html>`__ `Upgrading optparse code to use argparse <http://docs.python.org/dev/library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code>`__ + Part of the Python documentation, describing how to convert + code that uses :mod:`optparse`. :pep:`389` - argparse - New Command Line Parsing Module PEP written and implemented by Steven Bethard. @@ -338,34 +402,88 @@ standard input or output. PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging ==================================================== -.. not documented in library reference yet. +.. XXX not documented in library reference yet; add link here once it's added. -The :mod:`logging` module is very flexible; an application can define +The :mod:`logging` module is very flexible; applications can define a tree of logging subsystems, and each logger in this tree can filter out certain messages, format them differently, and direct messages to a varying number of handlers. All this flexibility can require a lot of configuration. You can write Python statements to create objects and set their properties, -but a complex set-up would require verbose but boring code. +but a complex set-up requires verbose but boring code. :mod:`logging` also supports a :func:`~logging.config.fileConfig` function that parses a file, but the file format doesn't support configuring filters, and it's messier to generate programmatically. Python 2.7 adds a :func:`~logging.config.dictConfig` function that -uses a dictionary, and there are many ways to produce a dictionary -from different sources. You can construct one with code, of course. -Python's standard library now includes a JSON parser, so you could -parse a file containing JSON, or you could use a YAML parsing library -if one is installed. +uses a dictionary to configure logging. There are many ways to +produce a dictionary from different sources: construct one with code; +parse a file containing JSON; or use a YAML parsing library if one is +installed. -XXX describe an example. +The following example configures two loggers, the root logger and a +logger named "network". Messages sent to the root logger will be +sent to the system log using the syslog protocol, and messages +to the "network" logger will be written to a :file:`network.log` file +that will be rotated once the log reaches 1Mb. -Two smaller enhancements to the logging module are: +:: + + import logging + import logging.config + + configdict = { + 'version': 1, # Configuration schema in use; must be 1 for now + 'formatters': { + 'standard': { + 'format': ('%(asctime)s %(name)-15s ' + '%(levelname)-8s %(message)s')}}, + + 'handlers': {'netlog': {'backupCount': 10, + 'class': 'logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler', + 'filename': '/logs/network.log', + 'formatter': 'standard', + 'level': 'INFO', + 'maxBytes': 1024*1024}, + 'syslog': {'class': 'logging.handlers.SysLogHandler', + 'formatter': 'standard', + 'level': 'ERROR'}}, + + # Specify all the subordinate loggers + 'loggers': { + 'network': { + 'handlers': ['netlog'] + } + }, + # Specify properties of the root logger + 'root': { + 'handlers': ['syslog'] + }, + } + + # Set up configuration + logging.config.dictConfig(configdict) + + # As an example, log two error messages + logger = logging.getLogger('/') + logger.error('Database not found') + + netlogger = logging.getLogger('network') + netlogger.error('Connection failed') + +Three smaller enhancements to the :mod:`logging` module, all +implemented by Vinay Sajip, are: .. rev79293 -* :class:`Logger` instances gained a :meth:`getChild` that retrieves a +* The :class:`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler` class now supports + syslogging over TCP. The constructor has a *socktype* parameter + giving the type of socket to use, either :const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM` + for UDP or :const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM` for TCP. The default + protocol remains UDP. + +* :class:`Logger` instances gained a :meth:`getChild` method that retrieves a descendant logger using a relative path. For example, once you retrieve a logger by doing ``log = getLogger('app')``, calling ``log.getChild('network.listen')`` is equivalent to @@ -387,12 +505,10 @@ The dictionary methods :meth:`keys`, :meth:`values`, and :meth:`items` are different in Python 3.x. They return an object called a :dfn:`view` instead of a fully materialized list. -.. Views can be iterated over, but they also behave like sets. XXX not working. - It's not possible to change the return values of :meth:`keys`, :meth:`values`, and :meth:`items` in Python 2.7 because too much code would break. Instead the 3.x versions were added under the new names -of :meth:`viewkeys`, :meth:`viewvalues`, and :meth:`viewitems`. +:meth:`viewkeys`, :meth:`viewvalues`, and :meth:`viewitems`. :: @@ -402,6 +518,17 @@ of :meth:`viewkeys`, :meth:`viewvalues`, and :meth:`viewitems`. >>> d.viewkeys() dict_keys([0, 130, 10, 140, 20, 150, 30, ..., 250]) +Views can be iterated over, but the key and item views also behave +like sets. The ``&`` operator performs intersection, and ``|`` +performs a union:: + + >>> d1 = dict((i*10, chr(65+i)) for i in range(26)) + >>> d2 = dict((i**.5, i) for i in range(1000)) + >>> d1.viewkeys() & d2.viewkeys() + set([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0]) + >>> d1.viewkeys() | range(0, 30) + set([0, 1, 130, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 120, 250]) + The view keeps track of the dictionary and its contents change as the dictionary is modified:: @@ -433,6 +560,58 @@ converter will change them to the standard :meth:`keys`, Backported to 2.7 by Alexandre Vassalotti; :issue:`1967`. +PEP 3137: The memoryview Object +==================================================== + +The :class:`memoryview` object provides a view of another object's +memory content that matches the :class:`bytes` type's interface. + + >>> import string + >>> m = memoryview(string.letters) + >>> m + <memory at 0x37f850> + >>> len(m) # Returns length of underlying object + 52 + >>> m[0], m[25], m[26] # Indexing returns one byte + ('a', 'z', 'A') + >>> m2 = m[0:26] # Slicing returns another memoryview + >>> m2 + <memory at 0x37f080> + +The content of the view can be converted to a string of bytes or +a list of integers: + + >>> m2.tobytes() + 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' + >>> m2.tolist() + [97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, ... 121, 122] + >>> + +:class:`memoryview` objects allow modifying the underlying object if +it's a mutable object. + + >>> m2[0] = 75 + Traceback (most recent call last): + File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> + TypeError: cannot modify read-only memory + >>> b = bytearray(string.letters) # Creating a mutable object + >>> b + bytearray(b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') + >>> mb = memoryview(b) + >>> mb[0] = '*' # Assign to view, changing the bytearray. + >>> b[0:5] # The bytearray has been changed. + bytearray(b'*bcde') + >>> + +.. seealso:: + + :pep:`3137` - Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer + PEP written by Guido van Rossum. + Implemented by Travis Oliphant, Antoine Pitrou and others. + Backported to 2.7 by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`2396`. + + + Other Language Changes ====================== @@ -458,9 +637,9 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: 3.x, generalizing list/generator comprehensions to use the literal syntax for sets and dictionaries. - >>> {x:x*x for x in range(6)} + >>> {x: x*x for x in range(6)} {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25} - >>> {'a'*x for x in range(6)} + >>> {('a'*x) for x in range(6)} set(['', 'a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'aaaa', 'aaaaa']) Backported by Alexandre Vassalotti; :issue:`2333`. @@ -490,8 +669,8 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: in many different places: :func:`str` on floats and complex numbers; the :class:`float` and :class:`complex` constructors; - numeric formatting; serialization and - deserialization of floats and complex numbers using the + numeric formatting; serializing and + deserializing floats and complex numbers using the :mod:`marshal`, :mod:`pickle` and :mod:`json` modules; parsing of float and imaginary literals in Python code; @@ -506,7 +685,7 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: .. maybe add an example? The rounding library responsible for this improvement works on - Windows, and on Unix platforms using the gcc, icc, or suncc + Windows and on Unix platforms using the gcc, icc, or suncc compilers. There may be a small number of platforms where correct operation of this code cannot be guaranteed, so the code is not used on such systems. You can find out which code is being used @@ -516,6 +695,37 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: Implemented by Eric Smith and Mark Dickinson, using David Gay's :file:`dtoa.c` library; :issue:`7117`. +* Conversions from long integers and regular integers to floating + point now round differently, returning the floating-point number + closest to the number. This doesn't matter for small integers that + can be converted exactly, but for large numbers that will + unavoidably lose precision, Python 2.7 now approximates more + closely. For example, Python 2.6 computed the following:: + + >>> n = 295147905179352891391 + >>> float(n) + 2.9514790517935283e+20 + >>> n - long(float(n)) + 65535L + + Python 2.7's floating-point result is larger, but much closer to the + true value:: + + >>> n = 295147905179352891391 + >>> float(n) + 2.9514790517935289e+20 + >>> n - long(float(n)) + -1L + + (Implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`3166`.) + + Integer division is also more accurate in its rounding behaviours. (Also + implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`1811`.) + +* Implicit coercion for complex numbers has been removed; the interpreter + will no longer ever attempt to call a :meth:`__coerce__` method on complex + objects. (Removed by Meador Inge and Mark Dickinson; :issue:`5211`.) + * The :meth:`str.format` method now supports automatic numbering of the replacement fields. This makes using :meth:`str.format` more closely resemble using ``%s`` formatting:: @@ -543,6 +753,16 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: so it will now produce 'INF' and 'NAN'. (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`3382`.) + A low-level change: the :meth:`object.