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| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref3.tex | 58 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref4.tex | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref/ref8.tex | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref3.tex | 58 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref4.tex | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/ref8.tex | 1 |
6 files changed, 130 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref3.tex b/Doc/ref/ref3.tex index 56bf8e1..63e91d0 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref3.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref3.tex @@ -585,6 +585,7 @@ method named \verb@__getitem__@, and \verb@x@ is an instance of this class, then \verb@x[i]@ is equivalent to \verb@x.__getitem__(i)@. (The reverse is not true --- if \verb@x@ is a list object, \verb@x.__getitem__(i)@ is not equivalent to \verb@x[i]@.) +\ttindex{__getitem__} Except for \verb@__repr__@, \verb@__str__@ and \verb@__cmp__@, attempts to execute an @@ -594,6 +595,9 @@ object's class and address. For \verb@__cmp__@, the default is to compare instances based on their address. For \verb@__str__@, the default is to use \verb@__repr__@. +\ttindex{__repr__} +\ttindex{__str__} +\ttindex{__cmp__} \subsection{Special methods for any type} @@ -606,6 +610,9 @@ to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an \code{__init__} method the derived class's \code{__init__} method must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the base class part of the instance. +\ttindex{__init__} +\indexii{class}{constructor} + \item[{\tt __del__(self)}] Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. If a base class @@ -617,6 +624,8 @@ reference to it. It may then be called at a later time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that \code{__del__} methods are called for objects that still exist when the interpreter exits. +\ttindex{__del__} +\stindex{del} Note that \code{del x} doesn't directly call \code{x.__del__} --- the former decrements the reference count for \code{x} by one, but @@ -625,6 +634,8 @@ former decrements the reference count for \code{x} by one, but \item[{\tt __repr__(self)}] Called by the \verb@repr()@ built-in function and by string conversions (reverse or backward quotes) to compute the string representation of an object. +\ttindex{__repr__} +\bifuncindex{repr} \indexii{string}{conversion} \indexii{reverse}{quotes} \indexii{backward}{quotes} @@ -633,6 +644,9 @@ Called by the \verb@repr()@ built-in function and by string conversions \item[{\tt __str__(self)}] Called by the \verb@str()@ built-in function and by the \verb@print@ statement compute the string representation of an object. +\ttindex{__str__} +\bifuncindex{str} +\stindex{print} \item[{\tt __cmp__(self, other)}] Called by all comparison operations. Should return -1 if @@ -642,6 +656,9 @@ instances are compared by object identity (``address''). (Implementation note: due to limitations in the interpreter, exceptions raised by comparisons are ignored, and the objects will be considered equal in this case.) +\ttindex{__cmp__} +\bifuncindex{cmp} +\index{comparisons} \item[{\tt __hash__(self)}] Called for the key object for dictionary operations, @@ -659,9 +676,14 @@ implements a \code{__cmp__} method it should not implement \code{__hash__}, since the dictionary implementation assumes that a key's hash value is a constant. \obindex{dictionary} +\ttindex{__cmp__} +\ttindex{__hash__} +\bifuncindex{hash} \item[{\tt __call__(self, *args)}] Called when the instance is ``called'' as a function. +\ttindex{__call__} +\indexii{call}{instance} \end{description} @@ -677,6 +699,7 @@ access for class instances. Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found in the class tree for \code{self}). \code{name} is the attribute name. +\ttindex{__getattr__} Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism, \code{__getattr__} is not called. (This is an asymmetry between @@ -687,22 +710,26 @@ instance. Note that at least for instance variables, \code{__getattr__} can fake total control by simply not inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary. +\ttindex{__setattr__} \item[{\tt __setattr__(self, name, value)}] Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value as an instance attribute). \code{name} is the attribute name, \code{value} is the value to be assigned to it. +\ttindex{__setattr__} If \code{__setattr__} wants to assign to an instance attribute, it should not simply execute \code{self.\var{name} = value} --- this would cause a recursive call. Instead, it should insert the value in the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g. \code{self.