diff options
40 files changed, 1661 insertions, 5584 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py index 31d8c06..e37ef89 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py +++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ """ ISSUE_URI = 'http://bugs.python.org/issue%s' -SOURCE_URI = 'http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.4/%s' +SOURCE_URI = 'http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/default/%s' from docutils import nodes, utils diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv index 1769023..7acc79b 100644 --- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv +++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/susp-ignored.csv @@ -276,9 +276,5 @@ whatsnew/3.2,,:feed,>>> urllib.parse.urlparse('http://[dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe: whatsnew/3.2,,:gz,">>> with tarfile.open(name='myarchive.tar.gz', mode='w:gz') as tf:" whatsnew/3.2,,:location,zope9-location = ${zope9:location} whatsnew/3.2,,:prefix,zope-conf = ${custom:prefix}/etc/zope.conf -whatsnew/changelog,,:platform,:platform: whatsnew/changelog,,:gz,": TarFile opened with external fileobj and ""w:gz"" mode didn't" -whatsnew/changelog,,:PythonCmd,"With Tk < 8.5 _tkinter.c:PythonCmd() raised UnicodeDecodeError, caused" -whatsnew/changelog,,::,": Fix FTP tests for IPv6, bind to ""::1"" instead of ""localhost""." whatsnew/changelog,,::,": Use ""127.0.0.1"" or ""::1"" instead of ""localhost"" as much as" -whatsnew/changelog,,:password,user:password diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst b/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst index c182511..38d2773 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ Using the Python Interpreter Invoking the Interpreter ======================== -The Python interpreter is usually installed as :file:`/usr/local/bin/python3.4` +The Python interpreter is usually installed as :file:`/usr/local/bin/python3.5` on those machines where it is available; putting :file:`/usr/local/bin` in your Unix shell's search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command: .. code-block:: text - python3.4 + python3.5 to the shell. [#]_ Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives is an installation option, other places are possible; check with your local @@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ Python guru or system administrator. (E.g., :file:`/usr/local/python` is a popular alternative location.) On Windows machines, the Python installation is usually placed in -:file:`C:\\Python34`, though you can change this when you're running the +:file:`C:\\Python35`, though you can change this when you're running the installer. To add this directory to your path, you can type the following command into the command prompt in a DOS box:: - set path=%path%;C:\python34 + set path=%path%;C:\python35 Typing an end-of-file character (:kbd:`Control-D` on Unix, :kbd:`Control-Z` on Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit @@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ with the *secondary prompt*, by default three dots (``...``). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice before printing the first prompt:: - $ python3.4 - Python 3.4 (default, Sep 24 2012, 09:25:04) + $ python3.5 + Python 3.5 (default, Sep 24 2012, 09:25:04) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Executable Python Scripts On BSD'ish Unix systems, Python scripts can be made directly executable, like shell scripts, by putting the line :: - #! /usr/bin/env python3.4 + #! /usr/bin/env python3.5 (assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst index 2e3ed18..8db2c01 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ operating system:: >>> import os >>> os.getcwd() # Return the current working directory - 'C:\\Python34' + 'C:\\Python35' >>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs') # Change current working directory >>> os.system('mkdir today') # Run the command mkdir in the system shell 0 diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib2.rst b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib2.rst index c0197ea..497c584 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib2.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib2.rst @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ applications include caching objects that are expensive to create:: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> d['primary'] # entry was automatically removed - File "C:/python34/lib/weakref.py", line 46, in __getitem__ + File "C:/python35/lib/weakref.py", line 46, in __getitem__ o = self.data[key]() KeyError: 'primary' diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c044ae --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +**************************** + What's New In Python 3.5 +**************************** + +:Release: |release| +:Date: |today| + +.. Rules for maintenance: + + * Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time + on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably + get rewritten to some degree. + + * The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add + changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to + Misc/NEWS than to this file. + + * This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness + is the purpose of Misc/NEWS. Some changes I consider too small + or esoteric to include. If such a change is added to the text, + I'll just remove it. (This is another reason you shouldn't spend + too much time on writing your addition.) + + * If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the + maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or + section. + + * It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change. For + example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the + socket module." The maintainer will research the change and + write the necessary text. + + * You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not + necessary (especially when a final release is some months away). + + * Credit the author of a patch or bugfix. Just the name is + sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary. + + * It's helpful to add the bug/patch number as a comment: + + XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket + module. + (Contributed by P.Y. Developer in :issue:`12345`.) + + This saves the maintainer the effort of going through the Mercurial log + when researching a change. + +This article explains the new features in Python 3.5, compared to 3.4. + +For full details, see the :source:`Misc/NEWS` file. + +.. note:: Prerelease users should be aware that this document is currently in + draft form. It will be updated substantially as Python 3.5 moves towards + release, so it's worth checking back even after reading earlier versions. + + +.. seealso:: + + .. :pep:`4XX` - Python 3.5 Release Schedule + + +Summary -- Release highlights +============================= + +.. This section singles out the most important changes in Python 3.3. + Brevity is key. + +New syntax features: + +* None yet. + +New library modules: + +* None yet. + +New built-in features: + +* None yet. + +Implementation improvements: + +* When the ``LC_TYPE`` locale is the POSIX locale (``C`` locale), + :py:data:`sys.stdin` and :py:data:`sys.stdout` are now using the + ``surrogateescape`` error handler, instead of the ``strict`` error handler + (:issue:`19977`). + +Significantly Improved Library Modules: + +* None yet. + +Security improvements: + +* None yet. + +Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes. + + +.. PEP-sized items next. + +.. _pep-4XX: + +.. PEP 4XX: Virtual Environments +.. ============================= + + +.. (Implemented by Foo Bar.) + +.. .. seealso:: + + :pep:`4XX` - Python Virtual Environments + PEP written by Carl Meyer + + + + +Other Language Changes +====================== + +Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: + +* None yet. + + + +New Modules +=========== + +.. module name +.. ----------- + +* None yet. + + +Improved Modules +================ + +* None yet. + + +Optimizations +============= + +Major performance enhancements have been added: + +* None yet. + + +Build and C API Changes +======================= + +Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include: + +* None yet. + + +Deprecated +========== + +Unsupported Operating Systems +----------------------------- + +* None yet. + + +Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods +------------------------------------------------ + +* None yet. + + +Deprecated functions and types of the C API +------------------------------------------- + +* None yet. + + +Deprecated features +------------------- + +* None yet. + + +Porting to Python 3.5 +===================== + +This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes +that may require changes to your code. + +* Nothing yet. diff --git a/Include/patchlevel.h b/Include/patchlevel.h index 72f540d..16124f5 100644 --- a/Include/patchlevel.h +++ b/Include/patchlevel.h @@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ /* Version parsed out into numeric values */ /*--start constants--*/ #define PY_MAJOR_VERSION 3 -#define PY_MINOR_VERSION 4 +#define PY_MINOR_VERSION 5 #define PY_MICRO_VERSION 0 -#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_FINAL +#define PY_RELEASE_LEVEL PY_RELEASE_LEVEL_ALPHA #define PY_RELEASE_SERIAL 0 /* Version as a string */ -#define PY_VERSION "3.4.0+" +#define PY_VERSION "3.5.0a0" /*--end constants--*/ /* Version as a single 4-byte hex number, e.g. 0x010502B2 == 1.5.2b2. diff --git a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py index 04804c1..328bea6 100644 --- a/Lib/distutils/__init__.py +++ b/Lib/distutils/__init__.py @@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ used from a setup script as # Updated automatically by the Python release process. # #--start constants-- -__version__ = "3.4.0" +__version__ = "3.5.0a0" #--end constants-- diff --git a/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py b/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py index 287eb87..95cb2ae 100644 --- a/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py +++ b/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py @@ -11,20 +11,23 @@ if not hasattr(codecs, 'code_page_encode'): ### Codec APIs encode = functools.partial(codecs.code_page_encode, 65001) -decode = functools.partial(codecs.code_page_decode, 65001) +_decode = functools.partial(codecs.code_page_decode, 65001) + +def decode(input, errors='strict'): + return codecs.code_page_decode(65001, input, errors, True) class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder): def encode(self, input, final=False): return encode(input, self.errors)[0] class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalDecoder): - _buffer_decode = decode + _buffer_decode = _decode class StreamWriter(codecs.StreamWriter): encode = encode class StreamReader(codecs.StreamReader): - decode = decode + decode = _decode ### encodings module API diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py index efe37a1..d4178b8 100644 --- a/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py +++ b/Lib/idlelib/idlever.py @@ -1 +1 @@ -IDLE_VERSION = "3.4.0" +IDLE_VERSION = "3.5.0a0" diff --git a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py index 16c911e..905c7c8 100644 --- a/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py +++ b/Lib/pydoc_data/topics.py @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- -# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Sat Mar 15 22:21:45 2014 +# Autogenerated by Sphinx on Mon Feb 10 04:20:03 2014 topics = {'assert': '\nThe "assert" statement\n**********************\n\nAssert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions\ninto a program:\n\n assert_stmt ::= "assert" expression ["," expression]\n\nThe simple form, "assert expression", is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression: raise AssertionError\n\nThe extended form, "assert expression1, expression2", is equivalent to\n\n if __debug__:\n if not expression1: raise AssertionError(expression2)\n\nThese equivalences assume that "__debug__" and "AssertionError" refer\nto the built-in variables with those names. In the current\nimplementation, the built-in variable "__debug__" is "True" under\nnormal circumstances, "False" when optimization is requested (command\nline option -O). The current code generator emits no code for an\nassert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. Note\nthat it is unnecessary to include the source code for the expression\nthat failed in the error message; it will be displayed as part of the\nstack trace.\n\nAssignments to "__debug__" are illegal. The value for the built-in\nvariable is determined when the interpreter starts.\n', 'assignment': '\nAssignment statements\n*********************\n\nAssignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to\nmodify attributes or items of mutable objects:\n\n assignment_stmt ::= (target_list "=")+ (expression_list | yield_expression)\n target_list ::= target ("," target)* [","]\n target ::= identifier\n | "(" target_list ")"\n | "[" target_list "]"\n | attributeref\n | subscription\n | slicing\n | "*" target\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that\nthis can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter\nyielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of\nthe target lists, from left to right.\n\nAssignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target\n(list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute\nreference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must\nultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and\nmay raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules\nobserved by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the\ndefinition of the object types (see section *The standard type\nhierarchy*).\n\nAssignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed in\nparentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as follows.\n\n* If the target list is a single target: The object is assigned to\n that target.\n\n* If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: The\n object must be an iterable with the same number of items as there\n are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from\n left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n * If the target list contains one target prefixed with an\n asterisk, called a "starred" target: The object must be a sequence\n with at least as many items as there are targets in the target\n list, minus one. The first items of the sequence are assigned,\n from left to right, to the targets before the starred target. The\n final items of the sequence are assigned to the targets after the\n starred target. A list of the remaining items in the sequence is\n then assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty).\n\n * Else: The object must be a sequence with the same number of\n items as there are targets in the target list, and the items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\nAssignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as\nfollows.\n\n* If the target is an identifier (name):\n\n * If the name does not occur in a "global" or "nonlocal" statement\n in the current code block: the name is bound to the object in the\n current local namespace.\n\n * Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global\n namespace or the outer namespace determined by "nonlocal",\n respectively.\n\n The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the\n reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach\n zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it\n has one) to be called.\n\n* If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or in\n square brackets: The object must be an iterable with the same number\n of items as there are targets in the target list, and its items are\n assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.\n\n* If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in\n the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with\n assignable attributes; if this is not the case, "TypeError" is\n raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to\n the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises\n an exception (usually but not necessarily "AttributeError").\n\n Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference\n occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the RHS expression,\n "a.x" can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance\n attribute exists) a class attribute. The LHS target "a.x" is always\n set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Thus, the\n two occurrences of "a.x" do not necessarily refer to the same\n attribute: if the RHS expression refers to a class attribute, the\n LHS creates a new instance attribute as the target of the\n assignment:\n\n class Cls:\n x = 3 # class variable\n inst = Cls()\n inst.x = inst.x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3\n\n This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor\n attributes, such as properties created with "property()".\n\n* If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence\n object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary).\n Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.\n\n If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the\n subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the sequence\'s\n length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative\n integer less than the sequence\'s length, and the sequence is asked\n to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. If the\n index is out of range, "IndexError" is raised (assignment to a\n subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list).\n\n If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the\n subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping\'s key type,\n and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps\n the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an\n existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new\n key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).\n\n For user-defined objects, the "__setitem__()" method is called with\n appropriate arguments.\n\n* If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the\n reference is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object\n (such as a list). The assigned object should be a sequence object\n of the same type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are\n evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the\n sequence\'s length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If\n either bound is negative, the sequence\'s length is added to it. The\n resulting bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence\'s\n length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace\n the slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of\n the slice may be different from the length of the assigned sequence,\n thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the object\n allows it.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** In the current implementation, the\nsyntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and\ninvalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing\nless detailed error messages.\n\nWARNING: Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps\nbetween the left-hand side and the right-hand side are \'safe\' (for\nexample "a, b = b, a" swaps two variables), overlaps *within* the\ncollection of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the\nfollowing program prints "[0, 2]":\n\n x = [0, 1]\n i = 0\n i, x[i] = 1, 2\n print(x)\n\nSee also: **PEP 3132** - Extended Iterable Unpacking\n\n The specification for the "*target" feature.\n\n\nAugmented assignment statements\n===============================\n\nAugmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a\nbinary operation and an assignment statement:\n\n augmented_assignment_stmt ::= augtarget augop (expression_list | yield_expression)\n augtarget ::= identifier | attributeref | subscription | slicing\n augop ::= "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "//=" | "%=" | "**="\n | ">>=" | "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|="\n\n(See section *Primaries* for the syntax definitions for the last three\nsymbols.)\n\nAn augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal\nassignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression\nlist, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment\non the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target.\nThe target is only evaluated once.\n\nAn augmented assignment expression like "x += 1" can be rewritten as\n"x = x + 1" to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the\naugmented version, "x" is only evaluated once. Also, when possible,\nthe actual operation is performed *in-place*, meaning that rather than\ncreating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object\nis modified instead.\n\nWith the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a\nsingle statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment\nstatements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly,\nwith the exception of the possible *in-place* behavior, the binary\noperation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal\nbinary operations.\n\nFor targets which are attribute references, the same *caveat about\nclass and instance attributes* applies as for regular assignments.\n', 'atom-identifiers': '\nIdentifiers (Names)\n*******************\n\nAn identifier occurring as an atom is a name. See section\n*Identifiers and keywords* for lexical definition and section *Naming\nand binding* for documentation of naming and binding.\n\nWhen the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields\nthat object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it\nraises a "NameError" exception.\n\n**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in\na class definition begins with two or more underscore characters and\ndoes not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a *private\nname* of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form\nbefore code is generated for them. The transformation inserts the\nclass name, with leading underscores removed and a single underscore\ninserted, in front of the name. For example, the identifier "__spam"\noccurring in a class named "Ham" will be transformed to "_Ham__spam".\nThis transformation is independent of the syntactical context in which\nthe identifier is used. If the transformed name is extremely long\n(longer than 255 characters), implementation defined truncation may\nhappen. If the class name consists only of underscores, no\ntransformation is done.\n', @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ topics = {'assert': '\nThe "assert" statement\n**********************\n\nAssert 'context-managers': '\nWith Statement Context Managers\n*******************************\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section *The with\nstatement*), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see *Context Manager Types*.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n', 'continue': '\nThe "continue" statement\n************************\n\n continue_stmt ::= "continue"\n\n"continue" may only occur syntactically nested in a "for" or "while"\nloop, but not nested in a function or class definition or "finally"\nclause within that loop. It continues with the next cycle of the\nnearest enclosing loop.\n\nWhen "continue" passes control out of a "try" statement with a\n"finally" clause, that "finally" clause is executed before really\nstarting the next loop cycle.\n', 'conversions': '\nArithmetic conversions\n**********************\n\nWhen a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase\n"the numeric arguments are converted to a common type," this means\nthat the operator implementation for built-in types works that way:\n\n* If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to\n complex;\n\n* otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, the\n other is converted to floating point;\n\n* otherwise, both must be integers and no conversion is necessary.\n\nSome additional rules apply for certain operators (e.g., a string left\nargument to the \'%\' operator). Extensions must define their own\nconversion behavior.\n', - 'customization': '\nBasic customization\n*******************\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_info()[2]" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.last_traceback". Circular references which are garbage are\n detected and cleaned up when the cyclic garbage collector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default). Refer to the documentation for the\n "gc" module for more information about this topic.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the "official"\n string representation of an object. If at all possible, this\n should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to\n recreate an object with the same value (given an appropriate\n environment). If this is not possible, a string of the form\n "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. The return\n value must be a string object. If a class defines "__repr__()" but\n not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an "informal"\n string representation of instances of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions "format()" and\n "print()" to compute the "informal" or nicely printable string\n representation of an object. The return value must be a *string*\n object.\n\n This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that there is no\n expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python expression: a\n more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n\n The default implementation defined by the built-in type "object"\n calls "object.__repr__()".\n\nobject.__bytes__(self)\n\n Called by "bytes()" to compute a byte-string representation of an\n object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n\nobject.__format__(self, format_spec)\n\n Called by the "format()" built-in function (and by extension, the\n "str.format()" method of class "str") to produce a "formatted"\n string representation of an object. The "format_spec" argument is a\n string that contains a description of the formatting options\n desired. The interpretation of the "format_spec" argument is up to\n the type implementing "__format__()", however most classes will\n either delegate formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a\n similar formatting option syntax.\n\n See *Format Specification Mini-Language* for a description of the\n standard formatting syntax.\n\n The return value must be a string object.\n\n Changed in version 3.4: The __format__ method of "object" itself\n raises a "TypeError" if passed any non-empty string.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" calls "x.__ne__(y)", "x>y" calls\n "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n Note: "hash()" truncates the value returned from an object\'s\n custom "__hash__()" method to the size of a "Py_ssize_t". This\n is typically 8 bytes on 64-bit builds and 4 bytes on 32-bit\n builds. If an object\'s "__hash__()" must interoperate on builds\n of different bit sizes, be sure to check the width on all\n supported builds. An easy way to do this is with "python -c\n "import sys; print(sys.hash_info.width)""\n\n If a class does not define an "__eq__()" method it should not\n define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines "__eq__()"\n but not "__hash__()", its instances will not be usable as items in\n hashable collections. If a class defines mutable objects and\n implements an "__eq__()" method, it should not implement\n "__hash__()", since the implementation of hashable collections\n requires that a key\'s hash value is immutable (if the object\'s hash\n value changes, it will be in the wrong hash bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__eq__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns an appropriate value such\n that "x == y" implies both that "x is y" and "hash(x) == hash(y)".\n\n A class that overrides "__eq__()" and does not define "__hash__()"\n will have its "__hash__()" implicitly set to "None". When the\n "__hash__()" method of a class is "None", instances of the class\n will raise an appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to\n retrieve their hash value, and will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable").\n\n If a class that overrides "__eq__()" needs to retain the\n implementation of "__hash__()" from a parent class, the interpreter\n must be told this explicitly by setting "__hash__ =\n <ParentClass>.__hash__".\n\n If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to suppress\n hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the class\n definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" that\n explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly identified as\n hashable by an "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)" call.\n\n Note: By default, the "__hash__()" values of str, bytes and\n datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.\n Although they remain constant within an individual Python\n process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of\n Python.This is intended to provide protection against a denial-\n of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the\n worst case performance of a dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity.\n See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n details.Changing hash values affects the iteration order of\n dicts, sets and other mappings. Python has never made guarantees\n about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and\n 64-bit builds).See also "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n\n Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by default.\n\nobject.__bool__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this method is not\n defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n', + 'customization': '\nBasic customization\n*******************\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_info()[2]" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.last_traceback". Circular references which are garbage are\n detected and cleaned up when the cyclic garbage collector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default). Refer to the documentation for the\n "gc" module for more information about this topic.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the "official"\n string representation of an object. If at all possible, this\n should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to\n recreate an object with the same value (given an appropriate\n environment). If this is not possible, a string of the form\n "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. The return\n value must be a string object. If a class defines "__repr__()" but\n not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an "informal"\n string representation of instances of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions "format()" and\n "print()" to compute the "informal" or nicely printable string\n representation of an object. The return value must be a *string*\n object.\n\n This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that there is no\n expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python expression: a\n more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n\n The default implementation defined by the built-in type "object"\n calls "object.__repr__()".\n\nobject.__bytes__(self)\n\n Called by "bytes()" to compute a byte-string representation of an\n object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n\nobject.__format__(self, format_spec)\n\n Called by the "format()" built-in function (and by extension, the\n "str.format()" method of class "str") to produce a "formatted"\n string representation of an object. The "format_spec" argument is a\n string that contains a description of the formatting options\n desired. The interpretation of the "format_spec" argument is up to\n the type implementing "__format__()", however most classes will\n either delegate formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a\n similar formatting option syntax.\n\n See *Format Specification Mini-Language* for a description of the\n standard formatting syntax.\n\n The return value must be a string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" calls "x.__ne__(y)", "x>y" calls\n "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n Note: "hash()" truncates the value returned from an object\'s\n custom "__hash__()" method to the size of a "Py_ssize_t". This\n is typically 8 bytes on 64-bit builds and 4 bytes on 32-bit\n builds. If an object\'s "__hash__()" must interoperate on builds\n of different bit sizes, be sure to check the width on all\n supported builds. An easy way to do this is with "python -c\n "import sys; print(sys.hash_info.width)""\n\n If a class does not define an "__eq__()" method it should not\n define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines "__eq__()"\n but not "__hash__()", its instances will not be usable as items in\n hashable collections. If a class defines mutable objects and\n implements an "__eq__()" method, it should not implement\n "__hash__()", since the implementation of hashable collections\n requires that a key\'s hash value is immutable (if the object\'s hash\n value changes, it will be in the wrong hash bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__eq__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns an appropriate value such\n that "x == y" implies both that "x is y" and "hash(x) == hash(y)".\n\n A class that overrides "__eq__()" and does not define "__hash__()"\n will have its "__hash__()" implicitly set to "None". When the\n "__hash__()" method of a class is "None", instances of the class\n will raise an appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to\n retrieve their hash value, and will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable").\n\n If a class that overrides "__eq__()" needs to retain the\n implementation of "__hash__()" from a parent class, the interpreter\n must be told this explicitly by setting "__hash__ =\n <ParentClass>.__hash__".\n\n If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to suppress\n hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the class\n definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" that\n explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly identified as\n hashable by an "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)" call.\n\n Note: By default, the "__hash__()" values of str, bytes and\n datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.\n Although they remain constant within an individual Python\n process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of\n Python.This is intended to provide protection against a denial-\n of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the\n worst case performance of a dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity.\n See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n details.Changing hash values affects the iteration order of\n dicts, sets and other mappings. Python has never made guarantees\n about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and\n 64-bit builds).See also "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n\n Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by default.\n\nobject.__bool__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this method is not\n defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n', 'debugger': '\n"pdb" --- The Python Debugger\n*****************************\n\nThe module "pdb" defines an interactive source code debugger for\nPython programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and\nsingle stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack frames,\nsource code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the\ncontext of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem debugging\nand can be called under program control.\n\nThe debugger is extensible -- it is actually defined as the class\n"Pdb". This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading\nthe source. The extension interface uses the modules "bdb" and "cmd".\n\nThe debugger\'s prompt is "(Pdb)". Typical usage to run a program under\ncontrol of the debugger is:\n\n >>> import pdb\n >>> import mymodule\n >>> pdb.run(\'mymodule.test()\')\n > <string>(0)?()\n (Pdb) continue\n > <string>(1)?()\n (Pdb) continue\n NameError: \'spam\'\n > <string>(1)?()\n (Pdb)\n\nChanged in version 3.3: Tab-completion via the "readline" module is\navailable for commands and command arguments, e.g. the current global\nand local names are offered as arguments of the "p" command.\n\n"pdb.py" can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts. For\nexample:\n\n python3 -m pdb myscript.py\n\nWhen invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem\ndebugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-\nmortem debugging (or after normal exit of the program), pdb will\nrestart the program. Automatic restarting preserves pdb\'s state (such\nas breakpoints) and in most cases is more useful than quitting the\ndebugger upon program\'s exit.\n\nNew in version 3.2: "pdb.py" now accepts a "-c" option that executes\ncommands as if given in a ".pdbrc" file, see *Debugger Commands*.\n\nThe typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is\nto insert\n\n import pdb; pdb.set_trace()\n\nat the location you want to break into the debugger. You can then\nstep through the code following this statement, and continue running\nwithout the debugger using the "continue" command.\n\nThe typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:\n\n >>> import pdb\n >>> import mymodule\n >>> mymodule.test()\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?\n File "./mymodule.py", line 4, in test\n test2()\n File "./mymodule.py", line 3, in test2\n print(spam)\n NameError: spam\n >>> pdb.pm()\n > ./mymodule.py(3)test2()\n -> print(spam)\n (Pdb)\n\nThe module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger\nin a slightly different way:\n\npdb.run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)\n\n Execute the *statement* (given as a string or a code object) under\n debugger control. The debugger prompt appears before any code is\n executed; you can set breakpoints and type "continue", or you can\n step through the statement using "step" or "next" (all these\n commands are explained below). The optional *globals* and *locals*\n arguments specify the environment in which the code is executed; by\n default the dictionary of the module "__main__" is used. (See the\n explanation of the built-in "exec()" or "eval()" functions.)\n\npdb.runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)\n\n Evaluate the *expression* (given as a string or a code object)\n under debugger control. When "runeval()" returns, it returns the\n value of the expression. Otherwise this function is similar to\n "run()".\n\npdb.runcall(function, *args, **kwds)\n\n Call the *function* (a function or method object, not a string)\n with the given arguments. When "runcall()" returns, it returns\n whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt appears\n as soon as the function is entered.\n\npdb.set_trace()\n\n Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to\n hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the\n code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion\n fails).\n\npdb.post_mortem(traceback=None)\n\n Enter post-mortem debugging of the given *traceback* object. If no\n *traceback* is given, it uses the one of the exception that is\n currently being handled (an exception must be being handled if the\n default is to be used).\n\npdb.pm()\n\n Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in\n "sys.last_traceback".\n\nThe "run*" functions and "set_trace()" are aliases for instantiating\nthe "Pdb" class and calling the method of the same name. If you want\nto access further features, you have to do this yourself:\n\nclass class pdb.Pdb(completekey=\'tab\', stdin=None, stdout=None, skip=None, nosigint=False)\n\n "Pdb" is the debugger class.\n\n The *completekey*, *stdin* and *stdout* arguments are passed to the\n underlying "cmd.Cmd" class; see the description there.\n\n The *skip* argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style\n module name patterns. The debugger will not step into frames that\n originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. [1]\n\n By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent\n when the user presses Ctrl-C on the console) when you give a\n "continue" command. This allows you to break into the debugger\n again by pressing Ctrl-C. If you want Pdb not to touch the SIGINT\n handler, set *nosigint* tot true.\n\n Example call to enable tracing with *skip*:\n\n import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=[\'django.*\']).set_trace()\n\n New in version 3.1: The *skip* argument.\n\n New in version 3.2: The *nosigint* argument. Previously, a SIGINT\n handler was never set by Pdb.\n\n run(statement, globals=None, locals=None)\n runeval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)\n runcall(function, *args, **kwds)\n set_trace()\n\n See the documentation for the functions explained above.\n\n\nDebugger Commands\n=================\n\nThe commands recognized by the debugger are listed below. Most\ncommands can be abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g.\n"h(elp)" means that either "h" or "help" can be used to enter the help\ncommand (but not "he" or "hel", nor "H" or "Help" or "HELP").\nArguments to commands must be separated by whitespace (spaces or\ntabs). Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets ("[]") in\nthe command syntax; the square brackets must not be typed.\nAlternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar\n("|").\n\nEntering a blank line repeats the last command entered. Exception: if\nthe last command was a "list" command, the next 11 lines are listed.\n\nCommands that the debugger doesn\'t recognize are assumed to be Python\nstatements and are executed in the context of the program being\ndebugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation\npoint ("!"). This is a powerful way to inspect the program being\ndebugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a function.\nWhen an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is\nprinted but the debugger\'s state is not changed.\n\nThe debugger supports *aliases*. Aliases can have parameters which\nallows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under\nexamination.\n\nMultiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by ";;".\n(A single ";" is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands\nin a line that is passed to the Python parser.) No intelligence is\napplied to separating the commands; the input is split at the first\n";;" pair, even if it is in the middle of a quoted string.\n\nIf a file ".pdbrc" exists in the user\'s home directory or in the\ncurrent directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed\nat the debugger prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If\nboth files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and\naliases defined there can be overridden by the local file.\n\nChanged in version 3.2: ".pdbrc" can now contain commands that\ncontinue debugging, such as "continue" or "next". Previously, these\ncommands had no effect.\n\nh(elp) [command]\n\n Without argument, print the list of available commands. With a\n *command* as argument, print help about that command. "help pdb"\n displays the full documentation (the docstring of the "pdb"\n module). Since the *command* argument must be an identifier, "help\n exec" must be entered to get help on the "!" command.\n\nw(here)\n\n Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom. An\n arrow indicates the current frame, which determines the context of\n most commands.\n\nd(own) [count]\n\n Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels down in the\n stack trace (to a newer frame).\n\nu(p) [count]\n\n Move the current frame *count* (default one) levels up in the stack\n trace (to an older frame).\n\nb(reak) [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]\n\n With a *lineno* argument, set a break there in the current file.\n With a *function* argument, set a break at the first executable\n statement within that function. The line number may be prefixed\n with a filename and a colon, to specify a breakpoint in another\n file (probably one that hasn\'t been loaded yet). The file is\n searched on "sys.path". Note that each breakpoint is assigned a\n number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.\n\n If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must\n evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.\n\n Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint,\n the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current\n ignore count, and the associated condition if any.\n\ntbreak [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]\n\n Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is\n first hit. The arguments are the same as for "break".\n\ncl(ear) [filename:lineno | bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]\n\n With a *filename:lineno* argument, clear all the breakpoints at\n this line. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear\n those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first\n ask confirmation).\n\ndisable [bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]\n\n Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of\n breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause\n the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it\n remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.\n\nenable [bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]\n\n Enable the breakpoints specified.\n\nignore bpnumber [count]\n\n Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If count is\n omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint becomes active\n when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero, the count is\n decremented each time the breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint\n is not disabled and any associated condition evaluates to true.\n\ncondition bpnumber [condition]\n\n Set a new *condition* for the breakpoint, an expression which must\n evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If *condition*\n is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint\n is made unconditional.\n\ncommands [bpnumber]\n\n Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number *bpnumber*. The\n commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line\n containing just "end" to terminate the commands. An example:\n\n (Pdb) commands 1\n (com) p some_variable\n (com) end\n (Pdb)\n\n To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and follow\n it immediately with "end"; that is, give no commands.\n\n With no *bpnumber* argument, commands refers to the last breakpoint\n set.\n\n You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again.\n Simply use the continue command, or step, or any other command that\n resumes execution.\n\n Specifying any command resuming execution (currently continue,\n step, next, return, jump, quit and their abbreviations) terminates\n the command list (as if that command was immediately followed by\n end). This is because any time you resume execution (even with a\n simple next or step), you may encounter another breakpoint--which\n could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about which\n list to execute.\n\n If you use the \'silent\' command in the command list, the usual\n message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be\n desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and\n then continue. If none of the other commands print anything, you\n see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.\n\ns(tep)\n\n Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion\n (either in a function that is called or on the next line in the\n current function).\n\nn(ext)\n\n Continue execution until the next line in the current function is\n reached or it returns. (The difference between "next" and "step"\n is that "step" stops inside a called function, while "next"\n executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at\n the next line in the current function.)\n\nunt(il) [lineno]\n\n Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number\n greater than the current one is reached.\n\n With a line number, continue execution until a line with a number\n greater or equal to that is reached. In both cases, also stop when\n the current frame returns.\n\n Changed in version 3.2: Allow giving an explicit line number.\n\nr(eturn)\n\n Continue execution until the current function returns.\n\nc(ont(inue))\n\n Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.\n\nj(ump) lineno\n\n Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in the\n bottom-most frame. This lets you jump back and execute code again,\n or jump forward to skip code that you don\'t want to run.\n\n It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed -- for instance\n it is not possible to jump into the middle of a "for" loop or out\n of a "finally" clause.\n\nl(ist) [first[, last]]\n\n List source code for the current file. Without arguments, list 11\n lines around the current line or continue the previous listing.\n With "." as argument, list 11 lines around the current line. With\n one argument, list 11 lines around at that line. With two\n arguments, list the given range; if the second argument is less\n than the first, it is interpreted as a count.\n\n The current line in the current frame is indicated by "->". If an\n exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was\n originally raised or propagated is indicated by ">>", if it differs\n from the current line.\n\n New in version 3.2: The ">>" marker.\n\nll | longlist\n\n List all source code for the current function or frame.\n Interesting lines are marked as for "list".\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\na(rgs)\n\n Print the argument list of the current function.\n\np expression\n\n Evaluate the *expression* in the current context and print its\n value.\n\n Note: "print()" can also be used, but is not a debugger command\n --- this executes the Python "print()" function.\n\npp expression\n\n Like the "p" command, except the value of the expression is pretty-\n printed using the "pprint" module.\n\nwhatis expression\n\n Print the type of the *expression*.\n\nsource expression\n\n Try to get source code for the given object and display it.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\ndisplay [expression]\n\n Display the value of the expression if it changed, each time\n execution stops in the current frame.\n\n Without expression, list all display expressions for the current\n frame.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nundisplay [expression]\n\n Do not display the expression any more in the current frame.\n Without expression, clear all display expressions for the current\n frame.