__format__` method now triggers + a :exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning` if it's passed a format string, + because the :meth:`__format__` method for :class:`object` converts + the object to a string representation and formats that. Previously + the method silently applied the format string to the string + representation, but that could hide mistakes in Python code. If + you're supplying formatting information such as an alignment or + precision, presumably you're expecting the formatting to be applied + in some object-specific way. (Fixed by Eric Smith; :issue:`7994`.) + * The :func:`int` and :func:`long` types gained a ``bit_length`` method that returns the number of bits necessary to represent its argument in binary:: @@ -560,32 +780,11 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: (Contributed by Fredrik Johansson and Victor Stinner; :issue:`3439`.) -* Conversions from long integers and regular integers to floating - point now round differently, returning the floating-point number - closest to the number. This doesn't matter for small integers that - can be converted exactly, but for large numbers that will - unavoidably lose precision, Python 2.7 now approximates more - closely. For example, Python 2.6 computed the following:: - - >>> n = 295147905179352891391 - >>> float(n) - 2.9514790517935283e+20 - >>> n - long(float(n)) - 65535L - - Python 2.7's floating-point result is larger, but much closer to the - true value:: - - >>> n = 295147905179352891391 - >>> float(n) - 2.9514790517935289e+20 - >>> n - long(float(n)) - -1L - - (Implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`3166`.) - - Integer division is also more accurate in its rounding behaviours. (Also - implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`1811`.) +* The :keyword:`import` statement will no longer try a relative import + if an absolute import (e.g. ``from .os import sep``) fails. This + fixes a bug, but could possibly break certain :keyword:`import` + statements that were only working by accident. (Fixed by Meador Inge; + :issue:`7902`.) * It's now possible for a subclass of the built-in :class:`unicode` type to override the :meth:`__unicode__` method. (Implemented by @@ -603,9 +802,15 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: (Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc, after a suggestion by George Sakkis; :issue:`5982`.) -* A new encoding named "cp720", used primarily for Arabic text, is now - supported. (Contributed by Alexander Belchenko and Amaury Forgeot - d'Arc; :issue:`1616979`.) +* When a restricted set of attributes were set using ``__slots__``, + deleting an unset attribute would not raise :exc:`AttributeError` + as you would expect. Fixed by Benjamin Peterson; :issue:`7604`.) + +* Two new encodings are now supported: "cp720", used primarily for + Arabic text; and "cp858", a variant of CP 850 that adds the euro + symbol. (CP720 contributed by Alexander Belchenko and Amaury + Forgeot d'Arc in :issue:`1616979`; CP858 contributed by Tim Hatch in + :issue:`8016`.) * The :class:`file` object will now set the :attr:`filename` attribute on the :exc:`IOError` exception when trying to open a directory @@ -615,7 +820,7 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: (fixed by Stefan Krah; :issue:`5677`). * The Python tokenizer now translates line endings itself, so the - :func:`compile` built-in function can now accept code using any + :func:`compile` built-in function now accepts code using any line-ending convention. Additionally, it no longer requires that the code end in a newline. @@ -648,12 +853,18 @@ used with the :option:`-W` switch, separated by commas. For example, the following setting will print warnings every time they occur, but turn warnings from the :mod:`Cookie` module into an error. (The exact syntax for setting an environment variable varies -across operating systems and shells, so it may be different for you.) +across operating systems and shells.) :: export PYTHONWARNINGS=all,error:::Cookie:0 +When running a module using the interpreter's :option:`-m` switch, +``sys.argv[0]`` will now be set to the string ``'-m'`` while the +module is being located, while executing the :file:`__init__.py` files +for any parent packages of the module to be executed. +(Suggested by Michael Foord; implemented by Nick Coghlan; +:issue:`8202`.) .. ====================================================================== @@ -678,7 +889,7 @@ Several performance enhancements have been added: any of them. This would previously take quadratic time for garbage collection, but now the number of full garbage collections is reduced as the number of objects on the heap grows. - The new logic is to only perform a full garbage collection pass when + The new logic only performs a full garbage collection pass when the middle generation has been collected 10 times and when the number of survivor objects from the middle generation exceeds 10% of the number of objects in the oldest generation. (Suggested by Martin @@ -788,11 +999,11 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. The new version features better Python 3.x compatibility, various bug fixes, and adds several new BerkeleyDB flags and methods. (Updated by Jesús Cea Avión; :issue:`8156`. The pybsddb - changelog can be browsed at http://hg.jcea.es/pybsddb/file/tip/ChangeLog.) + changelog can be read at http://hg.jcea.es/pybsddb/file/tip/ChangeLog.) * The :mod:`bz2` module's :class:`~bz2.BZ2File` now supports the context - management protocol, so you can write ``with bz2.BZ2File(...) as f: ...``. - (Contributed by Hagen Fuerstenau; :issue:`3860`.) + management protocol, so you can write ``with bz2.BZ2File(...) as f:``. + (Contributed by Hagen Fürstenau; :issue:`3860`.) * New class: the :class:`~collections.Counter` class in the :mod:`collections` module is useful for tallying data. :class:`~collections.Counter` instances @@ -816,7 +1027,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. >>> c['z'] 0 - There are three additional :class:`~collections.Counter` methods: + There are three additional :class:`~collections.Counter` methods. :meth:`~collections.Counter.most_common` returns the N most common elements and their counts. :meth:`~collections.Counter.elements` returns an iterator over the contained elements, repeating each @@ -843,12 +1054,20 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. .. revision 79660 - The new :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` class is described in the earlier + New class: :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` is described in the earlier section :ref:`pep-0372`. + New method: The :class:`~collections.deque` data type now has a + :meth:`~collections.deque.count` method that returns the number of + contained elements equal to the supplied argument *x*, and a + :meth:`~collections.deque.reverse` method that reverses the elements + of the deque in-place. :class:`deque` also exposes its maximum + length as the read-only :attr:`~collections.deque.maxlen` attribute. + (Both features added by Raymond Hettinger.) + The :class:`~collections.namedtuple` class now has an optional *rename* parameter. If *rename* is true, field names that are invalid because they've - been repeated or that aren't legal Python identifiers will be + been repeated or aren't legal Python identifiers will be renamed to legal names that are derived from the field's position within the list of fields: @@ -859,13 +1078,43 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. (Added by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1818`.) - The :class:`~collections.deque` data type now has a - :meth:`~collections.deque.count` method that returns the number of - contained elements equal to the supplied argument *x*, and a - :meth:`~collections.deque.reverse` method that reverses the elements - of the deque in-place. :class:`deque` also exposes its maximum - length as the read-only :attr:`~collections.deque.maxlen` attribute. - (Both features added by Raymond Hettinger.) + Finally, the :class:`~collections.Mapping` abstract base class now + raises a :exc:`NotImplemented` exception if a mapping is compared to + another type that isn't a :class:`Mapping`. + (Fixed by Daniel Stutzbach; :issue:`8729`.) + +* Constructors for the parsing classes in the :mod:`ConfigParser` module now + take a *allow_no_value* parameter, defaulting to false; if true, + options without values will be allowed. For example:: + + >>> import ConfigParser, StringIO + >>> sample_config = """ + ... [mysqld] + ... user = mysql + ... pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid + ... skip-bdb + ... """ + >>> config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser(allow_no_value=True) + >>> config.readfp(StringIO.StringIO(sample_config)) + >>> config.get('mysqld', 'user') + 'mysql' + >>> print config.get('mysqld', 'skip-bdb') + None + >>> print config.get('mysqld', 'unknown') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + NoOptionError: No option 'unknown' in section: 'mysqld' + + (Contributed by Mats Kindahl; :issue:`7005`.) + +* Deprecated function: :func:`contextlib.nested`, which allows + handling more than one context manager with a single :keyword:`with` + statement, has been deprecated, because the :keyword:`with` statement + now supports multiple context managers. + +* The :mod:`cookielib` module now ignores cookies that have an invalid + version field, one that doesn't contain an integer value. (Fixed by + John