__dict__[name] = value}. +\ttindex{__dict__} \item[{\tt __delattr__(self, name)}] Like \code{__setattr__} but for attribute deletion instead of assignment. +\ttindex{__delattr__} \end{description} @@ -716,19 +743,23 @@ Called to implement the built-in function \verb@len()@. Should return the length of the object, an integer \verb@>=@ 0. Also, an object whose \verb@__len__()@ method returns 0 is considered to be false in a Boolean context. +\ttindex{__len__} \item[{\tt __getitem__(self, key)}] Called to implement evaluation of \verb@self[key]@. Note that the special interpretation of negative keys (if the class wishes to emulate a sequence type) is up to the \verb@__getitem__@ method. +\ttindex{__getitem__} \item[{\tt __setitem__(self, key, value)}] Called to implement assignment to \verb@self[key]@. Same note as for \verb@__getitem__@. +\ttindex{__setitem__} \item[{\tt __delitem__(self, key)}] Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[key]@. Same note as for \verb@__getitem__@. +\ttindex{__delitem__} \end{description} @@ -743,14 +774,17 @@ Called to implement evaluation of \verb@self[i:j]@. Note that missing respectively, and \verb@len(self)@ has been added (once) to originally negative \verb@i@ or \verb@j@ by the time this function is called (unlike for \verb@__getitem__@). +\ttindex{__getslice__} \item[{\tt __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence)}] Called to implement assignment to \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for \verb@__getslice__@. +\ttindex{__setslice__} \item[{\tt __delslice__(self, i, j)}] Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for \verb@__getslice__@. +\ttindex{__delslice__} \end{description} @@ -774,6 +808,18 @@ Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for Called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (\verb@+@, \verb@-@, \verb@*@, \verb@/@, \verb@%@, \verb@divmod()@, \verb@pow()@, \verb@<<@, \verb@>>@, \verb@&@, \verb@^@, \verb@|@). +\ttindex{__or__} +\ttindex{__xor__} +\ttindex{__and__} +\ttindex{__rshift__} +\ttindex{__lshift__} +\ttindex{__pow__} +\ttindex{__divmod__} +\ttindex{__mod__} +\ttindex{__div__} +\ttindex{__mul__} +\ttindex{__sub__} +\ttindex{__add__} \item[{\tt __neg__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __pos__(self)}]\itemjoin @@ -781,10 +827,15 @@ Called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (\verb@+@, \item[{\tt __invert__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations (\verb@-@, \verb@+@, \verb@abs()@ and \verb@~@). +\ttindex{__invert__} +\ttindex{__abs__} +\ttindex{__pos__} +\ttindex{__neg__} \item[{\tt __nonzero__(self)}] Called to implement boolean testing; should return 0 or 1. An alternative name for this method is \verb@__len__@. +\ttindex{__nonzero__} \item[{\tt __coerce__(self, other)}] Called to implement ``mixed-mode'' numeric arithmetic. Should either @@ -794,6 +845,7 @@ would be the type of other, it is sufficient to return None, since the interpreter will also ask the other object to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to the other type here). +\ttindex{__coerce__} Note that this method is not called to coerce the arguments to \verb@+@ and \verb@*@, because these are also used to implement sequence @@ -803,16 +855,22 @@ same reason, in \verb@n*x@, where \verb@n@ is a built-in number and \footnote{The interpreter should really distinguish between user-defined classes implementing sequences, mappings or numbers, but currently it doesn't --- hence this strange exception.} +\ttindex{__mul__} \item[{\tt __int__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __long__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __float__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the built-in functions \verb@int()@, \verb@long()@ and \verb@float()@. Should return a value of the appropriate type. +\ttindex{__float__} +\ttindex{__long__} +\ttindex{__int__} \item[{\tt __oct__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __hex__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the built-in functions \verb@oct()@ and \verb@hex()@. Should return a string value. +\ttindex{__hex__} +\ttindex{__oct__} \end{description} diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref4.tex b/Doc/ref/ref4.tex index 151b0ae..e4f3c2c 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref4.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref4.tex @@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ construct {\tt from \ldots import *}, the semantics of names not explicitly mentioned in a {\tt global} statement change subtly: name lookup first searches the local name space, then the global one, then the built-in one.