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\ninteract\n\n Start an interative interpreter (using the "code" module) whose\n global namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in\n the current scope.\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nalias [name [command]]\n\n Create an alias called *name* that executes *command*. The command\n must *not* be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable parameters can be\n indicated by "%1", "%2", and so on, while "%*" is replaced by all\n the parameters. If no command is given, the current alias for\n *name* is shown. If no arguments are given, all aliases are listed.\n\n Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally\n typed at the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands *can* be\n overridden by aliases. Such a command is then hidden until the\n alias is removed. Aliasing is recursively applied to the first\n word of the command line; all other words in the line are left\n alone.\n\n As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed\n in the ".pdbrc" file):\n\n # Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")\n alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print("%1.",k,"=",%1.__dict__[k])\n # Print instance variables in self\n alias ps pi self\n\nunalias name\n\n Delete the specified alias.\n\n! statement\n\n Execute the (one-line) *statement* in the context of the current\n stack frame. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first\n word of the statement resembles a debugger command. To set a\n global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with a\n "global" statement on the same line, e.g.:\n\n (Pdb) global list_options; list_options = [\'-l\']\n (Pdb)\n\nrun [args ...]\nrestart [args ...]\n\n Restart the debugged Python program. If an argument is supplied,\n it is split with "shlex" and the result is used as the new\n "sys.argv". History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are\n preserved. "restart" is an alias for "run".\n\nq(uit)\n\n Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module\n is determined by the "__name__" in the frame globals.\n', 'del': '\nThe "del" statement\n*******************\n\n del_stmt ::= "del" target_list\n\nDeletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is\ndefined. Rather than spelling it out in full details, here are some\nhints.\n\nDeletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left\nto right.\n\nDeletion of a name removes the binding of that name from the local or\nglobal namespace, depending on whether the name occurs in a "global"\nstatement in the same code block. If the name is unbound, a\n"NameError" exception will be raised.\n\nDeletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is passed\nto the primary object involved; deletion of a slicing is in general\nequivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type (but even\nthis is determined by the sliced object).\n\nChanged in version 3.2: Previously it was illegal to delete a name\nfrom the local namespace if it occurs as a free variable in a nested\nblock.\n', 'dict': '\nDictionary displays\n*******************\n\nA dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs\nenclosed in curly braces:\n\n dict_display ::= "{" [key_datum_list | dict_comprehension] "}"\n key_datum_list ::= key_datum ("," key_datum)* [","]\n key_datum ::= expression ":" expression\n dict_comprehension ::= expression ":" expression comp_for\n\nA dictionary display yields a new dictionary object.\n\nIf a comma-separated sequence of key/datum pairs is given, they are\nevaluated from left to right to define the entries of the dictionary:\neach key object is used as a key into the dictionary to store the\ncorresponding datum. This means that you can specify the same key\nmultiple times in the key/datum list, and the final dictionary\'s value\nfor that key will be the last one given.\n\nA dict comprehension, in contrast to list and set comprehensions,\nneeds two expressions separated with a colon followed by the usual\n"for" and "if" clauses. When the comprehension is run, the resulting\nkey and value elements are inserted in the new dictionary in the order\nthey are produced.\n\nRestrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*. (To summarize, the key type\nshould be *hashable*, which excludes all mutable objects.) Clashes\nbetween duplicate keys are not detected; the last datum (textually\nrightmost in the display) stored for a given key value prevails.\n', @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ topics = {'assert': '\nThe "assert" statement\n**********************\n\nAssert 'naming': '\nNaming and binding\n******************\n\n*Names* refer to objects. Names are introduced by name binding\noperations. Each occurrence of a name in the program text refers to\nthe *binding* of that name established in the innermost function block\ncontaining the use.\n\nA *block* is a piece of Python program text that is executed as a\nunit. The following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class\ndefinition. Each command typed interactively is a block. A script\nfile (a file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified\non the interpreter command line the first argument) is a code block.\nA script command (a command specified on the interpreter command line\nwith the \'**-c**\' option) is a code block. The string argument passed\nto the built-in functions "eval()" and "exec()" is a code block.\n\nA code block is executed in an *execution frame*. A frame contains\nsome administrative information (used for debugging) and determines\nwhere and how execution continues after the code block\'s execution has\ncompleted.\n\nA *scope* defines the visibility of a name within a block. If a local\nvariable is defined in a block, its scope includes that block. If the\ndefinition occurs in a function block, the scope extends to any blocks\ncontained within the defining one, unless a contained block introduces\na different binding for the name. The scope of names defined in a\nclass block is limited to the class block; it does not extend to the\ncode blocks of methods -- this includes comprehensions and generator\nexpressions since they are implemented using a function scope. This\nmeans that the following will fail:\n\n class A:\n a = 42\n b = list(a + i for i in range(10))\n\nWhen a name is used in a code block, it is resolved using the nearest\nenclosing scope. The set of all such scopes visible to a code block\nis called the block\'s *environment*.\n\nIf a name is bound in a block, it is a local variable of that block,\nunless declared as "nonlocal". If a name is bound at the module\nlevel, it is a global variable. (The variables of the module code\nblock are local and global.) If a variable is used in a code block\nbut not defined there, it is a *free variable*.\n\nWhen a name is not found at all, a "NameError" exception is raised.\nIf the name refers to a local variable that has not been bound, a\n"UnboundLocalError" exception is raised. "UnboundLocalError" is a\nsubclass of "NameError".\n\nThe following constructs bind names: formal parameters to functions,\n"import" statements, class and function definitions (these bind the\nclass or function name in the defining block), and targets that are\nidentifiers if occurring in an assignment, "for" loop header, or after\n"as" in a "with" statement or "except" clause. The "import" statement\nof the form "from ... import *" binds all names defined in the\nimported module, except those beginning with an underscore. This form\nmay only be used at the module level.\n\nA target occurring in a "del" statement is also considered bound for\nthis purpose (though the actual semantics are to unbind the name).\n\nEach assignment or import statement occurs within a block defined by a\nclass or function definition or at the module level (the top-level\ncode block).\n\nIf a name binding operation occurs anywhere within a code block, all\nuses of the name within the block are treated as references to the\ncurrent block. This can lead to errors when a name is used within a\nblock before it is bound. This rule is subtle. Python lacks\ndeclarations and allows name binding operations to occur anywhere\nwithin a code block. The local variables of a code block can be\ndetermined by scanning the entire text of the block for name binding\noperations.\n\nIf the "global" statement occurs within a block, all uses of the name\nspecified in the statement refer to the binding of that name in the\ntop-level namespace. Names are resolved in the top-level namespace by\nsearching the global namespace, i.e. the namespace of the module\ncontaining the code block, and the builtins namespace, the namespace\nof the module "builtins". The global namespace is searched first. If\nthe name is not found there, the builtins namespace is searched. The\nglobal statement must precede all uses of the name.\n\nThe builtins namespace associated with the execution of a code block\nis actually found by looking up the name "__builtins__" in its global\nnamespace; this should be a dictionary or a module (in the latter case\nthe module\'s dictionary is used). By default, when in the "__main__"\nmodule, "__builtins__" is the built-in module "builtins"; when in any\nother module, "__builtins__" is an alias for the dictionary of the\n"builtins" module itself. "__builtins__" can be set to a user-created\ndictionary to create a weak form of restricted execution.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** Users should not touch\n"__builtins__"; it is strictly an implementation detail. Users\nwanting to override values in the builtins namespace should "import"\nthe "builtins" module and modify its attributes appropriately.\n\nThe namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a\nmodule is imported. The main module for a script is always called\n"__main__".\n\nThe "global" statement has the same scope as a name binding operation\nin the same block. If the nearest enclosing scope for a free variable\ncontains a global statement, the free variable is treated as a global.\n\nA class definition is an executable statement that may use and define\nnames. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution.\nThe namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary\nof the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in\nmethods.\n\n\nInteraction with dynamic features\n=================================\n\nThere are several cases where Python statements are illegal when used\nin conjunction with nested scopes that contain free variables.\n\nIf a variable is referenced in an enclosing scope, it is illegal to\ndelete the name. An error will be reported at compile time.\n\nIf the wild card form of import --- "import *" --- is used in a\nfunction and the function contains or is a nested block with free\nvariables, the compiler will raise a "SyntaxError".\n\nThe "eval()" and "exec()" functions do not have access to the full\nenvironment for resolving names. Names may be resolved in the local\nand global namespaces of the caller. Free variables are not resolved\nin the nearest enclosing namespace, but in the global namespace. [1]\nThe "exec()" and "eval()" functions have optional arguments to\noverride the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is\nspecified, it is used for both.\n', 'nonlocal': '\nThe "nonlocal" statement\n************************\n\n nonlocal_stmt ::= "nonlocal" identifier ("," identifier)*\n\nThe "nonlocal" statement causes the listed identifiers to refer to\npreviously bound variables in the nearest enclosing scope. This is\nimportant because the default behavior for binding is to search the\nlocal namespace first. The statement allows encapsulated code to\nrebind variables outside of the local scope besides the global\n(module) scope.\n\nNames listed in a "nonlocal" statement, unlike to those listed in a\n"global" statement, must refer to pre-existing bindings in an\nenclosing scope (the scope in which a new binding should be created\ncannot be determined unambiguously).\n\nNames listed in a "nonlocal" statement must not collide with pre-\nexisting bindings in the local scope.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3104** - Access to Names in Outer Scopes\n\n The specification for the "nonlocal" statement.\n', 'numbers': '\nNumeric literals\n****************\n\nThere are three types of numeric literals: integers, floating point\nnumbers, and imaginary numbers. There are no complex literals\n(complex numbers can be formed by adding a real number and an\nimaginary number).\n\nNote that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like "-1"\nis actually an expression composed of the unary operator \'"-"\' and the\nliteral "1".\n', - 'numeric-types': '\nEmulating numeric types\n***********************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()". Note\n that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an optional third\n argument if the ternary version of the built-in "pow()" function is\n to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, if *x* is an instance of a class with an\n "__iadd__()" method, "x += y" is equivalent to "x = x.__iadd__(y)"\n . Otherwise, "x.__add__(y)" and "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as\n with the evaluation of "x + y". In certain situations, augmented\n assignment can result in unexpected errors (see *Why does\n a_tuple[i] += [\'item\'] raise an exception when the addition\n works?*), but this behavior is in fact part of the data model.\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\nobject.__round__(self[, n])\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "float()" and "round()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever Python needs\n to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer object (such\n as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and "oct()"\n functions). Presence of this method indicates that the numeric\n object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n\n Note: When "__index__()" is defined, "__int__()" should also be\n defined, and both shuld return the same value, in order to have a\n coherent integer type class.\n', + 'numeric-types': '\nEmulating numeric types\n***********************\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()". Note\n that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an optional third\n argument if the ternary version of the built-in "pow()" function is\n to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, to execute the statement "x += y", where\n *x* is an instance of a class that has an "__iadd__()" method,\n "x.__iadd__(y)" is called. If *x* is an instance of a class that\n does not define a "__iadd__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" and\n "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y".\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\nobject.__round__(self[, n])\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "float()" and "round()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever Python needs\n to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer object (such\n as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and "oct()"\n functions). Presence of this method indicates that the numeric\n object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n\n Note: When "__index__()" is defined, "__int__()" should also be\n defined, and both shuld return the same value, in order to have a\n coherent integer type class.\n', 'objects': '\nObjects, values and types\n*************************\n\n*Objects* are Python\'s abstraction for data. All data in a Python\nprogram is represented by objects or by relations between objects. (In\na sense, and in conformance to Von Neumann\'s model of a "stored\nprogram computer," code is also represented by objects.)\n\nEvery object has an identity, a type and a value. An object\'s\n*identity* never changes once it has been created; you may think of it\nas the object\'s address in memory. The \'"is"\' operator compares the\nidentity of two objects; the "id()" function returns an integer\nrepresenting its identity.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** For CPython, "id(x)" is the memory\naddress where "x" is stored.\n\nAn object\'s type determines the operations that the object supports\n(e.g., "does it have a length?") and also defines the possible values\nfor objects of that type. The "type()" function returns an object\'s\ntype (which is an object itself). Like its identity, an object\'s\n*type* is also unchangeable. [1]\n\nThe *value* of some objects can change. Objects whose value can\nchange are said to be *mutable*; objects whose value is unchangeable\nonce they are created are called *immutable*. (The value of an\nimmutable container object that contains a reference to a mutable\nobject can change when the latter\'s value is changed; however the\ncontainer is still considered immutable, because the collection of\nobjects it contains cannot be changed. So, immutability is not\nstrictly the same as having an unchangeable value, it is more subtle.)\nAn object\'s mutability is determined by its type; for instance,\nnumbers, strings and tuples are immutable, while dictionaries and\nlists are mutable.\n\nObjects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become\nunreachable they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is\nallowed to postpone garbage collection or omit it altogether --- it is\na matter of implementation quality how garbage collection is\nimplemented, as long as no objects are collected that are still\nreachable.\n\n**CPython implementation detail:** CPython currently uses a reference-\ncounting scheme with (optional) delayed detection of cyclically linked\ngarbage, which collects most objects as soon as they become\nunreachable, but is not guaranteed to collect garbage containing\ncircular references. See the documentation of the "gc" module for\ninformation on controlling the collection of cyclic garbage. Other\nimplementations act differently and CPython may change. Do not depend\non immediate finalization of objects when they become unreachable (ex:\nalways close files).\n\nNote that the use of the implementation\'s tracing or debugging\nfacilities may keep objects alive that would normally be collectable.\nAlso note that catching an exception with a \'"try"..."except"\'\nstatement may keep objects alive.\n\nSome objects contain references to "external" resources such as open\nfiles or windows. It is understood that these resources are freed\nwhen the object is garbage-collected, but since garbage collection is\nnot guaranteed to happen, such objects also provide an explicit way to\nrelease the external resource, usually a "close()" method. Programs\nare strongly recommended to explicitly close such objects. The\n\'"try"..."finally"\' statement and the \'"with"\' statement provide\nconvenient ways to do this.\n\nSome objects contain references to other objects; these are called\n*containers*. Examples of containers are tuples, lists and\ndictionaries. The references are part of a container\'s value. In\nmost cases, when we talk about the value of a container, we imply the\nvalues, not the identities of the contained objects; however, when we\ntalk about the mutability of a container, only the identities of the\nimmediately contained objects are implied. So, if an immutable\ncontainer (like a tuple) contains a reference to a mutable object, its\nvalue changes if that mutable object is changed.\n\nTypes affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the\nimportance of object identity is affected in some sense: for immutable\ntypes, operations that compute new values may actually return a\nreference to any existing object with the same type and value, while\nfor mutable objects this is not allowed. E.g., after "a = 1; b = 1",\n"a" and "b" may or may not refer to the same object with the value\none, depending on the implementation, but after "c = []; d = []", "c"\nand "d" are guaranteed to refer to two different, unique, newly\ncreated empty lists. (Note that "c = d = []" assigns the same object\nto both "c" and "d".)\n', 'operator-summary': '\nOperator precedence\n*******************\n\nThe following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python,\nfrom lowest precedence (least binding) to highest precedence (most\nbinding). Operators in the same box have the same precedence. Unless\nthe syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in\nthe same box group left to right (except for comparisons, including\ntests, which all have the same precedence and chain from left to right\n--- see section *Comparisons* --- and exponentiation, which groups\nfrom right to left).\n\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Operator | Description |\n+=================================================+=======================================+\n| "lambda" | Lambda expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "if" -- "else" | Conditional expression |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "or" | Boolean OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "and" | Boolean AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "not" "x" | Boolean NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "in", "not in", "is", "is not", "<", "<=", ">", | Comparisons, including membership |\n| ">=", "!=", "==" | tests and identity tests |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "|" | Bitwise OR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "^" | Bitwise XOR |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "&" | Bitwise AND |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "<<", ">>" | Shifts |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+", "-" | Addition and subtraction |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "*", "/", "//", "%" | Multiplication, division, remainder |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "+x", "-x", "~x" | Positive, negative, bitwise NOT |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "**" | Exponentiation [6] |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "x[index]", "x[index:index]", | Subscription, slicing, call, |\n| "x(arguments...)", "x.attribute" | attribute reference |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| "(expressions...)", "[expressions...]", "{key: | Binding or tuple display, list |\n| value...}", "{expressions...}" | display, dictionary display, set |\n+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] While "abs(x%y) < abs(y)" is true mathematically, for floats\n it may not be true numerically due to roundoff. For example, and\n assuming a platform on which a Python float is an IEEE 754 double-\n precision number, in order that "-1e-100 % 1e100" have the same\n sign as "1e100", the computed result is "-1e-100 + 1e100", which\n is numerically exactly equal to "1e100". The function\n "math.fmod()" returns a result whose sign matches the sign of the\n first argument instead, and so returns "-1e-100" in this case.\n Which approach is more appropriate depends on the application.\n\n[2] If x is very close to an exact integer multiple of y, it\'s\n possible for "x//y" to be one larger than "(x-x%y)//y" due to\n rounding. In such cases, Python returns the latter result, in\n order to preserve that "divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y" be very close\n to "x".\n\n[3] While comparisons between strings make sense at the byte\n level, they may be counter-intuitive to users. For example, the\n strings ""\\u00C7"" and ""\\u0327\\u0043"" compare differently, even\n though they both represent the same unicode character (LATIN\n CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA). To compare strings in a human\n recognizable way, compare using "unicodedata.normalize()".\n\n[4] Due to automatic garbage-collection, free lists, and the\n dynamic nature of descriptors, you may notice seemingly unusual\n behaviour in certain uses of the "is" operator, like those\n involving comparisons between instance methods, or constants.\n Check their documentation for more info.\n\n[5] The "%" operator is also used for string formatting; the same\n precedence applies.\n\n[6] The power operator "**" binds less tightly than an arithmetic\n or bitwise unary operator on its right, that is, "2**-1" is "0.5".\n', 'pass': '\nThe "pass" statement\n********************\n\n pass_stmt ::= "pass"\n\n"pass" is a null operation --- when it is executed, nothing happens.\nIt is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required\nsyntactically, but no code needs to be executed, for example:\n\n def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)\n\n class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)\n', @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ topics = {'assert': '\nThe "assert" statement\n**********************\n\nAssert 'shifting': '\nShifting operations\n*******************\n\nThe shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic\noperations:\n\n shift_expr ::= a_expr | shift_expr ( "<<" | ">>" ) a_expr\n\nThese operators accept integers as arguments. They shift the first\nargument to the left or right by the number of bits given by the\nsecond argument.\n\nA right shift by *n* bits is defined as floor division by "pow(2,n)".\nA left shift by *n* bits is defined as multiplication with "pow(2,n)".\n\nNote: In the current implementation, the right-hand operand is\n required to be at most "sys.maxsize". If the right-hand operand is\n larger than "sys.maxsize" an "OverflowError" exception is raised.\n', 'slicings': '\nSlicings\n********\n\nA slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., a\nstring, tuple or list). Slicings may be used as expressions or as\ntargets in assignment or "del" statements. The syntax for a slicing:\n\n slicing ::= primary "[" slice_list "]"\n slice_list ::= slice_item ("," slice_item)* [","]\n slice_item ::= expression | proper_slice\n proper_slice ::= [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound] [ ":" [stride] ]\n lower_bound ::= expression\n upper_bound ::= expression\n stride ::= expression\n\nThere is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like\nan expression list also looks like a slice list, so any subscription\ncan be interpreted as a slicing. Rather than further complicating the\nsyntax, this is disambiguated by defining that in this case the\ninterpretation as a subscription takes priority over the\ninterpretation as a slicing (this is the case if the slice list\ncontains no proper slice).\n\nThe semantics for a slicing are as follows. The primary must evaluate\nto a mapping object, and it is indexed (using the same "__getitem__()"\nmethod as normal subscription) with a key that is constructed from the\nslice list, as follows. If the slice list contains at least one\ncomma, the key is a tuple containing the conversion of the slice\nitems; otherwise, the conversion of the lone slice item is the key.\nThe conversion of a slice item that is an expression is that\nexpression. The conversion of a proper slice is a slice object (see\nsection *The standard type hierarchy*) whose "start", "stop" and\n"step" attributes are the values of the expressions given as lower\nbound, upper bound and stride, respectively, substituting "None" for\nmissing expressions.\n', 'specialattrs': '\nSpecial Attributes\n******************\n\nThe implementation adds a few special read-only attributes to several\nobject types, where they are relevant. Some of these are not reported\nby the "dir()" built-in function.\n\nobject.__dict__\n\n A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object\'s\n (writable) attributes.\n\ninstance.__class__\n\n The class to which a class instance belongs.\n\nclass.__bases__\n\n The tuple of base classes of a class object.\n\nclass.__name__\n\n The name of the class or type.\n\nclass.__qualname__\n\n The *qualified name* of the class or type.\n\n New in version 3.3.\n\nclass.__mro__\n\n This attribute is a tuple of classes that are considered when\n looking for base classes during method resolution.\n\nclass.mro()\n\n This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the\n method resolution order for its instances. It is called at class\n instantiation, and its result is stored in "__mro__".\n\nclass.__subclasses__()\n\n Each class keeps a list of weak references to its immediate\n subclasses. This method returns a list of all those references\n still alive. Example:\n\n >>> int.__subclasses__()\n [<class \'bool\'>]\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] Additional information on these special methods may be found\n in the Python Reference Manual (*Basic customization*).\n\n[2] As a consequence, the list "[1, 2]" is considered equal to\n "[1.0, 2.0]", and similarly for tuples.\n\n[3] They must have since the parser can\'t tell the type of the\n operands.\n\n[4] Cased characters are those with general category property\n being one of "Lu" (Letter, uppercase), "Ll" (Letter, lowercase),\n or "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n[5] To format only a tuple you should therefore provide a\n singleton tuple whose only element is the tuple to be formatted.\n', - 'specialnames': '\nSpecial method names\n********************\n\nA class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special\nsyntax (such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and slicing) by\ndefining methods with special names. This is Python\'s approach to\n*operator overloading*, allowing classes to define their own behavior\nwith respect to language operators. For instance, if a class defines\na method named "__getitem__()", and "x" is an instance of this class,\nthen "x[i]" is roughly equivalent to "type(x).__getitem__(x, i)".\nExcept where mentioned, attempts to execute an operation raise an\nexception when no appropriate method is defined (typically\n"AttributeError" or "TypeError").\n\nWhen implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is\nimportant that the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it\nmakes sense for the object being modelled. For example, some\nsequences may work well with retrieval of individual elements, but\nextracting a slice may not make sense. (One example of this is the\n"NodeList" interface in the W3C\'s Document Object Model.)\n\n\nBasic customization\n===================\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_info()[2]" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.last_traceback". Circular references which are garbage are\n detected and cleaned up when the cyclic garbage collector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default). Refer to the documentation for the\n "gc" module for more information about this topic.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the "official"\n string representation of an object. If at all possible, this\n should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to\n recreate an object with the same value (given an appropriate\n environment). If this is not possible, a string of the form\n "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. The return\n value must be a string object. If a class defines "__repr__()" but\n not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an "informal"\n string representation of instances of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions "format()" and\n "print()" to compute the "informal" or nicely printable string\n representation of an object. The return value must be a *string*\n object.\n\n This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that there is no\n expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python expression: a\n more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n\n The default implementation defined by the built-in type "object"\n calls "object.__repr__()".\n\nobject.__bytes__(self)\n\n Called by "bytes()" to compute a byte-string representation of an\n object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n\nobject.__format__(self, format_spec)\n\n Called by the "format()" built-in function (and by extension, the\n "str.format()" method of class "str") to produce a "formatted"\n string representation of an object. The "format_spec" argument is a\n string that contains a description of the formatting options\n desired. The interpretation of the "format_spec" argument is up to\n the type implementing "__format__()", however most classes will\n either delegate formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a\n similar formatting option syntax.\n\n See *Format Specification Mini-Language* for a description of the\n standard formatting syntax.\n\n The return value must be a string object.\n\n Changed in version 3.4: The __format__ method of "object" itself\n raises a "TypeError" if passed any non-empty string.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" calls "x.__ne__(y)", "x>y" calls\n "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n Note: "hash()" truncates the value returned from an object\'s\n custom "__hash__()" method to the size of a "Py_ssize_t". This\n is typically 8 bytes on 64-bit builds and 4 bytes on 32-bit\n builds. If an object\'s "__hash__()" must interoperate on builds\n of different bit sizes, be sure to check the width on all\n supported builds. An easy way to do this is with "python -c\n "import sys; print(sys.hash_info.width)""\n\n If a class does not define an "__eq__()" method it should not\n define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines "__eq__()"\n but not "__hash__()", its instances will not be usable as items in\n hashable collections. If a class defines mutable objects and\n implements an "__eq__()" method, it should not implement\n "__hash__()", since the implementation of hashable collections\n requires that a key\'s hash value is immutable (if the object\'s hash\n value changes, it will be in the wrong hash bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__eq__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns an appropriate value such\n that "x == y" implies both that "x is y" and "hash(x) == hash(y)".\n\n A class that overrides "__eq__()" and does not define "__hash__()"\n will have its "__hash__()" implicitly set to "None". When the\n "__hash__()" method of a class is "None", instances of the class\n will raise an appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to\n retrieve their hash value, and will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable").\n\n If a class that overrides "__eq__()" needs to retain the\n implementation of "__hash__()" from a parent class, the interpreter\n must be told this explicitly by setting "__hash__ =\n <ParentClass>.__hash__".\n\n If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to suppress\n hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the class\n definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" that\n explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly identified as\n hashable by an "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)" call.\n\n Note: By default, the "__hash__()" values of str, bytes and\n datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.\n Although they remain constant within an individual Python\n process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of\n Python.This is intended to provide protection against a denial-\n of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the\n worst case performance of a dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity.\n See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n details.Changing hash values affects the iteration order of\n dicts, sets and other mappings. Python has never made guarantees\n about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and\n 64-bit builds).See also "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n\n Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by default.\n\nobject.__bool__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this method is not\n defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\n\nCustomizing attribute access\n============================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control over attribute access.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See *Special method lookup*.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should call the base class method with the same name, for example,\n "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\nobject.__dir__(self)\n\n Called when "dir()" is called on the object. A sequence must be\n returned. "dir()" converts the returned sequence to a list and\n sorts it.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n--------------------\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called.\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to an object instance, "a.x" is transformed into the\n call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a class, "A.x" is transformed into the call:\n "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n---------\n\nBy default, instances of classes have a dictionary for attribute\nstorage. This wastes space for objects having very few instance\nvariables. The space consumption can become acute when creating large\nnumbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a class\ndefinition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of instance\nvariables and reserves just enough space in each instance to hold a\nvalue for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is not\ncreated for each instance.\n\nobject.__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared variables and\n prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and *__weakref__* for\n each instance.\n\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (*Implementing Descriptors*) for each variable name. As\n a result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "int", "bytes" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n\nCustomizing class creation\n==========================\n\nBy default, classes are constructed using "type()". The class body is\nexecuted in a new namespace and the class name is bound locally to the\nresult of "type(name, bases, namespace)".\n\nThe class creation process can be customised by passing the\n"metaclass" keyword argument in the class definition line, or by\ninheriting from an existing class that included such an argument. In\nthe following example, both "MyClass" and "MySubclass" are instances\nof "Meta":\n\n class Meta(type):\n pass\n\n class MyClass(metaclass=Meta):\n pass\n\n class MySubclass(MyClass):\n pass\n\nAny other keyword arguments that are specified in the class definition\nare passed through to all metaclass operations described below.\n\nWhen a class definition is executed, the following steps occur:\n\n* the appropriate metaclass is determined\n\n* the class namespace is prepared\n\n* the class body is executed\n\n* the class object is created\n\n\nDetermining the appropriate metaclass\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe appropriate metaclass for a class definition is determined as\nfollows:\n\n* if no bases and no explicit metaclass are given, then "type()" is\n used\n\n* if an explicit metaclass is given and it is *not* an instance of\n "type()", then it is used directly as the metaclass\n\n* if an instance of "type()" is given as the explicit metaclass, or\n bases are defined, then the most derived metaclass is used\n\nThe most derived metaclass is selected from the explicitly specified\nmetaclass (if any) and the metaclasses (i.e. "type(cls)") of all\nspecified base classes. The most derived metaclass is one which is a\nsubtype of *all* of these candidate metaclasses. If none of the\ncandidate metaclasses meets that criterion, then the class definition\nwill fail with "TypeError".\n\n\nPreparing the class namespace\n-----------------------------\n\nOnce the appropriate metaclass has been identified, then the class\nnamespace is prepared. If the metaclass has a "__prepare__" attribute,\nit is called as "namespace = metaclass.__prepare__(name, bases,\n**kwds)" (where the additional keyword arguments, if any, come from\nthe class definition).\n\nIf the metaclass has no "__prepare__" attribute, then the class\nnamespace is initialised as an empty "dict()" instance.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3000\n\n Introduced the "__prepare__" namespace hook\n\n\nExecuting the class body\n------------------------\n\nThe class body is executed (approximately) as "exec(body, globals(),\nnamespace)". The key difference from a normal call to "exec()" is that\nlexical scoping allows the class body (including any methods) to\nreference names from the current and outer scopes when the class\ndefinition occurs inside a function.\n\nHowever, even when the class definition occurs inside the function,\nmethods defined inside the class still cannot see names defined at the\nclass scope. Class variables must be accessed through the first\nparameter of instance or class methods, and cannot be accessed at all\nfrom static methods.\n\n\nCreating the class object\n-------------------------\n\nOnce the class namespace has been populated by executing the class\nbody, the class object is created by calling "metaclass(name, bases,\nnamespace, **kwds)" (the additional keywords passed here are the same\nas those passed to "__prepare__").\n\nThis class object is the one that will be referenced by the zero-\nargument form of "super()". "__class__" is an implicit closure\nreference created by the compiler if any methods in a class body refer\nto either "__class__" or "super". This allows the zero argument form\nof "super()" to correctly identify the class being defined based on\nlexical scoping, while the class or instance that was used to make the\ncurrent call is identified based on the first argument passed to the\nmethod.\n\nAfter the class object is created, it is passed to the class\ndecorators included in the class definition (if any) and the resulting\nobject is bound in the local namespace as the defined class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3135** - New super\n\n Describes the implicit "__class__" closure reference\n\n\nMetaclass example\n-----------------\n\nThe potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas that have\nbeen explored include logging, interface checking, automatic\ndelegation, automatic property creation, proxies, frameworks, and\nautomatic resource locking/synchronization.\n\nHere is an example of a metaclass that uses an\n"collections.OrderedDict" to remember the order that class members\nwere defined:\n\n class OrderedClass(type):\n\n @classmethod\n def __prepare__(metacls, name, bases, **kwds):\n return collections.OrderedDict()\n\n def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwds):\n result = type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dict(namespace))\n result.members = tuple(namespace)\n return result\n\n class A(metaclass=OrderedClass):\n def one(self): pass\n def two(self): pass\n def three(self): pass\n def four(self): pass\n\n >>> A.members\n (\'__module__\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\')\n\nWhen the class definition for *A* gets executed, the process begins\nwith calling the metaclass\'s "__prepare__()" method which returns an\nempty "collections.OrderedDict". That mapping records the methods and\nattributes of *A* as they are defined within the body of the class\nstatement. Once those definitions are executed, the ordered dictionary\nis fully populated and the metaclass\'s "__new__()" method gets\ninvoked. That method builds the new type and it saves the ordered\ndictionary keys in an attribute called "members".\n\n\nCustomizing instance and subclass checks\n========================================\n\nThe following methods are used to override the default behavior of the\n"isinstance()" and "issubclass()" built-in functions.\n\nIn particular, the metaclass "abc.ABCMeta" implements these methods in\norder to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) as\n"virtual base classes" to any class or type (including built-in\ntypes), including other ABCs.\n\nclass.__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n Return true if *instance* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) instance of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "isinstance(instance, class)".\n\nclass.__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n Return true if *subclass* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) subclass of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "issubclass(subclass, class)".\n\nNote that these methods are looked up on the type (metaclass) of a\nclass. They cannot be defined as class methods in the actual class.\nThis is consistent with the lookup of special methods that are called\non instances, only in this case the instance is itself a class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3119** - Introducing Abstract Base Classes\n\n Includes the specification for customizing "isinstance()" and\n "issubclass()" behavior through "__instancecheck__()" and\n "__subclasscheck__()", with motivation for this functionality in\n the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the "abc"\n module) to the language.\n\n\nEmulating callable objects\n==========================\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" is a shorthand for\n "x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)".\n\n\nEmulating container types\n=========================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "get()", "clear()",\n"setdefault()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()"\nbehaving similar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects.\nThe "collections" module provides a "MutableMapping" abstract base\nclass to help create those methods from a base set of "__getitem__()",\n"__setitem__()", "__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences\nshould provide methods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()",\n"insert()", "pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python\nstandard list objects. Finally, sequence types should implement\naddition (meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning\nrepetition) by defining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()",\n"__iadd__()", "__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described\nbelow; they should not define other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should search the mapping\'s keys; for sequences, it\nshould search through the values. It is further recommended that both\nmappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "keys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__bool__()" method and whose "__len__()" method\n returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__length_hint__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.length_hint()". Should return an\n estimated length for the object (which may be greater or less than\n the actual length). The length must be an integer ">=" 0. This\n method is purely an optimization and is never required for\n correctness.\n\n New in version 3.4.\n\nNote: Slicing is done exclusively with the following three methods.\n A call like\n\n a[1:2] = b\n\n is translated to\n\n a[slice(1, 2, None)] = b\n\n and so forth. Missing slice items are always filled in with "None".\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "keys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see *Iterator Types*.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see *this section in the\n language reference*.\n\n\nEmulating numeric types\n=======================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()". Note\n that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an optional third\n argument if the ternary version of the built-in "pow()" function is\n to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, if *x* is an instance of a class with an\n "__iadd__()" method, "x += y" is equivalent to "x = x.__iadd__(y)"\n . Otherwise, "x.__add__(y)" and "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as\n with the evaluation of "x + y". In certain situations, augmented\n assignment can result in unexpected errors (see *Why does\n a_tuple[i] += [\'item\'] raise an exception when the addition\n works?*), but this behavior is in fact part of the data model.\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\nobject.__round__(self[, n])\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "float()" and "round()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever Python needs\n to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer object (such\n as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and "oct()"\n functions). Presence of this method indicates that the numeric\n object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n\n Note: When "__index__()" is defined, "__int__()" should also be\n defined, and both shuld return the same value, in order to have a\n coherent integer type class.\n\n\nWith Statement Context Managers\n===============================\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section *The with\nstatement*), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see *Context Manager Types*.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nSpecial method lookup\n=====================\n\nFor custom classes, implicit invocations of special methods are only\nguaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object\'s type, not in\nthe object\'s instance dictionary. That behaviour is the reason why\nthe following code raises an exception:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> len(c)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: object of type \'C\' has no len()\n\nThe rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of special\nmethods such as "__hash__()" and "__repr__()" that are implemented by\nall objects, including type objects. If the implicit lookup of these\nmethods used the conventional lookup process, they would fail when\ninvoked on the type object itself:\n\n >>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1)\n True\n >>> int.__hash__() == hash(int)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: descriptor \'__hash__\' of \'int\' object needs an argument\n\nIncorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a class in this\nway is sometimes referred to as \'metaclass confusion\', and is avoided\nby bypassing the instance when looking up special methods:\n\n >>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1)\n True\n >>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int)\n True\n\nIn addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of\ncorrectness, implicit special method lookup generally also bypasses\nthe "__getattribute__()" method even of the object\'s metaclass:\n\n >>> class Meta(type):\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print("Metaclass getattribute invoked")\n ... return type.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> class C(object, metaclass=Meta):\n ... def __len__(self):\n ... return 10\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print("Class getattribute invoked")\n ... return object.