J. Lee; :issue:`3924`.) * The :mod:`copy` module's :func:`~copy.deepcopy` function will now correctly copy bound instance methods. (Implemented by @@ -885,7 +1134,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. * New method: the :class:`~decimal.Decimal` class gained a :meth:`~decimal.Decimal.from_float` class method that performs an exact conversion of a floating-point number to a :class:`~decimal.Decimal`. - Note that this is an **exact** conversion that strives for the + This exact conversion strives for the closest decimal approximation to the floating-point representation's value; the resulting decimal value will therefore still include the inaccuracy, if any. @@ -893,27 +1142,57 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. ``Decimal('0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')``. (Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4796`.) - Most of the methods of the :class:`~decimal.Context` class now accept integers - as well as :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances; the only exceptions are the - :meth:`~decimal.Context.canonical` and :meth:`~decimal.Context.is_canonical` - methods. (Patch by Juan José Conti; :issue:`7633`.) + Comparing instances of :class:`Decimal` with floating-point + numbers now produces sensible results based on the numeric values + of the operands. Previously such comparisons would fall back to + Python's default rules for comparing objects, which produced arbitrary + results based on their type. Note that you still cannot combine + :class:`Decimal` and floating-point in other operations such as addition, + since you should be explicitly choosing how to convert between float and + :class:`Decimal`. + (Fixed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`2531`.) The constructor for :class:`~decimal.Decimal` now accepts floating-point numbers (added by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`8257`) and non-European Unicode characters such as Arabic-Indic digits (contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6595`). + Most of the methods of the :class:`~decimal.Context` class now accept integers + as well as :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances; the only exceptions are the + :meth:`~decimal.Context.canonical` and :meth:`~decimal.Context.is_canonical` + methods. (Patch by Juan José Conti; :issue:`7633`.) + When using :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances with a string's :meth:`~str.format` method, the default alignment was previously - left-alignment. This has been changed to right-alignment, which seems + left-alignment. This has been changed to right-alignment, which is more sensible for numeric types. (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.) + Comparisons involving a signaling NaN value (or ``sNAN``) now signal + :const:`InvalidOperation` instead of silently returning a true or + false value depending on the comparison operator. Quiet NaN values + (or ``NaN``) are now hashable. (Fixed by Mark Dickinson; + :issue:`7279`.) + * The :mod:`difflib` module now produces output that is more - compatible with modern :command:`diff`/:command:`patch` tools thanks - to two changes: 1) the header giving the filename now uses a tab - character instead of spaces as a separator, and 2) the date format - used is now ISO-8601 style, ``2005-01-26 23:30:50``. (Fixed by - Anatoly Techtonik; :issue:`7585`.) + compatible with modern :command:`diff`/:command:`patch` tools + through one small change, using a tab character instead of spaces as + a separator in the header giving the filename. (Fixed by Anatoly + Techtonik; :issue:`7585`.) + +* The Distutils ``sdist`` command now always regenerates the + :file:`MANIFEST` file, since even if the :file:`MANIFEST.in` or + :file:`setup.py` files haven't been modified, the user might have + created some new files that should be included. + (Fixed by Tarek Ziadé; :issue:`8688`.) + +* The :mod:`doctest` module's :const:`IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL` flag + will now ignore the name of the module containing the exception + being tested. (Patch by Lennart Regebro; :issue:`7490`.) + +* The :mod:`email` module's :class:`~email.message.Message` class will + now accept a Unicode-valued payload, automatically converting the + payload to the encoding specified by :attr:`output_charset`. + (Added by R. David Murray; :issue:`1368247`.) * The :class:`~fractions.Fraction` class now accepts a single float or :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instance, or two rational numbers, as @@ -921,17 +1200,18 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. rationals added in :issue:`5812`, and float/decimal in :issue:`8294`.) - An oversight was fixed, making the :class:`Fraction` match the other - numeric types; ordering comparisons (``<``, ``<=``, ``>``, ``>=``) between + Ordering comparisons (``<``, ``<=``, ``>``, ``>=``) between fractions and complex numbers now raise a :exc:`TypeError`. + This fixes an oversight, making the :class:`Fraction` match the other + numeric types. .. revision 79455 -* New class: a new :class:`~ftplib.FTP_TLS` class in +* New class: :class:`~ftplib.FTP_TLS` in the :mod:`ftplib` module provides secure FTP connections using TLS encapsulation of authentication as well as subsequent control and data transfers. - (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola', :issue:`2054`.) + (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola; :issue:`2054`.) The :meth:`~ftplib.FTP.storbinary` method for binary uploads can now restart uploads thanks to an added *rest* parameter (patch by Pablo Mouzo; @@ -957,8 +1237,8 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. otherwise. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4688`.) * The :mod:`gzip` module's :class:`~gzip.GzipFile` now supports the context - management protocol, so you can write ``with gzip.GzipFile(...) as f: ...`` - (contributed by Hagen Fuerstenau; :issue:`3860`), and it now implements + management protocol, so you can write ``with gzip.GzipFile(...) as f:`` + (contributed by Hagen Fürstenau; :issue:`3860`), and it now implements the :class:`io.BufferedIOBase` ABC, so you can wrap it with :class:`io.BufferedReader` for faster processing (contributed by Nir Aides; :issue:`7471`). @@ -973,18 +1253,25 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. * New attribute: the :mod:`hashlib` module now has an :attr:`~hashlib.hashlib.algorithms` attribute containing a tuple naming the supported algorithms. In Python 2.7, ``hashlib.algorithms`` contains - ``('md5', 'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512')`` + ``('md5', 'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512')``. (Contributed by Carl Chenet; :issue:`7418`.) * The default :class:`~httplib.HTTPResponse` class used by the :mod:`httplib` module now supports buffering, resulting in much faster reading of HTTP responses. - (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`4879`.) + (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`4879`.) The :class:`~httplib.HTTPConnection` and :class:`~httplib.HTTPSConnection` classes now support a *source_address* parameter, a ``(host, port)`` 2-tuple giving the source address that will be used for the connection. (Contributed by Eldon Ziegler; :issue:`3972`.) +* The :mod:`ihooks` module now supports relative imports. Note that + :mod:`ihooks` is an older module for customizing imports, + superseded by the :mod:`imputil` module added in Python 2.0. + (Relative import support added by Neil Schemenauer.) + + .. revision 75423 + * The :mod:`imaplib` module now supports IPv6 addresses. (Contributed by Derek Morr; :issue:`1655`.) @@ -997,9 +1284,9 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. >>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named): ... pass >>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) - {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)} + {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,), 'named': {}} >>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) - {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()} + {'a': 2, 'b': 1, 'pos': (), 'named': {'x': 4}} >>> getcallargs(f) Traceback (most recent call last): ... @@ -1050,8 +1337,8 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. floats or :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances. (Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`5032`.) - :func:`itertools.combinations` and :func:`itertools.product` were - previously raising :exc:`ValueError` for values of *r* larger than + :func:`itertools.combinations` and :func:`itertools.product` + previously raised :exc:`ValueError` for values of *r* larger than the input iterable. This was deemed a specification error, so they now return an empty iterator. (Fixed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4816`.) @@ -1065,6 +1352,12 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. with any object literal that decodes to a list of pairs. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`5381`.) +* The :mod:`mailbox` module's :class:`Maildir` class now records the + timestamp on the directories it reads, and only re-reads them if the + modification time has subsequently changed. This improves + performance by avoiding unneeded directory scans. (Fixed by + A.M. Kuchling and Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`1607951`, :issue:`6896`.) + * New functions: the :mod:`math` module gained :func:`~math.erf` and :func:`~math.erfc` for the error function and the complementary error function, :func:`~math.expm1` which computes ``e**x - 1`` with more precision than @@ -1095,7 +1388,8 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. real, effective, and saved GIDs and UIDs; :func:`~os.setresgid` and :func:`~os.setresuid`, which set real, effective, and saved GIDs and UIDs to new values; - :func:`~os.initgroups`. (GID/UID functions + :func:`~os.initgroups`, which initialize the group access list + for the current process. (GID/UID functions contributed by Travis H.; :issue:`6508`. Support for initgroups added by Jean-Paul Calderone; :issue:`7333`.) @@ -1117,6 +1411,20 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. now accept an optional *flags* argument, for consistency with the other functions in the module. (Added by Gregory P. Smith.) +* New function: :func:`~runpy.run_path` in the :mod:`runpy` module + will execute the code at a provided *path* argument. *path* can be + the path of a Python source file (:file:`example.py`), a compiled + bytecode file (:file:`example.pyc`), a directory + (:file:`./package/`), or a zip archive (:file:`example.zip`). If a + directory or zip path is provided, it will be added to the front of + ``sys.path`` and the module :mod:`__main__` will be imported. It's + expected that the directory or zip contains a :file:`__main__.py`; + if it doesn't, some other :file:`__main__.py` might be imported from + a location later in ``sys.path``. This makes some of the machinery + of :mod:`runpy` available to scripts that want to mimic the way + Python's :option:`-m` processes an explicit path name. + (Added by Nick Coghlan; :issue:`6816`.) + * New function: in the :mod:`shutil` module, :func:`~shutil.make_archive` takes a filename, archive type (zip or tar-format), and a directory path, and creates an archive containing the directory's contents. @@ -1128,12 +1436,17 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. named pipes like a regular file by opening them for reading, and this would block indefinitely. (Fixed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`3002`.) +* The :mod:`signal` module no longer re-installs the signal handler + unless this is truly necessary, which fixes a bug that could make it + impossible to catch the EINTR signal robustly. (Fixed by + Charles-Francois Natali; :issue:`8354`.) + * New functions: in the :mod:`site` module, three new functions return various site- and user-specific paths. :func:`~site.getsitepackages` returns a list containing all - global site-packages directories, and + global site-packages directories, :func:`~site.getusersitepackages` returns the path of the user's - site-packages directory. + site-packages directory, and :func:`~site.getuserbase` returns the value of the :envvar:`USER_BASE` environment variable, giving the path to a directory that can be used to store data. @@ -1144,20 +1457,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. catch and swallow the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception. (Fixed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`3137`.) -* The :mod:`socket` module's :class:`~ssl.SSL` objects now support the - buffer API, which fixed a test suite failure (fix by Antoine Pitrou; - :issue:`7133`). :class:`SSL` objects also now automatically set - OpenSSL's :cmacro:`SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY`, which will prevent an error - code being returned from :meth:`recv` operations that trigger an SSL - renegotiation (fix by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8222`). - - The version of OpenSSL being used is now available as the module - attributes :attr:`OPENSSL_VERSION` (a string), - :attr:`OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO` (a 5-tuple), and - :attr:`OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER` (an integer). (Added by Antoine - Pitrou; :issue:`8321`.) - - The :func:`~socket.create_connection` function +* The :func:`~socket.create_connection` function gained a *source_address* parameter, a ``(host, port)`` 2-tuple giving the source address that will be used for the connection. (Contributed by Eldon Ziegler; :issue:`3972`.) @@ -1168,11 +1468,16 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8104`.) * The :mod:`SocketServer` module's :class:`~SocketServer.TCPServer` class now - has a :attr:`~SocketServer.TCPServer.disable_nagle_algorithm` class attribute. - The default value is False; if overridden to be True, + supports socket timeouts and disabling the Nagle algorithm. + The :attr:`~SocketServer.TCPServer.disable_nagle_algorithm` class attribute + defaults to False; if overridden to be True, new request connections will have the TCP_NODELAY option set to prevent buffering many small sends into a single TCP packet. - (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`6192`.) + The :attr:`~SocketServer.TCPServer.timeout` class attribute can hold + a timeout in seconds that will be applied to the request socket; if + no request is received within that time, :meth:`handle_timeout` + will be called and :meth:`handle_request` will return. + (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`6192` and :issue:`6267`.) * Updated module: the :mod:`sqlite3` module has been updated to version 2.6.0 of the `pysqlite package <http://code.google.com/p/pysqlite/>`__. Version 2.6.0 includes a number of bugfixes, and adds @@ -1181,6 +1486,32 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. and then call :meth:`~sqlite3.Connection.load_extension` to load a particular shared library. (Updated by Gerhard Häring.) +* The :mod:`ssl` module's :class:`ssl.SSLSocket` objects now support the + buffer API, which fixed a test suite failure (fix by Antoine Pitrou; + :issue:`7133`) and automatically set + OpenSSL's :cmacro:`SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY`, which will prevent an error + code being returned from :meth:`recv` operations that trigger an SSL + renegotiation (fix by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8222`). + + The :func:`ssl.wrap_socket` constructor function now takes a + *ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms + to be allowed; the format of the string is described + `in the OpenSSL documentation + <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_LIST_FORMAT>`__. + (Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.) + + Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and + digest algorithms so that they're all available. Some SSL + certificates couldn't be verified, reporting an "unknown algorithm" + error. (Reported by Beda Kosata, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou; + :issue:`8484`.) + + The version of OpenSSL being used is now available as the module + attributes :data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION` (a string), + :data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO` (a 5-tuple), and + :data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER` (an integer). (Added by Antoine + Pitrou; :issue:`8321`.) + * The :mod:`struct` module will no longer silently ignore overflow errors when a value is too large for a particular integer format code (one of ``bBhHiIlLqQ``); it now always raises a @@ -1216,6 +1547,10 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. false for ones that are implicitly global. (Contributed by Jeremy Hylton.) +* The :mod:`syslog` module will now use the value of ``sys.argv[0]`` as the + identifier instead of the previous default value of ``'python'``. + (Changed by Sean Reifschneider; :issue:`8451`.) + * The ``sys.version_info`` value is now a named tuple, with attributes named :attr:`major`, :attr:`minor`, :attr:`micro`, :attr:`releaselevel`, and :attr:`serial`. (Contributed by Ross @@ -1237,7 +1572,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. :mod:`tarfile` now supports filtering the :class:`~tarfile.TarInfo` objects being added to a tar file. When you call :meth:`~tarfile.TarFile.add`, - instance, you may supply an optional *filter* argument + you may supply an optional *filter* argument that's a callable. The *filter* callable will be passed the :class:`~tarfile.TarInfo` for every file being added, and can modify and return it. If the callable returns ``None``, the file will be excluded from the @@ -1262,8 +1597,39 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. and has been updated to version 5.2.0 (updated by Florent Xicluna; :issue:`8024`). -* The :class:`~UserDict.UserDict` class is now a new-style class. (Changed by - Benjamin Peterson.) +* The :mod:`urlparse` module's :func:`~urlparse.urlsplit` now handles + unknown URL schemes in a fashion compliant with :rfc:`3986`: if the + URL is of the form ``"<something>://..."``, the text before the + ``://`` is treated as the scheme, even if it's a made-up scheme that + the module doesn't know about. This change may break code that + worked around the old behaviour. For example, Python 2.6.4 or 2.5 + will return the following: + + >>> import urlparse + >>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query') + ('invented', '', '//host/filename?query', '', '') + + Python 2.7 (and Python 2.6.5) will return: + + >>> import urlparse + >>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query') + ('invented', 'host', '/filename?query', '', '') + + (Python 2.7 actually produces slightly different output, since it + returns a named tuple instead of a standard tuple.) + + The :mod:`urlparse` module also supports IPv6 literal addresses as defined by + :rfc:`2732` (contributed by Senthil Kumaran; :issue:`2987`). :: + + >>> urlparse.urlparse('http://[1080::8:800:200C:417A]/foo') + ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='[1080::8:800:200C:417A]', + path='/foo', params='', query='', fragment='') + +* New class: the :class:`~weakref.WeakSet` class in the :mod:`weakref` + module is a set that only holds weak references to its elements; elements + will be removed once there are no references pointing to them. + (Originally implemented in Python 3.x by Raymond Hettinger, and backported + to 2.7 by Michael Foord.) * The ElementTree library, :mod:`xml.etree`, no longer escapes ampersands and angle brackets when outputting an XML processing @@ -1271,13 +1637,22 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. or comment (which looks like ``<!