} +\bimodindex{__builtin__} +\stindex{from} +\stindex{exec} +\stindex{global} +\ttindex{NameError} The following table lists the meaning of the local and global name space for various types of code blocks. The name space for a @@ -107,6 +112,7 @@ Expression read by \verb@input@ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} +\bimodindex{__main__} Notes: diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref8.tex b/Doc/ref/ref8.tex index 1ae61ed..a9e688a 100644 --- a/Doc/ref/ref8.tex +++ b/Doc/ref/ref8.tex @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ one statement (possibly compound) at a time. The initial environment is identical to that of a complete program; each statement is executed in the name space of \verb@__main__@. \index{interactive mode} +\bimodindex{__main__} Under {\UNIX}, a complete program can be passed to the interpreter in three forms: with the {\bf -c} {\it string} command line option, as a diff --git a/Doc/ref3.tex b/Doc/ref3.tex index 56bf8e1..63e91d0 100644 --- a/Doc/ref3.tex +++ b/Doc/ref3.tex @@ -585,6 +585,7 @@ method named \verb@__getitem__@, and \verb@x@ is an instance of this class, then \verb@x[i]@ is equivalent to \verb@x.__getitem__(i)@. (The reverse is not true --- if \verb@x@ is a list object, \verb@x.__getitem__(i)@ is not equivalent to \verb@x[i]@.) +\ttindex{__getitem__} Except for \verb@__repr__@, \verb@__str__@ and \verb@__cmp__@, attempts to execute an @@ -594,6 +595,9 @@ object's class and address. For \verb@__cmp__@, the default is to compare instances based on their address. For \verb@__str__@, the default is to use \verb@__repr__@. +\ttindex{__repr__} +\ttindex{__str__} +\ttindex{__cmp__} \subsection{Special methods for any type} @@ -606,6 +610,9 @@ to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an \code{__init__} method the derived class's \code{__init__} method must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the base class part of the instance. +\ttindex{__init__} +\indexii{class}{constructor} + \item[{\tt __del__(self)}] Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. If a base class @@ -617,6 +624,8 @@ reference to it. It may then be called at a later time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that \code{__del__} methods are called for objects that still exist when the interpreter exits. +\ttindex{__del__} +\stindex{del} Note that \code{del x} doesn't directly call \code{x.__del__} --- the former decrements the reference count for \code{x} by one, but @@ -625,6 +634,8 @@ former decrements the reference count for \code{x} by one, but \item[{\tt __repr__(self)}] Called by the \verb@repr()@ built-in function and by string conversions (reverse or backward quotes) to compute the string representation of an object. +\ttindex{__repr__} +\bifuncindex{repr} \indexii{string}{conversion} \indexii{reverse}{quotes} \indexii{backward}{quotes} @@ -633,6 +644,9 @@ Called by the \verb@repr()@ built-in function and by string conversions \item[{\tt __str__(self)}] Called by the \verb@str()@ built-in function and by the \verb@print@ statement compute the string representation of an object. +\ttindex{__str__} +\bifuncindex{str} +\stindex{print} \item[{\tt __cmp__(self, other)}] Called by all comparison operations. Should return -1 if @@ -642,6 +656,9 @@ instances are compared by object identity (``address''). (Implementation note: due to limitations in the interpreter, exceptions raised by comparisons are ignored, and the objects will be considered equal in this case.) +\ttindex{__cmp__} +\bifuncindex{cmp} +\index{comparisons} \item[{\tt __hash__(self)}] Called for the key object for dictionary operations, @@ -659,9 +676,14 @@ implements a \code{__cmp__} method it should not implement \code{__hash__}, since the dictionary implementation assumes that a key's hash value is a constant. \obindex{dictionary} +\ttindex{__cmp__} +\ttindex{__hash__} +\bifuncindex{hash} \item[{\tt __call__(self, *args)}] Called when the instance is ``called'' as a function. +\ttindex{__call__} +\indexii{call}{instance} \end{description} @@ -677,6 +699,7 @@ access for class instances. Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found in the class tree for \code{self}). \code{name} is the attribute name. +\ttindex{__getattr__} Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism, \code{__getattr__} is not called. (This is an asymmetry between @@ -687,22 +710,26 @@ instance. Note that at least for instance variables, \code{__getattr__} can fake total control by simply not inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary. +\ttindex{__setattr__} \item[{\tt __setattr__(self, name, value)}] Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value as an instance attribute). \code{name} is the attribute name, \code{value} is the value to be assigned to it. +\ttindex{__setattr__} If \code{__setattr__} wants to assign to an instance attribute, it should not simply execute \code{self.\var{name} = value} --- this would cause a recursive call. Instead, it should insert the value in the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g. \code{self.