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via instance\n Class getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via type\n Metaclass getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> len(c) # Implicit lookup\n 10\n\nBypassing the "__getattribute__()" machinery in this fashion provides\nsignificant scope for speed optimisations within the interpreter, at\nthe cost of some flexibility in the handling of special methods (the\nspecial method *must* be set on the class object itself in order to be\nconsistently invoked by the interpreter).\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] It *is* possible in some cases to change an object\'s type,\n under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn\'t a good\n idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if\n it is handled incorrectly.\n\n[2] For operands of the same type, it is assumed that if the non-\n reflected method (such as "__add__()") fails the operation is not\n supported, which is why the reflected method is not called.\n', + 'specialnames': '\nSpecial method names\n********************\n\nA class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special\nsyntax (such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and slicing) by\ndefining methods with special names. This is Python\'s approach to\n*operator overloading*, allowing classes to define their own behavior\nwith respect to language operators. For instance, if a class defines\na method named "__getitem__()", and "x" is an instance of this class,\nthen "x[i]" is roughly equivalent to "type(x).__getitem__(x, i)".\nExcept where mentioned, attempts to execute an operation raise an\nexception when no appropriate method is defined (typically\n"AttributeError" or "TypeError").\n\nWhen implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is\nimportant that the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it\nmakes sense for the object being modelled. For example, some\nsequences may work well with retrieval of individual elements, but\nextracting a slice may not make sense. (One example of this is the\n"NodeList" interface in the W3C\'s Document Object Model.)\n\n\nBasic customization\n===================\n\nobject.__new__(cls[, ...])\n\n Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. "__new__()" is a\n static method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such)\n that takes the class of which an instance was requested as its\n first argument. The remaining arguments are those passed to the\n object constructor expression (the call to the class). The return\n value of "__new__()" should be the new object instance (usually an\n instance of *cls*).\n\n Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by\n invoking the superclass\'s "__new__()" method using\n "super(currentclass, cls).__new__(cls[, ...])" with appropriate\n arguments and then modifying the newly-created instance as\n necessary before returning it.\n\n If "__new__()" returns an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will be invoked like\n "__init__(self[, ...])", where *self* is the new instance and the\n remaining arguments are the same as were passed to "__new__()".\n\n If "__new__()" does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new\n instance\'s "__init__()" method will not be invoked.\n\n "__new__()" is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable\n types (like int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It\n is also commonly overridden in custom metaclasses in order to\n customize class creation.\n\nobject.__init__(self[, ...])\n\n Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those\n passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an\n "__init__()" method, the derived class\'s "__init__()" method, if\n any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the\n base class part of the instance; for example:\n "BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])". As a special constraint on\n constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a\n "TypeError" to be raised at runtime.\n\nobject.__del__(self)\n\n Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also\n called a destructor. If a base class has a "__del__()" method, the\n derived class\'s "__del__()" method, if any, must explicitly call it\n to ensure proper deletion of the base class part of the instance.\n Note that it is possible (though not recommended!) for the\n "__del__()" method to postpone destruction of the instance by\n creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later\n time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that\n "__del__()" methods are called for objects that still exist when\n the interpreter exits.\n\n Note: "del x" doesn\'t directly call "x.__del__()" --- the former\n decrements the reference count for "x" by one, and the latter is\n only called when "x"\'s reference count reaches zero. Some common\n situations that may prevent the reference count of an object from\n going to zero include: circular references between objects (e.g.,\n a doubly-linked list or a tree data structure with parent and\n child pointers); a reference to the object on the stack frame of\n a function that caught an exception (the traceback stored in\n "sys.exc_info()[2]" keeps the stack frame alive); or a reference\n to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled\n exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in\n "sys.last_traceback" keeps the stack frame alive). The first\n situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;\n the latter two situations can be resolved by storing "None" in\n "sys.last_traceback". Circular references which are garbage are\n detected and cleaned up when the cyclic garbage collector is\n enabled (it\'s on by default). Refer to the documentation for the\n "gc" module for more information about this topic.\n\n Warning: Due to the precarious circumstances under which\n "__del__()" methods are invoked, exceptions that occur during\n their execution are ignored, and a warning is printed to\n "sys.stderr" instead. Also, when "__del__()" is invoked in\n response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the\n program is done), other globals referenced by the "__del__()"\n method may already have been deleted or in the process of being\n torn down (e.g. the import machinery shutting down). For this\n reason, "__del__()" methods should do the absolute minimum needed\n to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5,\n Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single\n underscore are deleted from their module before other globals are\n deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may\n help in assuring that imported modules are still available at the\n time when the "__del__()" method is called.\n\nobject.__repr__(self)\n\n Called by the "repr()" built-in function to compute the "official"\n string representation of an object. If at all possible, this\n should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to\n recreate an object with the same value (given an appropriate\n environment). If this is not possible, a string of the form\n "<...some useful description...>" should be returned. The return\n value must be a string object. If a class defines "__repr__()" but\n not "__str__()", then "__repr__()" is also used when an "informal"\n string representation of instances of that class is required.\n\n This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the\n representation is information-rich and unambiguous.\n\nobject.__str__(self)\n\n Called by "str(object)" and the built-in functions "format()" and\n "print()" to compute the "informal" or nicely printable string\n representation of an object. The return value must be a *string*\n object.\n\n This method differs from "object.__repr__()" in that there is no\n expectation that "__str__()" return a valid Python expression: a\n more convenient or concise representation can be used.\n\n The default implementation defined by the built-in type "object"\n calls "object.__repr__()".\n\nobject.__bytes__(self)\n\n Called by "bytes()" to compute a byte-string representation of an\n object. This should return a "bytes" object.\n\nobject.__format__(self, format_spec)\n\n Called by the "format()" built-in function (and by extension, the\n "str.format()" method of class "str") to produce a "formatted"\n string representation of an object. The "format_spec" argument is a\n string that contains a description of the formatting options\n desired. The interpretation of the "format_spec" argument is up to\n the type implementing "__format__()", however most classes will\n either delegate formatting to one of the built-in types, or use a\n similar formatting option syntax.\n\n See *Format Specification Mini-Language* for a description of the\n standard formatting syntax.\n\n The return value must be a string object.\n\nobject.__lt__(self, other)\nobject.__le__(self, other)\nobject.__eq__(self, other)\nobject.__ne__(self, other)\nobject.__gt__(self, other)\nobject.__ge__(self, other)\n\n These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods. The\n correspondence between operator symbols and method names is as\n follows: "x<y" calls "x.__lt__(y)", "x<=y" calls "x.__le__(y)",\n "x==y" calls "x.__eq__(y)", "x!=y" calls "x.__ne__(y)", "x>y" calls\n "x.__gt__(y)", and "x>=y" calls "x.__ge__(y)".\n\n A rich comparison method may return the singleton "NotImplemented"\n if it does not implement the operation for a given pair of\n arguments. By convention, "False" and "True" are returned for a\n successful comparison. However, these methods can return any value,\n so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean context (e.g.,\n in the condition of an "if" statement), Python will call "bool()"\n on the value to determine if the result is true or false.\n\n There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators.\n The truth of "x==y" does not imply that "x!=y" is false.\n Accordingly, when defining "__eq__()", one should also define\n "__ne__()" so that the operators will behave as expected. See the\n paragraph on "__hash__()" for some important notes on creating\n *hashable* objects which support custom comparison operations and\n are usable as dictionary keys.\n\n There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used\n when the left argument does not support the operation but the right\n argument does); rather, "__lt__()" and "__gt__()" are each other\'s\n reflection, "__le__()" and "__ge__()" are each other\'s reflection,\n and "__eq__()" and "__ne__()" are their own reflection.\n\n Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced.\n\n To automatically generate ordering operations from a single root\n operation, see "functools.total_ordering()".\n\nobject.__hash__(self)\n\n Called by built-in function "hash()" and for operations on members\n of hashed collections including "set", "frozenset", and "dict".\n "__hash__()" should return an integer. The only required property\n is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is\n advised to somehow mix together (e.g. using exclusive or) the hash\n values for the components of the object that also play a part in\n comparison of objects.\n\n Note: "hash()" truncates the value returned from an object\'s\n custom "__hash__()" method to the size of a "Py_ssize_t". This\n is typically 8 bytes on 64-bit builds and 4 bytes on 32-bit\n builds. If an object\'s "__hash__()" must interoperate on builds\n of different bit sizes, be sure to check the width on all\n supported builds. An easy way to do this is with "python -c\n "import sys; print(sys.hash_info.width)""\n\n If a class does not define an "__eq__()" method it should not\n define a "__hash__()" operation either; if it defines "__eq__()"\n but not "__hash__()", its instances will not be usable as items in\n hashable collections. If a class defines mutable objects and\n implements an "__eq__()" method, it should not implement\n "__hash__()", since the implementation of hashable collections\n requires that a key\'s hash value is immutable (if the object\'s hash\n value changes, it will be in the wrong hash bucket).\n\n User-defined classes have "__eq__()" and "__hash__()" methods by\n default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with\n themselves) and "x.__hash__()" returns an appropriate value such\n that "x == y" implies both that "x is y" and "hash(x) == hash(y)".\n\n A class that overrides "__eq__()" and does not define "__hash__()"\n will have its "__hash__()" implicitly set to "None". When the\n "__hash__()" method of a class is "None", instances of the class\n will raise an appropriate "TypeError" when a program attempts to\n retrieve their hash value, and will also be correctly identified as\n unhashable when checking "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable").\n\n If a class that overrides "__eq__()" needs to retain the\n implementation of "__hash__()" from a parent class, the interpreter\n must be told this explicitly by setting "__hash__ =\n <ParentClass>.__hash__".\n\n If a class that does not override "__eq__()" wishes to suppress\n hash support, it should include "__hash__ = None" in the class\n definition. A class which defines its own "__hash__()" that\n explicitly raises a "TypeError" would be incorrectly identified as\n hashable by an "isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)" call.\n\n Note: By default, the "__hash__()" values of str, bytes and\n datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.\n Although they remain constant within an individual Python\n process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of\n Python.This is intended to provide protection against a denial-\n of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the\n worst case performance of a dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity.\n See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for\n details.Changing hash values affects the iteration order of\n dicts, sets and other mappings. Python has never made guarantees\n about this ordering (and it typically varies between 32-bit and\n 64-bit builds).See also "PYTHONHASHSEED".\n\n Changed in version 3.3: Hash randomization is enabled by default.\n\nobject.__bool__(self)\n\n Called to implement truth value testing and the built-in operation\n "bool()"; should return "False" or "True". When this method is not\n defined, "__len__()" is called, if it is defined, and the object is\n considered true if its result is nonzero. If a class defines\n neither "__len__()" nor "__bool__()", all its instances are\n considered true.\n\n\nCustomizing attribute access\n============================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of\nattribute access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of "x.name") for\nclass instances.\n\nobject.__getattr__(self, name)\n\n Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the\n usual places (i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found\n in the class tree for "self"). "name" is the attribute name. This\n method should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception.\n\n Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,\n "__getattr__()" is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry\n between "__getattr__()" and "__setattr__()".) This is done both for\n efficiency reasons and because otherwise "__getattr__()" would have\n no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at\n least for instance variables, you can fake total control by not\n inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary (but\n instead inserting them in another object). See the\n "__getattribute__()" method below for a way to actually get total\n control over attribute access.\n\nobject.__getattribute__(self, name)\n\n Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for\n instances of the class. If the class also defines "__getattr__()",\n the latter will not be called unless "__getattribute__()" either\n calls it explicitly or raises an "AttributeError". This method\n should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an\n "AttributeError" exception. In order to avoid infinite recursion in\n this method, its implementation should always call the base class\n method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for\n example, "object.__getattribute__(self, name)".\n\n Note: This method may still be bypassed when looking up special\n methods as the result of implicit invocation via language syntax\n or built-in functions. See *Special method lookup*.\n\nobject.__setattr__(self, name, value)\n\n Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called\n instead of the normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the\n instance dictionary). *name* is the attribute name, *value* is the\n value to be assigned to it.\n\n If "__setattr__()" wants to assign to an instance attribute, it\n should call the base class method with the same name, for example,\n "object.__setattr__(self, name, value)".\n\nobject.__delattr__(self, name)\n\n Like "__setattr__()" but for attribute deletion instead of\n assignment. This should only be implemented if "del obj.name" is\n meaningful for the object.\n\nobject.__dir__(self)\n\n Called when "dir()" is called on the object. A sequence must be\n returned. "dir()" converts the returned sequence to a list and\n sorts it.\n\n\nImplementing Descriptors\n------------------------\n\nThe following methods only apply when an instance of the class\ncontaining the method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in an\n*owner* class (the descriptor must be in either the owner\'s class\ndictionary or in the class dictionary for one of its parents). In the\nexamples below, "the attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is\nthe key of the property in the owner class\' "__dict__".\n\nobject.__get__(self, instance, owner)\n\n Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute\n access) or of an instance of that class (instance attribute\n access). *owner* is always the owner class, while *instance* is the\n instance that the attribute was accessed through, or "None" when\n the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method should\n return the (computed) attribute value or raise an "AttributeError"\n exception.\n\nobject.__set__(self, instance, value)\n\n Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner\n class to a new value, *value*.\n\nobject.__delete__(self, instance)\n\n Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the\n owner class.\n\n\nInvoking Descriptors\n--------------------\n\nIn general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding\nbehavior", one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods\nin the descriptor protocol: "__get__()", "__set__()", and\n"__delete__()". If any of those methods are defined for an object, it\nis said to be a descriptor.\n\nThe default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete\nthe attribute from an object\'s dictionary. For instance, "a.x" has a\nlookup chain starting with "a.__dict__[\'x\']", then\n"type(a).__dict__[\'x\']", and continuing through the base classes of\n"type(a)" excluding metaclasses.\n\nHowever, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the\ndescriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and\ninvoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the\nprecedence chain depends on which descriptor methods were defined and\nhow they were called.\n\nThe starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, "a.x". How\nthe arguments are assembled depends on "a":\n\nDirect Call\n The simplest and least common call is when user code directly\n invokes a descriptor method: "x.__get__(a)".\n\nInstance Binding\n If binding to an object instance, "a.x" is transformed into the\n call: "type(a).__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(a, type(a))".\n\nClass Binding\n If binding to a class, "A.x" is transformed into the call:\n "A.__dict__[\'x\'].__get__(None, A)".\n\nSuper Binding\n If "a" is an instance of "super", then the binding "super(B,\n obj).m()" searches "obj.__class__.__mro__" for the base class "A"\n immediately preceding "B" and then invokes the descriptor with the\n call: "A.__dict__[\'m\'].__get__(obj, obj.__class__)".\n\nFor instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends\non the which descriptor methods are defined. A descriptor can define\nany combination of "__get__()", "__set__()" and "__delete__()". If it\ndoes not define "__get__()", then accessing the attribute will return\nthe descriptor object itself unless there is a value in the object\'s\ninstance dictionary. If the descriptor defines "__set__()" and/or\n"__delete__()", it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is\na non-data descriptor. Normally, data descriptors define both\n"__get__()" and "__set__()", while non-data descriptors have just the\n"__get__()" method. Data descriptors with "__set__()" and "__get__()"\ndefined always override a redefinition in an instance dictionary. In\ncontrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by instances.\n\nPython methods (including "staticmethod()" and "classmethod()") are\nimplemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can\nredefine and override methods. This allows individual instances to\nacquire behaviors that differ from other instances of the same class.\n\nThe "property()" function is implemented as a data descriptor.\nAccordingly, instances cannot override the behavior of a property.\n\n\n__slots__\n---------\n\nBy default, instances of classes have a dictionary for attribute\nstorage. This wastes space for objects having very few instance\nvariables. The space consumption can become acute when creating large\nnumbers of instances.\n\nThe default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a class\ndefinition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of instance\nvariables and reserves just enough space in each instance to hold a\nvalue for each variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is not\ncreated for each instance.\n\nobject.__slots__\n\n This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence\n of strings with variable names used by instances. If defined in a\n class, *__slots__* reserves space for the declared variables and\n prevents the automatic creation of *__dict__* and *__weakref__* for\n each instance.\n\n\nNotes on using *__slots__*\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__*\n attribute of that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__*\n definition in the subclass is meaningless.\n\n* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new\n variables not listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to\n assign to an unlisted variable name raises "AttributeError". If\n dynamic assignment of new variables is desired, then add\n "\'__dict__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes\n defining *__slots__* do not support weak references to its\n instances. If weak reference support is needed, then add\n "\'__weakref__\'" to the sequence of strings in the *__slots__*\n declaration.\n\n* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating\n descriptors (*Implementing Descriptors*) for each variable name. As\n a result, class attributes cannot be used to set default values for\n instance variables defined by *__slots__*; otherwise, the class\n attribute would overwrite the descriptor assignment.\n\n* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class\n where it is defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__*\n unless they also define *__slots__* (which must only contain names\n of any *additional* slots).\n\n* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the\n instance variable defined by the base class slot is inaccessible\n (except by retrieving its descriptor directly from the base class).\n This renders the meaning of the program undefined. In the future, a\n check may be added to prevent this.\n\n* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from\n "variable-length" built-in types such as "int", "bytes" and "tuple".\n\n* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings\n may also be used; however, in the future, special meaning may be\n assigned to the values corresponding to each key.\n\n* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same\n *__slots__*.\n\n\nCustomizing class creation\n==========================\n\nBy default, classes are constructed using "type()". The class body is\nexecuted in a new namespace and the class name is bound locally to the\nresult of "type(name, bases, namespace)".\n\nThe class creation process can be customised by passing the\n"metaclass" keyword argument in the class definition line, or by\ninheriting from an existing class that included such an argument. In\nthe following example, both "MyClass" and "MySubclass" are instances\nof "Meta":\n\n class Meta(type):\n pass\n\n class MyClass(metaclass=Meta):\n pass\n\n class MySubclass(MyClass):\n pass\n\nAny other keyword arguments that are specified in the class definition\nare passed through to all metaclass operations described below.\n\nWhen a class definition is executed, the following steps occur:\n\n* the appropriate metaclass is determined\n\n* the class namespace is prepared\n\n* the class body is executed\n\n* the class object is created\n\n\nDetermining the appropriate metaclass\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe appropriate metaclass for a class definition is determined as\nfollows:\n\n* if no bases and no explicit metaclass are given, then "type()" is\n used\n\n* if an explicit metaclass is given and it is *not* an instance of\n "type()", then it is used directly as the metaclass\n\n* if an instance of "type()" is given as the explicit metaclass, or\n bases are defined, then the most derived metaclass is used\n\nThe most derived metaclass is selected from the explicitly specified\nmetaclass (if any) and the metaclasses (i.e. "type(cls)") of all\nspecified base classes. The most derived metaclass is one which is a\nsubtype of *all* of these candidate metaclasses. If none of the\ncandidate metaclasses meets that criterion, then the class definition\nwill fail with "TypeError".\n\n\nPreparing the class namespace\n-----------------------------\n\nOnce the appropriate metaclass has been identified, then the class\nnamespace is prepared. If the metaclass has a "__prepare__" attribute,\nit is called as "namespace = metaclass.__prepare__(name, bases,\n**kwds)" (where the additional keyword arguments, if any, come from\nthe class definition).\n\nIf the metaclass has no "__prepare__" attribute, then the class\nnamespace is initialised as an empty "dict()" instance.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3115** - Metaclasses in Python 3000\n\n Introduced the "__prepare__" namespace hook\n\n\nExecuting the class body\n------------------------\n\nThe class body is executed (approximately) as "exec(body, globals(),\nnamespace)". The key difference from a normal call to "exec()" is that\nlexical scoping allows the class body (including any methods) to\nreference names from the current and outer scopes when the class\ndefinition occurs inside a function.\n\nHowever, even when the class definition occurs inside the function,\nmethods defined inside the class still cannot see names defined at the\nclass scope. Class variables must be accessed through the first\nparameter of instance or class methods, and cannot be accessed at all\nfrom static methods.\n\n\nCreating the class object\n-------------------------\n\nOnce the class namespace has been populated by executing the class\nbody, the class object is created by calling "metaclass(name, bases,\nnamespace, **kwds)" (the additional keywords passed here are the same\nas those passed to "__prepare__").\n\nThis class object is the one that will be referenced by the zero-\nargument form of "super()". "__class__" is an implicit closure\nreference created by the compiler if any methods in a class body refer\nto either "__class__" or "super". This allows the zero argument form\nof "super()" to correctly identify the class being defined based on\nlexical scoping, while the class or instance that was used to make the\ncurrent call is identified based on the first argument passed to the\nmethod.\n\nAfter the class object is created, it is passed to the class\ndecorators included in the class definition (if any) and the resulting\nobject is bound in the local namespace as the defined class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3135** - New super\n\n Describes the implicit "__class__" closure reference\n\n\nMetaclass example\n-----------------\n\nThe potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas that have\nbeen explored include logging, interface checking, automatic\ndelegation, automatic property creation, proxies, frameworks, and\nautomatic resource locking/synchronization.\n\nHere is an example of a metaclass that uses an\n"collections.OrderedDict" to remember the order that class members\nwere defined:\n\n class OrderedClass(type):\n\n @classmethod\n def __prepare__(metacls, name, bases, **kwds):\n return collections.OrderedDict()\n\n def __new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwds):\n result = type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dict(namespace))\n result.members = tuple(namespace)\n return result\n\n class A(metaclass=OrderedClass):\n def one(self): pass\n def two(self): pass\n def three(self): pass\n def four(self): pass\n\n >>> A.members\n (\'__module__\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\')\n\nWhen the class definition for *A* gets executed, the process begins\nwith calling the metaclass\'s "__prepare__()" method which returns an\nempty "collections.OrderedDict". That mapping records the methods and\nattributes of *A* as they are defined within the body of the class\nstatement. Once those definitions are executed, the ordered dictionary\nis fully populated and the metaclass\'s "__new__()" method gets\ninvoked. That method builds the new type and it saves the ordered\ndictionary keys in an attribute called "members".\n\n\nCustomizing instance and subclass checks\n========================================\n\nThe following methods are used to override the default behavior of the\n"isinstance()" and "issubclass()" built-in functions.\n\nIn particular, the metaclass "abc.ABCMeta" implements these methods in\norder to allow the addition of Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) as\n"virtual base classes" to any class or type (including built-in\ntypes), including other ABCs.\n\nclass.__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n Return true if *instance* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) instance of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "isinstance(instance, class)".\n\nclass.__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n Return true if *subclass* should be considered a (direct or\n indirect) subclass of *class*. If defined, called to implement\n "issubclass(subclass, class)".\n\nNote that these methods are looked up on the type (metaclass) of a\nclass. They cannot be defined as class methods in the actual class.\nThis is consistent with the lookup of special methods that are called\non instances, only in this case the instance is itself a class.\n\nSee also: **PEP 3119** - Introducing Abstract Base Classes\n\n Includes the specification for customizing "isinstance()" and\n "issubclass()" behavior through "__instancecheck__()" and\n "__subclasscheck__()", with motivation for this functionality in\n the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the "abc"\n module) to the language.\n\n\nEmulating callable objects\n==========================\n\nobject.__call__(self[, args...])\n\n Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method\n is defined, "x(arg1, arg2, ...)" is a shorthand for\n "x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)".\n\n\nEmulating container types\n=========================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to implement container objects.\nContainers usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings\n(like dictionaries), but can represent other containers as well. The\nfirst set of methods is used either to emulate a sequence or to\nemulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence, the\nallowable keys should be the integers *k* for which "0 <= k < N" where\n*N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a\nrange of items. It is also recommended that mappings provide the\nmethods "keys()", "values()", "items()", "get()", "clear()",\n"setdefault()", "pop()", "popitem()", "copy()", and "update()"\nbehaving similar to those for Python\'s standard dictionary objects.\nThe "collections" module provides a "MutableMapping" abstract base\nclass to help create those methods from a base set of "__getitem__()",\n"__setitem__()", "__delitem__()", and "keys()". Mutable sequences\nshould provide methods "append()", "count()", "index()", "extend()",\n"insert()", "pop()", "remove()", "reverse()" and "sort()", like Python\nstandard list objects. Finally, sequence types should implement\naddition (meaning concatenation) and multiplication (meaning\nrepetition) by defining the methods "__add__()", "__radd__()",\n"__iadd__()", "__mul__()", "__rmul__()" and "__imul__()" described\nbelow; they should not define other numerical operators. It is\nrecommended that both mappings and sequences implement the\n"__contains__()" method to allow efficient use of the "in" operator;\nfor mappings, "in" should search the mapping\'s keys; for sequences, it\nshould search through the values. It is further recommended that both\nmappings and sequences implement the "__iter__()" method to allow\nefficient iteration through the container; for mappings, "__iter__()"\nshould be the same as "keys()"; for sequences, it should iterate\nthrough the values.\n\nobject.__len__(self)\n\n Called to implement the built-in function "len()". Should return\n the length of the object, an integer ">=" 0. Also, an object that\n doesn\'t define a "__bool__()" method and whose "__len__()" method\n returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.\n\nobject.__length_hint__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.length_hint()". Should return an\n estimated length for the object (which may be greater or less than\n the actual length). The length must be an integer ">=" 0. This\n method is purely an optimization and is never required for\n correctness.\n\n New in version 3.4.\n\nNote: Slicing is done exclusively with the following three methods.\n A call like\n\n a[1:2] = b\n\n is translated to\n\n a[slice(1, 2, None)] = b\n\n and so forth. Missing slice items are always filled in with "None".\n\nobject.__getitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement evaluation of "self[key]". For sequence types,\n the accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that\n the special interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes\n to emulate a sequence type) is up to the "__getitem__()" method. If\n *key* is of an inappropriate type, "TypeError" may be raised; if of\n a value outside the set of indexes for the sequence (after any\n special interpretation of negative values), "IndexError" should be\n raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not in the\n container), "KeyError" should be raised.\n\n Note: "for" loops expect that an "IndexError" will be raised for\n illegal indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the\n sequence.\n\nobject.__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n Called to implement assignment to "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys\n can be added, or for sequences if elements can be replaced. The\n same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* values as for\n the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__delitem__(self, key)\n\n Called to implement deletion of "self[key]". Same note as for\n "__getitem__()". This should only be implemented for mappings if\n the objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements\n can be removed from the sequence. The same exceptions should be\n raised for improper *key* values as for the "__getitem__()" method.\n\nobject.__iter__(self)\n\n This method is called when an iterator is required for a container.\n This method should return a new iterator object that can iterate\n over all the objects in the container. For mappings, it should\n iterate over the keys of the container, and should also be made\n available as the method "keys()".\n\n Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are\n required to return themselves. For more information on iterator\n objects, see *Iterator Types*.\n\nobject.__reversed__(self)\n\n Called (if present) by the "reversed()" built-in to implement\n reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that\n iterates over all the objects in the container in reverse order.\n\n If the "__reversed__()" method is not provided, the "reversed()"\n built-in will fall back to using the sequence protocol ("__len__()"\n and "__getitem__()"). Objects that support the sequence protocol\n should only provide "__reversed__()" if they can provide an\n implementation that is more efficient than the one provided by\n "reversed()".\n\nThe membership test operators ("in" and "not in") are normally\nimplemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container\nobjects can supply the following special method with a more efficient\nimplementation, which also does not require the object be a sequence.\n\nobject.__contains__(self, item)\n\n Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true\n if *item* is in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this\n should consider the keys of the mapping rather than the values or\n the key-item pairs.\n\n For objects that don\'t define "__contains__()", the membership test\n first tries iteration via "__iter__()", then the old sequence\n iteration protocol via "__getitem__()", see *this section in the\n language reference*.\n\n\nEmulating numeric types\n=======================\n\nThe following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects.\nMethods corresponding to operations that are not supported by the\nparticular kind of number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for\nnon-integral numbers) should be left undefined.\n\nobject.__add__(self, other)\nobject.__sub__(self, other)\nobject.__mul__(self, other)\nobject.__truediv__(self, other)\nobject.__floordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__mod__(self, other)\nobject.__divmod__(self, other)\nobject.__pow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__lshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rshift__(self, other)\nobject.__and__(self, other)\nobject.__xor__(self, other)\nobject.__or__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|"). For instance, to evaluate the\n expression "x + y", where *x* is an instance of a class that has an\n "__add__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" is called. The "__divmod__()"\n method should be the equivalent to using "__floordiv__()" and\n "__mod__()"; it should not be related to "__truediv__()". Note\n that "__pow__()" should be defined to accept an optional third\n argument if the ternary version of the built-in "pow()" function is\n to be supported.\n\n If one of those methods does not support the operation with the\n supplied arguments, it should return "NotImplemented".\n\nobject.__radd__(self, other)\nobject.__rsub__(self, other)\nobject.__rmul__(self, other)\nobject.__rtruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__rfloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__rmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rdivmod__(self, other)\nobject.__rpow__(self, other)\nobject.__rlshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rrshift__(self, other)\nobject.__rand__(self, other)\nobject.__rxor__(self, other)\nobject.__ror__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic\n operations ("+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "%", "divmod()", "pow()",\n "**", "<<", ">>", "&", "^", "|") with reflected (swapped) operands.\n These functions are only called if the left operand does not\n support the corresponding operation and the operands are of\n different types. [2] For instance, to evaluate the expression "x -\n y", where *y* is an instance of a class that has an "__rsub__()"\n method, "y.__rsub__(x)" is called if "x.__sub__(y)" returns\n *NotImplemented*.\n\n Note that ternary "pow()" will not try calling "__rpow__()" (the\n coercion rules would become too complicated).\n\n Note: If the right operand\'s type is a subclass of the left\n operand\'s type and that subclass provides the reflected method\n for the operation, this method will be called before the left\n operand\'s non-reflected method. This behavior allows subclasses\n to override their ancestors\' operations.\n\nobject.__iadd__(self, other)\nobject.__isub__(self, other)\nobject.__imul__(self, other)\nobject.__itruediv__(self, other)\nobject.__ifloordiv__(self, other)\nobject.__imod__(self, other)\nobject.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo])\nobject.__ilshift__(self, other)\nobject.__irshift__(self, other)\nobject.__iand__(self, other)\nobject.__ixor__(self, other)\nobject.__ior__(self, other)\n\n These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic\n assignments ("+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=", "%=", "**=", "<<=",\n ">>=", "&=", "^=", "|="). These methods should attempt to do the\n operation in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which\n could be, but does not have to be, *self*). If a specific method\n is not defined, the augmented assignment falls back to the normal\n methods. For instance, to execute the statement "x += y", where\n *x* is an instance of a class that has an "__iadd__()" method,\n "x.__iadd__(y)" is called. If *x* is an instance of a class that\n does not define a "__iadd__()" method, "x.__add__(y)" and\n "y.__radd__(x)" are considered, as with the evaluation of "x + y".\n\nobject.__neg__(self)\nobject.__pos__(self)\nobject.__abs__(self)\nobject.__invert__(self)\n\n Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations ("-", "+",\n "abs()" and "~").\n\nobject.__complex__(self)\nobject.__int__(self)\nobject.__float__(self)\nobject.__round__(self[, n])\n\n Called to implement the built-in functions "complex()", "int()",\n "float()" and "round()". Should return a value of the appropriate\n type.\n\nobject.__index__(self)\n\n Called to implement "operator.index()", and whenever Python needs\n to losslessly convert the numeric object to an integer object (such\n as in slicing, or in the built-in "bin()", "hex()" and "oct()"\n functions). Presence of this method indicates that the numeric\n object is an integer type. Must return an integer.\n\n Note: When "__index__()" is defined, "__int__()" should also be\n defined, and both shuld return the same value, in order to have a\n coherent integer type class.\n\n\nWith Statement Context Managers\n===============================\n\nA *context manager* is an object that defines the runtime context to\nbe established when executing a "with" statement. The context manager\nhandles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context\nfor the execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally\ninvoked using the "with" statement (described in section *The with\nstatement*), but can also be used by directly invoking their methods.\n\nTypical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various\nkinds of global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened\nfiles, etc.\n\nFor more information on context managers, see *Context Manager Types*.\n\nobject.__enter__(self)\n\n Enter the runtime context related to this object. The "with"\n statement will bind this method\'s return value to the target(s)\n specified in the "as" clause of the statement, if any.\n\nobject.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters\n describe the exception that caused the context to be exited. If the\n context was exited without an exception, all three arguments will\n be "None".\n\n If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the\n exception (i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should\n return a true value. Otherwise, the exception will be processed\n normally upon exit from this method.\n\n Note that "__exit__()" methods should not reraise the passed-in\n exception; this is the caller\'s responsibility.\n\nSee also: **PEP 0343** - The "with" statement\n\n The specification, background, and examples for the Python "with"\n statement.\n\n\nSpecial method lookup\n=====================\n\nFor custom classes, implicit invocations of special methods are only\nguaranteed to work correctly if defined on an object\'s type, not in\nthe object\'s instance dictionary. That behaviour is the reason why\nthe following code raises an exception:\n\n >>> class C:\n ... pass\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5\n >>> len(c)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: object of type \'C\' has no len()\n\nThe rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of special\nmethods such as "__hash__()" and "__repr__()" that are implemented by\nall objects, including type objects. If the implicit lookup of these\nmethods used the conventional lookup process, they would fail when\ninvoked on the type object itself:\n\n >>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1)\n True\n >>> int.__hash__() == hash(int)\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>\n TypeError: descriptor \'__hash__\' of \'int\' object needs an argument\n\nIncorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a class in this\nway is sometimes referred to as \'metaclass confusion\', and is avoided\nby bypassing the instance when looking up special methods:\n\n >>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1)\n True\n >>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int)\n True\n\nIn addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of\ncorrectness, implicit special method lookup generally also bypasses\nthe "__getattribute__()" method even of the object\'s metaclass:\n\n >>> class Meta(type):\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print("Metaclass getattribute invoked")\n ... return type.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> class C(object, metaclass=Meta):\n ... def __len__(self):\n ... return 10\n ... def __getattribute__(*args):\n ... print("Class getattribute invoked")\n ... return object.__getattribute__(*args)\n ...\n >>> c = C()\n >>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via instance\n Class getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via type\n Metaclass getattribute invoked\n 10\n >>> len(c) # Implicit lookup\n 10\n\nBypassing the "__getattribute__()" machinery in this fashion provides\nsignificant scope for speed optimisations within the interpreter, at\nthe cost of some flexibility in the handling of special methods (the\nspecial method *must* be set on the class object itself in order to be\nconsistently invoked by the interpreter).\n\n-[ Footnotes ]-\n\n[1] It *is* possible in some cases to change an object\'s type,\n under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn\'t a good\n idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if\n it is handled incorrectly.\n\n[2] For operands of the same type, it is assumed that if the non-\n reflected method (such as "__add__()") fails the operation is not\n supported, which is why the reflected method is not called.\n', 'string-methods': '\nString Methods\n**************\n\nStrings implement all of the *common* sequence operations, along with\nthe additional methods described below.\n\nStrings also support two styles of string formatting, one providing a\nlarge degree of flexibility and customization (see "str.format()",\n*Format String Syntax* and *String Formatting*) and the other based on\nC "printf" style formatting that handles a narrower range of types and\nis slightly harder to use correctly, but is often faster for the cases\nit can handle (*printf-style String Formatting*).\n\nThe *Text Processing Services* section of the standard library covers\na number of other modules that provide various text related utilities\n(including regular expression support in the "re" module).\n\nstr.capitalize()\n\n Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized\n and the rest lowercased.\n\nstr.casefold()\n\n Return a casefolded copy of the string. Casefolded strings may be\n used for caseless matching.\n\n Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more aggressive because\n it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a string. For\n example, the German lowercase letter "\'\xc3\x9f\'" is equivalent to ""ss"".\n Since it is already lowercase, "lower()" would do nothing to "\'\xc3\x9f\'";\n "casefold()" converts it to ""ss"".\n\n The casefolding algorithm is described in section 3.13 of the\n Unicode Standard.\n\n New in version 3.3.\n\nstr.center(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return centered in a string of length *width*. Padding is done\n using the specified *fillchar* (default is a space).\n\nstr.count(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring *sub*\n in the range [*start*, *end*]. Optional arguments *start* and\n *end* are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\nstr.encode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")\n\n Return an encoded version of the string as a bytes object. Default\n encoding is "\'utf-8\'". *errors* may be given to set a different\n error handling scheme. The default for *errors* is "\'strict\'",\n meaning that encoding errors raise a "UnicodeError". Other possible\n values are "\'ignore\'", "\'replace\'", "\'xmlcharrefreplace\'",\n "\'backslashreplace\'" and any other name registered via\n "codecs.register_error()", see section *Codec Base Classes*. For a\n list of possible encodings, see section *Standard Encodings*.\n\n Changed in version 3.1: Support for keyword arguments added.\n\nstr.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if the string ends with the specified *suffix*,\n otherwise return "False". *suffix* can also be a tuple of suffixes\n to look for. With optional *start*, test beginning at that\n position. With optional *end*, stop comparing at that position.\n\nstr.expandtabs(tabsize=8)\n\n Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced\n by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the\n given tab size. Tab positions occur every *tabsize* characters\n (default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on).\n To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the\n string is examined character by character. If the character is a\n tab ("\\t"), one or more space characters are inserted in the result\n until the current column is equal to the next tab position. (The\n tab character itself is not copied.) If the character is a newline\n ("\\n") or return ("\\r"), it is copied and the current column is\n reset to zero. Any other character is copied unchanged and the\n current column is incremented by one regardless of how the\n character is represented when printed.\n\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs()\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n >>> \'01\\t012\\t0123\\t01234\'.expandtabs(4)\n \'01 012 0123 01234\'\n\nstr.find(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the lowest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained in the slice "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" if *sub* is not found.