-- comment -->``). (Patch by Neil Muller; :issue:`2746`.) +* The XML-RPC client and server, provided by the :mod:`xmlrpclib` and + :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` modules, have improved performance by + supporting HTTP/1.1 keep-alive and by optionally using gzip encoding + to compress the XML being exchanged. The gzip compression is + controlled by the :attr:`encode_threshold` attribute of + :class:`SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler`, which contains a size in bytes; + responses larger than this will be compressed. + (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`6267`.) + * The :mod:`zipfile` module's :class:`~zipfile.ZipFile` now supports the context - management protocol, so you can write ``with zipfile.ZipFile(...) as f: ...``. + management protocol, so you can write ``with zipfile.ZipFile(...) as f:``. (Contributed by Brian Curtin; :issue:`5511`.) - :mod:`zipfile` now supports archiving empty directories and + :mod:`zipfile` now also supports archiving empty directories and extracts them correctly. (Fixed by Kuba Wieczorek; :issue:`4710`.) - Reading files out of an archive is now faster, and interleaving + Reading files out of an archive is faster, and interleaving :meth:`~zipfile.ZipFile.read` and :meth:`~zipfile.ZipFile.readline` now works correctly. (Contributed by Nir Aides; :issue:`7610`.) @@ -1291,36 +1666,157 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. :issue:`6003`.) +.. ====================================================================== +.. whole new modules get described in subsections here + + +.. _importlib-section: + +New module: importlib +------------------------------ + +Python 3.1 includes the :mod:`importlib` package, a re-implementation +of the logic underlying Python's :keyword:`import` statement. +:mod:`importlib` is useful for implementors of Python interpreters and +to users who wish to write new importers that can participate in the +import process. Python 2.7 doesn't contain the complete +:mod:`importlib` package, but instead has a tiny subset that contains +a single function, :func:`~importlib.import_module`. + +``import_module(name, package=None)`` imports a module. *name* is +a string containing the module or package's name. It's possible to do +relative imports by providing a string that begins with a ``.`` +character, such as ``..utils.errors``. For relative imports, the +*package* argument must be provided and is the name of the package that +will be used as the anchor for +the relative import. :func:`~importlib.import_module` both inserts the imported +module into ``sys.modules`` and returns the module object. + +Here are some examples:: + + >>> from importlib import import_module + >>> anydbm = import_module('anydbm') # Standard absolute import + >>> anydbm + <module 'anydbm' from '/p/python/Lib/anydbm.py'> + >>> # Relative import + >>> file_util = import_module('..file_util', 'distutils.command') + >>> file_util + <module 'distutils.file_util' from '/python/Lib/distutils/file_util.pyc'> + +:mod:`importlib` was implemented by Brett Cannon and introduced in +Python 3.1. + + New module: sysconfig --------------------------------- -XXX A new :mod:`sysconfig` module has been extracted from -:mod:`distutils` and put in the standard library. +The :mod:`sysconfig` module has been pulled out of the Distutils +package, becoming a new top-level module in its own right. +:mod:`sysconfig` provides functions for getting information about +Python's build process: compiler switches, installation paths, the +platform name, and whether Python is running from its source +directory. -The :mod:`sysconfig` module provides access to Python's configuration -information like the list of installation paths and the configuration -variables relevant for the current platform. (contributed by Tarek) +Some of the functions in the module are: -Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 ---------------------------------- +* :func:`~sysconfig.get_config_var` returns variables from Python's + Makefile and the :file:`pyconfig.h` file. +* :func:`~sysconfig.get_config_vars` returns a dictionary containing + all of the configuration variables. +* :func:`~sysconfig.getpath` returns the configured path for + a particular type of module: the standard library, + site-specific modules, platform-specific modules, etc. +* :func:`~sysconfig.is_python_build` returns true if you're running a + binary from a Python source tree, and false otherwise. -XXX write this. +Consult the :mod:`sysconfig` documentation for more details and for +a complete list of functions. -.. ====================================================================== -.. whole new modules get described in subsections here +The Distutils package and :mod:`sysconfig` are now maintained by Tarek +Ziadé, who has also started a Distutils2 package (source repository at +http://hg.python.org/distutils2/) for developing a next-generation +version of Distutils. + + +ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk +-------------------------- + +Tcl/Tk 8.5 includes a set of themed widgets that re-implement basic Tk +widgets but have a more customizable appearance and can therefore more +closely resemble the native platform's widgets. This widget +set was originally called Tile, but was renamed to Ttk (for "themed Tk") +on being added to Tcl/Tck release 8.5. +To learn more, read the :mod:`ttk` module documentation. You may also +wish to read the Tcl/Tk manual page describing the +Ttk theme engine, available at +http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some +screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at +http://code.google.com/p/python-ttk/wiki/Screenshots. -Unit Testing Enhancements +The :mod:`ttk` module was written by Guilherme Polo and added in +:issue:`2983`. An alternate version called ``Tile.py``, written by +Martin Franklin and maintained by Kevin Walzer, was proposed for +inclusion in :issue:`2618`, but the authors argued that Guilherme +Polo's work was more comprehensive. + + +.. _unittest-section: + +Updated module: unittest --------------------------------- -The :mod:`unittest` module was enhanced in several ways. -The progress messages now shows 'x' for expected failures +The :mod:`unittest` module was greatly enhanced; many +new features were added. Most of these features were implemented +by Michael Foord, unless otherwise noted. The enhanced version of +the module is downloadable separately for use with Python versions 2.4 to 2.6, +packaged as the :mod:`unittest2` package, from +http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2. + +When used from the command line, the module can automatically discover +tests. It's not as fancy as `py.test <http://pytest.org>`__ or +`nose <http://code.google.com/p/python-nose/>`__, but provides a simple way +to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example, +the following command will search the :file:`test/` subdirectory for +any importable test files named ``test*.py``:: + + python -m unittest discover -s test + +Consult the :mod:`unittest` module documentation for more details. +(Developed in :issue:`6001`.) + +The :func:`main` function supports some other new options: + +* :option:`-b` or :option:`--buffer` will buffer the standard output + and standard error streams during each test. If the test passes, + any resulting output will be discarded; on failure, the buffered + output will be displayed. + +* :option:`-c` or :option:`--catch` will cause the control-C interrupt + to be handled more gracefully. Instead of interrupting the test + process immediately, the currently running test will be completed + and then the partial results up to the interruption will be reported. + If you're impatient, a second press of control-C will cause an immediate + interruption. + + This control-C handler tries to avoid causing problems when the code + being tested or the tests being run have defined a signal handler of + their own, by noticing that a signal handler was already set and + calling it. If this doesn't work for you, there's a + :func:`removeHandler` decorator that can be used to mark tests that + should have the control-C handling disabled. + +* :option:`-f` or :option:`--failfast` makes + test execution stop immediately when a test fails instead of + continuing to execute further tests. (Suggested by Cliff Dyer and + implemented by Michael Foord; :issue:`8074`.) + +The progress messages now show 'x' for expected failures and 'u' for unexpected successes when run in verbose mode. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.) -Test cases can raise the :exc:`~unittest.SkipTest` exception to skip a test. -(:issue:`1034053`.) -.. XXX describe test discovery (Contributed by Michael Foord; :issue:`6001`.) +Test cases can raise the :exc:`~unittest.SkipTest` exception to skip a +test (:issue:`1034053`). The error messages for :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertTrue`, and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertFalse` @@ -1330,7 +1826,7 @@ True, both the standard error message and any additional message you provide will be printed for failures. (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`5663`.) The :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRaises` method now -return a context handler when called without providing a callable +returns a context handler when called without providing a callable object to run. For example, you can write this:: with self.assertRaises(KeyError): @@ -1350,7 +1846,7 @@ different module or class. The methods :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.doCleanups` were added. -:meth:`~unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` allows you to add cleanup functions that +:meth:`~unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` lets you add cleanup functions that will be called unconditionally (after :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.setUp` if :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.setUp` fails, otherwise after :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.tearDown`). This allows for much simpler resource allocation and deallocation during