__dict__[name] = value}. +\ttindex{__dict__} \item[{\tt __delattr__(self, name)}] Like \code{__setattr__} but for attribute deletion instead of assignment. +\ttindex{__delattr__} \end{description} @@ -716,19 +743,23 @@ Called to implement the built-in function \verb@len()@. Should return the length of the object, an integer \verb@>=@ 0. Also, an object whose \verb@__len__()@ method returns 0 is considered to be false in a Boolean context. +\ttindex{__len__} \item[{\tt __getitem__(self, key)}] Called to implement evaluation of \verb@self[key]@. Note that the special interpretation of negative keys (if the class wishes to emulate a sequence type) is up to the \verb@__getitem__@ method. +\ttindex{__getitem__} \item[{\tt __setitem__(self, key, value)}] Called to implement assignment to \verb@self[key]@. Same note as for \verb@__getitem__@. +\ttindex{__setitem__} \item[{\tt __delitem__(self, key)}] Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[key]@. Same note as for \verb@__getitem__@. +\ttindex{__delitem__} \end{description} @@ -743,14 +774,17 @@ Called to implement evaluation of \verb@self[i:j]@. Note that missing respectively, and \verb@len(self)@ has been added (once) to originally negative \verb@i@ or \verb@j@ by the time this function is called (unlike for \verb@__getitem__@). +\ttindex{__getslice__} \item[{\tt __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence)}] Called to implement assignment to \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for \verb@__getslice__@. +\ttindex{__setslice__} \item[{\tt __delslice__(self, i, j)}] Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for \verb@__getslice__@. +\ttindex{__delslice__} \end{description} @@ -774,6 +808,18 @@ Called to implement deletion of \verb@self[i:j]@. Same notes as for Called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (\verb@+@, \verb@-@, \verb@*@, \verb@/@, \verb@%@, \verb@divmod()@, \verb@pow()@, \verb@<<@, \verb@>>@, \verb@&@, \verb@^@, \verb@|@). +\ttindex{__or__} +\ttindex{__xor__} +\ttindex{__and__} +\ttindex{__rshift__} +\ttindex{__lshift__} +\ttindex{__pow__} +\ttindex{__divmod__} +\ttindex{__mod__} +\ttindex{__div__} +\ttindex{__mul__} +\ttindex{__sub__} +\ttindex{__add__} \item[{\tt __neg__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __pos__(self)}]\itemjoin @@ -781,10 +827,15 @@ Called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (\verb@+@, \item[{\tt __invert__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations (\verb@-@, \verb@+@, \verb@abs()@ and \verb@~@). +\ttindex{__invert__} +\ttindex{__abs__} +\ttindex{__pos__} +\ttindex{__neg__} \item[{\tt __nonzero__(self)}] Called to implement boolean testing; should return 0 or 1. An alternative name for this method is \verb@__len__@. +\ttindex{__nonzero__} \item[{\tt __coerce__(self, other)}] Called to implement ``mixed-mode'' numeric arithmetic. Should either @@ -794,6 +845,7 @@ would be the type of other, it is sufficient to return None, since the interpreter will also ask the other object to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation of the other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to the other type here). +\ttindex{__coerce__} Note that this method is not called to coerce the arguments to \verb@+@ and \verb@*@, because these are also used to implement sequence @@ -803,16 +855,22 @@ same reason, in \verb@n*x@, where \verb@n@ is a built-in number and \footnote{The interpreter should really distinguish between user-defined classes implementing sequences, mappings or numbers, but currently it doesn't --- hence this strange exception.} +\ttindex{__mul__} \item[{\tt __int__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __long__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __float__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the built-in functions \verb@int()@, \verb@long()@ and \verb@float()@. Should return a value of the appropriate type. +\ttindex{__float__} +\ttindex{__long__} +\ttindex{__int__} \item[{\tt __oct__(self)}]\itemjoin \item[{\tt __hex__(self)}]\itembreak Called to implement the built-in functions \verb@oct()@ and \verb@hex()@. Should return a string value. +\ttindex{__hex__} +\ttindex{__oct__} \end{description} diff --git a/Doc/ref4.tex b/Doc/ref4.tex index 151b0ae..e4f3c2c 100644 --- a/Doc/ref4.tex +++ b/Doc/ref4.tex @@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ construct {\tt from \ldots import *}, the semantics of names not explicitly mentioned in a {\tt global} statement change subtly: name lookup first searches the local name space, then the global one, then the built-in one.} +\bimodindex{__builtin__} +\stindex{from} +\stindex{exec} +\stindex{global} +\ttindex{NameError} The following table lists the meaning of the local and global name space for various types of code blocks. The name space for a @@ -107,6 +112,7 @@ Expression read by \verb@input@ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} +\bimodindex{__main__} Notes: diff --git a/Doc/ref8.tex b/Doc/ref8.tex index 1ae61ed..a9e688a 100644 --- a/Doc/ref8.tex +++ b/Doc/ref8.tex @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ one statement (possibly compound) at a time. The initial environment is identical to that of a complete program; each statement is executed in the name space of \verb@__main__@. \index{interactive mode} +\bimodindex{__main__} Under {\UNIX}, a complete program can be passed to the interpreter in three forms: with the {\bf -c} {\it string} command line option, as a |