\n\n Note: The "find()" method should be used only if you need to know\n the position of *sub*. To check if *sub* is a substring or not,\n use the "in" operator:\n\n >>> \'Py\' in \'Python\'\n True\n\nstr.format(*args, **kwargs)\n\n Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this\n method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields\n delimited by braces "{}". Each replacement field contains either\n the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a\n keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each\n replacement field is replaced with the string value of the\n corresponding argument.\n\n >>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)\n \'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\'\n\n See *Format String Syntax* for a description of the various\n formatting options that can be specified in format strings.\n\nstr.format_map(mapping)\n\n Similar to "str.format(**mapping)", except that "mapping" is used\n directly and not copied to a "dict". This is useful if for example\n "mapping" is a dict subclass:\n\n >>> class Default(dict):\n ... def __missing__(self, key):\n ... return key\n ...\n >>> \'{name} was born in {country}\'.format_map(Default(name=\'Guido\'))\n \'Guido was born in country\'\n\n New in version 3.2.\n\nstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "find()", but raise "ValueError" when the substring is not\n found.\n\nstr.isalnum()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. A character "c"\n is alphanumeric if one of the following returns "True":\n "c.isalpha()", "c.isdecimal()", "c.isdigit()", or "c.isnumeric()".\n\nstr.isalpha()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and\n there is at least one character, false otherwise. Alphabetic\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Letter", i.e., those with general category property\n being one of "Lm", "Lt", "Lu", "Ll", or "Lo". Note that this is\n different from the "Alphabetic" property defined in the Unicode\n Standard.\n\nstr.isdecimal()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are decimal characters\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Decimal\n characters are those from general category "Nd". This category\n includes digit characters, and all characters that can be used to\n form decimal-radix numbers, e.g. U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO.\n\nstr.isdigit()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are digits and there is\n at least one character, false otherwise. Digits include decimal\n characters and digits that need special handling, such as the\n compatibility superscript digits. Formally, a digit is a character\n that has the property value Numeric_Type=Digit or\n Numeric_Type=Decimal.\n\nstr.isidentifier()\n\n Return true if the string is a valid identifier according to the\n language definition, section *Identifiers and keywords*.\n\n Use "keyword.iskeyword()" to test for reserved identifiers such as\n "def" and "class".\n\nstr.islower()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are lowercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\nstr.isnumeric()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are numeric characters,\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Numeric\n characters include digit characters, and all characters that have\n the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. U+2155, VULGAR FRACTION\n ONE FIFTH. Formally, numeric characters are those with the\n property value Numeric_Type=Digit, Numeric_Type=Decimal or\n Numeric_Type=Numeric.\n\nstr.isprintable()\n\n Return true if all characters in the string are printable or the\n string is empty, false otherwise. Nonprintable characters are\n those characters defined in the Unicode character database as\n "Other" or "Separator", excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is\n considered printable. (Note that printable characters in this\n context are those which should not be escaped when "repr()" is\n invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling of strings\n written to "sys.stdout" or "sys.stderr".)\n\nstr.isspace()\n\n Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string\n and there is at least one character, false otherwise. Whitespace\n characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character\n database as "Other" or "Separator" and those with bidirectional\n property being one of "WS", "B", or "S".\n\nstr.istitle()\n\n Return true if the string is a titlecased string and there is at\n least one character, for example uppercase characters may only\n follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n Return false otherwise.\n\nstr.isupper()\n\n Return true if all cased characters [4] in the string are uppercase\n and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.\n\nstr.join(iterable)\n\n Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n *iterable* *iterable*. A "TypeError" will be raised if there are\n any non-string values in *iterable*, including "bytes" objects.\n The separator between elements is the string providing this method.\n\nstr.ljust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string left justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\nstr.lower()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to lowercase.\n\n The lowercasing algorithm used is described in section 3.13 of the\n Unicode Standard.\n\nstr.lstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a prefix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.lstrip()\n \'spacious \'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.lstrip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example.com\'\n\nstatic str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]])\n\n This static method returns a translation table usable for\n "str.translate()".\n\n If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping\n Unicode ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of length 1) to\n Unicode ordinals, strings (of arbitrary lengths) or None.\n Character keys will then be converted to ordinals.\n\n If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length,\n and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped\n to the character at the same position in y. If there is a third\n argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to\n None in the result.\n\nstr.partition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the first occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by\n two empty strings.\n\nstr.replace(old, new[, count])\n\n Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring *old*\n replaced by *new*. If the optional argument *count* is given, only\n the first *count* occurrences are replaced.\n\nstr.rfind(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Return the highest index in the string where substring *sub* is\n found, such that *sub* is contained within "s[start:end]".\n Optional arguments *start* and *end* are interpreted as in slice\n notation. Return "-1" on failure.\n\nstr.rindex(sub[, start[, end]])\n\n Like "rfind()" but raises "ValueError" when the substring *sub* is\n not found.\n\nstr.rjust(width[, fillchar])\n\n Return the string right justified in a string of length *width*.\n Padding is done using the specified *fillchar* (default is a\n space). The original string is returned if *width* is less than or\n equal to "len(s)".\n\nstr.rpartition(sep)\n\n Split the string at the last occurrence of *sep*, and return a\n 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not\n found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by\n the string itself.\n\nstr.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit* splits\n are done, the *rightmost* ones. If *sep* is not specified or\n "None", any whitespace string is a separator. Except for splitting\n from the right, "rsplit()" behaves like "split()" which is\n described in detail below.\n\nstr.rstrip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The\n *chars* argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be\n removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars* argument defaults to\n removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is not a suffix; rather,\n all combinations of its values are stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.rstrip()\n \' spacious\'\n >>> \'mississippi\'.rstrip(\'ipz\')\n \'mississ\'\n\nstr.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n\n Return a list of the words in the string, using *sep* as the\n delimiter string. If *maxsplit* is given, at most *maxsplit*\n splits are done (thus, the list will have at most "maxsplit+1"\n elements). If *maxsplit* is not specified or "-1", then there is\n no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made).\n\n If *sep* is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together\n and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example,\n "\'1,,2\'.split(\',\')" returns "[\'1\', \'\', \'2\']"). The *sep* argument\n may consist of multiple characters (for example,\n "\'1<>2<>3\'.split(\'<>\')" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']"). Splitting an\n empty string with a specified separator returns "[\'\']".\n\n If *sep* is not specified or is "None", a different splitting\n algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded\n as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings\n at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing\n whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string\n consisting of just whitespace with a "None" separator returns "[]".\n\n For example, "\' 1 2 3 \'.split()" returns "[\'1\', \'2\', \'3\']", and\n "\' 1 2 3 \'.split(None, 1)" returns "[\'1\', \'2 3 \']".\n\nstr.splitlines([keepends])\n\n Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line\n boundaries. This method uses the *universal newlines* approach to\n splitting lines. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list\n unless *keepends* is given and true.\n\n For example, "\'ab c\\n\\nde fg\\rkl\\r\\n\'.splitlines()" returns "[\'ab\n c\', \'\', \'de fg\', \'kl\']", while the same call with\n "splitlines(True)" returns "[\'ab c\\n\', \'\\n\', \'de fg\\r\', \'kl\\r\\n\']".\n\n Unlike "split()" when a delimiter string *sep* is given, this\n method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal\n line break does not result in an extra line.\n\nstr.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]])\n\n Return "True" if string starts with the *prefix*, otherwise return\n "False". *prefix* can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for.\n With optional *start*, test string beginning at that position.\n With optional *end*, stop comparing string at that position.\n\nstr.strip([chars])\n\n Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing\n characters removed. The *chars* argument is a string specifying the\n set of characters to be removed. If omitted or "None", the *chars*\n argument defaults to removing whitespace. The *chars* argument is\n not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are\n stripped:\n\n >>> \' spacious \'.strip()\n \'spacious\'\n >>> \'www.example.com\'.strip(\'cmowz.\')\n \'example\'\n\nstr.swapcase()\n\n Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to\n lowercase and vice versa. Note that it is not necessarily true that\n "s.swapcase().swapcase() == s".\n\nstr.title()\n\n Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an\n uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.\n\n The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a\n word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in\n many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and\n possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired\n result:\n\n >>> "they\'re bill\'s friends from the UK".title()\n "They\'Re Bill\'S Friends From The Uk"\n\n A workaround for apostrophes can be constructed using regular\n expressions:\n\n >>> import re\n >>> def titlecase(s):\n ... return re.sub(r"[A-Za-z]+(\'[A-Za-z]+)?",\n ... lambda mo: mo.group(0)[0].upper() +\n ... mo.group(0)[1:].lower(),\n ... s)\n ...\n >>> titlecase("they\'re bill\'s friends.")\n "They\'re Bill\'s Friends."\n\nstr.translate(map)\n\n Return a copy of the *s* where all characters have been mapped\n through the *map* which must be a dictionary of Unicode ordinals\n (integers) to Unicode ordinals, strings or "None". Unmapped\n characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to "None" are\n deleted.\n\n You can use "str.maketrans()" to create a translation map from\n character-to-character mappings in different formats.\n\n Note: An even more flexible approach is to create a custom\n character mapping codec using the "codecs" module (see\n "encodings.cp1251" for an example).\n\nstr.upper()\n\n Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters [4]\n converted to uppercase. Note that "str.upper().isupper()" might be\n "False" if "s" contains uncased characters or if the Unicode\n category of the resulting character(s) is not "Lu" (Letter,\n uppercase), but e.g. "Lt" (Letter, titlecase).\n\n The uppercasing algorithm used is described in section 3.13 of the\n Unicode Standard.\n\nstr.zfill(width)\n\n Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of\n length *width*. A sign prefix is handled correctly. The original\n string is returned if *width* is less than or equal to "len(s)".\n', 'strings': '\nString and Bytes literals\n*************************\n\nString literals are described by the following lexical definitions:\n\n stringliteral ::= [stringprefix](shortstring | longstring)\n stringprefix ::= "r" | "u" | "R" | "U"\n shortstring ::= "\'" shortstringitem* "\'" | \'"\' shortstringitem* \'"\'\n longstring ::= "\'\'\'" longstringitem* "\'\'\'" | \'"""\' longstringitem* \'"""\'\n shortstringitem ::= shortstringchar | stringescapeseq\n longstringitem ::= longstringchar | stringescapeseq\n shortstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\" or newline or the quote>\n longstringchar ::= <any source character except "\\">\n stringescapeseq ::= "\\" <any source character>\n\n bytesliteral ::= bytesprefix(shortbytes | longbytes)\n bytesprefix ::= "b" | "B" | "br" | "Br" | "bR" | "BR" | "rb" | "rB" | "Rb" | "RB"\n shortbytes ::= "\'" shortbytesitem* "\'" | \'"\' shortbytesitem* \'"\'\n longbytes ::= "\'\'\'" longbytesitem* "\'\'\'" | \'"""\' longbytesitem* \'"""\'\n shortbytesitem ::= shortbyteschar | bytesescapeseq\n longbytesitem ::= longbyteschar | bytesescapeseq\n shortbyteschar ::= <any ASCII character except "\\" or newline or the quote>\n longbyteschar ::= <any ASCII character except "\\">\n bytesescapeseq ::= "\\" <any ASCII character>\n\nOne syntactic restriction not indicated by these productions is that\nwhitespace is not allowed between the "stringprefix" or "bytesprefix"\nand the rest of the literal. The source character set is defined by\nthe encoding declaration; it is UTF-8 if no encoding declaration is\ngiven in the source file; see section *Encoding declarations*.\n\nIn plain English: Both types of literals can be enclosed in matching\nsingle quotes ("\'") or double quotes ("""). They can also be enclosed\nin matching groups of three single or double quotes (these are\ngenerally referred to as *triple-quoted strings*). The backslash\n("\\") character is used to escape characters that otherwise have a\nspecial meaning, such as newline, backslash itself, or the quote\ncharacter.\n\nBytes literals are always prefixed with "\'b\'" or "\'B\'"; they produce\nan instance of the "bytes" type instead of the "str" type. They may\nonly contain ASCII characters; bytes with a numeric value of 128 or\ngreater must be expressed with escapes.\n\nAs of Python 3.3 it is possible again to prefix unicode strings with a\n"u" prefix to simplify maintenance of dual 2.x and 3.x codebases.\n\nBoth string and bytes literals may optionally be prefixed with a\nletter "\'r\'" or "\'R\'"; such strings are called *raw strings* and treat\nbackslashes as literal characters. As a result, in string literals,\n"\'\\U\'" and "\'\\u\'" escapes in raw strings are not treated specially.\nGiven that Python 2.x\'s raw unicode literals behave differently than\nPython 3.x\'s the "\'ur\'" syntax is not supported.\n\n New in version 3.3: The "\'rb\'" prefix of raw bytes literals has\n been added as a synonym of "\'br\'".\n\n New in version 3.3: Support for the unicode legacy literal\n ("u\'value\'") was reintroduced to simplify the maintenance of dual\n Python 2.x and 3.x codebases. See **PEP 414** for more information.\n\nIn triple-quoted strings, unescaped newlines and quotes are allowed\n(and are retained), except that three unescaped quotes in a row\nterminate the string. (A "quote" is the character used to open the\nstring, i.e. either "\'" or """.)\n\nUnless an "\'r\'" or "\'R\'" prefix is present, escape sequences in\nstrings are interpreted according to rules similar to those used by\nStandard C. The recognized escape sequences are:\n\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| Escape Sequence | Meaning | Notes |\n+===================+===================================+=========+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\ooo" | Character with octal value *ooo* | (1,3) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\xhh" | Character with hex value *hh* | (2,3) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n\nEscape sequences only recognized in string literals are:\n\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| Escape Sequence | Meaning | Notes |\n+===================+===================================+=========+\n| "\\N{name}" | Character named *name* in the | (4) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\uxxxx" | Character with 16-bit hex value | (5) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n| "\\Uxxxxxxxx" | Character with 32-bit hex value | (6) |\n+-------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+\n\nNotes:\n\n1. As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.\n\n2. Unlike in Standard C, exactly two hex digits are required.\n\n3. In a bytes literal, hexadecimal and octal escapes denote the\n byte with the given value. In a string literal, these escapes\n denote a Unicode character with the given value.\n\n4. Changed in version 3.3: Support for name aliases [1] has been\n added.\n\n5. Individual code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can\n be encoded using this escape sequence. Exactly four hex digits are\n required.\n\n6. Any Unicode character can be encoded this way. Exactly eight\n hex digits are required.\n\nUnlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the\nstring unchanged, i.e., *the backslash is left in the string*. (This\nbehavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped,\nthe resulting output is more easily recognized as broken.) It is also\nimportant to note that the escape sequences only recognized in string\nliterals fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for bytes\nliterals.\n\nEven in a raw string, string quotes can be escaped with a backslash,\nbut the backslash remains in the string; for example, "r"\\""" is a\nvalid string literal consisting of two characters: a backslash and a\ndouble quote; "r"\\"" is not a valid string literal (even a raw string\ncannot end in an odd number of backslashes). Specifically, *a raw\nstring cannot end in a single backslash* (since the backslash would\nescape the following quote character). Note also that a single\nbackslash followed by a newline is interpreted as those two characters\nas part of the string, *not* as a line continuation.\n', 'subscriptions': '\nSubscriptions\n*************\n\nA subscription selects an item of a sequence (string, tuple or list)\nor mapping (dictionary) object:\n\n subscription ::= primary "[" expression_list "]"\n\nThe primary must evaluate to an object that supports subscription,\ne.g. a list or dictionary. User-defined objects can support\nsubscription by defining a "__getitem__()" method.\n\nFor built-in objects, there are two types of objects that support\nsubscription:\n\nIf the primary is a mapping, the expression list must evaluate to an\nobject whose value is one of the keys of the mapping, and the\nsubscription selects the value in the mapping that corresponds to that\nkey. (The expression list is a tuple except if it has exactly one\nitem.)\n\nIf the primary is a sequence, the expression (list) must evaluate to\nan integer or a slice (as discussed in the following section).\n\nThe formal syntax makes no special provision for negative indices in\nsequences; however, built-in sequences all provide a "__getitem__()"\nmethod that interprets negative indices by adding the length of the\nsequence to the index (so that "x[-1]" selects the last item of "x").\nThe resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the number\nof items in the sequence, and the subscription selects the item whose\nindex is that value (counting from zero). Since the support for\nnegative indices and slicing occurs in the object\'s "__getitem__()"\nmethod, subclasses overriding this method will need to explicitly add\nthat support.\n\nA string\'s items are characters. A character is not a separate data\ntype but a string of exactly one character.\n', diff --git a/Lib/test/fork_wait.py b/Lib/test/fork_wait.py index 19b54ec..8c7c3aa 100644 --- a/Lib/test/fork_wait.py +++ b/Lib/test/fork_wait.py @@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ class ForkWait(unittest.TestCase): for i in range(NUM_THREADS): _thread.start_new(self.f, (i,)) - time.sleep(LONGSLEEP) + # busy-loop to wait for threads + deadline = time.monotonic() + 10.0 + while len(self.alive) < NUM_THREADS: + time.sleep(0.1) + if time.monotonic() <= deadline: + break a = sorted(self.alive.keys()) self.assertEqual(a, list(range(NUM_THREADS))) diff --git a/Lib/test/test_capi.py b/Lib/test/test_capi.py index ba7c38d..408f12c 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_capi.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_capi.py @@ -319,34 +319,38 @@ class EmbeddingTests(unittest.TestCase): print() print(out) print(err) + expected_errors = sys.__stdout__.errors expected_stdin_encoding = sys.__stdin__.encoding expected_pipe_encoding = self._get_default_pipe_encoding() expected_output = os.linesep.join([ "--- Use defaults ---", "Expected encoding: default", "Expected errors: default", - "stdin: {0}:strict", - "stdout: {1}:strict", - "stderr: {1}:backslashreplace", + "stdin: {in_encoding}:{errors}", + "stdout: {out_encoding}:{errors}", + "stderr: {out_encoding}:backslashreplace", "--- Set errors only ---", "Expected encoding: default", - "Expected errors: surrogateescape", - "stdin: {0}:surrogateescape", - "stdout: {1}:surrogateescape", - "stderr: {1}:backslashreplace", + "Expected errors: ignore", + "stdin: {in_encoding}:ignore", + "stdout: {out_encoding}:ignore", + "stderr: {out_encoding}:backslashreplace", "--- Set encoding only ---", "Expected encoding: latin-1", "Expected errors: default", - "stdin: latin-1:strict", - "stdout: latin-1:strict", + "stdin: latin-1:{errors}", + "stdout: latin-1:{errors}", "stderr: latin-1:backslashreplace", "--- Set encoding and errors ---", "Expected encoding: latin-1", - "Expected errors: surrogateescape", - "stdin: latin-1:surrogateescape", - "stdout: latin-1:surrogateescape", - "stderr: latin-1:backslashreplace"]).format(expected_stdin_encoding, - expected_pipe_encoding) + "Expected errors: replace", + "stdin: latin-1:replace", + "stdout: latin-1:replace", + "stderr: latin-1:backslashreplace"]) + expected_output = expected_output.format( + in_encoding=expected_stdin_encoding, + out_encoding=expected_pipe_encoding, + errors=expected_errors) # This is useful if we ever trip over odd platform behaviour self.maxDiff = None self.assertEqual(out.strip(), expected_output) diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py index 9b62d5b..6945a99 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py @@ -890,10 +890,6 @@ class CP65001Test(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase): "\U00010fff\uD800") self.assertTrue(codecs.lookup_error("surrogatepass")) - def test_readline(self): - self.skipTest("issue #20571: code page 65001 codec does not " - "support partial decoder yet") - class UTF7Test(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase): encoding = "utf-7" @@ -2750,15 +2746,15 @@ class CodePageTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertRaisesRegex(UnicodeEncodeError, 'cp932', codecs.code_page_encode, 932, '\xff') self.assertRaisesRegex(UnicodeDecodeError, 'cp932', - codecs.code_page_decode, 932, b'\x81\x00') + codecs.code_page_decode, 932, b'\x81\x00', 'strict', True) self.assertRaisesRegex(UnicodeDecodeError, 'CP_UTF8', - codecs.code_page_decode, self.CP_UTF8, b'\xff') + codecs.code_page_decode, self.CP_UTF8, b'\xff', 'strict', True) def check_decode(self, cp, tests): for raw, errors, expected in tests: if expected is not None: try: - decoded = codecs.code_page_decode(cp, raw, errors) + decoded = codecs.code_page_decode(cp, raw, errors, True) except UnicodeDecodeError as err: self.fail('Unable to decode %a from "cp%s" with ' 'errors=%r: %s' % (raw, cp, errors, err)) @@ -2770,7 +2766,7 @@ class CodePageTest(unittest.TestCase): self.assertLessEqual(decoded[1], len(raw)) else: self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, - codecs.code_page_decode, cp, raw, errors) + codecs.code_page_decode, cp, raw, errors, True) def check_encode(self, cp, tests): for text, errors, expected in tests: diff --git a/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py b/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py index cb6366c..eb97516 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py @@ -87,10 +87,11 @@ class DocXMLRPCHTTPGETServer(unittest.TestCase): threading.Thread(target=server, args=(self.evt, 1)).start() # wait for port to be assigned - n = 1000 - while n > 0 and PORT is None: - time.sleep(0.001) - n -= 1 + deadline = time.monotonic() + 10.0 + while PORT is None: + time.sleep(0.010) + if time.monotonic() > deadline: + break self.client = http.client.HTTPConnection("localhost:%d" % PORT) diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fork1.py b/Lib/test/test_fork1.py index e0626df..8bcbd46 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_fork1.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_fork1.py @@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ get_attribute(os, 'fork') class ForkTest(ForkWait): def wait_impl(self, cpid): - for i in range(10): + deadline = time.monotonic() + 10.0 + while time.monotonic() <= deadline: # waitpid() shouldn't hang, but some of the buildbots seem to hang # in the forking tests. This is an attempt to fix the problem. spid, status = os.waitpid(cpid, os.WNOHANG) if spid == cpid: break - time.sleep(1.0) + time.sleep(0.1) self.assertEqual(spid, cpid) self.assertEqual(status, 0, "cause = %d, exit = %d" % (status&0xff, status>>8)) diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sys.py b/Lib/test/test_sys.py index 5a9699f..b82358e 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_sys.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_sys.py @@ -615,6 +615,53 @@ class SysModuleTest(unittest.TestCase): expected = None self.check_fsencoding(fs_encoding, expected) + def c_locale_get_error_handler(self, isolated=False, encoding=None): + # Force the POSIX locale + env = os.environ.copy() + env["LC_ALL"] = "C" + code = '\n'.join(( + 'import sys', + 'def dump(name):', + ' std = getattr(sys, name)', + ' print("%s: %s" % (name, std.errors))', + 'dump("stdin")', + 'dump("stdout")', + 'dump("stderr")', + )) + args = [sys.executable, "-c", code] + if isolated: + args.append("-I") + elif encoding: + env['PYTHONIOENCODING'] = encoding + p = subprocess.Popen(args, + stdout=subprocess.PIPE, + stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, + env=env, + universal_newlines=True) + stdout, stderr = p.communicate() + return stdout + + def test_c_locale_surrogateescape(self): + out = self.c_locale_get_error_handler(isolated=True) + self.assertEqual(out, + 'stdin: surrogateescape\n' + 'stdout: surrogateescape\n' + 'stderr: backslashreplace\n') + + # replace the default error handler + out = self.c_locale_get_error_handler(encoding=':strict') + self.assertEqual(out, + 'stdin: strict\n' + 'stdout: strict\n' + 'stderr: backslashreplace\n') + + # force the encoding + out = self.c_locale_get_error_handler(encoding='iso8859-1') + self.assertEqual(out, + 'stdin: surrogateescape\n' + 'stdout: surrogateescape\n' + 'stderr: backslashreplace\n') + def test_implementation(self): # This test applies to all implementations equally. diff --git a/Lib/test/test_wait3.py b/Lib/test/test_wait3.py index f6a065d..bb71481 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_wait3.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_wait3.py @@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ class Wait3Test(ForkWait): # This many iterations can be required, since some previously run # tests (e.g. test_ctypes) could have spawned a lot of children # very quickly. - for i in range(30): + deadline = time.monotonic() + 10.0 + while time.monotonic() <= deadline: # wait3() shouldn't hang, but some of the buildbots seem to hang # in the forking tests. This is an attempt to fix the problem. spid, status, rusage = os.wait3(os.WNOHANG) diff --git a/Lib/test/test_wait4.py b/Lib/test/test_wait4.py index 352c11a..b427a9b 100644 --- a/Lib/test/test_wait4.py +++ b/Lib/test/test_wait4.py @@ -19,13 +19,14 @@ class Wait4Test(ForkWait): # Issue #11185: wait4 is broken on AIX and will always return 0 # with WNOHANG. option = 0 - for i in range(10): + deadline = time.monotonic() + 10.0 + while time.monotonic() <= deadline: # wait4() shouldn't hang, but some of the buildbots seem to hang # in the forking tests. This is an attempt to fix the problem. spid, status, rusage = os.wait4(cpid, option) if spid == cpid: break - time.sleep(1.0) + time.sleep(0.1) self.assertEqual(spid, cpid) self.assertEqual(status, 0, "cause = %d, exit = %d" % (status&0xff, status>>8)) self.assertTrue(rusage) diff --git a/Misc/HISTORY b/Misc/HISTORY index 4280764..78006cd 100644 --- a/Misc/HISTORY +++ b/Misc/HISTORY @@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #16046: Fix loading sourceless legacy .pyo files. -- Issue #16060: Fix refcounting bug when __trunc__ returns an object - whose __int__ gives a non-integer. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. +- Issue #16060: Fix refcounting bug when `__trunc__()` returns an object whose + `__int__()` gives a non-integer. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. Extension Modules ----------------- -- Issue #16012: Fix a regression in pyexpat. The parser's UseForeignDTD() +- Issue #16012: Fix a regression in pyexpat. The parser's `UseForeignDTD()` method doesn't require an argument again. @@ -36,26 +36,26 @@ What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 3? Core and Builtins ----------------- -- Issue #15900: Fix reference leak in PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(). +- Issue #15900: Fix reference leak in `PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap()`. - Issue #15926: Fix crash after multiple reinitializations of the interpreter. - Issue #15895: Fix FILE pointer leak in one error branch of - PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags() when filename points to a pyc/pyo file, closeit - is false an and set_main_loader() fails. + `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()` when filename points to a pyc/pyo file, closeit is + false an and set_main_loader() fails. - Fixes for a few crash and memory leak regressions found by Coverity. Library ------- -- Issue #15882: Change _decimal to accept any coefficient tuple when - constructing infinities. This is done for backwards compatibility - with decimal.py: Infinity coefficients are undefined in _decimal - (in accordance with the specification). +- Issue #15882: Change `_decimal` to accept any coefficient tuple when + constructing infinities. This is done for backwards compatibility with + decimal.py: Infinity coefficients are undefined in _decimal (in accordance + with the specification). -- Issue #15925: Fix a regression in email.util where the parsedate() and - parsedate_tz() functions did not return None anymore when the argument could +- Issue #15925: Fix a regression in `email.util` where the `parsedate()` and + `parsedate_tz()` functions did not return None anymore when the argument could not be parsed. Extension Modules @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Extension Modules - Issue #15977: Fix memory leak in Modules/_ssl.c when the function _set_npn_protocols() is called multiple times, thanks to Daniel Sommermann. -- Issue #15969: faulthandler module: rename dump_tracebacks_later() to +- Issue #15969: `faulthandler` module: rename dump_tracebacks_later() to dump_traceback_later() and cancel_dump_tracebacks_later() to cancel_dump_traceback_later(). @@ -83,35 +83,37 @@ Core and Builtins ----------------- - Issue #13992: The trashcan mechanism is now thread-safe. This eliminates - sporadic crashes in multi-thread programs when several long deallocator - chains ran concurrently and involved subclasses of built-in container - types. + sporadic crashes in multi-thread programs when several long deallocator chains + ran concurrently and involved subclasses of built-in container types. -- Issue #15784: Modify OSError.__str__() to better distinguish between - errno error numbers and Windows error numbers. +- Issue #15784: Modify `OSError`.__str__() to better distinguish between errno + error numbers and Windows error numbers. - Issue #15781: Fix two small race conditions in import's module locking. Library ------- -- Issue #15847: Fix a regression in argparse, which did not accept tuples - as argument lists anymore. +- Issue #17158: Add 'symbols' to help() welcome message; clarify + 'modules spam' messages. + +- Issue #15847: Fix a regression in argparse, which did not accept tuples as + argument lists anymore. -- Issue #15828: Restore support for C extensions in imp.load_module(). +- Issue #15828: Restore support for C extensions in `imp.load_module()`. -- Issue #15340: Fix importing the random module when /dev/urandom cannot - be opened. This was a regression caused by the hash randomization patch. +- Issue #15340: Fix importing the random module when ``/dev/urandom`` cannot be + opened. This was a regression caused by the hash randomization patch. -- Issue #10650: Deprecate the watchexp parameter of the Decimal.quantize() +- Issue #10650: Deprecate the watchexp parameter of the `Decimal.quantize()` method. -- Issue #15785: Modify window.get_wch() API of the curses module: return - a character for most keys, and an integer for special keys, instead of - always returning an integer. So it is now possible to distinguish special - keys like keypad keys. +- Issue #15785: Modify `window.get_wch()` API of the curses module: return a + character for most keys, and an integer for special keys, instead of always + returning an integer. So it is now possible to distinguish special keys like + keypad keys. -- Issue #14223: Fix window.addch() of the curses module for special characters +- Issue #14223: Fix `window.addch()` of the curses module for special characters like curses.ACS_HLINE: the Python function addch(int) and addch(bytes) is now calling the C function waddch()/mvwaddch() (as it was done in Python 3.2), instead of wadd_wch()/mvwadd_wch(). The Python function addch(str) is still @@ -127,10 +129,10 @@ Build Documentation ------------- -- Issue #15814: The memoryview enhancements in 3.3.0 accidentally permitted - the hashing of multi-dimensional memorviews and memoryviews with multi-byte - item formats. The intended restrictions have now been documented - they - will be correctly enforced in 3.3.1 +- Issue #15814: The memoryview enhancements in 3.3.0 accidentally permitted the + hashing of multi-dimensional memorviews and memoryviews with multi-byte item + formats. The intended restrictions have now been documented - they will be + correctly enforced in 3.3.1. What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 1? @@ -144,131 +146,123 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #15573: memoryview comparisons are now performed by value with full support for any valid struct module format definition. -- Issue #15316: When an item in the fromlist for __import__ doesn't exist, +- Issue #15316: When an item in the fromlist for `__import__()` doesn't exist, don't raise an error, but if an exception is raised as part of an import do let that propagate. -- Issue #15778: ensure that str(ImportError(msg)) returns a str - even when msg isn't a str. +- Issue #15778: Ensure that ``str(ImportError(msg))`` returns a str even when + msg isn't a str. -- Issue #2051: Source file permission bits are once again correctly - copied to the cached bytecode file. (The migration to importlib - reintroduced this problem because these was no regression test. A test - has been added as part of this patch) +- Issue #2051: Source file permission bits are once again correctly copied to + the cached bytecode file. (The migration to importlib reintroduced this + problem because these was no regression test. A test has been added as part of + this patch) -- Issue #15761: Fix crash when PYTHONEXECUTABLE is set on Mac OS X. +- Issue #15761: Fix crash when ``PYTHONEXECUTABLE`` is set on Mac OS X. -- Issue #15726: Fix incorrect bounds checking in PyState_FindModule. - Patch by Robin Schreiber. +- Issue #15726: Fix incorrect bounds checking in PyState_FindModule. Patch by + Robin Schreiber. -- Issue #15604: Update uses of PyObject_IsTrue() to check for and handle +- Issue #15604: Update uses of `PyObject_IsTrue()` to check for and handle errors correctly. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. -- Issue #14846: importlib.FileFinder now handles the case where the - directory being searched is removed after a previous import attempt +- Issue #14846: `importlib.FileFinder` now handles the case where the directory + being searched is removed after a previous import attempt. Library ------- -- Issue #13370: Ensure that ctypes works on Mac OS X when Python is - compiled using the clang compiler +- Issue #13370: Ensure that ctypes works on Mac OS X when Python is compiled + using the clang compiler. -- Issue #13072: The array module's 'u' format code is now deprecated and - will be removed in Python 4.0. +- Issue #13072: The array module's 'u' format code is now deprecated and will be + removed in Python 4.0. - Issue #15544: Fix Decimal.__float__ to work with payload-carrying NaNs. -- Issue #15249: BytesGenerator now correctly mangles From lines (when +- Issue #15776: Allow pyvenv to work in existing directory with --clean. + +- Issue #15249: email's BytesGenerator now correctly mangles From lines (when requested) even if the body contains undecodable bytes. - Issue #15777: Fix a refleak in _posixsubprocess. -- Issue ##665194: Update email.utils.localtime to use datetime.astimezone and +- Issue ##665194: Update `email.utils.localtime` to use datetime.astimezone and correctly handle historic changes in UTC offsets. - Issue #15199: Fix JavaScript's default MIME type to application/javascript. Patch by Bohuslav Kabrda. -- Issue #12643: code.InteractiveConsole now respects sys.excepthook when - displaying exceptions (Patch by Aaron Iles) - -- Issue #13579: string.Formatter now understands the 'a' conversion specifier. +- Issue #12643: `code.InteractiveConsole` now respects `sys.excepthook` when + displaying exceptions. Patch by Aaron Iles. -- Issue #15793: Stack corruption in ssl.RAND_egd(). - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. +- Issue #13579: `string.Formatter` now understands the 'a' conversion specifier. -- Issue #15595: Fix subprocess.Popen(universal_newlines=True) - for certain locales (utf-16 and utf-32 family). Patch by Chris Jerdonek. +- Issue #15595: Fix ``subprocess.Popen(universal_newlines=True)`` for certain + locales (utf-16 and utf-32 family). Patch by Chris Jerdonek. - Issue #15477: In cmath and math modules, add workaround for platforms whose system-supplied log1p function doesn't respect signs of zeros. -- Issue #15715: importlib.__import__() will silence an ImportError when the use - of fromlist leads to a failed import. +- Issue #15715: `importlib.__import__()` will silence an ImportError when the + use of fromlist leads to a failed import. -- Issue #14669: Fix pickling of connections and sockets on MacOSX - by sending/receiving an acknowledgment after file descriptor transfer. - TestPicklingConnection has been reenabled for MacOSX. +- Issue #14669: Fix pickling of connections and sockets on Mac OS X by + sending/receiving an acknowledgment after file descriptor transfer. + TestPicklingConnection has been reenabled for Mac OS X. - Issue #11062: Fix adding a message from file to Babyl mailbox. -- Issue #15646: Prevent equivalent of a fork bomb when using - multiprocessing on Windows without the "if __name__ == '__main__'" - idiom. +- Issue #15646: Prevent equivalent of a fork bomb when using `multiprocessing` + on Windows without the ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` idiom. -- Issue #15678: Fix IDLE menus when started from OS X command line - (3.3.0b2 regression). - -C API ------ - -Extension Modules ------------------ +IDLE +---- -Tools/Demos ------------ +- Issue #15678: Fix IDLE menus when started from OS X command line (3.3.0b2 + regression). Documentation ------------- -- Issue #14674: Add a discussion of the json module's standard compliance. +- Touched up the Python 2 to 3 porting guide. + +- Issue #14674: Add a discussion of the `json` module's standard compliance. Patch by Chris Rebert. - Create a 'Concurrent Execution' section in the docs, and split up the 'Optional Operating System Services' section to use a more user-centric - classification scheme (splitting them across the new CE section, IPC and - text processing). Operating system limitatons can be reflected with - the Sphinx ``:platform:`` tag, it doesn't make sense as part of the Table of - Contents. + classification scheme (splitting them across the new CE section, IPC and text + processing). Operating system limitations can be reflected with the Sphinx + ``:platform:`` tag, it doesn't make sense as part of the Table of Contents. -- Issue #4966: Bring the sequence docs up to date for the Py3k transition - and the many language enhancements since they were original written +- Issue #4966: Bring the sequence docs up to date for the Py3k transition and + the many language enhancements since they were original written. - The "path importer" misnomer has been replaced with Eric Snow's - more-awkward-but-at-least-not-wrong suggestion of "path based finder" in - the import system reference docs + more-awkward-but-at-least-not-wrong suggestion of "path based finder" in the + import system reference docs. -- Issue #15640: Document importlib.abc.Finder as deprecated. +- Issue #15640: Document `importlib.abc.Finder` as deprecated. -- Issue #15630: Add an example for "continue" stmt in the tutorial. Patch by +- Issue #15630: Add an example for "continue" stmt in the tutorial. Patch by Daniel Ellis. Tests ----- - Issue #15747: ZFS always returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set the - UF_IMMUTABLE flag (via either chflags or lchflags); refactor affected - tests in test_posix.py to account for this. + UF_IMMUTABLE flag (via either chflags or lchflags); refactor affected tests in + test_posix.py to account for this. -- Issue #15285: Refactor the approach for testing connect timeouts using - two external hosts that have been configured specifically for this type - of test. +- Issue #15285: Refactor the approach for testing connect timeouts using two + external hosts that have been configured specifically for this type of test. -- Issue #15743: Remove the deprecated method usage in urllib tests. Patch by +- Issue #15743: Remove the deprecated method usage in `urllib` tests. Patch by Jeff Knupp. -- Issue #15615: Add some tests for the json module's handling of invalid - input data. Patch by Kushal Das. +- Issue #15615: Add some tests for the `json` module's handling of invalid input + data. Patch by Kushal Das. Build ----- @@ -277,11 +271,11 @@ Build - Pick up 32-bit launcher from PGO directory on 64-bit PGO build. -- Drop PC\python_nt.h as it's not used. Add input dependency on custom +- Drop ``PC\python_nt.h`` as it's not used. Add input dependency on custom build step. -- Issue #15511: Drop explicit dependency on pythonxy.lib from _decimal - amd64 configuration. +- Issue #15511: Drop explicit dependency on pythonxy.lib from _decimal amd64 + configuration. - Add missing PGI/PGO configurations for pywlauncher. @@ -296,15 +290,15 @@ What's New in Python 3.3.0 Beta 2? Core and Builtins ----------------- -- Issue #15568: Fix the return value of "yield from" when StopIteration is +- Issue #15568: Fix the return value of ``yield from`` when StopIteration is raised by a custom iterator. -- Issue #13119: sys.stdout and sys.stderr are now using "\r\n" newline on +- Issue #13119: `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` are now using "\r\n" newline on Windows, as Python 2. - Issue #15534: Fix the fast-search function for non-ASCII Unicode strings. -- Issue #15508: Fix the docstring for __import__ to have the proper default +- Issue #15508: Fix the docstring for `__import__()` to have the proper default value of 0 for 'level' and to not mention negative levels since they are not supported. @@ -317,17 +311,17 @@ Core and Builtins byte code files) equal between 32-bit and 64-bit systems. - Issue #1692335: Move initial exception args assignment to - "BaseException.__new__" to help pickling of naive subclasses. + `BaseException.__new__()` to help pickling of naive subclasses. -- Issue #12834: Fix PyBuffer_ToContiguous() for non-contiguous arrays. +- Issue #12834: Fix `PyBuffer_ToContiguous()` for non-contiguous arrays. -- Issue #15456: Fix code __sizeof__ after #12399 change. Patch by Serhiy +- Issue #15456: Fix code `__sizeof__()` after #12399 change. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - Issue #15404: Refleak in PyMethodObject repr. -- Issue #15394: An issue in PyModule_Create that caused references to be leaked - on some error paths has been fixed. Patch by Julia Lawall. +- Issue #15394: An issue in `PyModule_Create()` that caused references to be + leaked on some error paths has been fixed. Patch by Julia Lawall. - Issue #15368: An issue that caused bytecode generation to be non-deterministic has been fixed. @@ -335,7 +329,7 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #15202: Consistently use the name "follow_symlinks" for new parameters in os and shutil functions. -- Issue #15314: __main__.__loader__ is now set correctly during interpreter +- Issue #15314: ``__main__.__loader__`` is now set correctly during interpreter startup. - Issue #15111: When a module imported using 'from import' has an ImportError @@ -350,57 +344,62 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #15110: Fix the tracebacks generated by "import xxx" to not show the importlib stack frames. +- Issue #16369: Global PyTypeObjects not initialized with PyType_Ready(...). + - Issue #15020: The program name used to search for Python's path is now "python3" under Unix, not "python". -- Issue #15033: Fix the exit status bug when modules invoked using -m swith, +- Issue #15897: zipimport.c doesn't check return value of fseek(). + Patch by Felipe Cruz. + +- Issue #15033: Fix the exit status bug when modules invoked using -m switch, return the proper failure return value (1). Patch contributed by Jeff Knupp. -- Issue #15229: An OSError subclass whose __init__ doesn't call back +- Issue #15229: An `OSError` subclass whose __init__ doesn't call back OSError.__init__ could produce incomplete instances, leading to crashes when calling str() on them. -- Issue 15307: Virtual environments now use symlinks with framework builds on +- Issue #15307: Virtual environments now use symlinks with framework builds on Mac OS X, like other POSIX builds. Library ------- -- Issue #15424: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for array objects. Patch by +- Issue #14590: configparser now correctly strips inline comments when delimiter + occurs earlier without preceding space. + +- Issue #15424: Add a `__sizeof__()` implementation for array objects. Patch by Ludwig Hähne. - Issue #15576: Allow extension modules to act as a package's __init__ module. -- Issue #15502: Have importlib.invalidate_caches() work on sys.meta_path instead - of sys.path_importer_cache. +- Issue #15502: Have `importlib.invalidate_caches()` work on `sys.meta_path` + instead of `sys.path_importer_cache`. - Issue #15163: Pydoc shouldn't list __loader__ as module data. - Issue #15471: Do not use mutable objects as defaults for - importlib.__import__(). + `importlib.__import__()`. - Issue #15559: To avoid a problematic failure mode when passed to the bytes - constructor, objects in the ipaddress module no longer implement __index__ - (they still implement __int__ as appropriate) + constructor, objects in the ipaddress module no longer implement `__index__()` + (they still implement `__int__()` as appropriate). - Issue #15546: Fix handling of pathological input data in the peek() and read1() methods of the BZ2File, GzipFile and LZMAFile classes. -- Issue #13052: Fix IDLE crashing when replace string in Search/Replace dialog - ended with '\'. Patch by Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #12655: Instead of requiring a custom type, os.sched_getaffinity and - os.sched_setaffinity now use regular sets of integers to represent the CPUs a - process is restricted to. +- Issue #12655: Instead of requiring a custom type, `os.sched_getaffinity()` and + `os.sched_setaffinity()` now use regular sets of integers to represent the + CPUs a process is restricted to. -- Issue #15538: Fix compilation of the getnameinfo() / getaddrinfo() emulation - code. Patch by Philipp Hagemeister. +- Issue #15538: Fix compilation of the `socket.getnameinfo()` / + `socket.getaddrinfo()` emulation code. Patch by Philipp Hagemeister. - Issue #15519: Properly expose WindowsRegistryFinder in importlib (and use the - correct term for it). Original patch by Eric Snow. + correct term for it). Original patch by Eric Snow. - Issue #15502: Bring the importlib ABCs into line with the current state of the - import protocols given PEP 420. Original patch by Eric Snow. + import protocols given PEP 420. Original patch by Eric Snow. - Issue #15499: Launching a webbrowser in Unix used to sleep for a few seconds. Original patch by Anton Barkovsky. @@ -408,37 +407,36 @@ Library - Issue #15463: The faulthandler module truncates strings to 500 characters, instead of 100, to be able to display long file paths. -- Issue #6056: Make multiprocessing use setblocking(True) on the sockets it +- Issue #6056: Make `multiprocessing` use setblocking(True) on the sockets it uses. Original patch by J Derek Wilson. - Issue #15364: Fix sysconfig.get_config_var('srcdir') to be an absolute path. -- Issue #15041: Update "see also" list in tkinter documentation. - -- Issue #15413: os.times() had disappeared under Windows. +- Issue #15413: `os.times()` had disappeared under Windows. -- Issue #15402: An issue in the struct module that caused sys.getsizeof to +- Issue #15402: An issue in the struct module that caused `sys.getsizeof()` to return incorrect results for struct.Struct instances has been fixed. Initial patch by Serhiy Storchaka. -- Issue #15232: When mangle_from is True, email.Generator now correctly mangles - lines that start with 'From ' that occur in a MIME preamble or epilogue. +- Issue #15232: When mangle_from is True, `email.Generator` now correctly + mangles lines that start with 'From ' that occur in a MIME preamble or + epilogue. - Issue #15094: Incorrectly placed #endif in _tkinter.c. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. -- Issue #13922: argparse no longer incorrectly strips '--'s that appear after +- Issue #13922: `argparse` no longer incorrectly strips '--'s that appear after the first one. -- Issue #12353: argparse now correctly handles null argument values. +- Issue #12353: `argparse` now correctly handles null argument values. - Issue #10017, issue #14998: Fix TypeError using pprint on dictionaries with user-defined types as keys or other unorderable keys. -- Issue #15397: inspect.getmodulename() is now based directly on importlib via a - new importlib.machinery.all_suffixes() API. +- Issue #15397: `inspect.getmodulename()` is now based directly on importlib via + a new `importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()` API. -- Issue #14635: telnetlib will use poll() rather than select() when possible to +- Issue #14635: `telnetlib` will use poll() rather than select() when possible to avoid failing due to the select() file descriptor limit. - Issue #15180: Clarify posixpath.join() error message when mixing str & bytes. @@ -455,7 +453,7 @@ Library - Issue #15233: Python now guarantees that callables registered with the atexit module will be called in a deterministic order. -- Issue #15238: shutil.copystat now copies Linux "extended attributes". +- Issue #15238: `shutil.copystat()` now copies Linux "extended attributes". - Issue #15230: runpy.run_path now correctly sets __package__ as described in the documentation. @@ -465,42 +463,42 @@ Library - Issue #15294: Fix a regression in pkgutil.extend_path()'s handling of nested namespace packages. -- Issue #15056: imp.cache_from_source() and source_from_cache() raise - NotImplementedError when sys.implementation.cache_tag is set to None. +- Issue #15056: `imp.cache_from_source()` and `imp.source_from_cache()` raise + NotImplementedError when `sys.implementation.cache_tag` is set to None. -- Issue #15256: Grammatical mistake in exception raised by imp.find_module(). +- Issue #15256: Grammatical mistake in exception raised by `imp.find_module()`. -- Issue #5931: wsgiref environ variable SERVER_SOFTWARE will specify an +- Issue #5931: `wsgiref` environ variable SERVER_SOFTWARE will specify an implementation specific term like CPython, Jython instead of generic "Python". - Issue #13248: Remove obsolete argument "max_buffer_size" of BufferedWriter and BufferedRWPair, from the io module. -- Issue #13248: Remove obsolete argument "version" of argparse.ArgumentParser. +- Issue #13248: Remove obsolete argument "version" of `argparse.ArgumentParser`. - Issue #14814: Implement more consistent ordering and sorting behaviour for ipaddress objects. -- Issue #14814: ipaddress network objects correctly return NotImplemented when +- Issue #14814: `ipaddress` network objects correctly return NotImplemented when compared to arbitrary objects instead of raising TypeError. - Issue #14990: Correctly fail with SyntaxError on invalid encoding declaration. -- Issue #14814: ipaddress now provides more informative error messages when +- Issue #14814: `ipaddress` now provides more informative error messages when constructing instances directly (changes permitted during beta due to provisional API status). -- Issue #15247: FileIO now raises an error when given a file descriptor pointing - to a directory. +- Issue #15247: `io.FileIO` now raises an error when given a file descriptor + pointing to a directory. - Issue #15261: Stop os.stat(fd) crashing on Windows when fd not open. -- Issue #15166: Implement imp.get_tag() using sys.implementation.cache_tag. +- Issue #15166: Implement `imp.get_tag()` using `sys.implementation.cache_tag`. -- Issue #15210: Catch KeyError when importlib.__init__ can't find +- Issue #15210: Catch KeyError when `importlib.__init__()` can't find _frozen_importlib in sys.modules, not ImportError. -- Issue #15030: importlib.abc.PyPycLoader now supports the new source size +- Issue #15030: `importlib.abc.PyPycLoader` now supports the new source size header field in .pyc files. - Issue #5346: Preserve permissions of mbox, MMDF and Babyl mailbox files on @@ -513,7 +511,7 @@ Library renamed over the old file when flush() is called on an mbox, MMDF or Babyl mailbox. -- Issue 10924: Fixed crypt.mksalt() to use a RNG that is suitable for +- Issue #10924: Fixed `crypt.mksalt()` to use a RNG that is suitable for cryptographic purpose. - Issue #15184: Ensure consistent results of OS X configuration tailoring for @@ -524,10 +522,10 @@ Library C API ----- -- Issue #15610: PyImport_ImportModuleEx() now uses a 'level' of 0 instead of -1. +- Issue #15610: `PyImport_ImportModuleEx()` now uses a 'level' of 0 instead of -1. -- Issues #15169, #14599: Strip out the C implementation of - imp.source_from_cache() used by PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames() and +- Issue #15169, issue #14599: Strip out the C implementation of + `imp.source_from_cache()` used by PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames() and used the Python code instead. Leads to PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject() to not try to infer the source path from the bytecode path as PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames() does. @@ -535,14 +533,17 @@ C API Extension Modules ----------------- -- Issue #15676: Now "mmap" check for empty files before doing the - offset check. Patch by Steven Willis. - -- Issue #6493: An issue in ctypes on Windows that caused structure bitfields - of type ctypes.c_uint32 and width 32 to incorrectly be set has been fixed. +- Issue #6493: An issue in ctypes on Windows that caused structure bitfields of + type `ctypes.c_uint32` and width 32 to incorrectly be set has been fixed. - Issue #15194: Update libffi to the 3.0.11 release. +IDLE +---- + +- Issue #13052: Fix IDLE crashing when replace string in Search/Replace dialog + ended with ``\``. Patch by Roger Serwy. + Tools/Demos ----------- @@ -562,8 +563,10 @@ Tools/Demos Documentation ------------- -- Issue #15444: Use proper spelling for non-ASCII contributor names. Patch - by Serhiy Storchaka. +- Issue #15041: Update "see also" list in tkinter documentation. + +- Issue #15444: Use proper spelling for non-ASCII contributor names. Patch by + Serhiy Storchaka. - Issue #15295: Reorganize and rewrite the documentation on the import system. @@ -578,25 +581,29 @@ Documentation "changed" since they will no longer work with modules directly imported by import itself. -- Issue #13557: Clarify effect of giving two different namespaces to exec or - execfile(). +- Issue #13557: Clarify effect of giving two different namespaces to `exec()` or + `execfile()`. -- Issue #15250: Document that filecmp.dircmp compares files shallowly. Patch +- Issue #15250: Document that `filecmp.dircmp()` compares files shallowly. Patch contributed by Chris Jerdonek. +- Issue #15442: Expose the default list of directories ignored by + `filecmp.dircmp()` as a module attribute, and expand the list to more modern + values. + Tests ----- -- Issue #15467: Move helpers for __sizeof__ tests into test_support. Patch by - Serhiy Storchaka. +- Issue #15467: Move helpers for `__sizeof__()` tests into test_support. Patch + by Serhiy Storchaka. - Issue #15320: Make iterating the list of tests thread-safe when running tests in multiprocess mode. Patch by Chris Jerdonek. -- Issue #15168: Move importlib.test to test.test_importlib. +- Issue #15168: Move `importlib.test` to `test.test_importlib`. - Issue #15091: Reactivate a test on UNIX which was failing thanks to a - forgotten importlib.invalidate_caches() call. + forgotten `importlib.invalidate_caches()` call. - Issue #15230: Adopted a more systematic approach in the runpy tests. @@ -629,6 +636,8 @@ Build - Issue #14018: Fix OS X Tcl/Tk framework checking when using OS X SDKs. +- Issue #16256: OS X installer now sets correct permissions for doc directory. + - Issue #15431: Add _freeze_importlib project to regenerate importlib.h on Windows. Patch by Kristján Valur Jónsson. @@ -664,14 +673,9 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #11626: Add _SizeT functions to stable ABI. -- Issue #15146: Add PyType_FromSpecWithBases. Patch by Robin Schreiber. - - Issue #15142: Fix reference leak when deallocating instances of types created using PyType_FromSpec(). -- Issue #15042: Add PyState_AddModule and PyState_RemoveModule. Add version - guard for Py_LIMITED_API additions. Patch by Robin Schreiber. - - Issue #10053: Don't close FDs when FileIO.__init__ fails. Loosely based on the work by Hirokazu Yamamoto. @@ -699,9 +703,6 @@ Core and Builtins Library ------- -- Issue #9803: Don't close IDLE on saving if breakpoint is open. - Patch by Roger Serwy. - - Issue #12288: Consider '0' and '0.0' as valid initialvalue for tkinter SimpleDialog. @@ -720,14 +721,8 @@ Library - Issue #15514: Correct __sizeof__ support for cpu_set. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. -- Issue #15187: Bugfix: remove temporary directories test_shutil was leaving - behind. - - Issue #15177: Added dir_fd parameter to os.fwalk(). -- Issue #15176: Clarified behavior, documentation, and implementation - of os.listdir(). - - Issue #15061: Re-implemented hmac.compare_digest() in C to prevent further timing analysis and to support all buffer protocol aware objects as well as ASCII only str instances safely. @@ -827,10 +822,6 @@ Library - Issue #15006: Allow equality comparison between naive and aware time or datetime objects. -- Issue #14982: Document that pkgutil's iteration functions require the - non-standard iter_modules() method to be defined by an importer (something - the importlib importers do not define). - - Issue #15036: Mailbox no longer throws an error if a flush is done between operations when removing or changing multiple items in mbox, MMDF, or Babyl mailboxes. @@ -898,9 +889,6 @@ Library - Issue #14969: Better handling of exception chaining in contextlib.ExitStack -- Issue #14962: Update text coloring in IDLE shell window after changing - options. Patch by Roger Serwy. - - Issue #14963: Convert contextlib.ExitStack.__exit__ to use an iterative algorithm (Patch by Alon Horev) @@ -913,6 +901,11 @@ Library C-API ----- +- Issue #15146: Add PyType_FromSpecWithBases. Patch by Robin Schreiber. + +- Issue #15042: Add PyState_AddModule and PyState_RemoveModule. Add version + guard for Py_LIMITED_API additions. Patch by Robin Schreiber. + - Issue #13783: Inadvertent additions to the public C API in the PEP 380 implementation have either been removed or marked as private interfaces. @@ -921,9 +914,25 @@ Extension Modules - Issue #15000: Support the "unique" x32 architecture in _posixsubprocess.c. +IDLE +---- + +- Issue #9803: Don't close IDLE on saving if breakpoint is open. + Patch by Roger Serwy. + +- Issue #14962: Update text coloring in IDLE shell window after changing + options. Patch by Roger Serwy. + Documentation ------------- +- Issue #15176: Clarified behavior, documentation, and implementation + of os.listdir(). + +- Issue #14982: Document that pkgutil's iteration functions require the + non-standard iter_modules() method to be defined by an importer (something + the importlib importers do not define). + - Issue #15081: Document PyState_FindModule. Patch by Robin Schreiber. @@ -932,6 +941,9 @@ Documentation Tests ----- +- Issue #15187: Bugfix: remove temporary directories test_shutil was leaving + behind. + - Issue #14769: test_capi now has SkipitemTest, which cleverly checks for "parity" between PyArg_ParseTuple() and the Python/getargs.c static function skipitem() for all possible "format units". @@ -1020,34 +1032,18 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #14700: Fix two broken and undefined-behaviour-inducing overflow checks in old-style string formatting. -- Issue #14705: The PyArg_Parse() family of functions now support the 'p' format - unit, which accepts a "boolean predicate" argument. It converts any Python - value into an integer--0 if it is "false", and 1 otherwise. - Library ------- - Issue #14690: Use monotonic clock instead of system clock in the sched, subprocess and trace modules. -- Issue #14958: Change IDLE systax highlighting to recognize all string and - byte literals supported in Python 3.3. - -- Issue #10997: Prevent a duplicate entry in IDLE's "Recent Files" menu. - - Issue #14443: Tell rpmbuild to use the correct version of Python in bdist_rpm. Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall. -- Issue #14929: Stop Idle 3.x from closing on Unicode decode errors when - grepping. Patch by Roger Serwy. - - Issue #12515: email now registers a defect if it gets to EOF while parsing a MIME part without seeing the closing MIME boundary. -- Issue #12510: Attempting to get invalid tooltip no longer closes Idle. - Other tooltipss have been corrected or improved and the number of tests - has been tripled. Original patch by Roger Serwy. - - Issue #1672568: email now always decodes base64 payloads, adding padding and ignoring non-base64-alphabet characters if needed, and registering defects for any such problems. @@ -1081,9 +1077,6 @@ Library - Issue #14548: Make multiprocessing finalizers check pid before running to cope with possibility of gc running just after fork. -- Issue #14863: Update the documentation of os.fdopen() to reflect the - fact that it's only a thin wrapper around open() anymore. - - Issue #14036: Add an additional check to validate that port in urlparse does not go in illegal range and returns None. @@ -1210,6 +1203,21 @@ Library - Issue #14127 and #10148: shutil.copystat now preserves exact mtime and atime on filesystems providing nanosecond resolution. +IDLE +---- + +- Issue #14958: Change IDLE systax highlighting to recognize all string and + byte literals supported in Python 3.3. + +- Issue #10997: Prevent a duplicate entry in IDLE's "Recent Files" menu. + +- Issue #14929: Stop IDLE 3.x from closing on Unicode decode errors when + grepping. Patch by Roger Serwy. + +- Issue #12510: Attempting to get invalid tooltip no longer closes IDLE. + Other tooltipss have been corrected or improved and the number of tests + has been tripled. Original patch by Roger Serwy. + Tools/Demos ----------- @@ -1228,9 +1236,19 @@ Build - Issue #13210: Windows build now uses VS2010, ported from VS2008. +C-API +----- + +- Issue #14705: The PyArg_Parse() family of functions now support the 'p' format + unit, which accepts a "boolean predicate" argument. It converts any Python + value into an integer--0 if it is "false", and 1 otherwise. + Documentation ------------- +- Issue #14863: Update the documentation of os.fdopen() to reflect the + fact that it's only a thin wrapper around open() anymore. + - Issue #14588: The language reference now accurately documents the Python 3 class definition process. Patch by Nick Coghlan. @@ -1279,9 +1297,6 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #14339: Speed improvements to bin, oct and hex functions. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. -- Issue #14098: New functions PyErr_GetExcInfo and PyErr_SetExcInfo. - Patch by Stefan Behnel. - - Issue #14385: It is now possible to use a custom type for the __builtins__ namespace, instead of a dict. It can be used for sandboxing for example. Raise also a NameError instead of ImportError if __build_class__ name if not @@ -1431,12 +1446,6 @@ Library - Don't Py_DECREF NULL variable in io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder. -- Issue #8515: Set __file__ when run file in IDLE. - Initial patch by Bruce Frederiksen. - -- Issue #14496: Fix wrong name in idlelib/tabbedpages.py. - Patch by Popa Claudiu. - - Issue #3033: Add displayof parameter to tkinter font. Patch by Guilherme Polo. - Issue #14482: Raise a ValueError, not a NameError, when trying to create @@ -1472,6 +1481,15 @@ Tests - Issue #14355: Regrtest now supports the standard unittest test loading, and will use it if a test file contains no `test_main` method. +IDLE +---- + +- Issue #8515: Set __file__ when run file in IDLE. + Initial patch by Bruce Frederiksen. + +- Issue #14496: Fix wrong name in idlelib/tabbedpages.py. + Patch by Popa Claudiu. + Tools / Demos ------------- @@ -1481,6 +1499,12 @@ Tools / Demos - Issue #13165: stringbench is now available in the Tools/stringbench folder. It used to live in its own SVN project. +C-API +----- + +- Issue #14098: New functions PyErr_GetExcInfo and PyErr_SetExcInfo. + Patch by Stefan Behnel. + What's New in Python 3.3.0 Alpha 2? =================================== @@ -1532,16 +1556,9 @@ Library - Issue #5136: deprecate old, unused functions from tkinter. -- Issue #14409: IDLE now properly executes commands in the Shell window - when it cannot read the normal config files on startup and - has to use the built-in default key bindings. - There was previously a bug in one of the defaults. - - Issue #14416: syslog now defines the LOG_ODELAY and LOG_AUTHPRIV constants if they are defined in <syslog.h>. -- IDLE can be launched as python -m idlelib - - Issue #14295: Add unittest.mock - Issue #7652: Add --with-system-libmpdec option to configure for linking @@ -1567,9 +1584,6 @@ Library up the decimal module. Performance gains of the new C implementation are between 10x and 100x, depending on the application. -- Issue #3573: IDLE hangs when passing invalid command line args - (directory(ies) instead of file(s)) (Patch by Guilherme Polo) - - Issue #14269: SMTPD now conforms to the RFC and requires a HELO command before MAIL, RCPT, or DATA. @@ -1601,8 +1615,6 @@ Library denial of service due to hash collisions. Patch by David Malcolm with some modifications by the expat project. -- Issue #14200: Idle shell crash on printing non-BMP unicode character. - - Issue #12818: format address no longer needlessly \ escapes ()s in names when the name ends up being quoted. @@ -1618,8 +1630,6 @@ Library - Issue #989712: Support using Tk without a mainloop. -- Issue #5219: Prevent event handler cascade in IDLE. - - Issue #3835: Refuse to use unthreaded Tcl in threaded Python. - Issue #2843: Add new Tk API to Tkinter. @@ -1848,10 +1858,6 @@ Core and Builtins on POSIX systems supporting anonymous memory mappings. Patch by Charles-François Natali. -- Issue #13452: PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal() doesn't support error handlers - different than "strict" anymore. The caller was unable to compute the - size of the output buffer: it depends on the error handler. - - PEP 3155 / issue #13448: Qualified name for classes and functions. - Issue #13436: Fix a bogus error message when an AST object was passed @@ -1942,10 +1948,6 @@ Core and Builtins - PEP 3151 / issue #12555: reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy. -- Issue #13560: Add PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(), PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize() - and PyUnicode_EncodeLocale() functions to the C API to decode/encode from/to - the current locale encoding. - - Add internal API for static strings (_Py_identifier et al.). - Issue #13063: the Windows error ERROR_NO_DATA (numbered 232 and described @@ -2028,7 +2030,7 @@ Core and Builtins deallocator calls one of the methods on the type (e.g. when subclassing IOBase). Diagnosis and patch by Davide Rizzo. -- Issue #9611, #9015: FileIO.read() clamps the length to INT_MAX on Windows. +- Issue #9611, Issue #9015: FileIO.read() clamps the length to INT_MAX on Windows. - Issue #9642: Uniformize the tests on the availability of the mbcs codec, add a new HAVE_MBCS define. @@ -2191,17 +2193,11 @@ Core and Builtins PyUnicode_AsUTF8String() and PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode, "utf-8", NULL). -- Issue #10831: PyUnicode_FromFormat() supports %li, %lli and %zi formats. - - Issue #10829: Refactor PyUnicode_FromFormat(), use the same function to parse the format string in the 3 steps, fix crashs on invalid format strings. - Issue #13007: whichdb should recognize gdbm 1.9 magic numbers. -- Issue #11246: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormat("%V") to decode the byte string from - UTF-8 (with replace error handler) instead of ISO-8859-1 (in strict mode). - Patch written by Ray Allen. - - Issue #11286: Raise a ValueError from calling PyMemoryView_FromBuffer with a buffer struct having a NULL data pointer. @@ -2211,9 +2207,6 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #11828: startswith and endswith now accept None as slice index. Patch by Torsten Becker. -- Issue #10830: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormatV("%c") for non-BMP characters on - narrow build. - - Issue #11168: Remove filename debug variable from PyEval_EvalFrameEx(). It encoded the Unicode filename to UTF-8, but the encoding fails on undecodable filename (on surrogate characters) which raises an unexpected @@ -2255,15 +2248,9 @@ Library are dead or dying. Moreover, the implementation is now O(1) rather than O(n). -- Issue #13125: Silence spurious test_lib2to3 output when in non-verbose mode. - Patch by Mikhail Novikov. - - Issue #11841: Fix comparison bug with 'rc' versions in packaging.version. Patch by Filip GruszczyÅ„ski. -- Issue #13447: Add a test file to host regression tests for bugs in the - scripts found in the Tools directory. - - Issue #6884: Fix long-standing bugs with MANIFEST.in parsing in distutils on Windows. Also fixed in packaging. @@ -2319,9 +2306,6 @@ Library authenticating (since the result may change, according to RFC 4643). Patch by Hynek Schlawack. -- Issue #13989: Document that GzipFile does not support text mode, and give a - more helpful error message when opened with an invalid mode string. - - Issue #13590: On OS X 10.7 and 10.6 with Xcode 4.2, building Distutils-based packages with C extension modules may fail because Apple has removed gcc-4.2, the version used to build python.org @@ -2338,10 +2322,6 @@ Library - Issue #13960: HTMLParser is now able to handle broken comments when strict=False. -- Issue #13921: Undocument and clean up sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode, - which is obsolete in Python 3.x. It's now aliased to str for - backwards compatibility. - - When '' is a path (e.g. in sys.path), make sure __file__ uses the current working directory instead of '' in importlib. @@ -2363,11 +2343,6 @@ Library - Issue #10811: Fix recursive usage of cursors. Instead of crashing, raise a ProgrammingError now. -- Issue #10881: Fix test_site failure with OS X framework builds. - -- Issue #964437: Make IDLE help window non-modal. - Patch by Guilherme Polo and Roger Serwy. - - Issue #13734: Add os.fwalk(), a directory walking function yielding file descriptors. @@ -2377,16 +2352,8 @@ Library - Issue #11805: package_data in setup.cfg should allow more than one value. -- Issue #13933: IDLE auto-complete did not work with some imported - module, like hashlib. (Patch by Roger Serwy) - -- Issue #13901: Prevent test_distutils failures on OS X with --enable-shared. - - Issue #13676: Handle strings with embedded zeros correctly in sqlite3. -- Issue #13506: Add '' to path for IDLE Shell when started and restarted with Restart Shell. - Original patches by Marco Scataglini and Roger Serwy. - - Issue #8828: Add new function os.replace(), for cross-platform renaming with overwriting. @@ -2407,12 +2374,6 @@ Library OSError if localtime() failed. time.clock() now raises a RuntimeError if the processor time used is not available or its value cannot be represented -- Issue #13862: Fix spurious failure in test_zlib due to runtime/compile time - minor versions not matching. - -- Issue #12804: Fix test_socket and test_urllib2net failures when running tests - on a system without internet access. - - Issue #13772: In os.symlink() under Windows, do not try to guess the link target's type (file or directory). The detection was buggy and made the call non-atomic (therefore prone to race conditions). @@ -2439,9 +2400,6 @@ Library - Issue #13642: Unquote before b64encoding user:password during Basic Authentication. Patch contributed by Joonas Kuorilehto. -- Issue #13726: Fix the ambiguous -S flag in regrtest. It is -o/--slow for slow - tests. - - Issue #12364: Fix a hang in concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor. The hang would occur when retrieving the result of a scheduled future after the executor had been shut down. @@ -2524,10 +2482,6 @@ Library - Issue #13591: A bug in importlib has been fixed that caused import_module to load a module twice. -- Issue #4625: If IDLE cannot write to its recent file or breakpoint files, - display a message popup and continue rather than crash. Original patch by - Roger Serwy. - - Issue #13449 sched.scheduler.run() method has a new "blocking" parameter which when set to False makes run() execute the scheduled events due to expire soonest (if any) and then return. Patch by Giampaolo Rodolà . @@ -2544,12 +2498,9 @@ Library 'importlib.abc.PyPycLoader', 'nntplib.NNTP.xgtitle', 'nntplib.NNTP.xpath', and private attributes of 'smtpd.SMTPChannel'. -- Issue #5905, #13560: time.strftime() is now using the current locale +- Issue #5905, Issue #13560: time.strftime() is now using the current locale encoding, instead of UTF-8, if the wcsftime() function is not available. -- Issue #8641: Update IDLE 3 syntax coloring to recognize b".." and not u"..". - Patch by Tal Einat. - - Issue #13464: Add a readinto() method to http.client.HTTPResponse. Patch by Jon Kuhn. @@ -2661,9 +2612,6 @@ Library - Issue #10817: Fix urlretrieve function to raise ContentTooShortError even when reporthook is None. Patch by Jyrki Pulliainen. -- Issue #13296: Fix IDLE to clear compile __future__ flags on shell restart. - (Patch by Roger Serwy) - - Fix the xmlrpc.client user agent to return something similar to urllib.request user agent: "Python-xmlrpc/3.3". @@ -2766,10 +2714,6 @@ Library - Issue #13034: When decoding some SSL certificates, the subjectAltName extension could be unreported. -- Issue #9871: Prevent IDLE 3 crash when given byte stings - with invalid hex escape sequences, like b'\x0'. - (Original patch by Claudiu Popa.) - - Issue #12306: Expose the runtime version of the zlib C library as a constant, ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION, in the zlib module. Patch by Torsten Landschoff. @@ -2798,8 +2742,6 @@ Library - Issue #12878: Expose a __dict__ attribute on io.IOBase and its subclasses. -- Issue #12636: IDLE reads the coding cookie when executing a Python script. - - Issue #12494: On error, call(), check_call(), check_output() and getstatusoutput() functions of the subprocess module now kill the process, read its status (to avoid zombis) and close pipes. @@ -2869,9 +2811,6 @@ Library - Issue #10087: Fix the html output format of the calendar module. -- Issue #12540: Prevent zombie IDLE processes on Windows due to changes - in os.kill(). - - Issue #13121: add support for inplace math operators to collections.Counter. - Add support for unary plus and unary minus to collections.Counter. @@ -2903,7 +2842,7 @@ Library Condition, etc.) used to be factory functions returning instances of hidden classes (_Event, _Condition, etc.), because (if Guido recalls correctly) this code pre-dates the ability to subclass extension types. It is now possible - to inherit from these classes without having to import the private + to inherit from these classes, without having to import the private underscored names like multiprocessing did. - Issue #9723: Add shlex.quote functions, to escape filenames and command @@ -2917,14 +2856,8 @@ Library - Issue #12607: In subprocess, fix issue where if stdin, stdout or stderr is given as a low fd, it gets overwritten. -- Issue #12590: IDLE editor window now always displays the first line - when opening a long file. With Tk 8.5, the first line was hidden. - - Issue #12576: Fix urlopen behavior on sites which do not send (or obfuscates) - Connection:close header. - -- Issue #12102: Document that buffered files must be flushed before being used - with mmap. Patch by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso. + ``Connection: close`` header. - Issue #12560: Build libpython.so on OpenBSD. Patch by Stefan Sperling. @@ -3179,7 +3112,7 @@ Library - Issue #12175: FileIO.readall() now raises a ValueError instead of an IOError if the file is closed. -- Issue #11109: New service_action method for BaseServer, used by ForkingMixIn +- Issue #11109: New service_action method for BaseServer, used by ForkingMixin class for cleanup. Initial Patch by Justin Warkentin. - Issue #12045: Avoid duplicate execution of command in @@ -3224,9 +3157,6 @@ Library passing a ``context`` argument pointing to an ssl.SSLContext instance. Patch by Kasun Herath. -- Issue #11088: don't crash when using F5 to run a script in IDLE on MacOSX - with Tk 8.5. - - Issue #9516: Issue #9516: avoid errors in sysconfig when MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is set in shell. @@ -3246,10 +3176,6 @@ Library - Issue #9971: Write an optimized implementation of BufferedReader.readinto(). Patch by John O'Connor. -- Issue #1028: Tk returns invalid Unicode null in %A: UnicodeDecodeError. - With Tk < 8.5 _tkinter.c:PythonCmd() raised UnicodeDecodeError, caused - IDLE to exit. Converted to valid Unicode null in PythonCmd(). - - Issue #11799: urllib.request Authentication Handlers will raise a ValueError when presented with an unsupported Authentication Scheme. Patch contributed by Yuval Greenfield. @@ -3486,12 +3412,12 @@ Library - Issue #7639: Fix short file name generation in bdist_msi -- Issue #11659: Fix ResourceWarning in test_subprocess introduced by #11459. - Patch by Ben Hayden. - - Issue #11635: Don't use polling in worker threads and processes launched by concurrent.futures. +- Issue #5845: Automatically read readline configuration to enable completion + in interactive mode. + - Issue #6811: Allow importlib to change a code object's co_filename attribute to match the path to where the source code currently is, not where the code object originally came from. @@ -3526,7 +3452,7 @@ Library - Issue #11127: Raise a TypeError when trying to pickle a socket object. -- Issue #11563: Connection:close header is sent by requests using URLOpener +- Issue #11563: ``Connection: close`` header is sent by requests using URLOpener class which helps in closing of sockets after connection is over. Patch contributions by Jeff McNeil and Nadeem Vawda. @@ -3541,8 +3467,6 @@ Library - Issue #10979: unittest stdout buffering now works with class and module setup and teardown. -- Issue #11577: fix ResourceWarning triggered by improved binhex test coverage - - Issue #11243: fix the parameter querying methods of Message to work if the headers contain un-encoded non-ASCII data. @@ -3575,9 +3499,6 @@ Library - Issue #11554: Fixed support for Japanese codecs; previously the body output encoding was not done if euc-jp or shift-jis was specified as the charset. -- Issue #11509: Significantly increase test coverage of fileinput. - Patch by Denver Coneybeare at PyCon 2011 Sprints. - - Issue #11407: `TestCase.run` returns the result object used or created. Contributed by Janathan Hartley. @@ -3700,11 +3621,6 @@ Library - Issue #9348: Raise an early error if argparse nargs and metavar don't match. -- Issue #8982: Improve the documentation for the argparse Namespace object. - -- Issue #9343: Document that argparse parent parsers must be configured before - their children. - - Issue #9026: Fix order of argparse sub-commands in help messages. - Issue #9347: Fix formatting for tuples in argparse type= error messages. @@ -3757,10 +3673,61 @@ Build - Issue #11495: OSF support is eliminated. It was deprecated in Python 3.2. - IDLE ---- +- Issue #14409: IDLE now properly executes commands in the Shell window + when it cannot read the normal config files on startup and + has to use the built-in default key bindings. + There was previously a bug in one of the defaults. + +- IDLE can be launched as python -m idlelib + +- Issue #3573: IDLE hangs when passing invalid command line args + (directory(ies) instead of file(s)) (Patch by Guilherme Polo) + +- Issue #14200: IDLE shell crash on printing non-BMP unicode character. + +- Issue #5219: Prevent event handler cascade in IDLE. + +- Issue #964437: Make IDLE help window non-modal. + Patch by Guilherme Polo and Roger Serwy. + +- Issue #13933: IDLE auto-complete did not work with some imported + module, like hashlib. (Patch by Roger Serwy) + +- Issue #13506: Add '' to path for IDLE Shell when started and restarted with Restart Shell. + Original patches by Marco Scataglini and Roger Serwy. + +- Issue #4625: If IDLE cannot write to its recent file or breakpoint files, + display a message popup and continue rather than crash. Original patch by + Roger Serwy. + +- Issue #8641: Update IDLE 3 syntax coloring to recognize b".." and not u"..". + Patch by Tal Einat. + +- Issue #13296: Fix IDLE to clear compile __future__ flags on shell restart. + (Patch by Roger Serwy) + +- Issue #9871: Prevent IDLE 3 crash when given byte stings + with invalid hex escape sequences, like b'\x0'. + (Original patch by Claudiu Popa.) + +- Issue #12636: IDLE reads the coding cookie when executing a Python script. + +- Issue #12540: Prevent zombie IDLE processes on Windows due to changes + in os.kill(). + +- Issue #12590: IDLE editor window now always displays the first line + when opening a long file. With Tk 8.5, the first line was hidden. + +- Issue #11088: don't crash when using F5 to run a script in IDLE on MacOSX + with Tk 8.5. + +- Issue #1028: Tk returns invalid Unicode null in %A: UnicodeDecodeError. + With Tk < 8.5 _tkinter.c:PythonCmd() raised UnicodeDecodeError, caused + IDLE to exit. Converted to valid Unicode null in PythonCmd(). + - Issue #11718: IDLE's open module dialog couldn't find the __init__.py file in a package. @@ -3790,6 +3757,10 @@ Tools/Demos Extension Modules ----------------- +- Issue #16847: Fixed improper use of _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency() in + non-pydebug builds. Several extension modules now compile cleanly when + assert()s are enabled in standard builds (-DDEBUG flag). + - Issue #13840: The error message produced by ctypes.create_string_buffer when given a Unicode string has been fixed. @@ -3852,6 +3823,33 @@ Extension Modules Tests ----- +- Issue #13125: Silence spurious test_lib2to3 output when in non-verbose mode. + Patch by Mikhail Novikov. + +- Issue #13447: Add a test file to host regression tests for bugs in the + scripts found in the Tools directory. + +- Issue #10881: Fix test_site failure with OS X framework builds. + +- Issue #13901: Prevent test_distutils failures on OS X with --enable-shared. + +- Issue #13862: Fix spurious failure in test_zlib due to runtime/compile time + minor versions not matching. + +- Issue #12804: Fix test_socket and test_urllib2net failures when running tests + on a system without internet access. + +- Issue #13726: Fix the ambiguous -S flag in regrtest. It is -o/--slow for slow + tests. + +- Issue #11659: Fix ResourceWarning in test_subprocess introduced by #11459. + Patch by Ben Hayden. + +- Issue #11577: fix ResourceWarning triggered by improved binhex test coverage + +- Issue #11509: Significantly increase test coverage of fileinput. + Patch by Denver Coneybeare at PyCon 2011 Sprints. + - Issue #11689: Fix a variable scoping error in an sqlite3 test - Issue #13786: Remove unimplemented 'trace' long option from regrtest.py. @@ -4030,7 +4028,7 @@ Tests - Issue #11505: improves test coverage of string.py. Patch by Alicia Arlen -- Issue #11490: test_subprocess:test_leaking_fds_on_error no longer gives a +- Issue #11490: test_subprocess.test_leaking_fds_on_error no longer gives a false positive if the last directory in the path is inaccessible. - Issue #11223: Fix test_threadsignals to fail, not hang, when the @@ -4054,6 +4052,23 @@ Tests C-API ----- +- Issue #13452: PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal() doesn't support error handlers + different than "strict" anymore. The caller was unable to compute the + size of the output buffer: it depends on the error handler. + +- Issue #13560: Add PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(), PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize() + and PyUnicode_EncodeLocale() functions to the C API to decode/encode from/to + the current locale encoding. + +- Issue #10831: PyUnicode_FromFormat() supports %li, %lli and %zi formats. + +- Issue #11246: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormat("%V") to decode the byte string from + UTF-8 (with replace error handler) instead of ISO-8859-1 (in strict mode). + Patch written by Ray Allen. + +- Issue #10830: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormatV("%c") for non-BMP characters on + narrow build. + - Add PyObject_GenericGetDict and PyObject_GeneriSetDict. They are generic implementations for the getter and setter of a ``__dict__`` descriptor of C types. @@ -4079,6 +4094,24 @@ C-API Documentation ------------- +- Issue #13989: Document that GzipFile does not support text mode, and give a + more helpful error message when opened with an invalid mode string. + +- Issue #13921: Undocument and clean up sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode, + which is obsolete in Python 3.x. It's now aliased to str for + backwards compatibility. + +- Issue #12102: Document that buffered files must be flushed before being used + with mmap. Patch by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso. + +- Issue #8982: Improve the documentation for the argparse Namespace object. + +- Issue #9343: Document that argparse parent parsers must be configured before + their children. + +- Issue #13498: Clarify docs of os.makedirs()'s exist_ok argument. Done with + great native-speaker help from R. David Murray. + - Issues #13491 and #13995: Fix many errors in sqlite3 documentation. Initial patch for #13491 by Johannes Vogel. @@ -9652,7 +9685,7 @@ Core and Builtins - Issue #1210: Fixed imaplib and its documentation. -- Issue #4233: Changed semantic of ``_fileio.FileIO``'s ``close()`` +- Issue #4233: Changed semantic of ``_fileio.FileIO``'s ``close()`` method on file objects with closefd=False. The file descriptor is still kept open but the file object behaves like a closed file. The ``FileIO`` object also got a new readonly attribute ``closefd``. @@ -9796,13 +9829,13 @@ Core and Builtins cyclic garbage collection. - Issue #3668: Fix a memory leak with the "s*" argument parser in - PyArg_ParseTuple and friends, which occurred when the argument for "s*" + PyArg_ParseTuple and friends, which occurred when the argument for "s*" was correctly parsed but parsing of subsequent arguments failed. - Issue #3611: An exception __context__ could be cleared in a complex pattern involving a __del__ method re-raising an exception. -- Issue #2534: speed up isinstance() and issubclass() by 50-70%, so as to +- Issue #2534: speed up isinstance() and issubclass() by 50-70%, so as to match Python 2.5 speed despite the __instancecheck__ / __subclasscheck__ mechanism. In the process, fix a bug where isinstance() and issubclass(), when given a tuple of classes as second argument, were looking up @@ -9880,7 +9913,7 @@ Library - The deprecation warnings for the camelCase threading API names were removed. -- Issue #3110: multiprocessing fails to compiel on solaris 10 due to missing +- Issue #3110: multiprocessing fails to compiel on solaris 10 due to missing SEM_VALUE_MAX. Extension Modules @@ -21593,7 +21626,7 @@ New or improved ports - Improved BeOS support. -- Support dynamic loading of shared libraries on NetBSD platforms that +- Support dynamic loading of shared libraries on NetBSD platforms that use ELF (i.e., MIPS and Alpha systems). Configuration/build changes @@ -21810,7 +21843,7 @@ provide its own version of this function, while still sharing the higher-level classes in code.py. - turtle.py is a new module for simple turtle graphics. I'm still -working on it; let me know if you use this to teach Python to children +working on it; let me know if you use this to teach Python to children or other novices without prior programming experience. Obsoleted library modules @@ -21942,7 +21975,7 @@ control pseudo-device, per audio(7I). Changes to tools ---------------- -- New, improved version of Barry Warsaw's Misc/python-mode.el (editing +- New, improved version of Barry Warsaw's Misc/python-mode.el (editing support for Emacs). - tabnanny.py: added a -q ('quiet') option to tabnanny, which causes @@ -22217,7 +22250,7 @@ Windows Installer ----------------- - Install zlib.dll in the DLLs directory instead of in the win32 -system directory, to avoid conflicts with other applications that have +system directory, to avoid conflicts with other applications that have their own zlib.dll. Test Suite @@ -22297,7 +22330,7 @@ General so that a symlink to a symlink can work. - Added a hack so that when you type 'quit' or 'exit' at the -interpreter, you get a friendly explanation of how to press Ctrl-D (or +interpreter, you get a friendly explanation of how to press Ctrl-D (or Ctrl-Z) to exit. - New and improved Misc/python-mode.el (Python mode for Emacs). @@ -22470,13 +22503,13 @@ problem that randint() was accidentally defined as taking an inclusive range. Also, randint(a, b) is now redefined as randrange(a, b+1), adding extra range and type checking to its arguments! -- Add some semi-thread-safety to random.gauss() (it used to be able to +- Add some semi-thread-safety to random.gauss() (it used to be able to crash when invoked from separate threads; now the worst it can do is give a duplicate result occasionally). - Some restructuring and generalization done to cmd.py. -- Major upgrade to ConfigParser.py; converted to using 're', added new +- Major upgrade to ConfigParser.py; converted to using 're', added new exceptions, support underscore in section header and option name. No longer add 'name' option to every section; instead, add '__name__'. @@ -22673,7 +22706,7 @@ Windows Installer ----------------- - The registry key used is now "1.5" instead of "1.5.x" -- so future -versions of 1.5 and Mark Hammond's win32all installer don't need to be +versions of 1.5 and Mark Hammond's win32all installer don't need to be resynchronized. Windows Tools @@ -22740,7 +22773,7 @@ objects. dynamically add one or many entries to the table of built-in modules. - New macro Py_InitModule3(name, methods, doc) which calls -Py_InitModule4() with appropriate arguments. (The -4 variant requires +Py_InitModule4() with appropriate arguments. (The -4 variant requires you to pass an obscure version number constant which is always the same.) - New APIs PySys_WriteStdout() and PySys_WriteStderr() to write to @@ -22812,7 +22845,7 @@ less common scenario in practice. Syntax change ------------- -- The raise statement can now be used without arguments, to re-raise +- The raise statement can now be used without arguments, to re-raise a previously set exception. This should be used after catching an exception with an except clause only, either in the except clause or later in the same function. @@ -22871,7 +22904,7 @@ of a tab. The preferred module is tabnanny.py (by Tim Peters). Demo/tkinter/guido/paint.py -- Dave Mitchell Demo/sockets/unixserver.py -- Piet van Oostrum - + - Much better freeze support. The freeze script can now freeze hierarchical module names (with a corresponding change to import.c), @@ -23010,7 +23043,7 @@ certain locales). - New command supported by the ftplib module: rmd(); also fixed some minor bugs. -- The profile module now uses a different timer function by default -- +- The profile module now uses a different timer function by default -- time.clock() is generally better than os.times(). This makes it work better on Windows NT, too. @@ -23049,14 +23082,14 @@ module. Courtesy Barry Warsaw. - In the multifile module, support the optional second parameter to seek() when possible. -- Several fixes to the gopherlib module by Lars Marius Garshol. Also, +- Several fixes to the gopherlib module by Lars Marius Garshol. Also, urlparse now correctly handles Gopher URLs with query strings. - Fixed a tiny bug in format_exception() in the traceback module. Also rewrite tb_lineno() to be compatible with JPython (and not disturb the current exception!); by Jim Hugunin. -- The httplib module is more robust when servers send a short response +- The httplib module is more robust when servers send a short response -- courtesy Tim O'Malley. Tkinter and friends @@ -23071,7 +23104,7 @@ application only). no longer use the default root. - The interfaces for the bind*() and unbind() widget methods have been -redesigned; the bind*() methods now return the name of the Tcl command +redesigned; the bind*() methods now return the name of the Tcl command created for the callback, and this can be passed as a optional argument to unbind() in order to delete the command (normally, such commands are automatically unbound when the widget is destroyed, but @@ -23107,7 +23140,7 @@ intended for storing thread-local global variables. dictionary to allow recursive container types to detect recursion in their repr(), str() and print implementations. -- New function PyObject_Not(x) calculates (not x) according to Python's +- New function PyObject_Not(x) calculates (not x) according to Python's standard rules (basically, it negates the outcome PyObject_IsTrue(x). - New function _PyModule_Clear(), which clears a module's dictionary @@ -23268,7 +23301,7 @@ defined in packages correctly. The same change applies to copying instances with copy.py. The cPickle.c changes and some pickle.py changes are courtesy Jim Fulton. -- Locale support in he "re" (Perl regular expressions) module. Use +- Locale support in he "re" (Perl regular expressions) module. Use the flag re.L (or re.LOCALE) to enable locale-specific matching rules for \w and \b. The in-line syntax for this flag is (?L). @@ -23334,7 +23367,7 @@ don't know how to deal with those. - Some improvements to the _tkinter build line suggested by Case Roole. -- A full suite of platform specific files for NetBSD 1.x, submitted by +- A full suite of platform specific files for NetBSD 1.x, submitted by Anders Andersen. - New Solaris specific header STROPTS.py. @@ -23404,7 +23437,7 @@ after studying the GNU libg++ quicksort. This should be much faster if there are lots of duplicates, and otherwise at least as good. - Added "uue" as an alias for "uuencode" to mimetools.py. (Hm, the -uudecode bug where it complaints about trailing garbage is still there +uudecode bug where it complaints about trailing garbage is still there :-( ). - pickle.py requires integers in text mode to be in decimal notation @@ -24180,7 +24213,7 @@ the C and the Python variety) and for floating point numbers. The Python/C API for frames is changed (you shouldn't be using this anyway). -- Significant speedup by inlining some common opcodes for common operand +- Significant speedup by inlining some common opcodes for common operand types (e.g. i+i, i-i, and list[i]). Fredrik Lundh. - Small speedup by reordering the method tables of some common @@ -24206,34 +24239,34 @@ pressure to document their own contributed modules :-). Note that printing the documentation now kills fewer trees -- the margins have been reduced. -- I have started documenting the Python/C API. Unfortunately this project -hasn't been completed yet. It will be complete before the final release of -Python 1.5, though. At the moment, it's better to read the LaTeX source +- I have started documenting the Python/C API. Unfortunately this project +hasn't been completed yet. It will be complete before the final release of +Python 1.5, though. At the moment, it's better to read the LaTeX source than to attempt to run it through LaTeX and print the resulting dvi file. -- The posix module (and hence os.py) now has doc strings! Thanks to Neil -Schemenauer. I received a few other contributions of doc strings. In most +- The posix module (and hence os.py) now has doc strings! Thanks to Neil +Schemenauer. I received a few other contributions of doc strings. In most other places, doc strings are still wishful thinking... Language changes ---------------- -- Private variables with leading double underscore are now a permanent -feature of the language. (These were experimental in release 1.4. I have -favorable experience using them; I can't label them "experimental" +- Private variables with leading double underscore are now a permanent +feature of the language. (These were experimental in release 1.4. I have +favorable experience using them; I can't label them "experimental" forever.) -- There's new string literal syntax for "raw strings". Prefixing a string -literal with the letter r (or R) disables all escape processing in the -string; for example, r'\n' is a two-character string consisting of a -backslash followed by the letter n. This combines with all forms of string -quotes; it is actually useful for triple quoted doc strings which might -contain references to \n or \t. An embedded quote prefixed with a -backslash does not terminate the string, but the backslash is still -included in the string; for example, r'\'' is a two-character string -consisting of a backslash and a quote. (Raw strings are also -affectionately known as Robin strings, after their inventor, Robin +- There's new string literal syntax for "raw strings". Prefixing a string +literal with the letter r (or R) disables all escape processing in the +string; for example, r'\n' is a two-character string consisting of a +backslash followed by the letter n. This combines with all forms of string +quotes; it is actually useful for triple quoted doc strings which might +contain references to \n or \t. An embedded quote prefixed with a +backslash does not terminate the string, but the backslash is still +included in the string; for example, r'\'' is a two-character string +consisting of a backslash and a quote. (Raw strings are also +affectionately known as Robin strings, after their inventor, Robin Friedrich.) - There's a simple assert statement, and a new exception @@ -24262,10 +24295,10 @@ patches to catch floating point exceptions, at the moment). - The obsolete exception ConflictError (presumably used by the long obsolete access statement) has been deleted. -- There's a new function sys.exc_info() which returns the tuple +- There's a new function sys.exc_info() which returns the tuple (sys.exc_type, sys.exc_value, sys.exc_traceback) in a thread-safe way. -- There's a new variable sys.executable, pointing to the executable file +- There's a new variable sys.executable, pointing to the executable file for the Python interpreter. - The sort() methods for lists no longer uses the C library qsort(); I @@ -24291,11 +24324,11 @@ caught an exception are kept alive until another exception is caught returning from a function that caught an exception. - There's a new "buffer" interface. Certain objects (e.g. strings and -arrays) now support the "buffer" protocol. Buffer objects are acceptable -whenever formerly a string was required for a write operation; mutable +arrays) now support the "buffer" protocol. Buffer objects are acceptable +whenever formerly a string was required for a write operation; mutable buffer objects can be the target of a read operation using the call -f.readinto(buffer). A cool feature is that regular expression matching now -also work on array objects. Contribution by Jack Jansen. (Needs +f.readinto(buffer). A cool feature is that regular expression matching now +also work on array objects. Contribution by Jack Jansen. (Needs documentation.) - String interning: dictionary lookups are faster when the lookup @@ -24587,7 +24620,7 @@ Wirzenius, and RFC 850 dates (Chris Lawrence). of message sequence specifiers without invoking a subprocess. Also added a createmessage() method by Lars Wirzenius. -- The StringIO.StringIO class now supports readline(nbytes). (Lars +- The StringIO.StringIO class now supports readline(nbytes). (Lars Wirzenius.) (Of course, you should be using cStringIO for performance.) - UserDict.py supports the new dictionary methods as well. @@ -24635,8 +24668,8 @@ command line utilities. - Various small fixes to the nntplib.py module that I can't bother to document in detail. -- Sjoerd Mullender's mimify.py module now supports base64 encoding and -includes functions to handle the funny encoding you sometimes see in mail +- Sjoerd Mullender's mimify.py module now supports base64 encoding and +includes functions to handle the funny encoding you sometimes see in mail headers. It is now documented. - mailbox.py: Added BabylMailbox. Improved the way the mailbox is @@ -24987,23 +25020,23 @@ Windows (NT and 95) NT (the old VC++ 4.2 Makefile is also still supported, but will eventually be withdrawn due to its bulkiness). -- See the note on the new module search path in the "Miscellaneous" section +- See the note on the new module search path in the "Miscellaneous" section above. - Support for Win32s (the 32-bit Windows API under Windows 3.1) is basically withdrawn. If it still works for you, you're lucky. -- There's a new extension module, msvcrt.c, which provides various -low-level operations defined in the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime Library. -These include locking(), setmode(), get_osfhandle(), set_osfhandle(), and +- There's a new extension module, msvcrt.c, which provides various +low-level operations defined in the Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime Library. +These include locking(), setmode(), get_osfhandle(), set_osfhandle(), and console I/O functions like kbhit(), getch() and putch(). - The -u option not only sets the standard I/O streams to unbuffered status, but also sets them in binary mode. (This can also be done using msvcrt.setmode(), by the way.) -- The, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix variables point to the directory -where Python is installed, or to the top of the source tree, if it was run +- The, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix variables point to the directory +where Python is installed, or to the top of the source tree, if it was run from there. - The various os.path modules (posixpath, ntpath, macpath) now support @@ -25011,7 +25044,7 @@ passing more than two arguments to the join() function, so os.path.join(a, b, c) is the same as os.path.join(a, os.path.join(b, c)). -- The ntpath module (normally used as os.path) supports ~ to $HOME +- The ntpath module (normally used as os.path) supports ~ to $HOME expansion in expanduser(). - The freeze tool now works on Windows. @@ -25309,47 +25342,47 @@ output directory. - New module whichdb recognizes dbm, gdbm and bsddb/dbhash files. -- The Doc/Makefile targets have been reorganized somewhat to remove the +- The Doc/Makefile targets have been reorganized somewhat to remove the insistence on always generating PostScript. - The texinfo to html filter (Doc/texi2html.py) has been improved somewhat. -- "errors.h" has been renamed to "pyerrors.h" to resolve a long-standing +- "errors.h" has been renamed to "pyerrors.h" to resolve a long-standing name conflict on the Mac. -- Linking a module compiled with a different setting for Py_TRACE_REFS now +- Linking a module compiled with a different setting for Py_TRACE_REFS now generates a linker error rather than a core dump. -- The cgi module has a new convenience function print_exception(), which -formats a python exception using HTML. It also fixes a bug in the -compatibility code and adds a dubious feature which makes it possible to +- The cgi module has a new convenience function print_exception(), which +formats a python exception using HTML. It also fixes a bug in the +compatibility code and adds a dubious feature which makes it possible to have two query strings, one in the URL and one in the POST data. -- A subtle change in the unpickling of class instances makes it possible -to unpickle in restricted execution mode, where the __dict__ attribute is +- A subtle change in the unpickling of class instances makes it possible +to unpickle in restricted execution mode, where the __dict__ attribute is not available (but setattr() is). -- Documentation for os.path.splitext() (== posixpath.splitext()) has been +- Documentation for os.path.splitext() (== posixpath.splitext()) has been cleared up. It splits at the *last* dot. - posixfile locking is now also correctly supported on AIX. -- The tempfile module once again honors an initial setting of tmpdir. It +- The tempfile module once again honors an initial setting of tmpdir. It now works on Windows, too. -- The traceback module has some new functions to extract, format and print +- The traceback module has some new functions to extract, format and print the active stack. -- Some translation functions in the urllib module have been made a little +- Some translation functions in the urllib module have been made a little less sluggish. -- The addtag_* methods for Canvas widgets in Tkinter as well as in the -separate Canvas class have been fixed so they actually do something +- The addtag_* methods for Canvas widgets in Tkinter as well as in the +separate Canvas class have been fixed so they actually do something meaningful. - A tiny _test() function has been added to Tkinter.py. -- A generic Makefile for dynamically loaded modules is provided in the Misc +- A generic Makefile for dynamically loaded modules is provided in the Misc subdirectory (Misc/gMakefile). - A new version of python-mode.el for Emacs is provided. See @@ -25357,25 +25390,25 @@ http://www.python.org/ftp/emacs/pmdetails.html for details. The separate file pyimenu.el is no longer needed, imenu support is folded into python-mode.el. -- The configure script can finally correctly find the readline library in a -non-standard location. The LDFLAGS variable is passed on the Makefiles +- The configure script can finally correctly find the readline library in a +non-standard location. The LDFLAGS variable is passed on the Makefiles from the configure script. -- Shared libraries are now installed as programs (i.e. with executable +- Shared libraries are now installed as programs (i.e. with executable permission). This is required on HP-UX and won't hurt on other systems. -- The objc.c module is no longer part of the distribution. Objective-C +- The objc.c module is no longer part of the distribution. Objective-C support may become available as contributed software on the ftp site. - The sybase module is no longer part of the distribution. A much improved sybase module is available as contributed software from the ftp site. -- _tkinter is now compatible with Tcl 7.5 / Tk 4.1 patch1 on Windows and -Mac (don't use unpatched Tcl/Tk!). The default line in the Setup.in file +- _tkinter is now compatible with Tcl 7.5 / Tk 4.1 patch1 on Windows and +Mac (don't use unpatched Tcl/Tk!). The default line in the Setup.in file now links with Tcl 7.5 / Tk 4.1 rather than 7.4/4.0. -- In Setup, you can now write "*shared*" instead of "*noconfig*", and you +- In Setup, you can now write "*shared*" instead of "*noconfig*", and you can use *.so and *.sl as shared libraries. - Some more fidgeting for AIX shared libraries. @@ -25384,81 +25417,81 @@ can use *.so and *.sl as shared libraries. (Note -- a complete replacement by Niels Mo"ller, called gpmodule, is available from the contrib directory on the ftp site.) -- A warning is written to sys.stderr when a __del__ method raises an +- A warning is written to sys.stderr when a __del__ method raises an exception (formerly, such exceptions were completely ignored). -- The configure script now defines HAVE_OLD_CPP if the C preprocessor is +- The configure script now defines HAVE_OLD_CPP if the C preprocessor is incapable of ANSI style token concatenation and stringification. -- All source files (except a few platform specific modules) are once again +- All source files (except a few platform specific modules) are once again compatible with K&R C compilers as well as ANSI compilers. In particular, -ANSI-isms have been removed or made conditional in complexobject.c, +ANSI-isms have been removed or made conditional in complexobject.c, getargs.c and operator.c. -- The abstract object API has three new functions, PyObject_DelItem, +- The abstract object API has three new functions, PyObject_DelItem, PySequence_DelItem, and PySequence_DelSlice. -- The operator module has new functions delitem and delslice, and the -functions "or" and "and" are renamed to "or_" and "and_" (since "or" and +- The operator module has new functions delitem and delslice, and the +functions "or" and "and" are renamed to "or_" and "and_" (since "or" and "and" are reserved words). ("__or__" and "__and__" are unchanged.) -- The environment module is no longer supported; putenv() is now a function +- The environment module is no longer supported; putenv() is now a function in posixmodule (also under NT). - Error in filter(<function>, "") has been fixed. - Unrecognized keyword arguments raise TypeError, not KeyError. -- Better portability, fewer bugs and memory leaks, fewer compiler warnings, +- Better portability, fewer bugs and memory leaks, fewer compiler warnings, some more documentation. -- Bug in float power boundary case (0.0 to the negative integer power) +- Bug in float power boundary case (0.0 to the negative integer power) fixed. -- The test of negative number to the float power has been moved from the -built-in pow() functin to floatobject.c (so complex numbers can yield the +- The test of negative number to the float power has been moved from the +built-in pow() functin to floatobject.c (so complex numbers can yield the correct result). -- The bug introduced in beta2 where shared libraries loaded (using +- The bug introduced in beta2 where shared libraries loaded (using dlopen()) from the current directory would fail, has been fixed. -- Modules imported as shared libraries now also have a __file__ attribute, -giving the filename from which they were loaded. The only modules without +- Modules imported as shared libraries now also have a __file__ attribute, +giving the filename from which they were loaded. The only modules without a __file__ attribute now are built-in modules. -- On the Mac, dynamically loaded modules can end in either ".slb" or -".<platform>.slb" where <platform> is either "CFM68K" or "ppc". The ".slb" +- On the Mac, dynamically loaded modules can end in either ".slb" or +".<platform>.slb" where <platform> is either "CFM68K" or "ppc". The ".slb" extension should only be used for "fat" binaries. -- C API addition: marshal.c now supports +- C API addition: marshal.c now supports PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(object). - C API addition: getargs.c now supports PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwdict, format, kwnames, ...) to parse keyword arguments. -- The PC versioning scheme (sys.winver) has changed once again. the -version number is now "<digit>.<digit>.<digit>.<apiversion>", where the -first three <digit>s are the Python version (e.g. "1.4.0" for Python 1.4, -"1.4.1" for Python 1.4.1 -- the beta level is not included) and +- The PC versioning scheme (sys.winver) has changed once again. the +version number is now "<digit>.<digit>.<digit>.<apiversion>", where the +first three <digit>s are the Python version (e.g. "1.4.0" for Python 1.4, +"1.4.1" for Python 1.4.1 -- the beta level is not included) and <apiversion> is the four-digit PYTHON_API_VERSION (currently 1005). - h2py.py accepts whitespace before the # in CPP directives -- On Solaris 2.5, it should now be possible to use either Posix threads or -Solaris threads (XXX: how do you select which is used???). (Note: the -Python pthreads interface doesn't fully support semaphores yet -- anyone +- On Solaris 2.5, it should now be possible to use either Posix threads or +Solaris threads (XXX: how do you select which is used???). (Note: the +Python pthreads interface doesn't fully support semaphores yet -- anyone care to fix this?) -- Thread support should now work on AIX, using either DCE threads or +- Thread support should now work on AIX, using either DCE threads or pthreads. - New file Demo/sockets/unicast.py -- Working Mac port, with CFM68K support, with Tk 4.1 support (though not +- Working Mac port, with CFM68K support, with Tk 4.1 support (though not both) (XXX) -- New project setup for PC port, now compatible with PythonWin, with +- New project setup for PC port, now compatible with PythonWin, with _tkinter and NumPy support (XXX) - New module site.py (XXX) @@ -25475,7 +25508,7 @@ _tkinter and NumPy support (XXX) - string.atoi c.s. now raise an exception for an empty input string. -- At last, it is no longer necessary to define HAVE_CONFIG_H in order to +- At last, it is no longer necessary to define HAVE_CONFIG_H in order to have config.h included at various places. - Unrecognized keyword arguments now raise TypeError rather than KeyError. @@ -25483,25 +25516,25 @@ have config.h included at various places. - The makesetup script recognizes files with extension .so or .sl as (shared) libraries. -- 'access' is no longer a reserved word, and all code related to its -implementation is gone (or at least #ifdef'ed out). This should make +- 'access' is no longer a reserved word, and all code related to its +implementation is gone (or at least #ifdef'ed out). This should make Python a little speedier too! -- Performance enhancements suggested by Sjoerd Mullender. This includes -the introduction of two new optional function pointers in type object, -getattro and setattro, which are like getattr and setattr but take a +- Performance enhancements suggested by Sjoerd Mullender. This includes +the introduction of two new optional function pointers in type object, +getattro and setattro, which are like getattr and setattr but take a string object instead of a C string pointer. -- New operations in string module: lstrip(s) and rstrip(s) strip whitespace -only on the left or only on the right, A new optional third argument to -split() specifies the maximum number of separators honored (so -splitfields(s, sep, n) returns a list of at most n+1 elements). (Since +- New operations in string module: lstrip(s) and rstrip(s) strip whitespace +only on the left or only on the right, A new optional third argument to +split() specifies the maximum number of separators honored (so +splitfields(s, sep, n) returns a list of at most n+1 elements). (Since 1.3, splitfields(s, None) is totally equivalent to split(s).) -string.capwords() has an optional second argument specifying the +string.capwords() has an optional second argument specifying the separator (which is passed to split()). -- regsub.split() has the same addition as string.split(). regsub.splitx(s, -sep, maxsep) implements the functionality that was regsub.split(s, 1) in +- regsub.split() has the same addition as string.split(). regsub.splitx(s, +sep, maxsep) implements the functionality that was regsub.split(s, 1) in 1.4beta2 (return a list containing the delimiters as well as the words). - Final touch for AIX loading, rewritten Misc/AIX-NOTES. @@ -25545,11 +25578,11 @@ What's new in 1.4beta2 (since beta1)? meaningful value (a few things were botched in beta 1). Lib/dos_8x3 is now a standard part of the distribution (alas). -- More improvements to the installation procedure. Typing "make install" -now inserts the version number in the pathnames of almost everything -installed, and creates the machine dependent modules (FCNTL.py etc.) if not -supplied by the distribution. (XXX There's still a problem with the latter -because the "regen" script requires that Python is installed. Some manual +- More improvements to the installation procedure. Typing "make install" +now inserts the version number in the pathnames of almost everything +installed, and creates the machine dependent modules (FCNTL.py etc.) if not +supplied by the distribution. (XXX There's still a problem with the latter +because the "regen" script requires that Python is installed. Some manual intervention may still be required.) (This has been fixed in 1.4beta3.) - New modules: errno, operator (XXX). @@ -25612,8 +25645,8 @@ What's new in 1.4beta1 (since 1.3)? - Added sys.platform and sys.exec_platform for Bill Janssen. -- Installation has been completely overhauled. "make install" now installs -everything, not just the python binary. Installation uses the install-sh +- Installation has been completely overhauled. "make install" now installs +everything, not just the python binary. Installation uses the install-sh script (borrowed from X11) to install each file. - New functions in the posix module: mkfifo, plock, remove (== unlink), @@ -25623,59 +25656,59 @@ and ftruncate. More functions are also available under NT. - Shared library support for FreeBSD. -- The --with-readline option can now be used without a DIRECTORY argument, -for systems where libreadline.* is in one of the standard places. It is +- The --with-readline option can now be used without a DIRECTORY argument, +for systems where libreadline.* is in one of the standard places. It is also possible for it to be a shared library. -- The extension tkinter has been renamed to _tkinter, to avoid confusion -with Tkinter.py oncase insensitive file systems. It now supports Tk 4.1 as +- The extension tkinter has been renamed to _tkinter, to avoid confusion +with Tkinter.py oncase insensitive file systems. It now supports Tk 4.1 as well as 4.0. -- Author's change of address from CWI in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, to +- Author's change of address from CWI in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, to CNRI in Reston, VA, USA. -- The math.hypot() function is now always available (if it isn't found in +- The math.hypot() function is now always available (if it isn't found in the C math library, Python provides its own implementation). -- The latex documentation is now compatible with latex2e, thanks to David +- The latex documentation is now compatible with latex2e, thanks to David Ascher. - The expression x**y is now equivalent to pow(x, y). - The indexing expression x[a, b, c] is now equivalent to x[(a, b, c)]. -- Complex numbers are now supported. Imaginary constants are written with -a 'j' or 'J' prefix, general complex numbers can be formed by adding a real -part to an imaginary part, like 3+4j. Complex numbers are always stored in -floating point form, so this is equivalent to 3.0+4.0j. It is also -possible to create complex numbers with the new built-in function -complex(re, [im]). For the footprint-conscious, complex number support can +- Complex numbers are now supported. Imaginary constants are written with +a 'j' or 'J' prefix, general complex numbers can be formed by adding a real +part to an imaginary part, like 3+4j. Complex numbers are always stored in +floating point form, so this is equivalent to 3.0+4.0j. It is also +possible to create complex numbers with the new built-in function +complex(re, [im]). For the footprint-conscious, complex number support can be disabled by defining the symbol WITHOUT_COMPLEX. - New built-in function list() is the long-awaited counterpart of tuple(). -- There's a new "cmath" module which provides the same functions as the -"math" library but with complex arguments and results. (There are very -good reasons why math.sqrt(-1) still raises an exception -- you have to use +- There's a new "cmath" module which provides the same functions as the +"math" library but with complex arguments and results. (There are very +good reasons why math.sqrt(-1) still raises an exception -- you have to use cmath.sqrt(-1) to get 1j for an answer.) -- The Python.h header file (which is really the same as allobjects.h except -it disables support for old style names) now includes several more files, +- The Python.h header file (which is really the same as allobjects.h except +it disables support for old style names) now includes several more files, so you have to have fewer #include statements in the average extension. -- The NDEBUG symbol is no longer used. Code that used to be dependent on -the presence of NDEBUG is now present on the absence of DEBUG. TRACE_REFS -and REF_DEBUG have been renamed to Py_TRACE_REFS and Py_REF_DEBUG, -respectively. At long last, the source actually compiles and links without +- The NDEBUG symbol is no longer used. Code that used to be dependent on +the presence of NDEBUG is now present on the absence of DEBUG. TRACE_REFS +and REF_DEBUG have been renamed to Py_TRACE_REFS and Py_REF_DEBUG, +respectively. At long last, the source actually compiles and links without errors when this symbol is defined. -- Several symbols that didn't follow the new naming scheme have been -renamed (usually by adding to rename2.h) to use a Py or _Py prefix. There -are no external symbols left without a Py or _Py prefix, not even those -defined by sources that were incorporated from elsewhere (regexpr.c, +- Several symbols that didn't follow the new naming scheme have been +renamed (usually by adding to rename2.h) to use a Py or _Py prefix. There +are no external symbols left without a Py or _Py prefix, not even those +defined by sources that were incorporated from elsewhere (regexpr.c, md5c.c). (Macros are a different story...) -- There are now typedefs for the structures defined in config.c and +- There are now typedefs for the structures defined in config.c and frozen.c. - New PYTHON_API_VERSION value and .pyc file magic number. @@ -25689,125 +25722,125 @@ frozen.c. - The binhex and binascii modules now actually work. - The cgi module has been almost totally rewritten and documented. -It now supports file upload and a new data type to handle forms more +It now supports file upload and a new data type to handle forms more flexibly. - The formatter module (for use with htmllib) has been overhauled (again). - The ftplib module now supports passive mode and has doc strings. -- In (ideally) all places where binary files are read or written, the file -is now correctly opened in binary mode ('rb' or 'wb') so the code will work +- In (ideally) all places where binary files are read or written, the file +is now correctly opened in binary mode ('rb' or 'wb') so the code will work on Mac or PC. -- Dummy versions of os.path.expandvars() and expanduser() are now provided +- Dummy versions of os.path.expandvars() and expanduser() are now provided on non-Unix platforms. -- Module urllib now has two new functions url2pathname and pathname2url -which turn local filenames into "file:..." URLs using the same rules as -Netscape (why be different). it also supports urlretrieve() with a -pathname parameter, and honors the proxy environment variables (http_proxy +- Module urllib now has two new functions url2pathname and pathname2url +which turn local filenames into "file:..." URLs using the same rules as +Netscape (why be different). it also supports urlretrieve() with a +pathname parameter, and honors the proxy environment variables (http_proxy etc.). The URL parsing has been improved somewhat, too. -- Micro improvements to urlparse. Added urlparse.urldefrag() which +- Micro improvements to urlparse. Added urlparse.urldefrag() which removes a trailing ``#fragment'' if any. - The mailbox module now supports MH style message delimiters as well. -- The mhlib module contains some new functionality: setcontext() to set the -current folder and parsesequence() to parse a sequence as commonly passed +- The mhlib module contains some new functionality: setcontext() to set the +current folder and parsesequence() to parse a sequence as commonly passed to MH commands (e.g. 1-10 or last:5). -- New module mimify for conversion to and from MIME format of email +- New module mimify for conversion to and from MIME format of email messages. -- Module ni now automatically installs itself when first imported -- this -is against the normal rule that modules should define classes and functions -but not invoke them, but appears more useful in the case that two +- Module ni now automatically installs itself when first imported -- this +is against the normal rule that modules should define classes and functions +but not invoke them, but appears more useful in the case that two different, independent modules want to use ni's features. - Some small performance enhancements in module pickle. -- Small interface change to the profile.run*() family of functions -- more +- Small interface change to the profile.run*() family of functions -- more sensible handling of return values. -- The officially registered Mac creator for Python files is 'Pyth'. This +- The officially registered Mac creator for Python files is 'Pyth'. This replaces 'PYTH' which was used before but never registered. - Added regsub.capwords(). (XXX) -- Added string.capwords(), string.capitalize() and string.translate(). +- Added string.capwords(), string.capitalize() and string.translate(). (XXX) -- Fixed an interface bug in the rexec module: it was impossible to pass a -hooks instance to the RExec class. rexec now also supports the dynamic -loading of modules from shared libraries. Some other interfaces have been +- Fixed an interface bug in the rexec module: it was impossible to pass a +hooks instance to the RExec class. rexec now also supports the dynamic +loading of modules from shared libraries. Some other interfaces have been added too. -- Module rfc822 now caches the headers in a dictionary for more efficient +- Module rfc822 now caches the headers in a dictionary for more efficient lookup. -- The sgmllib module now understands a limited number of SGML "shorthands" +- The sgmllib module now understands a limited number of SGML "shorthands" like <A/.../ for <A>...</A>. (It's not clear that this was a good idea...) -- The tempfile module actually tries a number of different places to find a -usable temporary directory. (This was prompted by certain Linux -installations that appear to be missing a /usr/tmp directory.) [A bug in -the implementation that would ignore a pre-existing tmpdir global has been +- The tempfile module actually tries a number of different places to find a +usable temporary directory. (This was prompted by certain Linux +installations that appear to be missing a /usr/tmp directory.) [A bug in +the implementation that would ignore a pre-existing tmpdir global has been fixed in beta3.] - Much improved and enhanved FileDialog module for Tkinter. -- Many small changes to Tkinter, to bring it more in line with Tk 4.0 (as +- Many small changes to Tkinter, to bring it more in line with Tk 4.0 (as well as Tk 4.1). -- New socket interfaces include ntohs(), ntohl(), htons(), htonl(), and -s.dup(). Sockets now work correctly on Windows. On Windows, the built-in -extension is called _socket and a wrapper module win/socket.py provides -"makefile()" and "dup()" functionality. On Windows, the select module +- New socket interfaces include ntohs(), ntohl(), htons(), htonl(), and +s.dup(). Sockets now work correctly on Windows. On Windows, the built-in +extension is called _socket and a wrapper module win/socket.py provides +"makefile()" and "dup()" functionality. On Windows, the select module works only with socket objects. - Bugs in bsddb module fixed (e.g. missing default argument values). - The curses extension now includes <ncurses.h> when available. -- The gdbm module now supports opening databases in "fast" mode by +- The gdbm module now supports opening databases in "fast" mode by specifying 'f' as the second character or the mode string. -- new variables sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix pass corresponding +- new variables sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix pass corresponding configuration options / Makefile variables to the Python programmer. -- The ``new'' module now supports creating new user-defined classes as well +- The ``new'' module now supports creating new user-defined classes as well as instances thereof. -- The soundex module now sports get_soundex() to get the soundex value for an -arbitrary string (formerly it would only do soundex-based string +- The soundex module now sports get_soundex() to get the soundex value for an +arbitrary string (formerly it would only do soundex-based string comparison) as well as doc strings. -- New object type "cobject" to safely wrap void pointers for passing them +- New object type "cobject" to safely wrap void pointers for passing them between various extension modules. - More efficient computation of float**smallint. -- The mysterious bug whereby "x.x" (two occurrences of the same -one-character name) typed from the commandline would sometimes fail +- The mysterious bug whereby "x.x" (two occurrences of the same +one-character name) typed from the commandline would sometimes fail mysteriously. -- The initialization of the readline function can now be invoked by a C +- The initialization of the readline function can now be invoked by a C extension through PyOS_ReadlineInit(). -- There's now an externally visible pointer PyImport_FrozenModules which +- There's now an externally visible pointer PyImport_FrozenModules which can be changed by an embedding application. -- The argument parsing functions now support a new format character 'D' to +- The argument parsing functions now support a new format character 'D' to specify complex numbers. - Various memory leaks plugged and bugs fixed. -- Improved support for posix threads (now that real implementations are +- Improved support for posix threads (now that real implementations are beginning to apepar). Still no fully functioning semaphores. -- Some various and sundry improvements and new entries in the Tools +- Some various and sundry improvements and new entries in the Tools directory. @@ -27417,7 +27450,7 @@ it's now about 38). The limit on the size of the *run-time* stack has completely been removed -- this means that tuple or list displays can contain any number of elements (formerly more than 50 would crash the -interpreter). +interpreter). Changes to existing built-in functions and methods @@ -2,82 +2,29 @@ Python News +++++++++++ -What's New in Python 3.4.1rc1? -============================== +What's New in Python 3.5 alpha 1? +================================= Release date: TBA Core and Builtins ----------------- -- Issue #20929: Add a type cast to avoid shifting a negative number. - -- Issue #20731: Properly position in source code files even if they - are opened in text mode. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #20637: Key-sharing now also works for instance dictionaries of - subclasses. Patch by Peter Ingebretson. - Library ------- +- Issue #19977: When the ``LC_TYPE`` locale is the POSIX locale (``C`` locale), + :py:data:`sys.stdin` and :py:data:`sys.stdout` are now using the + ``surrogateescape`` error handler, instead of the ``strict`` error handler. + +- Issue #20574: Implement incremental decoder for cp65001 code (Windows code + page 65001, Microsoft UTF-8). + - Issue #20879: Delay the initialization of encoding and decoding tables for base32, ascii85 and base85 codecs in the base64 module, and delay the initialization of the unquote_to_bytes() table of the urllib.parse module, to not waste memory if these modules are not used. -- Issue #19157: Include the broadcast address in the usuable hosts for IPv6 - in ipaddress. - -- Issue #11599: When an external command (e.g. compiler) fails, distutils now - prints out the whole command line (instead of just the command name) if the - environment variable DISTUTILS_DEBUG is set. - -- Issue #4931: distutils should not produce unhelpful "error: None" messages - anymore. distutils.util.grok_environment_error is kept but doc-deprecated. - -- Issue #20875: Prevent possible gzip "'read' is not defined" NameError. - Patch by Claudiu Popa. - -- Issue #11558: ``email.message.Message.attach`` now returns a more - useful error message if ``attach`` is called on a message for which - ``is_multipart`` is False. - -- Issue #20283: RE pattern methods now accept the string keyword parameters - as documented. The pattern and source keyword parameters are left as - deprecated aliases. - -- Issue #20778: Fix modulefinder to work with bytecode-only modules. - -- Issue #20791: copy.copy() now doesn't make a copy when the input is - a bytes object. Initial patch by Peter Otten. - -- Issue #19748: On AIX, time.mktime() now raises an OverflowError for year - outsize range [1902; 2037]. - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #20765: Add missing documentation for PurePath.with_name() and - PurePath.with_suffix(). - -- Issue #19407: New package installation and distribution guides based on - the Python Packaging Authority tools. Existing guides have been retained - as legacy links from the distutils docs, as they still contain some - required reference material for tool developers that isn't recorded - anywhere else. - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #20743: Fix a reference leak in test_tcl. - -Tools/Demos ------------ - -- Issue #20535: PYTHONWARNING no longer affects the run_tests.py script. - Patch by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis. - What's New in Python 3.4.0? =========================== @@ -4353,4137 +4300,4 @@ Windows - Issue #18569: The installer now adds .py to the PATHEXT variable when extensions are registered. Patch by Paul Moore. - -What's New in Python 3.3.0? -=========================== - -*Release date: 29-Sep-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #16046: Fix loading sourceless legacy .pyo files. - -- Issue #16060: Fix refcounting bug when `__trunc__()` returns an object whose - `__int__()` gives a non-integer. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #16012: Fix a regression in pyexpat. The parser's `UseForeignDTD()` - method doesn't require an argument again. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 3? -=============================================== - -*Release date: 23-Sep-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #15900: Fix reference leak in `PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap()`. - -- Issue #15926: Fix crash after multiple reinitializations of the interpreter. - -- Issue #15895: Fix FILE pointer leak in one error branch of - `PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()` when filename points to a pyc/pyo file, closeit is - false an and set_main_loader() fails. - -- Fixes for a few crash and memory leak regressions found by Coverity. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #15882: Change `_decimal` to accept any coefficient tuple when - constructing infinities. This is done for backwards compatibility with - decimal.py: Infinity coefficients are undefined in _decimal (in accordance - with the specification). - -- Issue #15925: Fix a regression in `email.util` where the `parsedate()` and - `parsedate_tz()` functions did not return None anymore when the argument could - not be parsed. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #15973: Fix a segmentation fault when comparing datetime timezone - objects. - -- Issue #15977: Fix memory leak in Modules/_ssl.c when the function - _set_npn_protocols() is called multiple times, thanks to Daniel Sommermann. - -- Issue #15969: `faulthandler` module: rename dump_tracebacks_later() to - dump_traceback_later() and cancel_dump_tracebacks_later() to - cancel_dump_traceback_later(). - -- _decimal module: use only C 89 style comments. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 2? -=============================================== - -*Release date: 09-Sep-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #13992: The trashcan mechanism is now thread-safe. This eliminates - sporadic crashes in multi-thread programs when several long deallocator chains - ran concurrently and involved subclasses of built-in container types. - -- Issue #15784: Modify `OSError`.__str__() to better distinguish between errno - error numbers and Windows error numbers. - -- Issue #15781: Fix two small race conditions in import's module locking. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #17158: Add 'symbols' to help() welcome message; clarify - 'modules spam' messages. - -- Issue #15847: Fix a regression in argparse, which did not accept tuples as - argument lists anymore. - -- Issue #15828: Restore support for C extensions in `imp.load_module()`. - -- Issue #15340: Fix importing the random module when ``/dev/urandom`` cannot be - opened. This was a regression caused by the hash randomization patch. - -- Issue #10650: Deprecate the watchexp parameter of the `Decimal.quantize()` - method. - -- Issue #15785: Modify `window.get_wch()` API of the curses module: return a - character for most keys, and an integer for special keys, instead of always - returning an integer. So it is now possible to distinguish special keys like - keypad keys. - -- Issue #14223: Fix `window.addch()` of the curses module for special characters - like curses.ACS_HLINE: the Python function addch(int) and addch(bytes) is now - calling the C function waddch()/mvwaddch() (as it was done in Python 3.2), - instead of wadd_wch()/mvwadd_wch(). The Python function addch(str) is still - calling the C function wadd_wch()/mvwadd_wch() if the Python curses is linked - to libncursesw. - -Build ------ - -- Issue #15822: Really ensure 2to3 grammar pickles are properly installed - (replaces fixes for Issue #15645). - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #15814: The memoryview enhancements in 3.3.0 accidentally permitted the - hashing of multi-dimensional memorviews and memoryviews with multi-byte item - formats. The intended restrictions have now been documented - they will be - correctly enforced in 3.3.1. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Release Candidate 1? -=============================================== - -*Release date: 25-Aug-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #15573: memoryview comparisons are now performed by value with full - support for any valid struct module format definition. - -- Issue #15316: When an item in the fromlist for `__import__()` doesn't exist, - don't raise an error, but if an exception is raised as part of an import do - let that propagate. - -- Issue #15778: Ensure that ``str(ImportError(msg))`` returns a str even when - msg isn't a str. - -- Issue #2051: Source file permission bits are once again correctly copied to - the cached bytecode file. (The migration to importlib reintroduced this - problem because these was no regression test. A test has been added as part of - this patch) - -- Issue #15761: Fix crash when ``PYTHONEXECUTABLE`` is set on Mac OS X. - -- Issue #15726: Fix incorrect bounds checking in PyState_FindModule. Patch by - Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #15604: Update uses of `PyObject_IsTrue()` to check for and handle - errors correctly. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #14846: `importlib.FileFinder` now handles the case where the directory - being searched is removed after a previous import attempt. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #13370: Ensure that ctypes works on Mac OS X when Python is compiled - using the clang compiler. - -- Issue #13072: The array module's 'u' format code is now deprecated and will be - removed in Python 4.0. - -- Issue #15544: Fix Decimal.__float__ to work with payload-carrying NaNs. - -- Issue #15776: Allow pyvenv to work in existing directory with --clean. - -- Issue #15249: email's BytesGenerator now correctly mangles From lines (when - requested) even if the body contains undecodable bytes. - -- Issue #15777: Fix a refleak in _posixsubprocess. - -- Issue ##665194: Update `email.utils.localtime` to use datetime.astimezone and - correctly handle historic changes in UTC offsets. - -- Issue #15199: Fix JavaScript's default MIME type to application/javascript. - Patch by Bohuslav Kabrda. - -- Issue #12643: `code.InteractiveConsole` now respects `sys.excepthook` when - displaying exceptions. Patch by Aaron Iles. - -- Issue #13579: `string.Formatter` now understands the 'a' conversion specifier. - -- Issue #15595: Fix ``subprocess.Popen(universal_newlines=True)`` for certain - locales (utf-16 and utf-32 family). Patch by Chris Jerdonek. - -- Issue #15477: In cmath and math modules, add workaround for platforms whose - system-supplied log1p function doesn't respect signs of zeros. - -- Issue #15715: `importlib.__import__()` will silence an ImportError when the - use of fromlist leads to a failed import. - -- Issue #14669: Fix pickling of connections and sockets on Mac OS X by - sending/receiving an acknowledgment after file descriptor transfer. - TestPicklingConnection has been reenabled for Mac OS X. - -- Issue #11062: Fix adding a message from file to Babyl mailbox. - -- Issue #15646: Prevent equivalent of a fork bomb when using `multiprocessing` - on Windows without the ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` idiom. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #15678: Fix IDLE menus when started from OS X command line (3.3.0b2 - regression). - -Documentation -------------- - -- Touched up the Python 2 to 3 porting guide. - -- Issue #14674: Add a discussion of the `json` module's standard compliance. - Patch by Chris Rebert. - -- Create a 'Concurrent Execution' section in the docs, and split up the - 'Optional Operating System Services' section to use a more user-centric - classification scheme (splitting them across the new CE section, IPC and text - processing). Operating system limitations can be reflected with the Sphinx - ``:platform:`` tag, it doesn't make sense as part of the Table of Contents. - -- Issue #4966: Bring the sequence docs up to date for the Py3k transition and - the many language enhancements since they were original written. - -- The "path importer" misnomer has been replaced with Eric Snow's - more-awkward-but-at-least-not-wrong suggestion of "path based finder" in the - import system reference docs. - -- Issue #15640: Document `importlib.abc.Finder` as deprecated. - -- Issue #15630: Add an example for "continue" stmt in the tutorial. Patch by - Daniel Ellis. - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #15747: ZFS always returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set the - UF_IMMUTABLE flag (via either chflags or lchflags); refactor affected tests in - test_posix.py to account for this. - -- Issue #15285: Refactor the approach for testing connect timeouts using two - external hosts that have been configured specifically for this type of test. - -- Issue #15743: Remove the deprecated method usage in `urllib` tests. Patch by - Jeff Knupp. - -- Issue #15615: Add some tests for the `json` module's handling of invalid input - data. Patch by Kushal Das. - -Build ------ - -- Output lib files for PGO build into PGO directory. - -- Pick up 32-bit launcher from PGO directory on 64-bit PGO build. - -- Drop ``PC\python_nt.h`` as it's not used. Add input dependency on custom - build step. - -- Issue #15511: Drop explicit dependency on pythonxy.lib from _decimal amd64 - configuration. - -- Add missing PGI/PGO configurations for pywlauncher. - -- Issue #15645: Ensure 2to3 grammar pickles are properly installed. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Beta 2? -================================== - -*Release date: 12-Aug-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #15568: Fix the return value of ``yield from`` when StopIteration is - raised by a custom iterator. - -- Issue #13119: `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` are now using "\r\n" newline on - Windows, as Python 2. - -- Issue #15534: Fix the fast-search function for non-ASCII Unicode strings. - -- Issue #15508: Fix the docstring for `__import__()` to have the proper default - value of 0 for 'level' and to not mention negative levels since they are not - supported. - -- Issue #15425: Eliminated traceback noise from more situations involving - importlib. - -- Issue #14578: Support modules registered in the Windows registry again. - -- Issue #15466: Stop using TYPE_INT64 in marshal, to make importlib.h (and other - byte code files) equal between 32-bit and 64-bit systems. - -- Issue #1692335: Move initial exception args assignment to - `BaseException.__new__()` to help pickling of naive subclasses. - -- Issue #12834: Fix `PyBuffer_ToContiguous()` for non-contiguous arrays. - -- Issue #15456: Fix code `__sizeof__()` after #12399 change. Patch by Serhiy - Storchaka. - -- Issue #15404: Refleak in PyMethodObject repr. - -- Issue #15394: An issue in `PyModule_Create()` that caused references to be - leaked on some error paths has been fixed. Patch by Julia Lawall. - -- Issue #15368: An issue that caused bytecode generation to be non-deterministic - has been fixed. - -- Issue #15202: Consistently use the name "follow_symlinks" for new parameters - in os and shutil functions. - -- Issue #15314: ``__main__.__loader__`` is now set correctly during interpreter - startup. - -- Issue #15111: When a module imported using 'from import' has an ImportError - inside itself, don't mask that fact behind a generic ImportError for the - module itself. - -- Issue #15293: Add GC support to the AST base node type. - -- Issue #15291: Fix a memory leak where AST nodes where not properly - deallocated. - -- Issue #15110: Fix the tracebacks generated by "import xxx" to not show the - importlib stack frames. - -- Issue #16369: Global PyTypeObjects not initialized with PyType_Ready(...). - -- Issue #15020: The program name used to search for Python's path is now - "python3" under Unix, not "python". - -- Issue #15897: zipimport.c doesn't check return value of fseek(). - Patch by Felipe Cruz. - -- Issue #15033: Fix the exit status bug when modules invoked using -m switch, - return the proper failure return value (1). Patch contributed by Jeff Knupp. - -- Issue #15229: An `OSError` subclass whose __init__ doesn't call back - OSError.__init__ could produce incomplete instances, leading to crashes when - calling str() on them. - -- Issue #15307: Virtual environments now use symlinks with framework builds on - Mac OS X, like other POSIX builds. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #14590: configparser now correctly strips inline comments when delimiter - occurs earlier without preceding space. - -- Issue #15424: Add a `__sizeof__()` implementation for array objects. Patch by - Ludwig Hähne. - -- Issue #15576: Allow extension modules to act as a package's __init__ module. - -- Issue #15502: Have `importlib.invalidate_caches()` work on `sys.meta_path` - instead of `sys.path_importer_cache`. - -- Issue #15163: Pydoc shouldn't list __loader__ as module data. - -- Issue #15471: Do not use mutable objects as defaults for - `importlib.__import__()`. - -- Issue #15559: To avoid a problematic failure mode when passed to the bytes - constructor, objects in the ipaddress module no longer implement `__index__()` - (they still implement `__int__()` as appropriate). - -- Issue #15546: Fix handling of pathological input data in the peek() and - read1() methods of the BZ2File, GzipFile and LZMAFile classes. - -- Issue #12655: Instead of requiring a custom type, `os.sched_getaffinity()` and - `os.sched_setaffinity()` now use regular sets of integers to represent the - CPUs a process is restricted to. - -- Issue #15538: Fix compilation of the `socket.getnameinfo()` / - `socket.getaddrinfo()` emulation code. Patch by Philipp Hagemeister. - -- Issue #15519: Properly expose WindowsRegistryFinder in importlib (and use the - correct term for it). Original patch by Eric Snow. - -- Issue #15502: Bring the importlib ABCs into line with the current state of the - import protocols given PEP 420. Original patch by Eric Snow. - -- Issue #15499: Launching a webbrowser in Unix used to sleep for a few seconds. - Original patch by Anton Barkovsky. - -- Issue #15463: The faulthandler module truncates strings to 500 characters, - instead of 100, to be able to display long file paths. - -- Issue #6056: Make `multiprocessing` use setblocking(True) on the sockets it - uses. Original patch by J Derek Wilson. - -- Issue #15364: Fix sysconfig.get_config_var('srcdir') to be an absolute path. - -- Issue #15413: `os.times()` had disappeared under Windows. - -- Issue #15402: An issue in the struct module that caused `sys.getsizeof()` to - return incorrect results for struct.Struct instances has been fixed. Initial - patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15232: When mangle_from is True, `email.Generator` now correctly - mangles lines that start with 'From ' that occur in a MIME preamble or - epilogue. - -- Issue #15094: Incorrectly placed #endif in _tkinter.c. Patch by Serhiy - Storchaka. - -- Issue #13922: `argparse` no longer incorrectly strips '--'s that appear after - the first one. - -- Issue #12353: `argparse` now correctly handles null argument values. - -- Issue #10017, issue #14998: Fix TypeError using pprint on dictionaries with - user-defined types as keys or other unorderable keys. - -- Issue #15397: `inspect.getmodulename()` is now based directly on importlib via - a new `importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()` API. - -- Issue #14635: `telnetlib` will use poll() rather than select() when possible to - avoid failing due to the select() file descriptor limit. - -- Issue #15180: Clarify posixpath.join() error message when mixing str & bytes. - -- Issue #15343: pkgutil now includes an iter_importer_modules implementation for - importlib.machinery.FileFinder (similar to the way it already handled - zipimport.zipimporter). - -- Issue #15314: runpy now sets __main__.