tests @@ -1382,10 +1878,10 @@ GvR worked on merging them into Python's version of :mod:`unittest`. differences in the two strings. This comparison is now used by default when Unicode strings are compared with :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`. -* :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` checks whether its first argument is a - string matching a regular expression provided as its second argument. - - .. XXX add assertNotRegexpMatches see issue 8038 +* :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` and + :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches` checks whether the + first argument is a string matching or not matching the regular + expression provided as the second argument (:issue:`8038`). * :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp` checks whether a particular exception is raised, and then also checks that the string representation of @@ -1414,9 +1910,10 @@ GvR worked on merging them into Python's version of :mod:`unittest`. all of the key/value pairs in *first* are found in *second*. * :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual` test - whether *first* and *second* are approximately equal by computing - their difference, rounding the result to an optionally-specified number - of *places* (the default is 7), and comparing to zero. + whether *first* and *second* are approximately equal. This method + can either round their difference to an optionally-specified number + of *places* (the default is 7) and compare it to zero, or require + the difference to be smaller than a supplied *delta* value. * :meth:`~unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName` properly honors the :attr:`~unittest.TestLoader.suiteClass` attribute of @@ -1428,20 +1925,13 @@ GvR worked on merging them into Python's version of :mod:`unittest`. objects being compared are of the specified type. This function should compare the two objects and raise an exception if they don't match; it's a good idea for the function to provide additional - information about why the two objects are matching, much as the new + information about why the two objects aren't matching, much as the new sequence comparison methods do. :func:`unittest.main` now takes an optional ``exit`` argument. If -False, :func:`~unittest.main` doesn't call :func:`sys.exit`, allowing it to be -used from the interactive interpreter. (Contributed by J. Pablo -Fernández; :issue:`3379`.) - -A new command-line switch, :option:`-f` or :option:`--failfast`, makes -test execution stop immediately when a test fails instead of -continuing to execute further tests. (Suggested by Cliff Dyer and -implemented by Michael Foord; :issue:`8074`.) - -.. XXX document the other new switches +False, :func:`~unittest.main` doesn't call :func:`sys.exit`, allowing +:func:`main` to be used from the interactive interpreter. +(Contributed by J. Pablo Fernández; :issue:`3379`.) :class:`~unittest.TestResult` has new :meth:`~unittest.TestResult.startTestRun` and :meth:`~unittest.TestResult.stopTestRun` methods that are called immediately before @@ -1450,70 +1940,98 @@ and after a test run. (Contributed by Robert Collins; :issue:`5728`.) With all these changes, the :file:`unittest.py` was becoming awkwardly large, so the module was turned into a package and the code split into several files (by Benjamin Peterson). This doesn't affect how the -module is imported. - - -.. _importlib-section: - -importlib: Importing Modules ------------------------------- - -Python 3.1 includes the :mod:`importlib` package, a re-implementation -of the logic underlying Python's :keyword:`import` statement. -:mod:`importlib` is useful for implementors of Python interpreters and -to users who wish to write new importers that can participate in the -import process. Python 2.7 doesn't contain the complete -:mod:`importlib` package, but instead has a tiny subset that contains -a single function, :func:`~importlib.import_module`. - -``import_module(name, package=None)`` imports a module. *name* is -a string containing the module or package's name. It's possible to do -relative imports by providing a string that begins with a ``.`` -character, such as ``..utils.errors``. For relative imports, the -*package* argument must be provided and is the name of the package that -will be used as the anchor for -the relative import. :func:`~importlib.import_module` both inserts the imported -module into ``sys.modules`` and returns the module object. - -Here are some examples:: - - >>> from importlib import import_module - >>> anydbm = import_module('anydbm') # Standard absolute import - >>> anydbm - <module 'anydbm' from '/p/python/Lib/anydbm.py'> - >>> # Relative import - >>> sysconfig = import_module('..sysconfig', 'distutils.command') - >>> sysconfig - <module 'distutils.sysconfig' from '/p/python/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.pyc'> - -:mod:`importlib` was implemented by Brett Cannon and introduced in -Python 3.1. - - -ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk --------------------------- - -Tcl/Tk 8.5 includes a set of themed widgets that re-implement basic Tk -widgets but have a more customizable appearance and can therefore more -closely resemble the native platform's widgets. This widget -set was originally called Tile, but was renamed to Ttk (for "themed Tk") -on being added to Tcl/Tck release 8.5. +module is imported or used. -XXX write a brief discussion and an example here. +.. seealso:: -The :mod:`ttk` module was written by Guilherme Polo and added in -:issue:`2983`. An alternate version called ``Tile.py``, written by -Martin Franklin and maintained by Kevin Walzer, was proposed for -inclusion in :issue:`2618`, but the authors argued that Guilherme -Polo's work was more comprehensive. + http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/unittest2.shtml + Describes the new features, how to use them, and the + rationale for various design decisions. (By Michael Foord.) +.. _elementtree-section: -Deprecations and Removals -========================= +Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 +--------------------------------- -* :func:`contextlib.nested`, which allows handling more than one context manager - with one :keyword:`with` statement, has been deprecated; :keyword:`with` - supports multiple context managers syntactically now. +The version of the ElementTree library included with Python was updated to +version 1.3. Some of the new features are: + +* The various parsing functions now take a *parser* keyword argument + giving an :class:`XMLParser` instance that will + be used. This makes it possible to override the file's internal encoding:: + + p = ET.XMLParser(encoding='utf-8') + t = ET.XML("""<root/>""", parser=p) + + Errors in parsing XML now raise a :exc:`ParseError` exception, whose + instances have a :attr:`position` attribute + containing a (*line*, *column*) tuple giving the location of the problem. + +* ElementTree's code for converting trees to a string has been + significantly reworked, making it roughly twice as fast in many + cases. The :class:`ElementTree` :meth:`write` and :class:`Element` + :meth:`write` methods now have a *method* parameter that can be + "xml" (the default), "html", or "text". HTML mode will output empty + elements as ``<empty></empty>`` instead of ``<empty/>``, and text + mode will skip over elements and only output the text chunks. If + you set the :attr:`tag` attribute of an element to ``None`` but + leave its children in place, the element will be omitted when the + tree is written out, so you don't need to do more extensive rearrangement + to remove a single element. + + Namespace handling has also been improved. All ``xmlns:<whatever>`` + declarations are now output on the root element, not scattered throughout + the resulting XML. You can set the default namespace for a tree + by setting the :attr:`default_namespace` attribute and can + register new prefixes with :meth:`register_namespace`. In XML mode, + you can use the true/false *xml_declaration* parameter to suppress the + XML declaration. + +* New :class:`Element` method: :meth:`extend` appends the items from a + sequence to the element's children. Elements themselves behave like + sequences, so it's easy to move children from one element to + another:: + + from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET + + t = ET.XML("""<list> + <item>1</item> <item>2</item> <item>3</item> + </list>""") + new = ET.XML('<root/>') + new.extend(t) + + # Outputs <root><item>1</item>...