__loader__ correctly. - -- Issue #15357: The import emulation in pkgutil is now deprecated. pkgutil uses - importlib internally rather than the emulation. - -- Issue #15233: Python now guarantees that callables registered with the atexit - module will be called in a deterministic order. - -- Issue #15238: `shutil.copystat()` now copies Linux "extended attributes". - -- Issue #15230: runpy.run_path now correctly sets __package__ as described in - the documentation. - -- Issue #15315: Support VS 2010 in distutils cygwincompiler. - -- Issue #15294: Fix a regression in pkgutil.extend_path()'s handling of nested - namespace packages. - -- Issue #15056: `imp.cache_from_source()` and `imp.source_from_cache()` raise - NotImplementedError when `sys.implementation.cache_tag` is set to None. - -- Issue #15256: Grammatical mistake in exception raised by `imp.find_module()`. - -- Issue #5931: `wsgiref` environ variable SERVER_SOFTWARE will specify an - implementation specific term like CPython, Jython instead of generic "Python". - -- Issue #13248: Remove obsolete argument "max_buffer_size" of BufferedWriter and - BufferedRWPair, from the io module. - -- Issue #13248: Remove obsolete argument "version" of `argparse.ArgumentParser`. - -- Issue #14814: Implement more consistent ordering and sorting behaviour for - ipaddress objects. - -- Issue #14814: `ipaddress` network objects correctly return NotImplemented when - compared to arbitrary objects instead of raising TypeError. - -- Issue #14990: Correctly fail with SyntaxError on invalid encoding declaration. - -- Issue #14814: `ipaddress` now provides more informative error messages when - constructing instances directly (changes permitted during beta due to - provisional API status). - -- Issue #15247: `io.FileIO` now raises an error when given a file descriptor - pointing to a directory. - -- Issue #15261: Stop os.stat(fd) crashing on Windows when fd not open. - -- Issue #15166: Implement `imp.get_tag()` using `sys.implementation.cache_tag`. - -- Issue #15210: Catch KeyError when `importlib.__init__()` can't find - _frozen_importlib in sys.modules, not ImportError. - -- Issue #15030: `importlib.abc.PyPycLoader` now supports the new source size - header field in .pyc files. - -- Issue #5346: Preserve permissions of mbox, MMDF and Babyl mailbox files on - flush(). - -- Issue #10571: Fix the "--sign" option of distutils' upload command. Patch by - Jakub Wilk. - -- Issue #9559: If messages were only added, a new file is no longer created and - renamed over the old file when flush() is called on an mbox, MMDF or Babyl - mailbox. - -- Issue #10924: Fixed `crypt.mksalt()` to use a RNG that is suitable for - cryptographic purpose. - -- Issue #15184: Ensure consistent results of OS X configuration tailoring for - universal builds by factoring out common OS X-specific customizations from - sysconfig, distutils.sysconfig, distutils.util, and distutils.unixccompiler - into a new module _osx_support. - -C API ------ - -- Issue #15610: `PyImport_ImportModuleEx()` now uses a 'level' of 0 instead of -1. - -- Issue #15169, issue #14599: Strip out the C implementation of - `imp.source_from_cache()` used by PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames() and - used the Python code instead. Leads to PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject() to not - try to infer the source path from the bytecode path as - PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames() does. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #6493: An issue in ctypes on Windows that caused structure bitfields of - type `ctypes.c_uint32` and width 32 to incorrectly be set has been fixed. - -- Issue #15194: Update libffi to the 3.0.11 release. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #13052: Fix IDLE crashing when replace string in Search/Replace dialog - ended with ``\``. Patch by Roger Serwy. - -Tools/Demos ------------ - -- Issue #15458: python-config gets a new option --configdir to print the $LIBPL - value. - -- Move importlib.test.benchmark to Tools/importbench. - -- Issue #12605: The gdb hooks for debugging CPython (within Tools/gdb) have been - enhanced to show information on more C frames relevant to CPython within the - "py-bt" and "py-bt-full" commands: - - * C frames that are waiting on the GIL - * C frames that are garbage-collecting - * C frames that are due to the invocation of a PyCFunction - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #15041: Update "see also" list in tkinter documentation. - -- Issue #15444: Use proper spelling for non-ASCII contributor names. Patch by - Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15295: Reorganize and rewrite the documentation on the import system. - -- Issue #15230: Clearly document some of the limitations of the runpy module and - nudge readers towards importlib when appropriate. - -- Issue #15053: Copy Python 3.3 import lock change notice to all relevant - functions in imp instead of just at the top of the relevant section. - -- Issue #15288: Link to the term "loader" in notes in pkgutil about how things - won't work as expected in Python 3.3 and mark the requisite functions as - "changed" since they will no longer work with modules directly imported by - import itself. - -- Issue #13557: Clarify effect of giving two different namespaces to `exec()` or - `execfile()`. - -- Issue #15250: Document that `filecmp.dircmp()` compares files shallowly. Patch - contributed by Chris Jerdonek. - -- Issue #15442: Expose the default list of directories ignored by - `filecmp.dircmp()` as a module attribute, and expand the list to more modern - values. - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #15467: Move helpers for `__sizeof__()` tests into test_support. Patch - by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15320: Make iterating the list of tests thread-safe when running tests - in multiprocess mode. Patch by Chris Jerdonek. - -- Issue #15168: Move `importlib.test` to `test.test_importlib`. - -- Issue #15091: Reactivate a test on UNIX which was failing thanks to a - forgotten `importlib.invalidate_caches()` call. - -- Issue #15230: Adopted a more systematic approach in the runpy tests. - -- Issue #15300: Ensure the temporary test working directories are in the same - parent folder when running tests in multiprocess mode from a Python build. - Patch by Chris Jerdonek. - -- Issue #15284: Skip {send,recv}msg tests in test_socket when IPv6 is not - enabled. Patch by Brian Brazil. - -- Issue #15277: Fix a resource leak in support.py when IPv6 is disabled. Patch - by Brian Brazil. - -Build ------ - -- Issue #11715: Fix multiarch detection without having Debian development tools - (dpkg-dev) installed. - -- Issue #15037: Build OS X installers with local copy of ncurses 5.9 libraries - to avoid curses.unget_wch bug present in older versions of ncurses such as - those shipped with OS X. - -- Issue #15560: Fix building _sqlite3 extension on OS X with an SDK. Also, for - OS X installers, ensure consistent sqlite3 behavior and feature availability - by building a local copy of libsqlite3 rather than depending on the wide range - of versions supplied with various OS X releases. - -- Issue #8847: Disable COMDAT folding in Windows PGO builds. - -- Issue #14018: Fix OS X Tcl/Tk framework checking when using OS X SDKs. - -- Issue #16256: OS X installer now sets correct permissions for doc directory. - -- Issue #15431: Add _freeze_importlib project to regenerate importlib.h on - Windows. Patch by Kristján Valur Jónsson. - -- Issue #14197: For OS X framework builds, ensure links to the shared library - are created with the proper ABI suffix. - -- Issue #14330: For cross builds, don't use host python, use host search paths - for host compiler. - -- Issue #15235: Allow Berkley DB versions up to 5.3 to build the dbm module. - -- Issue #15268: Search curses.h in /usr/include/ncursesw. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Beta 1? -================================== - -*Release date: 27-Jun-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Fix a (most likely) very rare memory leak when calling main() and not being - able to decode a command-line argument. - -- Issue #14815: Use Py_ssize_t instead of long for the object hash, to - preserve all 64 bits of hash on Win64. - -- Issue #12268: File readline, readlines and read() or readall() methods - no longer lose data when an underlying read system call is interrupted. - IOError is no longer raised due to a read system call returning EINTR - from within these methods. - -- Issue #11626: Add _SizeT functions to stable ABI. - -- Issue #15142: Fix reference leak when deallocating instances of types - created using PyType_FromSpec(). - -- Issue #10053: Don't close FDs when FileIO.__init__ fails. Loosely based on - the work by Hirokazu Yamamoto. - -- Issue #15096: Removed support for ur'' as the raw notation isn't - compatible with Python 2.x's raw unicode strings. - -- Issue #13783: Generator objects now use the identifier APIs internally - -- Issue #14874: Restore charmap decoding speed to pre-PEP 393 levels. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15026: utf-16 encoding is now significantly faster (up to 10x). - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #11022: open() and io.TextIOWrapper are now calling - locale.getpreferredencoding(False) instead of locale.getpreferredencoding() - in text mode if the encoding is not specified. Don't change temporary the - locale encoding using locale.setlocale(), use the current locale encoding - instead of the user preferred encoding. - -- Issue #14673: Add Eric Snow's sys.implementation implementation. - -- Issue #15038: Optimize python Locks on Windows. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #12288: Consider '0' and '0.0' as valid initialvalue - for tkinter SimpleDialog. - -- Issue #15512: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for parser. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15469: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for deque objects. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15489: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for BytesIO objects. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15487: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for buffered I/O objects. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15514: Correct __sizeof__ support for cpu_set. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15177: Added dir_fd parameter to os.fwalk(). - -- Issue #15061: Re-implemented hmac.compare_digest() in C to prevent further - timing analysis and to support all buffer protocol aware objects as well as - ASCII only str instances safely. - -- Issue #15164: Change return value of platform.uname() from a - plain tuple to a collections.namedtuple. - -- Support Mageia Linux in the platform module. - -- Issue #11678: Support Arch linux in the platform module. - -- Issue #15118: Change return value of os.uname() and os.times() from - plain tuples to immutable iterable objects with named attributes - (structseq objects). - -- Speed up _decimal by another 10-15% by caching the thread local context - that was last accessed. In the pi benchmark (64-bit platform, prec=9), - _decimal is now only 1.5x slower than float. - -- Remove the packaging module, which is not ready for prime time. - -- Issue #15154: Add "dir_fd" parameter to os.rmdir, remove "rmdir" - parameter from os.remove / os.unlink. - -- Issue #4489: Add a shutil.rmtree that isn't susceptible to symlink attacks. - It is used automatically on platforms supporting the necessary os.openat() - and os.unlinkat() functions. Main code by Martin von Löwis. - -- Issue #15156: HTMLParser now uses the new "html.entities.html5" dictionary. - -- Issue #11113: add a new "html5" dictionary containing the named character - references defined by the HTML5 standard and the equivalent Unicode - character(s) to the html.entities module. - -- Issue #15114: the strict mode of HTMLParser and the HTMLParseError exception - are deprecated now that the parser is able to parse invalid markup. - -- Issue #3665: \u and \U escapes are now supported in unicode regular - expressions. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15153: Added inspect.getgeneratorlocals to simplify white box - testing of generator state updates - -- Issue #13062: Added inspect.getclosurevars to simplify testing stateful - closures - -- Issue #11024: Fixes and additional tests for Time2Internaldate. - -- Issue #14626: Large refactoring of functions / parameters in the os module. - Many functions now support "dir_fd" and "follow_symlinks" parameters; - some also support accepting an open file descriptor in place of a path - string. Added os.support_* collections as LBYL helpers. Removed many - functions only previously seen in 3.3 alpha releases (often starting with - "f" or "l", or ending with "at"). Originally suggested by Serhiy Storchaka; - implemented by Larry Hastings. - -- Issue #15008: Implement PEP 362 "Signature Objects". - Patch by Yury Selivanov. - -- Issue: #15138: base64.urlsafe_{en,de}code() are now 3-4x faster. - -- Issue #444582: Add shutil.which, for finding programs on the system path. - Original patch by Erik Demaine, with later iterations by Jan Killian - and Brian Curtin. - -- Issue #14837: SSL errors now have ``library`` and ``reason`` attributes - describing precisely what happened and in which OpenSSL submodule. The - str() of a SSLError is also enhanced accordingly. - -- Issue #9527: datetime.astimezone() method will now supply a class - timezone instance corresponding to the system local timezone when - called with no arguments. - -- Issue #14653: email.utils.mktime_tz() no longer relies on system - mktime() when timezone offest is supplied. - -- Issue #14684: zlib.compressobj() and zlib.decompressobj() now support the use - of predefined compression dictionaries. Original patch by Sam Rushing. - -- Fix GzipFile's handling of filenames given as bytes objects. - -- Issue #14772: Return destination values from some shutil functions. - -- Issue #15064: Implement context manager protocol for multiprocessing types - -- Issue #15101: Make pool finalizer avoid joining current thread. - -- Issue #14657: The frozen instance of importlib used for bootstrap is now - also the module imported as importlib._bootstrap. - -- Issue #14055: Add __sizeof__ support to _elementtree. - -- Issue #15054: A bug in tokenize.tokenize that caused string literals - with 'b' prefixes to be incorrectly tokenized has been fixed. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #15006: Allow equality comparison between naive and aware - time or datetime objects. - -- Issue #15036: Mailbox no longer throws an error if a flush is done - between operations when removing or changing multiple items in mbox, - MMDF, or Babyl mailboxes. - -- Issue #14059: Implement multiprocessing.Barrier. - -- Issue #15061: The inappropriately named hmac.secure_compare has been - renamed to hmac.compare_digest, restricted to operating on bytes inputs - only and had its documentation updated to more accurately reflect both its - intent and its limitations - -- Issue #13841: Make child processes exit using sys.exit() on Windows. - -- Issue #14936: curses_panel was converted to PEP 3121 and PEP 384 API. - Patch by Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #1667546: On platforms supporting tm_zone and tm_gmtoff fields - in struct tm, time.struct_time objects returned by time.gmtime(), - time.localtime() and time.strptime() functions now have tm_zone and - tm_gmtoff attributes. Original patch by Paul Boddie. - -- Rename adjusted attribute to adjustable in time.get_clock_info() result. - -- Issue #3518: Remove references to non-existent BaseManager.from_address() - method. - -- Issue #13857: Added textwrap.indent() function (initial patch by Ezra - Berch) - -- Issue #2736: Added datetime.timestamp() method. - -- Issue #13854: Make multiprocessing properly handle non-integer - non-string argument to SystemExit. - -- Issue #12157: Make pool.map() empty iterables correctly. Initial - patch by mouad. - -- Issue #11823: disassembly now shows argument counts on calls with keyword args. - -- Issue #14711: os.stat_float_times() has been deprecated. - -- LZMAFile now accepts the modes "rb"/"wb"/"ab" as synonyms of "r"/"w"/"a". - -- The bz2 and lzma modules now each contain an open() function, allowing - compressed files to readily be opened in text mode as well as binary mode. - -- BZ2File.__init__() and LZMAFile.__init__() now accept a file object as their - first argument, rather than requiring a separate "fileobj" argument. - -- gzip.open() now accepts file objects as well as filenames. - -- Issue #14992: os.makedirs(path, exist_ok=True) would raise an OSError - when the path existed and had the S_ISGID mode bit set when it was - not explicitly asked for. This is no longer an exception as mkdir - cannot control if the OS sets that bit for it or not. - -- Issue #14989: Make the CGI enable option to http.server available via command - line. - -- Issue #14987: Add a missing import statement to inspect. - -- Issue #1079: email.header.decode_header now correctly parses all the examples - in RFC2047. There is a necessary visible behavior change: the leading and/or - trailing whitespace on ASCII parts is now preserved. - -- Issue #14969: Better handling of exception chaining in contextlib.ExitStack - -- Issue #14963: Convert contextlib.ExitStack.__exit__ to use an iterative - algorithm (Patch by Alon Horev) - -- Issue #14785: Add sys._debugmallocstats() to help debug low-level memory - allocation issues - -- Issue #14443: Ensure that .py files are byte-compiled with the correct Python - executable within bdist_rpm even on older versions of RPM - -C-API ------ - -- Issue #15146: Add PyType_FromSpecWithBases. Patch by Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #15042: Add PyState_AddModule and PyState_RemoveModule. Add version - guard for Py_LIMITED_API additions. Patch by Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #13783: Inadvertent additions to the public C API in the PEP 380 - implementation have either been removed or marked as private interfaces. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #15000: Support the "unique" x32 architecture in _posixsubprocess.c. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #9803: Don't close IDLE on saving if breakpoint is open. - Patch by Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #14962: Update text coloring in IDLE shell window after changing - options. Patch by Roger Serwy. - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #15176: Clarified behavior, documentation, and implementation - of os.listdir(). - -- Issue #14982: Document that pkgutil's iteration functions require the - non-standard iter_modules() method to be defined by an importer (something - the importlib importers do not define). - -- Issue #15081: Document PyState_FindModule. - Patch by Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #14814: Added first draft of ipaddress module API reference - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #15187: Bugfix: remove temporary directories test_shutil was leaving - behind. - -- Issue #14769: test_capi now has SkipitemTest, which cleverly checks - for "parity" between PyArg_ParseTuple() and the Python/getargs.c static - function skipitem() for all possible "format units". - -- test_nntplib now tolerates being run from behind NNTP gateways that add - "X-Antivirus" headers to articles - -- Issue #15043: test_gdb is now skipped entirely if gdb security settings - block loading of the gdb hooks - -- Issue #14963: Add test cases for exception handling behaviour - in contextlib.ExitStack (Initial patch by Alon Horev) - -Build ------ - -- Issue #13590: Improve support for OS X Xcode 4: - * Try to avoid building Python or extension modules with problematic - llvm-gcc compiler. - * Since Xcode 4 removes ppc support, extension module builds now - check for ppc compiler support and automatically remove ppc and - ppc64 archs when not available. - * Since Xcode 4 no longer install SDKs in default locations, - extension module builds now revert to using installed headers - and libs if the SDK used to build the interpreter is not - available. - * Update ./configure to use better defaults for universal builds; - in particular, --enable-universalsdk=yes uses the Xcode default - SDK and --with-universal-archs now defaults to "intel" if ppc - not available. - -- Issue #14225: Fix Unicode support for curses (#12567) on OS X - -- Issue #14928: Fix importlib bootstrap issues by using a custom executable - (Modules/_freeze_importlib) to build Python/importlib.h. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Alpha 4? -=================================== - -*Release date: 31-May-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #14835: Make plistlib output empty arrays & dicts like OS X. - Patch by Sidney San MartÃn. - -- Issue #14744: Use the new _PyUnicodeWriter internal API to speed up - str%args and str.format(args). - -- Issue #14930: Make memoryview objects weakrefable. - -- Issue #14775: Fix a potential quadratic dict build-up due to the garbage - collector repeatedly trying to untrack dicts. - -- Issue #14857: fix regression in references to PEP 3135 implicit __class__ - closure variable (Reopens issue #12370) - -- Issue #14712 (PEP 405): Virtual environments. Implemented by Vinay Sajip. - -- Issue #14660 (PEP 420): Namespace packages. Implemented by Eric Smith. - -- Issue #14494: Fix __future__.py and its documentation to note that - absolute imports are the default behavior in 3.0 instead of 2.7. - Patch by Sven Marnach. - -- Issue #9260: A finer-grained import lock. Most of the import sequence - now uses per-module locks rather than the global import lock, eliminating - well-known issues with threads and imports. - -- Issue #14624: UTF-16 decoding is now 3x to 4x faster on various inputs. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- asdl_seq and asdl_int_seq are now Py_ssize_t sized. - -- Issue #14133 (PEP 415): Implement suppression of __context__ display with an - attribute on BaseException. This replaces the original mechanism of PEP 409. - -- Issue #14417: Mutating a dict during lookup now restarts the lookup instead - of raising a RuntimeError (undoes issue #14205). - -- Issue #14738: Speed-up UTF-8 decoding on non-ASCII data. Patch by Serhiy - Storchaka. - -- Issue #14700: Fix two broken and undefined-behaviour-inducing overflow checks - in old-style string formatting. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #14690: Use monotonic clock instead of system clock in the sched, - subprocess and trace modules. - -- Issue #14443: Tell rpmbuild to use the correct version of Python in - bdist_rpm. Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall. - -- Issue #12515: email now registers a defect if it gets to EOF while parsing - a MIME part without seeing the closing MIME boundary. - -- Issue #1672568: email now always decodes base64 payloads, adding padding and - ignoring non-base64-alphabet characters if needed, and registering defects - for any such problems. - -- Issue #14925: email now registers a defect when the parser decides that there - is a missing header/body separator line. MalformedHeaderDefect, which the - existing code would never actually generate, is deprecated. - -- Issue #10365: File open dialog now works instead of crashing even when - the parent window is closed before the dialog. Patch by Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #8739: Updated smtpd to support RFC 5321, and added support for the - RFC 1870 SIZE extension. - -- Issue #665194: Added a localtime function to email.utils to provide an - aware local datetime for use in setting Date headers. - -- Issue #12586: Added new provisional policies that implement convenient - unicode support for email headers. See What's New for details. - -- Issue #14731: Refactored email Policy framework to support full backward - compatibility with Python 3.2 by default yet allow for the introduction of - new features through new policies. Note that Policy.must_be_7bit is renamed - to cte_type. - -- Issue #14876: Use user-selected font for highlight configuration. - -- Issue #14920: Fix the help(urllib.parse) failure on locale C on terminals. - Have ascii characters in help. - -- Issue #14548: Make multiprocessing finalizers check pid before - running to cope with possibility of gc running just after fork. - -- Issue #14036: Add an additional check to validate that port in urlparse does - not go in illegal range and returns None. - -- Issue #14862: Add missing names to os.__all__ - -- Issue #14875: Use float('inf') instead of float('1e66666') in the json module. - -- Issue #13585: Added contextlib.ExitStack - -- PEP 3144, Issue #14814: Added the ipaddress module - -- Issue #14426: Correct the Date format in Expires attribute of Set-Cookie - Header in Cookie.py. - -- Issue #14588: The types module now provide new_class() and prepare_class() - functions to support PEP 3115 compliant dynamic class creation. Patch by - Daniel Urban and Nick Coghlan. - -- Issue #13152: Allow to specify a custom tabsize for expanding tabs in - textwrap. Patch by John Feuerstein. - -- Issue #14721: Send the correct 'Content-length: 0' header when the body is an - empty string ''. Initial Patch contributed by Arve Knudsen. - -- Issue #14072: Fix parsing of 'tel' URIs in urlparse by making the check for - ports stricter. - -- Issue #9374: Generic parsing of query and fragment portions of url for any - scheme. Supported both by RFC3986 and RFC2396. - -- Issue #14798: Fix the functions in pyclbr to raise an ImportError - when the first part of a dotted name is not a package. Patch by - Xavier de Gaye. - -- Issue #12098: multiprocessing on Windows now starts child processes - using the same sys.flags as the current process. Initial patch by - Sergey Mezentsev. - -- Issue #13031: Small speed-up for tarfile when unzipping tarfiles. - Patch by Justin Peel. - -- Issue #14780: urllib.request.urlopen() now has a ``cadefault`` argument - to use the default certificate store. Initial patch by James Oakley. - -- Issue #14829: Fix bisect and range() indexing with large indices - (>= 2 ** 32) under 64-bit Windows. - -- Issue #14732: The _csv module now uses PEP 3121 module initialization. - Patch by Robin Schreiber. - -- Issue #14809: Add HTTP status codes introduced by RFC 6585 to http.server - and http.client. Patch by EungJun Yi. - -- Issue #14777: tkinter may return undecoded UTF-8 bytes as a string when - accessing the Tk clipboard. Modify clipboad_get() to first request type - UTF8_STRING when no specific type is requested in an X11 windowing - environment, falling back to the current default type STRING if that fails. - Original patch by Thomas Kluyver. - -- Issue #14773: Fix os.fwalk() failing on dangling symlinks. - -- Issue #12541: Be lenient with quotes around Realm field of HTTP Basic - Authentation in urllib2. - -- Issue #14807: move undocumented tarfile.filemode() to stat.filemode() and add - doc entry. Add tarfile.filemode alias with deprecation warning. - -- Issue #13815: TarFile.extractfile() now returns io.BufferedReader objects. - -- Issue #14532: Add a secure_compare() helper to the hmac module, to mitigate - timing attacks. Patch by Jon Oberheide. - -- Add importlib.util.resolve_name(). - -- Issue #14366: Support lzma compression in zip files. - Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #13959: Introduce importlib.find_loader() and document - imp.find_module/load_module as deprecated. - -- Issue #14082: shutil.copy2() now copies extended attributes, if possible. - Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #13959: Make importlib.abc.FileLoader.load_module()/get_filename() and - importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader.load_module() have their single - argument be optional. Allows for the replacement (and thus deprecation) of - imp.load_source()/load_package()/load_compiled(). - -- Issue #13959: imp.get_suffixes() has been deprecated in favour of the new - attributes on importlib.machinery: SOURCE_SUFFIXES, DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES, - OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES, BYTECODE_SUFFIXES, and EXTENSION_SUFFIXES. This - led to an indirect deprecation of inspect.getmoduleinfo(). - -- Issue #14662: Prevent shutil failures on OS X when destination does not - support chflag operations. Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #14157: Fix time.strptime failing without a year on February 29th. - Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #14753: Make multiprocessing's handling of negative timeouts - the same as it was in Python 3.2. - -- Issue #14583: Fix importlib bug when a package's __init__.py would first - import one of its modules then raise an error. - -- Issue #14741: Fix missing support for Ellipsis ('...') in parser module. - -- Issue #14697: Fix missing support for set displays and set comprehensions in - parser module. - -- Issue #14701: Fix missing support for 'raise ... from' in parser module. - -- Add support for timeouts to the acquire() methods of - multiprocessing's lock/semaphore/condition proxies. - -- Issue #13989: Add support for text mode to gzip.open(). - -- Issue #14127: The os.stat() result object now provides three additional - fields: st_ctime_ns, st_mtime_ns, and st_atime_ns, providing those times as an - integer with nanosecond resolution. The functions os.utime(), os.lutimes(), - and os.futimes() now accept a new parameter, ns, which accepts mtime and atime - as integers with nanosecond resolution. - -- Issue #14127 and #10148: shutil.copystat now preserves exact mtime and atime - on filesystems providing nanosecond resolution. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #14958: Change IDLE systax highlighting to recognize all string and - byte literals supported in Python 3.3. - -- Issue #10997: Prevent a duplicate entry in IDLE's "Recent Files" menu. - -- Issue #14929: Stop IDLE 3.x from closing on Unicode decode errors when - grepping. Patch by Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #12510: Attempting to get invalid tooltip no longer closes IDLE. - Other tooltipss have been corrected or improved and the number of tests - has been tripled. Original patch by Roger Serwy. - -Tools/Demos ------------ - -- Issue #14695: Bring Tools/parser/unparse.py support up to date with - the Python 3.3 Grammar. - -Build ------ - -- Issue #14472: Update .gitignore. Patch by Matej Cepl. - -- Upgrade Windows library versions: bzip 1.0.6, OpenSSL 1.0.1c. - -- Issue #14693: Under non-Windows platforms, hashlib's fallback modules are - always compiled, even if OpenSSL is present at build time. - -- Issue #13210: Windows build now uses VS2010, ported from VS2008. - -C-API ------ - -- Issue #14705: The PyArg_Parse() family of functions now support the 'p' format - unit, which accepts a "boolean predicate" argument. It converts any Python - value into an integer--0 if it is "false", and 1 otherwise. - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #14863: Update the documentation of os.fdopen() to reflect the - fact that it's only a thin wrapper around open() anymore. - -- Issue #14588: The language reference now accurately documents the Python 3 - class definition process. Patch by Nick Coghlan. - -- Issue #14943: Correct a default argument value for winreg.OpenKey - and correctly list the argument names in the function's explanation. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Alpha 3? -=================================== - -*Release date: 01-May-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #14699: Fix calling the classmethod descriptor directly. - -- Issue #14433: Prevent msvcrt crash in interactive prompt when stdin is closed. - -- Issue #14521: Make result of float('nan') and float('-nan') more consistent - across platforms. - -- Issue #14646: __import__() sets __loader__ if the loader did not. - -- Issue #14605: No longer have implicit entries in sys.meta_path. If - sys.meta_path is found to be empty, raise ImportWarning. - -- Issue #14605: No longer have implicit entries in sys.path_hooks. If - sys.path_hooks is found to be empty, a warning will be raised. None is now - inserted into sys.path_importer_cache if no finder was discovered. This also - means imp.NullImporter is no longer implicitly used. - -- Issue #13903: Implement PEP 412. Individual dictionary instances can now share - their keys with other dictionaries. Classes take advantage of this to share - their instance dictionary keys for improved memory and performance. - -- Issue #11603 (again): Setting __repr__ to __str__ now raises a RuntimeError - when repr() or str() is called on such an object. - -- Issue #14658: Fix binding a special method to a builtin implementation of a - special method with a different name. - -- Issue #14630: Fix a memory access bug for instances of a subclass of int - with value 0. - -- Issue #14339: Speed improvements to bin, oct and hex functions. Patch by - Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #14385: It is now possible to use a custom type for the __builtins__ - namespace, instead of a dict. It can be used for sandboxing for example. - Raise also a NameError instead of ImportError if __build_class__ name if not - found in __builtins__. - -- Issue #12599: Be more strict in accepting None compared to a false-like - object for importlib.util.module_for_loader and - importlib.machinery.PathFinder. - -- Issue #14612: Fix jumping around with blocks by setting f_lineno. - -- Issue #14592: Attempting a relative import w/o __package__ or __name__ set in - globals raises a KeyError. - -- Issue #14607: Fix keyword-only arguments which started with ``__``. - -- Issue #10854: The ImportError raised when an extension module on Windows - fails to import now uses the new path and name attributes from - Issue #1559549. - -- Issue #13889: Check and (if necessary) set FPU control word before calling - any of the dtoa.c string <-> float conversion functions, on MSVC builds of - Python. This fixes issues when embedding Python in a Delphi app. - -- __import__() now matches PEP 328 and documentation by defaulting 'index' to 0 - instead of -1 and removing support for negative values. - -- Issue #2377: Make importlib the implementation of __import__(). - -- Issue #1559549: ImportError now has 'name' and 'path' attributes that are set - using keyword arguments to its constructor. They are currently not set by - import as they are meant for use by importlib. - -- Issue #14474: Save and restore exception state in thread.start_new_thread() - while writing error message if the thread leaves a unhandled exception. - -- Issue #13019: Fix potential reference leaks in bytearray.extend(). Patch - by Suman Saha. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #14768: os.path.expanduser('~/a') doesn't works correctly when HOME is '/'. - -- Issue #14371: Support bzip2 in zipfile module. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka. - -- Issue #13183: Fix pdb skipping frames after hitting a breakpoint and running - step. Patch by Xavier de Gaye. - -- Issue #14696: Fix parser module to understand 'nonlocal' declarations. - -- Issue #10941: Fix imaplib.Internaldate2tuple to produce correct result near - the DST transition. Patch by Joe Peterson. - -- Issue #9154: Fix parser module to understand function annotations. - -- Issue #6085: In http.server.py SimpleHTTPServer.address_string returns the - client ip address instead client hostname. Patch by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #14309: Deprecate time.clock(), use time.perf_counter() or - time.process_time() instead. - -- Issue #14428: Implement the PEP 418. Add time.get_clock_info(), - time.perf_counter() and time.process_time() functions, and rename - time.steady() to time.monotonic(). - -- Issue #14646: importlib.util.module_for_loader() now sets __loader__ and - __package__ (when possible). - -- Issue #14664: It is now possible to use @unittest.skip{If,Unless} on a - test class that doesn't inherit from TestCase (i.e. a mixin). - -- Issue #4892: multiprocessing Connections can now be transferred over - multiprocessing Connections. Patch by Richard Oudkerk (sbt). - -- Issue #14160: TarFile.extractfile() failed to resolve symbolic links when - the links were not located in an archive subdirectory. - -- Issue #14638: pydoc now treats non-string __name__ values as if they - were missing, instead of raising an error. - -- Issue #13684: Fix httplib tunnel issue of infinite loops for certain sites - which send EOF without trailing \r\n. - -- Issue #14605: Add importlib.abc.FileLoader, importlib.machinery.(FileFinder, - SourceFileLoader, SourcelessFileLoader, ExtensionFileLoader). - -- Issue #13959: imp.cache_from_source()/source_from_cache() now follow - os.path.join()/split() semantics for path manipulation instead of its prior, - custom semantics of caring the right-most path separator forward in path - joining. - -- Issue #2193: Allow ":" character in Cookie NAME values. - -- Issue #14629: tokenizer.detect_encoding will specify the filename in the - SyntaxError exception if found at readline.__self__.name. - -- Issue #14629: Raise SyntaxError in tokenizer.detect_encoding if the - first two lines have non-UTF-8 characters without an encoding declaration. - -- Issue #14308: Fix an exception when a "dummy" thread is in the threading - module's active list after a fork(). - -- Issue #11750: The Windows API functions scattered in the _subprocess and - _multiprocessing.win32 modules now live in a single module "_winapi". - Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #14087: multiprocessing: add Condition.wait_for(). Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #14538: HTMLParser can now parse correctly start tags that contain - a bare '/'. - -- Issue #14452: SysLogHandler no longer inserts a UTF-8 BOM into the message. - -- Issue #14386: Expose the dict_proxy internal type as types.MappingProxyType. - -- Issue #13959: Make imp.reload() always use a module's __loader__ to perform - the reload. - -- Issue #13959: Add imp.py and rename the built-in module to _imp, allowing for - re-implementing parts of the module in pure Python. - -- Issue #13496: Fix potential overflow in bisect.bisect algorithm when applied - to a collection of size > sys.maxsize / 2. - -- Have importlib take advantage of ImportError's new 'name' and 'path' - attributes. - -- Issue #14399: zipfile now recognizes that the archive has been modified even - if only the comment is changed. In addition, the TypeError that results from - trying to set a non-binary value as a comment is now raised at the time - the comment is set rather than at the time the zipfile is written. - -- trace.CoverageResults.is_ignored_filename() now ignores any name that starts - with "<" and ends with ">" instead of special-casing "<string>" and - "<doctest ". - -- Issue #12537: The mailbox module no longer depends on knowledge of internal - implementation details of the email package Message object. - -- Issue #7978: socketserver now restarts the select() call when EINTR is - returned. This avoids crashing the server loop when a signal is received. - Patch by Jerzy Kozera. - -- Issue #14522: Avoid duplicating socket handles in multiprocessing.connection. - Patch by sbt. - -- Don't Py_DECREF NULL variable in io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder. - -- Issue #3033: Add displayof parameter to tkinter font. Patch by Guilherme Polo. - -- Issue #14482: Raise a ValueError, not a NameError, when trying to create - a multiprocessing Client or Listener with an AF_UNIX type address under - Windows. Patch by Popa Claudiu. - -- Issue #802310: Generate always unique tkinter font names if not directly passed. - -- Issue #14151: Raise a ValueError, not a NameError, when trying to create - a multiprocessing Client or Listener with an AF_PIPE type address under - non-Windows platforms. Patch by Popa Claudiu. - -- Issue #14493: Use gvfs-open or xdg-open in webbrowser. - -Build ------ - -- "make touch" will now touch generated files that are checked into Mercurial, - after a "hg update" which failed to bring the timestamps into the right order. - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #14026: In test_cmd_line_script, check that sys.argv is populated - correctly for the various invocation approaches (Patch by Jason Yeo) - -- Issue #14032: Fix incorrect variable name in test_cmd_line_script debugging - message (Patch by Jason Yeo) - -- Issue #14589: Update certificate chain for sha256.tbs-internet.com, fixing - a test failure in test_ssl. - -- Issue #14355: Regrtest now supports the standard unittest test loading, and - will use it if a test file contains no `test_main` method. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #8515: Set __file__ when run file in IDLE. - Initial patch by Bruce Frederiksen. - -- Issue #14496: Fix wrong name in idlelib/tabbedpages.py. - Patch by Popa Claudiu. - -Tools / Demos -------------- - -- Issue #3561: The Windows installer now has an option, off by default, for - placing the Python installation into the system "Path" environment variable. - -- Issue #13165: stringbench is now available in the Tools/stringbench folder. - It used to live in its own SVN project. - -C-API ------ - -- Issue #14098: New functions PyErr_GetExcInfo and PyErr_SetExcInfo. - Patch by Stefan Behnel. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Alpha 2? -=================================== - -*Release date: 01-Apr-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #1683368: object.__new__ and object.__init__ raise a TypeError if they - are passed arguments and their complementary method is not overridden. - -- Issue #14378: Fix compiling ast.ImportFrom nodes with a "__future__" string as - the module name that was not interned. - -- Issue #14331: Use significantly less stack space when importing modules by - allocating path buffers on the heap instead of the stack. - -- Issue #14334: Prevent in a segfault in type.__getattribute__ when it was not - passed strings. - -- Issue #1469629: Allow cycles through an object's __dict__ slot to be - collected. (For example if ``x.__dict__ is x``). - -- Issue #14205: dict lookup raises a RuntimeError if the dict is modified - during a lookup. - -- Issue #14220: When a generator is delegating to another iterator with the - yield from syntax, it needs to have its ``gi_running`` flag set to True. - -- Issue #14435: Remove dedicated block allocator from floatobject.c and rely - on the PyObject_Malloc() api like all other objects. - -- Issue #14471: Fix a possible buffer overrun in the winreg module. - -- Issue #14288: Allow the serialization of builtin iterators - -Library -------- - -- Issue #14300: Under Windows, sockets created using socket.dup() now allow - overlapped I/O. Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #13872: socket.detach() now marks the socket closed (as mirrored - in the socket repr()). Patch by Matt Joiner. - -- Issue #14406: Fix a race condition when using ``concurrent.futures.wait( - return_when=ALL_COMPLETED)``. Patch by Matt Joiner. - -- Issue #5136: deprecate old, unused functions from tkinter. - -- Issue #14416: syslog now defines the LOG_ODELAY and LOG_AUTHPRIV constants - if they are defined in <syslog.h>. - -- Issue #14295: Add unittest.mock - -- Issue #7652: Add --with-system-libmpdec option to configure for linking - the _decimal module against an installed libmpdec. - -- Issue #14380: MIMEText now defaults to utf-8 when passed non-ASCII unicode - with no charset specified. - -- Issue #10340: asyncore - properly handle EINVAL in dispatcher constructor on - OSX; avoid to call handle_connect in case of a disconnected socket which - was not meant to connect. - -- Issue #14204: The ssl module now has support for the Next Protocol - Negotiation extension, if available in the underlying OpenSSL library. - Patch by Colin Marc. - -- Issue #3035: Unused functions from tkinter are marked as pending deprecated. - -- Issue #12757: Fix the skipping of doctests when python is run with -OO so - that it works in unittest's verbose mode as well as non-verbose mode. - -- Issue #7652: Integrate the decimal floating point libmpdec library to speed - up the decimal module. Performance gains of the new C implementation are - between 10x and 100x, depending on the application. - -- Issue #14269: SMTPD now conforms to the RFC and requires a HELO command - before MAIL, RCPT, or DATA. - -- Issue #13694: asynchronous connect in asyncore.dispatcher does not set addr - attribute. - -- Issue #14344: fixed the repr of email.policy objects. - -- Issue #11686: Added missing entries to email package __all__ lists - (mostly the new Bytes classes). - -- Issue #14335: multiprocessing's custom Pickler subclass now inherits from - the C-accelerated implementation. Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #10484: Fix the CGIHTTPServer's PATH_INFO handling problem. - -- Issue #11199: Fix the with urllib which hangs on particular ftp urls. - -- Improve the memory utilization and speed of functools.lru_cache. - -- Issue #14222: Use the new time.steady() function instead of time.time() for - timeout in queue and threading modules to not be affected of system time - update. - -- Issue #13248: Remove lib2to3.pytree.Base.get_prefix/set_prefix. - -- Issue #14234: CVE-2012-0876: Randomize hashes of xml attributes in the hash - table internal to the pyexpat module's copy of the expat library to avoid a - denial of service due to hash collisions. Patch by David Malcolm with some - modifications by the expat project. - -- Issue #12818: format address no longer needlessly \ escapes ()s in names when - the name ends up being quoted. - -- Issue #14062: BytesGenerator now correctly folds Header objects, - including using linesep when folding. - -- Issue #13839: When invoked on the command-line, the pstats module now - accepts several filenames of profile stat files and merges them all. - Patch by Matt Joiner. - -- Issue #14291: Email now defaults to utf-8 for non-ASCII unicode headers - instead of raising an error. This fixes a regression relative to 2.7. - -- Issue #989712: Support using Tk without a mainloop. - -- Issue #3835: Refuse to use unthreaded Tcl in threaded Python. - -- Issue #2843: Add new Tk API to Tkinter. - -- Issue #14184: Increase the default stack size for secondary threads on - Mac OS X to avoid interpreter crashes when using threads on 10.7. - -- Issue #14180: datetime.date.fromtimestamp(), - datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp() and datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp() - now raise an OSError instead of ValueError if localtime() or gmtime() failed. - -- Issue #14180: time.ctime(), gmtime(), time.localtime(), - datetime.date.fromtimestamp(), datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp() and - datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp() now raises an OverflowError, instead of - a ValueError, if the timestamp does not fit in time_t. - -- Issue #14180: datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp() and - datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp() now round microseconds towards zero - instead of rounding to nearest with ties going away from zero. - -- Issue #10543: Fix unittest test discovery with Jython bytecode files. - -- Issue #1178863: Separate initialisation from setting when initializing - Tkinter.Variables; harmonize exceptions to ValueError; only delete variables - that have not been deleted; assert that variable names are strings. - -- Issue #14104: Implement time.monotonic() on Mac OS X, patch written by - Nicholas Riley. - -- Issue #13394: the aifc module now uses warnings.warn() to signal warnings. - -- Issue #14252: Fix subprocess.Popen.terminate() to not raise an error under - Windows when the child process has already exited. - -- Issue #14223: curses.addch() is no more limited to the range 0-255 when the - Python curses is not linked to libncursesw. It was a regression introduced - in Python 3.3a1. - -- Issue #14168: Check for presence of Element._attrs in minidom before - accessing it. - -- Issue #12328: Fix multiprocessing's use of overlapped I/O on Windows. - Also, add a multiprocessing.connection.wait(rlist, timeout=None) function - for polling multiple objects at once. Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #14007: Accept incomplete TreeBuilder objects (missing start, end, - data or close method) for the Python implementation as well. - Drop the no-op TreeBuilder().xml() method from the C implementation. - -- Issue #14210: pdb now has tab-completion not only for command names, but - also for their arguments, wherever possible. - -- Issue #14310: Sockets can now be with other processes on Windows using - the api socket.socket.share() and socket.fromshare(). - -- Issue #10576: The gc module now has a 'callbacks' member that will get - called when garbage collection takes place. - -Build ------ - -- Issue #14557: Fix extensions build on HP-UX. Patch by Adi Roiban. - -- Issue #14387: Do not include accu.h from Python.h. - -- Issue #14359: Only use O_CLOEXEC in _posixmodule.c if it is defined. - Based on patch from Hervé Coatanhay. - -- Issue #14321: Do not run pgen during the build if files are up to date. - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #14034: added the argparse tutorial. - -- Issue #14324: Fix configure tests for cross builds. - -- Issue #14327: Call AC_CANONICAL_HOST in configure.ac and check in - config.{guess,sub}. Don't use uname calls for cross builds. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #9041: An issue in ctypes.c_longdouble, ctypes.c_double, and - ctypes.c_float that caused an incorrect exception to be returned in the - case of overflow has been fixed. - -- Issue #14212: The re module didn't retain a reference to buffers it was - scanning, resulting in segfaults. - -- Issue #14259: The finditer() method of re objects did not take any - keyword arguments, contrary to the documentation. - -- Issue #10142: Support for SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA (for example, under ZFS). - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #14442: Add missing errno import in test_smtplib. - -- Issue #8315: (partial fix) python -m unittest test.test_email now works. - - -What's New in Python 3.3.0 Alpha 1? -=================================== - -*Release date: 05-Mar-2012* - -Core and Builtins ------------------ - -- Issue #14172: Fix reference leak when marshalling a buffer-like object - (other than a bytes object). - -- Issue #13521: dict.setdefault() now does only one lookup for the given key, - making it "atomic" for many purposes. Patch by Filip GruszczyÅ„ski. - -- PEP 409, Issue #6210: "raise X from None" is now supported as a means of - suppressing the display of the chained exception context. The chained - context still remains available as the __context__ attribute. - -- Issue #10181: New memoryview implementation fixes multiple ownership - and lifetime issues of dynamically allocated Py_buffer members (#9990) - as well as crashes (#8305, #7433). Many new features have been added - (See whatsnew/3.3), and the documentation has been updated extensively. - The ndarray test object from _testbuffer.c implements all aspects of - PEP-3118, so further development towards the complete implementation - of the PEP can proceed in a test-driven manner. - - Thanks to Nick Coghlan, Antoine Pitrou and Pauli Virtanen for review - and many ideas. - -- Issue #12834: Fix incorrect results of memoryview.tobytes() for - non-contiguous arrays. - -- Issue #5231: Introduce memoryview.cast() method that allows changing - format and shape without making a copy of the underlying memory. - -- Issue #14084: Fix a file descriptor leak when importing a module with a - bad encoding. - -- Upgrade Unicode data to Unicode 6.1. - -- Issue #14040: Remove rarely used file name suffixes for C extensions - (under POSIX mainly). - -- Issue #14051: Allow arbitrary attributes to be set of classmethod and - staticmethod. - -- Issue #13703: oCERT-2011-003: Randomize hashes of str and bytes to protect - against denial of service attacks due to hash collisions within the dict and - set types. Patch by David Malcolm, based on work by Victor Stinner. - -- Issue #13020: Fix a reference leak when allocating a structsequence object - fails. Patch by Suman Saha. - -- Issue #13908: Ready types returned from PyType_FromSpec. - -- Issue #11235: Fix OverflowError when trying to import a source file whose - modification time doesn't fit in a 32-bit timestamp. - -- Issue #12705: A SyntaxError exception is now raised when attempting to - compile multiple statements as a single interactive statement. - -- Fix the builtin module initialization code to store the init function for - future reinitialization. - -- Issue #8052: The posix subprocess module would take a long time closing - all possible file descriptors in the child process rather than just open - file descriptors. It now closes only the open fds if possible for the - default close_fds=True behavior. - -- Issue #13629: Renumber the tokens in token.h so that they match the indexes - into _PyParser_TokenNames. - -- Issue #13752: Add a casefold() method to str. - -- Issue #13761: Add a "flush" keyword argument to the print() function, - used to ensure flushing the output stream. - -- Issue #13645: pyc files now contain the size of the corresponding source - code, to avoid timestamp collisions (especially on filesystems with a low - timestamp resolution) when checking for freshness of the bytecode. - -- PEP 380, Issue #11682: Add "yield from <x>" to support easy delegation to - subgenerators (initial patch by Greg Ewing, integration into 3.3 by - Renaud Blanch, Ryan Kelly, Zbigniew JÄ™drzejewski-Szmek and Nick Coghlan) - -- Issue #13748: Raw bytes literals can now be written with the ``rb`` prefix - as well as ``br``. - -- Issue #12736: Use full unicode case mappings for upper, lower, and title case. - -- Issue #12760: Add a create mode to open(). Patch by David Townshend. - -- Issue #13738: Simplify implementation of bytes.lower() and bytes.upper(). - -- Issue #13577: Built-in methods and functions now have a __qualname__. - Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #6695: Full garbage collection runs now clear the freelist of set - objects. Initial patch by Matthias Troffaes. - -- Fix OSError.