</root> + print ET.tostring(new) + +* New :class:`Element` method: :meth:`iter` yields the children of the + element as a generator. It's also possible to write ``for child in + elem:`` to loop over an element's children. The existing method + :meth:`getiterator` is now deprecated, as is :meth:`getchildren` + which constructs and returns a list of children. + +* New :class:`Element` method: :meth:`itertext` yields all chunks of + text that are descendants of the element. For example:: + + t = ET.XML("""<list> + <item>1</item> <item>2</item> <item>3</item> + </list>""") + + # Outputs ['\n ', '1', ' ', '2', ' ', '3', '\n'] + print list(t.itertext()) + +* Deprecated: using an element as a Boolean (i.e., ``if elem:``) would + return true if the element had any children, or false if there were + no children. This behaviour is confusing -- ``None`` is false, but + so is a childless element? -- so it will now trigger a + :exc:`FutureWarning`. In your code, you should be explicit: write + ``len(elem) != 0`` if you're interested in the number of children, + or ``elem is not None``. + +Fredrik Lundh develops ElementTree and produced the 1.3 version; +you can read his article describing 1.3 at +http://effbot.org/zone/elementtree-13-intro.htm. +Florent Xicluna updated the version included with +Python, after discussions on python-dev and in :issue:`6472`.) .. ====================================================================== @@ -1528,9 +2046,9 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: <http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__. When you begin debugging an executable program P, GDB will look for a file named ``P-gdb.py`` and automatically read it. Dave Malcolm - contributed a :file:`python-gdb.py` that adds a number of useful - commands when debugging Python itself. For example, there are - ``py-up`` and ``py-down`` that go up or down one Python stack frame, + contributed a :file:`python-gdb.py` that adds a number of + commands useful when debugging Python itself. For example, + ``py-up`` and ``py-down`` go up or down one Python stack frame, which usually corresponds to several C stack frames. ``py-print`` prints the value of a Python variable, and ``py-bt`` prints the Python stack trace. (Added as a result of :issue:`8032`.) @@ -1543,11 +2061,11 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: * :cfunc:`Py_AddPendingCall` is now thread-safe, letting any worker thread submit notifications to the main Python thread. This is particularly useful for asynchronous IO operations. - (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`4293`.) + (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`4293`.) * New function: :cfunc:`PyCode_NewEmpty` creates an empty code object; only the filename, function name, and first line number are required. - This is useful to extension modules that are attempting to + This is useful for extension modules that are attempting to construct a more useful traceback stack. Previously such extensions needed to call :cfunc:`PyCode_New`, which had many more arguments. (Added by Jeffrey Yasskin.) @@ -1555,7 +2073,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: * New function: :cfunc:`PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc` creates a new exception class, just as the existing :cfunc:`PyErr_NewException` does, but takes an extra ``char *`` argument containing the docstring for the - new exception class. (Added by the 'lekma' user on the Python bug tracker; + new exception class. (Added by 'lekma' on the Python bug tracker; :issue:`7033`.) * New function: :cfunc:`PyFrame_GetLineNumber` takes a frame object @@ -1576,6 +2094,28 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: :cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_strtod` and :cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_atof` functions are now deprecated. +* New function: :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` sets the value of + ``sys.argv`` and can optionally update ``sys.path`` to include the + directory containing the script named by ``sys.argv[0]`` depending + on the value of an *updatepath* parameter. + + This function was added to close a security hole for applications + that embed Python. The old function, :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv`, would + always update ``sys.path``, and sometimes it would add the current + directory. This meant that, if you ran an application embedding + Python in a directory controlled by someone else, attackers could + put a Trojan-horse module in the directory (say, a file named + :file:`os.py`) that your application would then import and run. + + If you maintain a C/C++ application that embeds Python, check + whether you're calling :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` and carefully consider + whether the application should be using :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` + with *updatepath* set to false. + + Security issue reported as `CVE-2008-5983 + <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_; + discussed in :issue:`5753`, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou. + * New macros: the Python header files now define the following macros: :cmacro:`Py_ISALNUM`, :cmacro:`Py_ISALPHA`, @@ -1594,9 +2134,14 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: .. XXX these macros don't seem to be described in the c-api docs. +* Removed function: :cmacro:`PyEval_CallObject` is now only available + as a macro. A function version was being kept around to preserve + ABI linking compatibility, but that was in 1997; it can certainly be + deleted by now. (Removed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8276`.) + * New format codes: the :cfunc:`PyFormat_FromString`, - :cfunc:`PyFormat_FromStringV`, and :cfunc:`PyErr_Format` now - accepts ``%lld`` and ``%llu`` format codes for displaying values of + :cfunc:`PyFormat_FromStringV`, and :cfunc:`PyErr_Format` functions now + accept ``%lld`` and ``%llu`` format codes for displaying C's :ctype:`long long` types. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`7228`.) @@ -1610,7 +2155,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: ever release the lock, since the other threads weren't replicated, and the child process would no longer be able to perform imports. - Python 2.7 now acquires the import lock before performing an + Python 2.7 acquires the import lock before performing an :func:`os.fork`, and will also clean up any locks created using the :mod:`threading` module. C extension modules that have internal locks, or that call :cfunc:`fork()` themselves, will not benefit @@ -1623,6 +2168,12 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: being raised when an interpreter shuts down. (Patch by Adam Olsen; :issue:`1722344`.) +* When using the :ctype:`PyMemberDef` structure to define attributes + of a type, Python will no longer let you try to delete or set a + :const:`T_STRING_INPLACE` attribute. + + .. rev 79644 + * Global symbols defined by the :mod:`ctypes` module are now prefixed with ``Py``, or with ``_ctypes``. (Implemented by Thomas Heller; :issue:`3102`.) @@ -1631,15 +2182,15 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: building the :mod:`pyexpat` module to use the system Expat library. (Contributed by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`7609`.) -* New configure option: compiling Python with the +* New configure option: the :option:`--with-valgrind` option will now disable the pymalloc allocator, which is difficult for the Valgrind memory-error detector to analyze correctly. Valgrind will therefore be better at detecting memory leaks and overruns. (Contributed by James Henstridge; :issue:`2422`.) -* New configure option: you can now supply no arguments to - :option:`--with-dbmliborder=` in order to build none of the various +* New configure option: you can now supply an empty string to + :option:`--with-dbmliborder=` in order to disable all of the various DBM modules. (Added by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`6491`.) @@ -1660,6 +2211,52 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`6094`.) +.. _whatsnew27-capsules: + +Capsules +------------------- + +Python 3.1 adds a new C datatype, :ctype:`PyCapsule`, for providing a +C API to an extension module. A capsule is essentially the holder of +a C ``void *`` pointer, and is made available as a module attribute; for +example, the :mod:`socket` module's API is exposed as ``socket.CAPI``, +and :mod:`unicodedata` exposes ``ucnhash_CAPI``. Other extensions +can import the module, access its dictionary to get the capsule +object, and then get the ``void *`` pointer, which will usually point +to an array of pointers to the module's various API functions. + +There is an existing data type already used for this, +:ctype:`PyCObject`, but it doesn't provide type safety. Evil code +written in pure Python could cause a segmentation fault by taking a +:ctype:`PyCObject` from module A and somehow substituting it for the +:ctype:`PyCObject` in module B. Capsules know their own name, +and getting the pointer requires providing the name:: + + void *vtable; + + if (!PyCapsule_IsValid(capsule, "mymodule.CAPI") { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "argument type invalid"); + return NULL; + } + + vtable = PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, "mymodule.CAPI"); + +You are assured that ``vtable`` points to whatever you're expecting. +If a different capsule was passed in, :cfunc:`PyCapsule_IsValid` would +detect the mismatched name and return false. Refer to +:ref:`using-capsules` for more information on using these objects. + +Python 2.7 now uses capsules internally to provide various +extension-module APIs, but the :cfunc:`PyCObject_AsVoidPtr` was +modified to handle capsules, preserving compile-time compatibility +with the :ctype:`CObject` interface. Use of +:cfunc:`PyCObject_AsVoidPtr` will signal a +:exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning`, which is silent by default. + +Implemented in Python 3.1 and backported to 2.7 by Larry Hastings; +discussed in :issue:`5630`. + + .. ====================================================================== Port-Specific Changes: Windows @@ -1672,16 +2269,24 @@ Port-Specific Changes: Windows and :data:`LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX`. (Contributed by David Cournapeau; :issue:`4365`.) +* The :mod:`_winreg` module for accessing the registry now implements + the :func:`CreateKeyEx` and :func:`DeleteKeyEx` functions, extended + versions of previously-supported functions that take several extra + arguments. The :func:`DisableReflectionKey`, + :func:`EnableReflectionKey`, and :func:`QueryReflectionKey` were also + tested and documented. + (Implemented by Brian Curtin: :issue:`7347`.) + * The new :cfunc:`_beginthreadex` API is used to start threads, and the native thread-local storage functions are now used. - (Contributed by Kristjan Valur Jonsson; :issue:`3582`.) + (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`3582`.) * The :func:`os.kill` function now works on Windows. The signal value can be the constants :const:`CTRL_C_EVENT`, - :const:`CTRL_BREAK_EVENT`, or any integer. The Control-C and - Control-Break keystroke events can be sent to subprocesses; any - other value will use the :cfunc:`TerminateProcess` API. - (Contributed by Miki Tebeka; :issue:`1220212`.) + :const:`CTRL_BREAK_EVENT`, or any integer. The first two constants + will send Control-C and Control-Break keystroke events to + subprocesses; any other value will use the :cfunc:`TerminateProcess` + API. (Contributed by Miki Tebeka; :issue:`1220212`.) * The :func:`os.listdir` function now correctly fails for an empty path. (Fixed by Hirokazu Yamamoto; :issue:`5913`.) @@ -1700,18 +2305,29 @@ Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X installation and a user-installed copy of the same version. (Changed by Ronald Oussoren; :issue:`4865`.) +Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD +----------------------------------- + +* FreeBSD 7.1's :const:`SO_SETFIB` constant, used with + :func:`~socket.getsockopt`/:func:`~socket.setsockopt` to select an + alternate routing table, is now available in the :mod:`socket` + module. (Added by Kyle VanderBeek; :issue:`8235`.) Other Changes and Fixes ======================= * Two benchmark scripts, :file:`iobench` and :file:`ccbench`, were added to the :file:`Tools` directory. :file:`iobench` measures the - speed of built-in file I/O objects (as returned by :func:`open`) + speed of the built-in file I/O objects returned by :func:`open` while performing various operations, and :file:`ccbench` is a concurrency benchmark that tries to measure computing throughput, thread switching latency, and IO processing bandwidth when performing several tasks using a varying number of threads. +* The :file:`Tools/i18n/msgfmt.py` script now understands plural + forms in :file:`.po` files. (Fixed by Martin von Löwis; + :issue:`5464`.) + * When importing a module from a :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo` file with an existing :file:`.py` counterpart, the :attr:`co_filename` attributes of the resulting code objects are overwritten when the @@ -1747,14 +2363,13 @@ Porting to Python 2.7 This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code: -* When using :class:`Decimal` instances with a string's - :meth:`format` method, the default alignment was previously - left-alignment. This has been changed to right-alignment, which might - change the output of your programs. - (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.) +* The :func:`range` function processes its arguments more + consistently; it will now call :meth:`__int__` on non-float, + non-integer arguments that are supplied to it. (Fixed by Alexander + Belopolsky; :issue:`1533`.) - Another :meth:`format`-related change: the default precision used - for floating-point and complex numbers was changed from 6 decimal +* The string :meth:`format` method changed the default precision used + for floating-point and complex numbers from 6 decimal places to 12, which matches the precision used by :func:`str`. (Changed by Eric Smith; :issue:`5920`.) @@ -1764,18 +2379,79 @@ that may require changes to your code: affects new-style classes (derived from :class:`object`) and C extension types. (:issue:`6101`.) -* The :meth:`readline` method of :class:`StringIO` objects now does - nothing when a negative length is requested, as other file-like - objects do. (:issue:`7348`). +* Due to a bug in Python 2.6, the *exc_value* parameter to + :meth:`__exit__` methods was often the string representation of the + exception, not an instance. This was fixed in 2.7, so *exc_value* + will be an instance as expected. (Fixed by Florent Xicluna; + :issue:`7853`.) + +* When a restricted set of attributes were set using ``__slots__``, + deleting an unset attribute would not raise :exc:`AttributeError` + as you would expect. Fixed by Benjamin Peterson; :issue:`7604`.) In the standard library: +* Operations with :class:`datetime` instances that resulted in a year + falling outside the supported range didn't always raise + :exc:`OverflowError`. Such errors are now checked more carefully + and will now raise the exception. (Reported by Mark Leander, patch + by Anand B. Pillai and Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`7150`.) + +* When using :class:`Decimal` instances with a string's + :meth:`format` method, the default alignment was previously + left-alignment. This has been changed to right-alignment, which might + change the output of your programs. + (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.) + + Comparisons involving a signaling NaN value (or ``sNAN``) now signal + :const:`InvalidOperation` instead of silently returning a true or + false value depending on the comparison operator. Quiet NaN values + (or ``NaN``) are now hashable. (Fixed by Mark Dickinson; + :issue:`7279`.) + * The ElementTree library, :mod:`xml.etree`, no longer escapes ampersands and angle brackets when outputting an XML processing instruction (which looks like `<?xml-stylesheet href="#style1"?>`) or comment (which looks like `<!-- comment -->`). (Patch by Neil Muller; :issue:`2746`.) +* The :meth:`readline` method of :class:`StringIO` objects now does + nothing when a negative length is requested, as other file-like + objects do. (:issue:`7348`). + +* The :mod:`syslog` module will now use the value of ``sys.argv[0]`` as the + identifier instead of the previous default value of ``'python'``. + (Changed by Sean Reifschneider; :issue:`8451`.) + +* The :mod:`tarfile` module's default error handling has changed, to + no longer suppress fatal errors. The default error level was previously 0, + which meant that errors would only result in a message being written to the + debug log, but because the debug log is not activated by default, + these errors go unnoticed. The default error level is now 1, + which raises an exception if there's an error. + (Changed by Lars Gustäbel; :issue:`7357`.) + +* The :mod:`urlparse` module's :func:`~urlparse.urlsplit` now handles + unknown URL schemes in a fashion compliant with :rfc:`3986`: if the + URL is of the form ``"<something>://..."``, the text before the + ``://`` is treated as the scheme, even if it's a made-up scheme that + the module doesn't know about. This change may break code that + worked around the old behaviour. For example, Python 2.6.4 or 2.5 + will return the following: + + >>> import urlparse + >>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query') + ('invented', '', '//host/filename?query', '', '') + + Python 2.7 (and Python 2.6.5) will return: + + >>> import urlparse + >>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query') + ('invented', 'host', '/filename?query', '', '') + + (Python 2.7 actually produces slightly different output, since it + returns a named tuple instead of a standard tuple.) + For C extensions: * C extensions that use integer format codes with the ``PyArg_Parse*`` @@ -1786,6 +2462,14 @@ For C extensions: :cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_strtod` and :cfunc:`PyOS_ascii_atof` functions, which are now deprecated. +For applications that embed Python: + +* The :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` function was added, letting + applications close a security hole when the existing + :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` function was used. Check whether you're + calling :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` and carefully consider whether the + application should be using :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with + *updatepath* set to false. .. ====================================================================== @@ -1797,5 +2481,6 @@ Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following people for offering suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this -article: Ryan Lovett, R. David Murray, Hugh Secker-Walker. +article: Nick Coghlan, Philip Jenvey, Ryan Lovett, R. David Murray, +Hugh Secker-Walker. diff --git a/Lib/urllib/parse.py b/Lib/urllib/parse.py index b39fc25..0b96b5b 100644 --- a/Lib/urllib/parse.py +++ b/Lib/urllib/parse.py @@ -8,21 +8,22 @@ and L. Masinter, January 2005. RFC 2732 : "Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's by R.Hinden, B.Carpenter and L.Masinter, December 1999. -RFC2396: "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)": Generic Syntax by T. +RFC 2396: "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)": Generic Syntax by T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, and L. Masinter, August 1998. -RFC2368: "The mailto URL scheme", by P.Hoffman , L Masinter, J. Zwinski, July 1998. +RFC 2368: "The mailto URL scheme", by P.Hoffman , L Masinter, J. Zwinski, July 1998. RFC 1808: "Relative Uniform Resource Locators", by R. Fielding, UC Irvine, June 1995. -RFC1738: "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" by T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M. +RFC 1738: "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" by T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M. McCahill, December 1994 -RFC 3986 is considered the current standard and any changes to urlparse module -should conform to this. urlparse module is not entirely compliant with this. -The defacto scenarios of parsing are considered sometimes and for backward -compatiblity purposes, older RFC uses of parsing are retained. The testcases in +RFC 3986 is considered the current standard and any future changes to +urlparse module should conform with it. The urlparse module is +currently not entirely compliant with this RFC due to defacto +scenarios for parsing, and for backward compatibility purposes, some +parsing quirks from older RFCs are retained. The testcases in test_urlparse.py provides a good indicator of parsing behavior. """ diff --git a/Modules/datetimemodule.c b/Modules/datetimemodule.c index 507d2bb..d31aab6 100644 --- a/Modules/datetimemodule.c +++ b/Modules/datetimemodule.c @@ -3277,7 +3277,8 @@ static PyMethodDef tzinfo_methods[] = { PyDoc_STR("datetime -> DST offset in minutes east of UTC.")}, {"fromutc", (PyCFunction)tzinfo_fromutc, METH_O, - PyDoc_STR("datetime in UTC -> datetime in local time.")}, + PyDoc_STR("datetime -> timedelta showing offset from UTC, negative " + "values indicating West of UTC")}, {"__reduce__", (PyCFunction)tzinfo_reduce, METH_NOARGS, PyDoc_STR("-> (cls, state)")}, |