__init__ and OSError.__new__ so that each of them can be - overriden and take additional arguments (followup to issue #12555). - -- Fix the fix for issue #12149: it was incorrect, although it had the side - effect of appearing to resolve the issue. Thanks to Mark Shannon for - noticing. - -- Issue #13505: Pickle bytes objects in a way that is compatible with - Python 2 when using protocols <= 2. - -- Issue #11147: Fix an unused argument in _Py_ANNOTATE_MEMORY_ORDER. (Fix - given by Campbell Barton). - -- Issue #13503: Use a more efficient reduction format for bytearrays with - pickle protocol >= 3. The old reduction format is kept with older protocols - in order to allow unpickling under Python 2. Patch by Irmen de Jong. - -- Issue #7111: Python can now be run without a stdin, stdout or stderr - stream. It was already the case with Python 2. However, the corresponding - sys module entries are now set to None (instead of an unusable file object). - -- Issue #11849: Ensure that free()d memory arenas are really released - on POSIX systems supporting anonymous memory mappings. Patch by - Charles-François Natali. - -- PEP 3155 / issue #13448: Qualified name for classes and functions. - -- Issue #13436: Fix a bogus error message when an AST object was passed - an invalid integer value. - -- Issue #13411: memoryview objects are now hashable when the underlying - object is hashable. - -- Issue #13338: Handle all enumerations in _Py_ANNOTATE_MEMORY_ORDER - to allow compiling extension modules with -Wswitch-enum on gcc. - Initial patch by Floris Bruynooghe. - -- Issue #10227: Add an allocation cache for a single slice object. Patch by - Stefan Behnel. - -- Issue #13393: BufferedReader.read1() now asks the full requested size to - the raw stream instead of limiting itself to the buffer size. - -- Issue #13392: Writing a pyc file should now be atomic under Windows as well. - -- Issue #13333: The UTF-7 decoder now accepts lone surrogates (the encoder - already accepts them). - -- Issue #13389: Full garbage collection passes now clear the freelists for - list and dict objects. They already cleared other freelists in the - interpreter. - -- Issue #13327: Remove the need for an explicit None as the second argument - to os.utime, os.lutimes, os.futimes, os.futimens, os.futimesat, in - order to update to the current time. Also added keyword argument - handling to os.utimensat in order to remove the need for explicit None. - -- Issue #13350: Simplify some C code by replacing most usages of - PyUnicode_Format by PyUnicode_FromFormat. - -- Issue #13342: input() used to ignore sys.stdin's and sys.stdout's unicode - error handler in interactive mode (when calling into PyOS_Readline()). - -- Issue #9896: Add start, stop, and step attributes to range objects. - -- Issue #13343: Fix a SystemError when a lambda expression uses a global - variable in the default value of a keyword-only argument: ``lambda *, - arg=GLOBAL_NAME: None`` - -- Issue #12797: Added custom opener parameter to builtin open() and - FileIO.open(). - -- Issue #10519: Avoid unnecessary recursive function calls in - setobject.c. - -- Issue #10363: Deallocate global locks in Py_Finalize(). - -- Issue #13018: Fix reference leaks in error paths in dictobject.c. - Patch by Suman Saha. - -- Issue #13201: Define '==' and '!=' to compare range objects based on - the sequence of values they define (instead of comparing based on - object identity). - -- Issue #1294232: In a few cases involving metaclass inheritance, the - interpreter would sometimes invoke the wrong metaclass when building a new - class object. These cases now behave correctly. Patch by Daniel Urban. - -- Issue #12753: Add support for Unicode name aliases and named sequences. - Both ``unicodedata.lookup()`` and '\N{...}' now resolve aliases, - and ``unicodedata.lookup()`` resolves named sequences too. - -- Issue #12170: The count(), find(), rfind(), index() and rindex() methods - of bytes and bytearray objects now accept an integer between 0 and 255 - as their first argument. Patch by Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #12604: VTRACE macro expanded to no-op in _sre.c to avoid compiler - warnings. Patch by Josh Triplett and Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #12281: Rewrite the MBCS codec to handle correctly replace and ignore - error handlers on all Windows versions. The MBCS codec is now supporting all - error handlers, instead of only replace to encode and ignore to decode. - -- Issue #13188: When called without an explicit traceback argument, - generator.throw() now gets the traceback from the passed exception's - ``__traceback__`` attribute. Patch by Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #13146: Writing a pyc file is now atomic under POSIX. - -- Issue #7833: Extension modules built using distutils on Windows will no - longer include a "manifest" to prevent them failing at import time in some - embedded situations. - -- PEP 3151 / issue #12555: reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy. - -- Add internal API for static strings (_Py_identifier et al.). - -- Issue #13063: the Windows error ERROR_NO_DATA (numbered 232 and described - as "The pipe is being closed") is now mapped to POSIX errno EPIPE - (previously EINVAL). - -- Issue #12911: Fix memory consumption when calculating the repr() of huge - tuples or lists. - -- PEP 393: flexible string representation. Thanks to Torsten Becker for the - initial implementation, and Victor Stinner for various bug fixes. - -- Issue #14081: The 'sep' and 'maxsplit' parameter to str.split, bytes.split, - and bytearray.split may now be passed as keyword arguments. - -- Issue #13012: The 'keepends' parameter to str.splitlines may now be passed - as a keyword argument: "my_string.splitlines(keepends=True)". The same - change also applies to bytes.splitlines and bytearray.splitlines. - -- Issue #7732: Don't open a directory as a file anymore while importing a - module. Ignore the direcotry if its name matchs the module name (e.g. - "__init__.py") and raise a ImportError instead. - -- Issue #13021: Missing decref on an error path. Thanks to Suman Saha for - finding the bug and providing a patch. - -- Issue #12973: Fix overflow checks that relied on undefined behaviour in - list_repeat (listobject.c) and islice_next (itertoolsmodule.c). These bugs - caused test failures with recent versions of Clang. - -- Issue #12904: os.utime, os.futimes, os.lutimes, and os.futimesat now write - atime and mtime with nanosecond precision on modern POSIX platforms. - -- Issue #12802: the Windows error ERROR_DIRECTORY (numbered 267) is now - mapped to POSIX errno ENOTDIR (previously EINVAL). - -- Issue #9200: The str.is* methods now work with strings that contain non-BMP - characters even in narrow Unicode builds. - -- Issue #12791: Break reference cycles early when a generator exits with - an exception. - -- Issue #12773: Make __doc__ mutable on user-defined classes. - -- Issue #12766: Raise a ValueError when creating a class with a class variable - that conflicts with a name in __slots__. - -- Issue #12266: Fix str.capitalize() to correctly uppercase/lowercase - titlecased and cased non-letter characters. - -- Issue #12732: In narrow unicode builds, allow Unicode identifiers which fall - outside the BMP. - -- Issue #12575: Validate user-generated AST before it is compiled. - -- Make type(None), type(Ellipsis), and type(NotImplemented) callable. They - return the respective singleton instances. - -- Forbid summing bytes with sum(). - -- Verify the types of AST strings and identifiers provided by the user before - compiling them. - -- Issue #12647: The None object now has a __bool__() method that returns False. - Formerly, bool(None) returned False only because of special case logic - in PyObject_IsTrue(). - -- Issue #12579: str.format_map() now raises a ValueError if used on a - format string that contains positional fields. Initial patch by - Julian Berman. - -- Issue #10271: Allow warnings.showwarning() be any callable. - -- Issue #11627: Fix segfault when __new__ on a exception returns a - non-exception class. - -- Issue #12149: Update the method cache after a type's dictionary gets - cleared by the garbage collector. This fixes a segfault when an instance - and its type get caught in a reference cycle, and the instance's - deallocator calls one of the methods on the type (e.g. when subclassing - IOBase). Diagnosis and patch by Davide Rizzo. - -- Issue #9611, Issue #9015: FileIO.read() clamps the length to INT_MAX on Windows. - -- Issue #9642: Uniformize the tests on the availability of the mbcs codec, add - a new HAVE_MBCS define. - -- Issue #9642: Fix filesystem encoding initialization: use the ANSI code page - on Windows if the mbcs codec is not available, and fail with a fatal error if - we cannot get the locale encoding (if nl_langinfo(CODESET) is not available) - instead of using UTF-8. - -- When a generator yields, do not retain the caller's exception state on the - generator. - -- Issue #12475: Prevent generators from leaking their exception state into the - caller's frame as they return for the last time. - -- Issue #12291: You can now load multiple marshalled objects from a stream, - with other data interleaved between marshalled objects. - -- Issue #12356: When required positional or keyword-only arguments are not - given, produce a informative error message which includes the name(s) of the - missing arguments. - -- Issue #12370: Fix super with no arguments when __class__ is overriden in the - class body. - -- Issue #12084: os.stat on Windows now works properly with relative symbolic - links when called from any directory. - -- Loosen type restrictions on the __dir__ method. __dir__ can now return any - sequence, which will be converted to a list and sorted by dir(). - -- Issue #12265: Make error messages produced by passing an invalid set of - arguments to a function more informative. - -- Issue #12225: Still allow Python to build if Python is not in its hg repo or - mercurial is not installed. - -- Issue #1195: my_fgets() now always clears errors before calling fgets(). Fix - the following case: sys.stdin.read() stopped with CTRL+d (end of file), - raw_input() interrupted by CTRL+c. - -- Issue #12216: Allow unexpected EOF errors to happen on any line of the file. - -- Issue #12199: The TryExcept and TryFinally and AST nodes have been unified - into a Try node. - -- Issue #9670: Increase the default stack size for secondary threads on - Mac OS X and FreeBSD to reduce the chances of a crash instead of a - "maximum recursion depth" RuntimeError exception. - (patch by Ronald Oussoren) - -- Issue #12106: The use of the multiple-with shorthand syntax is now reflected - in the AST. - -- Issue #12190: Try to use the same filename object when compiling unmarshalling - a code objects in the same file. - -- Issue #12166: Move implementations of dir() specialized for various types into - the __dir__() methods of those types. - -- Issue #5715: In socketserver, close the server socket in the child process. - -- Correct lookup of __dir__ on objects. Among other things, this causes errors - besides AttributeError found on lookup to be propagated. - -- Issue #12060: Use sig_atomic_t type and volatile keyword in the signal - module. Patch written by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #1746656: Added the if_nameindex, if_indextoname, if_nametoindex - methods to the socket module. - -- Issue #12044: Fixed subprocess.Popen when used as a context manager to - wait for the process to end when exiting the context to avoid unintentionally - leaving zombie processes around. - -- Issue #1195: Fix input() if it is interrupted by CTRL+d and then CTRL+c, - clear the end-of-file indicator after CTRL+d. - -- Issue #1856: Avoid crashes and lockups when daemon threads run while the - interpreter is shutting down; instead, these threads are now killed when - they try to take the GIL. - -- Issue #9756: When calling a method descriptor or a slot wrapper descriptor, - the check of the object type doesn't read the __class__ attribute anymore. - Fix a crash if a class override its __class__ attribute (e.g. a proxy of the - str type). Patch written by Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #10517: After fork(), reinitialize the TLS used by the PyGILState_* - APIs, to avoid a crash with the pthread implementation in RHEL 5. Patch - by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #10914: Initialize correctly the filesystem codec when creating a new - subinterpreter to fix a bootstrap issue with codecs implemented in Python, as - the ISO-8859-15 codec. - -- Issue #11918: OS/2 and VMS are no more supported because of the lack of - maintainer. - -- Issue #6780: fix starts/endswith error message to mention that tuples are - accepted too. - -- Issue #5057: fix a bug in the peepholer that led to non-portable pyc files - between narrow and wide builds while optimizing BINARY_SUBSCR on non-BMP - chars (e.g. "\U00012345"[0]). - -- Issue #11845: Fix typo in rangeobject.c that caused a crash in - compute_slice_indices. Patch by Daniel Urban. - -- Issue #5673: Added a `timeout` keyword argument to subprocess.Popen.wait, - subprocess.Popen.communicated, subprocess.call, subprocess.check_call, and - subprocess.check_output. If the blocking operation takes more than `timeout` - seconds, the `subprocess.TimeoutExpired` exception is raised. - -- Issue #11650: PyOS_StdioReadline() retries fgets() if it was interrupted - (EINTR), for example if the program is stopped with CTRL+z on Mac OS X. Patch - written by Charles-Francois Natali. - -- Issue #9319: Include the filename in "Non-UTF8 code ..." syntax error. - -- Issue #10785: Store the filename as Unicode in the Python parser. - -- Issue #11619: _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule() doesn't encode the path to bytes - on Windows. - -- Issue #10998: Remove mentions of -Q, sys.flags.division_warning and - Py_DivisionWarningFlag left over from Python 2. - -- Issue #11244: Remove an unnecessary peepholer check that was preventing - negative zeros from being constant-folded properly. - -- Issue #11395: io.FileIO().write() clamps the data length to 32,767 bytes on - Windows if the file is a TTY to workaround a Windows bug. The Windows console - returns an error (12: not enough space error) on writing into stdout if - stdout mode is binary and the length is greater than 66,000 bytes (or less, - depending on heap usage). - -- Issue #11320: fix bogus memory management in Modules/getpath.c, leading to - a possible crash when calling Py_SetPath(). - -- Issue #11432: A bug was introduced in subprocess.Popen on posix systems with - 3.2.0 where the stdout or stderr file descriptor being the same as the stdin - file descriptor would raise an exception. webbrowser.open would fail. fixed. - -- Issue #9856: Change object.__format__ with a non-empty format string - to be a DeprecationWarning. In 3.2 it was a PendingDeprecationWarning. - In 3.4 it will be a TypeError. - -- Issue #11244: The peephole optimizer is now able to constant-fold - arbitrarily complex expressions. This also fixes a 3.2 regression where - operations involving negative numbers were not constant-folded. - -- Issue #11450: Don't truncate hg version info in Py_GetBuildInfo() when - there are many tags (e.g. when using mq). Patch by Nadeem Vawda. - -- Issue #11335: Fixed a memory leak in list.sort when the key function - throws an exception. - -- Issue #8923: When a string is encoded to UTF-8 in strict mode, the result is - cached into the object. Examples: str.encode(), str.encode('utf-8'), - PyUnicode_AsUTF8String() and PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode, "utf-8", - NULL). - -- Issue #10829: Refactor PyUnicode_FromFormat(), use the same function to parse - the format string in the 3 steps, fix crashs on invalid format strings. - -- Issue #13007: whichdb should recognize gdbm 1.9 magic numbers. - -- Issue #11286: Raise a ValueError from calling PyMemoryView_FromBuffer with - a buffer struct having a NULL data pointer. - -- Issue #11272: On Windows, input() strips '\r' (and not only '\n'), and - sys.stdin uses universal newline (replace '\r\n' by '\n'). - -- Issue #11828: startswith and endswith now accept None as slice index. - Patch by Torsten Becker. - -- Issue #11168: Remove filename debug variable from PyEval_EvalFrameEx(). - It encoded the Unicode filename to UTF-8, but the encoding fails on - undecodable filename (on surrogate characters) which raises an unexpected - UnicodeEncodeError on recursion limit. - -- Issue #11187: Remove bootstrap code (use ASCII) of - PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(), it was replaced by a better fallback (use the - locale encoding) in PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(). - -- Check for NULL result in PyType_FromSpec. - -- Issue #10516: New copy() and clear() methods for lists and bytearrays. - -- Issue #11386: bytearray.pop() now throws IndexError when the bytearray is - empty, instead of OverflowError. - -- Issue #12380: The rjust, ljust and center methods of bytes and bytearray - now accept a bytearray argument. - -Library -------- - -- Issue #14195: An issue that caused weakref.WeakSet instances to incorrectly - return True for a WeakSet instance 'a' in both 'a < a' and 'a > a' has been - fixed. - -- Issue #14166: Pickler objects now have an optional ``dispatch_table`` - attribute which allows to set custom per-pickler reduction functions. - Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #14177: marshal.loads() now raises TypeError when given an unicode - string. Patch by Guilherme Gonçalves. - -- Issue #13550: Remove the debug machinery from the threading module: remove - verbose arguments from all threading classes and functions. - -- Issue #14159: Fix the len() of weak containers (WeakSet, WeakKeyDictionary, - WeakValueDictionary) to return a better approximation when some objects - are dead or dying. Moreover, the implementation is now O(1) rather than - O(n). - -- Issue #11841: Fix comparison bug with 'rc' versions in packaging.version. - Patch by Filip GruszczyÅ„ski. - -- Issue #6884: Fix long-standing bugs with MANIFEST.in parsing in distutils - on Windows. Also fixed in packaging. - -- Issue #8033: sqlite3: Fix 64-bit integer handling in user functions - on 32-bit architectures. Initial patch by Philippe Devalkeneer. - -- HTMLParser is now able to handle slashes in the start tag. - -- Issue #13641: Decoding functions in the base64 module now accept ASCII-only - unicode strings. Patch by Catalin Iacob. - -- Issue #14043: Speed up importlib's _FileFinder by at least 8x, and add a - new importlib.invalidate_caches() function. - -- Issue #14001: CVE-2012-0845: xmlrpc: Fix an endless loop in - SimpleXMLRPCServer upon malformed POST request. - -- Issue #13961: Move importlib over to using os.replace() for atomic renaming. - -- Do away with ambiguous level values (as suggested by PEP 328) in - importlib.__import__() by raising ValueError when level < 0. - -- Issue #2489: pty.spawn could consume 100% cpu when it encountered an EOF. - -- Issue #13014: Fix a possible reference leak in SSLSocket.getpeercert(). - -- Issue #13777: Add PF_SYSTEM sockets on OS X. - Patch by Michael Goderbauer. - -- Issue #13015: Fix a possible reference leak in defaultdict.__repr__. - Patch by Suman Saha. - -- Issue #1326113: distutils' and packaging's build_ext commands option now - correctly parses multiple values (separated by whitespace or commas) given - to their --libraries option. - -- Issue #10287: nntplib now queries the server's CAPABILITIES first before - sending MODE READER, and only sends it if not already in READER mode. - Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #13993: HTMLParser is now able to handle broken end tags when - strict=False. - -- Issue #13930: lib2to3 now supports writing converted output files to another - directory tree as well as copying unchanged files and altering the file - suffix. - -- Issue #9750: Fix sqlite3.Connection.iterdump on tables and fields - with a name that is a keyword or contains quotes. Patch by Marko - Kohtala. - -- Issue #10287: nntplib now queries the server's CAPABILITIES again after - authenticating (since the result may change, according to RFC 4643). - Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #13590: On OS X 10.7 and 10.6 with Xcode 4.2, building - Distutils-based packages with C extension modules may fail because - Apple has removed gcc-4.2, the version used to build python.org - 64-bit/32-bit Pythons. If the user does not explicitly override - the default C compiler by setting the CC environment variable, - Distutils will now attempt to compile extension modules with clang - if gcc-4.2 is required but not found. Also as a convenience, if - the user does explicitly set CC, substitute its value as the default - compiler in the Distutils LDSHARED configuration variable for OS X. - (Note, the python.org 32-bit-only Pythons use gcc-4.0 and the 10.4u - SDK, neither of which are available in Xcode 4. This change does not - attempt to override settings to support their use with Xcode 4.) - -- Issue #13960: HTMLParser is now able to handle broken comments when - strict=False. - -- When '' is a path (e.g. in sys.path), make sure __file__ uses the current - working directory instead of '' in importlib. - -- Issue #13609: Add two functions to query the terminal size: - os.get_terminal_size (low level) and shutil.get_terminal_size (high level). - Patch by Zbigniew JÄ™drzejewski-Szmek. - -- Issue #13845: On Windows, time.time() now uses GetSystemTimeAsFileTime() - instead of ftime() to have a resolution of 100 ns instead of 1 ms (the clock - accuracy is between 0.5 ms and 15 ms). - -- Issue #13846: Add time.monotonic(), monotonic clock. - -- Issue #8184: multiprocessing: On Windows, don't set SO_REUSEADDR on - Connection sockets, and set FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE on named pipes, to - make sure two listeners can't bind to the same socket/pipe (or any existing - socket/pipe). - -- Issue #10811: Fix recursive usage of cursors. Instead of crashing, - raise a ProgrammingError now. - -- Issue #13734: Add os.fwalk(), a directory walking function yielding file - descriptors. - -- Issue #2945: Make the distutils upload command aware of bdist_rpm products. - -- Issue #13712: pysetup create should not convert package_data to extra_files. - -- Issue #11805: package_data in setup.cfg should allow more than one value. - -- Issue #13676: Handle strings with embedded zeros correctly in sqlite3. - -- Issue #8828: Add new function os.replace(), for cross-platform renaming - with overwriting. - -- Issue #13848: open() and the FileIO constructor now check for NUL - characters in the file name. Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #13806: The size check in audioop decompression functions was too - strict and could reject valid compressed data. Patch by Oleg Plakhotnyuk. - -- Issue #13812: When a multiprocessing Process child raises an exception, - flush stderr after printing the exception traceback. - -- Issue #13885: CVE-2011-3389: the _ssl module would always disable the CBC - IV attack countermeasure. - -- Issue #13847: time.localtime() and time.gmtime() now raise an OSError instead - of ValueError on failure. time.ctime() and time.asctime() now raises an - OSError if localtime() failed. time.clock() now raises a RuntimeError if the - processor time used is not available or its value cannot be represented - -- Issue #13772: In os.symlink() under Windows, do not try to guess the link - target's type (file or directory). The detection was buggy and made the - call non-atomic (therefore prone to race conditions). - -- Issue #6631: Disallow relative file paths in urllib urlopen methods. - -- Issue #13722: Avoid silencing ImportErrors when initializing the codecs - registry. - -- Issue #13781: Fix GzipFile bug that caused an exception to be raised when - opening for writing using a fileobj returned by os.fdopen(). - -- Issue #13803: Under Solaris, distutils doesn't include bitness - in the directory name. - -- Issue #10278: Add time.wallclock() function, monotonic clock. - -- Issue #13809: Fix regression where bz2 module wouldn't work when threads are - disabled. Original patch by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc. - -- Issue #13589: Fix some serialization primitives in the aifc module. - Patch by Oleg Plakhotnyuk. - -- Issue #13642: Unquote before b64encoding user:password during Basic - Authentication. Patch contributed by Joonas Kuorilehto. - -- Issue #12364: Fix a hang in concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor. - The hang would occur when retrieving the result of a scheduled future after - the executor had been shut down. - -- Issue #13502: threading: Fix a race condition in Event.wait() that made it - return False when the event was set and cleared right after. - -- Issue #9993: When the source and destination are on different filesystems, - and the source is a symlink, shutil.move() now recreates a symlink on the - destination instead of copying the file contents. Patch by Jonathan Niehof - and Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #12926: Fix a bug in tarfile's link extraction. - -- Issue #13696: Fix the 302 Relative URL Redirection problem. - -- Issue #13636: Weak ciphers are now disabled by default in the ssl module - (except when SSLv2 is explicitly asked for). - -- Issue #12715: Add an optional symlinks argument to shutil functions - (copyfile, copymode, copystat, copy, copy2). When that parameter is - true, symlinks aren't dereferenced and the operation instead acts on the - symlink itself (or creates one, if relevant). Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Add a flags parameter to select.epoll. - -- Issue #13626: Add support for SSL Diffie-Hellman key exchange, through the - SSLContext.load_dh_params() method and the ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE option. - -- Issue #11006: Don't issue low level warning in subprocess when pipe2() fails. - -- Issue #13620: Support for Chrome browser in webbrowser. Patch contributed - by Arnaud Calmettes. - -- Issue #11829: Fix code execution holes in inspect.getattr_static for - metaclasses with metaclasses. Patch by Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #12708: Add starmap() and starmap_async() methods (similar to - itertools.starmap()) to multiprocessing.Pool. Patch by Hynek Schlawack. - -- Issue #1785: Fix inspect and pydoc with misbehaving descriptors. - -- Issue #13637: "a2b" functions in the binascii module now accept ASCII-only - unicode strings. - -- Issue #13634: Add support for querying and disabling SSL compression. - -- Issue #13627: Add support for SSL Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman - key exchange, through the SSLContext.set_ecdh_curve() method and the - ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE option. - -- Issue #13635: Add ssl.OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE, so that SSL servers - choose the cipher based on their own preferences, rather than on the - client's. - -- Issue #11813: Fix inspect.getattr_static for modules. Patch by Andreas - Stührk. - -- Issue #7502: Fix equality comparison for DocTestCase instances. Patch by - Cédric Krier. - -- Issue #11870: threading: Properly reinitialize threads internal locks and - condition variables to avoid deadlocks in child processes. - -- Issue #8035: urllib: Fix a bug where the client could remain stuck after a - redirection or an error. - -- Issue #13560: os.strerror() now uses the current locale encoding instead of - UTF-8. - -- Issue #8373: The filesystem path of AF_UNIX sockets now uses the filesystem - encoding and the surrogateescape error handler, rather than UTF-8. Patch - by David Watson. - -- Issue #10350: Read and save errno before calling a function which might - overwrite it. Original patch by Hallvard B Furuseth. - -- Issue #11610: Introduce a more general way to declare abstract properties. - -- Issue #13591: A bug in importlib has been fixed that caused import_module - to load a module twice. - -- Issue #13449 sched.scheduler.run() method has a new "blocking" parameter which - when set to False makes run() execute the scheduled events due to expire - soonest (if any) and then return. Patch by Giampaolo Rodolà . - -- Issue #8684 sched.scheduler class can be safely used in multi-threaded - environments. Patch by Josiah Carlson and Giampaolo Rodolà . - -- Alias resource.error to OSError ala PEP 3151. - -- Issue #5689: Add support for lzma compression to the tarfile module. - -- Issue #13248: Turn 3.2's PendingDeprecationWarning into 3.3's - DeprecationWarning. It covers 'cgi.escape', 'importlib.abc.PyLoader', - 'importlib.abc.PyPycLoader', 'nntplib.NNTP.xgtitle', 'nntplib.NNTP.xpath', - and private attributes of 'smtpd.SMTPChannel'. - -- Issue #5905, Issue #13560: time.strftime() is now using the current locale - encoding, instead of UTF-8, if the wcsftime() function is not available. - -- Issue #13464: Add a readinto() method to http.client.HTTPResponse. Patch - by Jon Kuhn. - -- tarfile.py: Correctly detect bzip2 compressed streams with blocksizes - other than 900k. - -- Issue #13439: Fix many errors in turtle docstrings. - -- Issue #6715: Add a module 'lzma' for compression using the LZMA algorithm. - Thanks to Per Øyvind Karlsen for the initial implementation. - -- Issue #13487: Make inspect.getmodule robust against changes done to - sys.modules while it is iterating over it. - -- Issue #12618: Fix a bug that prevented py_compile from creating byte - compiled files in the current directory. Initial patch by Sjoerd de Vries. - -- Issue #13444: When stdout has been closed explicitly, we should not attempt - to flush it at shutdown and print an error. - -- Issue #12567: The curses module uses Unicode functions for Unicode arguments - when it is linked to the ncurses library. It encodes also Unicode strings to - the locale encoding instead of UTF-8. - -- Issue #12856: Ensure child processes do not inherit the parent's random - seed for filename generation in the tempfile module. Patch by Brian - Harring. - -- Issue #9957: SpooledTemporaryFile.truncate() now accepts an optional size - parameter, as other file-like objects. Patch by Ryan Kelly. - -- Issue #13458: Fix a memory leak in the ssl module when decoding a - certificate with a subjectAltName. Patch by Robert Xiao. - -- Issue #13415: os.unsetenv() doesn't ignore errors anymore. - -- Issue #13245: sched.scheduler class constructor's timefunc and - delayfunct parameters are now optional. - scheduler.enter and scheduler.enterabs methods gained a new kwargs parameter. - Patch contributed by Chris Clark. - -- Issue #12328: Under Windows, refactor handling of Ctrl-C events and - make _multiprocessing.win32.WaitForMultipleObjects interruptible when - the wait_flag parameter is false. Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #13322: Fix BufferedWriter.write() to ensure that BlockingIOError is - raised when the wrapped raw file is non-blocking and the write would block. - Previous code assumed that the raw write() would raise BlockingIOError, but - RawIOBase.write() is defined to returned None when the call would block. - Patch by sbt. - -- Issue #13358: HTMLParser now calls handle_data only once for each CDATA. - -- Issue #4147: minidom's toprettyxml no longer adds whitespace around a text - node when it is the only child of an element. Initial patch by Dan - Kenigsberg. - -- Issue #13374: The Windows bytes API has been deprecated in the os module. Use - Unicode filenames instead of bytes filenames to not depend on the ANSI code - page anymore and to support any filename. - -- Issue #13297: Use bytes type to send and receive binary data through XMLRPC. - -- Issue #6397: Support "/dev/poll" polling objects in select module, - under Solaris & derivatives. - -- Issues #1745761, #755670, #13357, #12629, #1200313: HTMLParser now correctly - handles non-valid attributes, including adjacent and unquoted attributes. - -- Issue #13193: Fix distutils.filelist.FileList and packaging.manifest.Manifest - under Windows. - -- Issue #13384: Remove unnecessary __future__ import in Lib/random.py - -- Issue #13149: Speed up append-only StringIO objects. - -- Issue #13373: multiprocessing.Queue.get() could sometimes block indefinitely - when called with a timeout. Patch by Arnaud Ysmal. - -- Issue #13254: Fix Maildir initialization so that maildir contents - are read correctly. - -- Issue #3067: locale.setlocale() now raises TypeError if the second - argument is an invalid iterable. Its documentation and docstring - were also updated. Initial patch by Jyrki Pulliainen. - -- Issue #13140: Fix the daemon_threads attribute of ThreadingMixIn. - -- Issue #13339: Fix compile error in posixmodule.c due to missing semicolon. - Thanks to Robert Xiao. - -- Byte compilation in packaging is now isolated from the calling Python -B or - -O options, instead of being disallowed under -B or buggy under -O. - -- Issue #10570: curses.putp() and curses.tparm() are now expecting a byte - string, instead of a Unicode string. - -- Issue #13295: http.server now produces valid HTML 4.01 strict. - -- Issue #2892: preserve iterparse events in case of SyntaxError. - -- Issue #13287: urllib.request and urllib.error now contains an __all__ - attribute to expose only relevant classes and functions. Patch by Florent - Xicluna. - -- Issue #670664: Fix HTMLParser to correctly handle the content of - ``<script>...</script>`` and ``<style>...</style>``. - -- Issue #10817: Fix urlretrieve function to raise ContentTooShortError even - when reporthook is None. Patch by Jyrki Pulliainen. - -- Fix the xmlrpc.client user agent to return something similar to - urllib.request user agent: "Python-xmlrpc/3.3". - -- Issue #13293: Better error message when trying to marshal bytes using - xmlrpc.client. - -- Issue #13291: NameError in xmlrpc package. - -- Issue #13258: Use callable() built-in in the standard library. - -- Issue #13273: fix a bug that prevented HTMLParser to properly detect some - tags when strict=False. - -- Issue #11183: Add finer-grained exceptions to the ssl module, so that - you don't have to inspect the exception's attributes in the common case. - -- Issue #13216: Add cp65001 codec, the Windows UTF-8 (CP_UTF8). - -- Issue #13226: Add RTLD_xxx constants to the os module. These constants can be - used with sys.setdlopenflags(). - -- Issue #10278: Add clock_getres(), clock_gettime() and CLOCK_xxx constants to - the time module. time.clock_gettime(time.CLOCK_MONOTONIC) provides a - monotonic clock - -- Issue #10332: multiprocessing: fix a race condition when a Pool is closed - before all tasks have completed. - -- Issue #13255: wrong docstrings in array module. - -- Issue #8540: Remove deprecated Context._clamp attribute in Decimal module. - -- Issue #13235: Added DeprecationWarning to logging.warn() method and function. - -- Issue #9168: now smtpd is able to bind privileged port. - -- Issue #12529: fix cgi.parse_header issue on strings with double-quotes and - semicolons together. Patch by Ben Darnell and Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #13227: functools.lru_cache() now has a option to distinguish - calls with different argument types. - -- Issue #6090: zipfile raises a ValueError when a document with a timestamp - earlier than 1980 is provided. Patch contributed by Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #13150: sysconfig no longer parses the Makefile and config.h files - when imported, instead doing it at build time. This makes importing - sysconfig faster and reduces Python startup time by 20%. - -- Issue #12448: smtplib now flushes stdout while running ``python -m smtplib`` - in order to display the prompt correctly. - -- Issue #12454: The mailbox module is now using ASCII, instead of the locale - encoding, to read and write .mh_sequences files. - -- Issue #13194: zlib.compressobj().copy() and zlib.decompressobj().copy() are - now available on Windows. - -- Issue #1673007: urllib.request now supports HEAD request via new method argument. - Patch contributions by David Stanek, Patrick Westerhoff and Ezio Melotti. - -- Issue #12386: packaging does not fail anymore when writing the RESOURCES - file. - -- Issue #13158: Fix decoding and encoding of GNU tar specific base-256 number - fields in tarfile. - -- Issue #13025: mimetypes is now reading MIME types using the UTF-8 encoding, - instead of the locale encoding. - -- Issue #10653: On Windows, use strftime() instead of wcsftime() because - wcsftime() doesn't format time zone correctly. - -- Issue #13150: The tokenize module doesn't compile large regular expressions - at startup anymore. - -- Issue #11171: Fix distutils.sysconfig.get_makefile_filename when Python was - configured with different prefix and exec-prefix. - -- Issue #11254: Teach distutils and packaging to compile .pyc and .pyo files in - PEP 3147-compliant __pycache__ directories. - -- Issue #7367: Fix pkgutil.walk_paths to skip directories whose - contents cannot be read. - -- Issue #3163: The struct module gets new format characters 'n' and 'N' - supporting C integer types ``ssize_t`` and ``size_t``, respectively. - -- Issue #13099: Fix sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid under a Turkish locale. - Reported and diagnosed by Thomas Kluyver. - -- Issue #13087: BufferedReader.seek() now always raises UnsupportedOperation - if the underlying raw stream is unseekable, even if the seek could be - satisfied using the internal buffer. Patch by John O'Connor. - -- Issue #7689: Allow pickling of dynamically created classes when their - metaclass is registered with copyreg. Patch by Nicolas M. Thiéry and Craig - Citro. - -- Issue #13034: When decoding some SSL certificates, the subjectAltName - extension could be unreported. - -- Issue #12306: Expose the runtime version of the zlib C library as a constant, - ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION, in the zlib module. Patch by Torsten Landschoff. - -- Issue #12959: Add collections.ChainMap to collections.__all__. - -- Issue #8933: distutils' PKG-INFO files and packaging's METADATA files will - now correctly report Metadata-Version: 1.1 instead of 1.0 if a Classifier or - Download-URL field is present. - -- Issue #12567: Add curses.unget_wch() function. Push a character so the next - get_wch() will return it. - -- Issue #9561: distutils and packaging now writes egg-info files using UTF-8, - instead of the locale encoding. - -- Issue #8286: The distutils command sdist will print a warning message instead - of crashing when an invalid path is given in the manifest template. - -- Issue #12841: tarfile unnecessarily checked the existence of numerical user - and group ids on extraction. If one of them did not exist the respective id - of the current user (i.e. root) was used for the file and ownership - information was lost. - -- Issue #12888: Fix a bug in HTMLParser.unescape that prevented it to escape - more than 128 entities. Patch by Peter Otten. - -- Issue #12878: Expose a __dict__ attribute on io.IOBase and its subclasses. - -- Issue #12494: On error, call(), check_call(), check_output() and - getstatusoutput() functions of the subprocess module now kill the process, - read its status (to avoid zombis) and close pipes. - -- Issue #12720: Expose low-level Linux extended file attribute functions in os. - -- Issue #10946: The distutils commands bdist_dumb, bdist_wininst and bdist_msi - now respect a --skip-build option given to bdist. The packaging commands - were fixed too. - -- Issue #12847: Fix a crash with negative PUT and LONG_BINPUT arguments in - the C pickle implementation. - -- Issue #11564: Avoid crashes when trying to pickle huge objects or containers - (more than 2**31 items). Instead, in most cases, an OverflowError is raised. - -- Issue #12287: Fix a stack corruption in ossaudiodev module when the FD is - greater than FD_SETSIZE. - -- Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch. - Fix by Richard M. Tew. - -- Issue #9923: The mailcap module now correctly uses the platform path - separator for the MAILCAP environment variable on non-POSIX platforms. - -- Issue #12835: Follow up to #6560 that unconditionally prevents use of the - unencrypted sendmsg/recvmsg APIs on SSL wrapped sockets. Patch by David - Watson. - -- Issue #12803: SSLContext.load_cert_chain() now accepts a password argument - to be used if the private key is encrypted. Patch by Adam Simpkins. - -- Issue #11657: Fix sending file descriptors over 255 over a multiprocessing - Pipe. - -- Issue #12811: tabnanny.check() now promptly closes checked files. Patch by - Anthony Briggs. - -- Issue #6560: The sendmsg/recvmsg API is now exposed by the socket module - when provided by the underlying platform, supporting processing of - ancillary data in pure Python code. Patch by David Watson and Heiko Wundram. - -- Issue #12326: On Linux, sys.platform doesn't contain the major version - anymore. It is now always 'linux', instead of 'linux2' or 'linux3' depending - on the Linux version used to build Python. - -- Issue #12213: Fix a buffering bug with interleaved reads and writes that - could appear on BufferedRandom streams. - -- Issue #12778: Reduce memory consumption when JSON-encoding a large - container of many small objects. - -- Issue #12650: Fix a race condition where a subprocess.Popen could leak - resources (FD/zombie) when killed at the wrong time. - -- Issue #12744: Fix inefficient representation of integers between 2**31 and - 2**63 on systems with a 64-bit C "long". - -- Issue #12646: Add an 'eof' attribute to zlib.Decompress, to make it easier to - detect truncated input streams. - -- Issue #11513: Fix exception handling ``tarfile.TarFile.gzopen()`` when - the file cannot be opened. - -- Issue #12687: Fix a possible buffering bug when unpickling text mode - (protocol 0, mostly) pickles. - -- Issue #10087: Fix the html output format of the calendar module. - -- Issue #13121: add support for inplace math operators to collections.Counter. - -- Add support for unary plus and unary minus to collections.Counter. - -- Issue #12683: urlparse updated to include svn as schemes that uses relative - paths. (svn from 1.5 onwards support relative path). - -- Issue #12655: Expose functions from sched.h in the os module: sched_yield(), - sched_setscheduler(), sched_getscheduler(), sched_setparam(), - sched_get_min_priority(), sched_get_max_priority(), sched_rr_get_interval(), - sched_getaffinity(), sched_setaffinity(). - -- Add ThreadError to threading.__all__. - -- Issues #11104, #8688: Fix the behavior of distutils' sdist command with - manually-maintained MANIFEST files. - -- Issue #11281: smtplib.STMP gets source_address parameter, which adds the - ability to bind to specific source address on a machine with multiple - interfaces. Patch by Paulo Scardine. - -- Issue #12464: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory.cleanup() should not follow - symlinks: fix it. Patch by Petri Lehtinen. - -- Issue #8887: "pydoc somebuiltin.somemethod" (or help('somebuiltin.somemethod') - in Python code) now finds the doc of the method. - -- Issue #10968: Remove indirection in threading. The public names (Event, - Condition, etc.) used to be factory functions returning instances of hidden - classes (_Event, _Condition, etc.), because (if Guido recalls correctly) this - code pre-dates the ability to subclass extension types. It is now possible - to inherit from these classes, without having to import the private - underscored names like multiprocessing did. - -- Issue #9723: Add shlex.quote functions, to escape filenames and command - lines. - -- Issue #12603: Fix pydoc.synopsis() on files with non-negative st_mtime. - -- Issue #12514: Use try/finally to assure the timeit module restores garbage - collections when it is done. - -- Issue #12607: In subprocess, fix issue where if stdin, stdout or stderr is - given as a low fd, it gets overwritten. - -- Issue #12576: Fix urlopen behavior on sites which do not send (or obfuscates) - ``Connection: close`` header. - -- Issue #12560: Build libpython.so on OpenBSD. Patch by Stefan Sperling. - -- Issue #1813: Fix codec lookup under Turkish locales. - -- Issue #12591: Improve support of "universal newlines" in the subprocess - module: the piped streams can now be properly read from or written to. - -- Issue #12591: Allow io.TextIOWrapper to work with raw IO objects (without - a read1() method), and add a *write_through* parameter to mandate - unbuffered writes. - -- Issue #10883: Fix socket leaks in urllib.request when using FTP. - -- Issue #12592: Make Python build on OpenBSD 5 (and future major releases). - -- Issue #12372: POSIX semaphores are broken on AIX: don't use them. - -- Issue #12551: Provide a get_channel_binding() method on SSL sockets so as - to get channel binding data for the current SSL session (only the - "tls-unique" channel binding is implemented). This allows the implementation - of certain authentication mechanisms such as SCRAM-SHA-1-PLUS. Patch by - Jacek Konieczny. - -- Issue #665194: email.utils now has format_datetime and parsedate_to_datetime - functions, allowing for round tripping of RFC2822 format dates. - -- Issue #12571: Add a plat-linux3 directory mirroring the plat-linux2 - directory, so that "import DLFCN" and other similar imports work on - Linux 3.0. - -- Issue #7484: smtplib no longer puts <> around addresses in VRFY and EXPN - commands; they aren't required and in fact postfix doesn't support that form. - -- Issue #12273: Remove ast.__version__. AST changes can be accounted for by - checking sys.version_info or sys._mercurial. - -- Silence spurious "broken pipe" tracebacks when shutting down a - ProcessPoolExecutor. - -- Fix potential resource leaks in concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor - by joining all queues and processes when shutdown() is called. - -- Issue #11603: Fix a crash when __str__ is rebound as __repr__. Patch by - Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #11321: Fix a crash with multiple imports of the _pickle module when - embedding Python. Patch by Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #6755: Add get_wch() method to curses.window class. Patch by Iñigo - Serna. - -- Add cgi.closelog() function to close the log file. - -- Issue #12502: asyncore: fix polling loop with AF_UNIX sockets. - -- Issue #4376: ctypes now supports nested structures in a endian different than - the parent structure. Patch by Vlad Riscutia. - -- Raise ValueError when attempting to set the _CHUNK_SIZE attribute of a - TextIOWrapper to a huge value, not TypeError. - -- Issue #12504: Close file handles in a timely manner in packaging.database. - This fixes a bug with the remove (uninstall) feature on Windows. - -- Issues #12169 and #10510: Factor out code used by various packaging commands - to make HTTP POST requests, and make sure it uses CRLF. - -- Issue #12016: Multibyte CJK decoders now resynchronize faster. They only - ignore the first byte of an invalid byte sequence. For example, - b'\xff\n'.decode('gb2312', 'replace') gives '\ufffd\n' instead of '\ufffd'. - -- Issue #12459: time.sleep() now raises a ValueError if the sleep length is - negative, instead of an infinite sleep on Windows or raising an IOError on - Linux for example, to have the same behaviour on all platforms. - -- Issue #12451: pydoc: html_getfile() now uses tokenize.open() to support - Python scripts using a encoding different than UTF-8 (read the coding cookie - of the script). - -- Issue #12493: subprocess: Popen.communicate() now also handles EINTR errors - if the process has only one pipe. - -- Issue #12467: warnings: fix a race condition if a warning is emitted at - shutdown, if globals()['__file__'] is None. - -- Issue #12451: pydoc: importfile() now opens the Python script in binary mode, - instead of text mode using the locale encoding, to avoid encoding issues. - -- Issue #12451: runpy: run_path() now opens the Python script in binary mode, - instead of text mode using the locale encoding, to support other encodings - than UTF-8 (scripts using the coding cookie). - -- Issue #12451: xml.dom.pulldom: parse() now opens files in binary mode instead - of the text mode (using the locale encoding) to avoid encoding issues. - -- Issue #12147: Adjust the new-in-3.2 smtplib.send_message method for better - conformance to the RFCs: correctly handle Sender and Resent- headers. - -- Issue #12352: Fix a deadlock in multiprocessing.Heap when a block is freed by - the garbage collector while the Heap lock is held. - -- Issue #12462: time.sleep() now immediately calls the (Python) signal handler - if it is interrupted by a signal, instead of having to wait until the next - instruction. - -- Issue #12442: new shutil.disk_usage function, providing total, used and free - disk space statistics. - -- Issue #12451: The XInclude default loader of xml.etree now decodes files from - UTF-8 instead of the locale encoding if the encoding is not specified. It now - also opens XML files for the parser in binary mode instead of the text mode - to avoid encoding issues. - -- Issue #12451: doctest.debug_script() doesn't create a temporary file - anymore to avoid encoding issues. - -- Issue #12451: pydoc.synopsis() now reads the encoding cookie if available, - to read the Python script from the right encoding. - -- Issue #12451: distutils now opens the setup script in binary mode to read the - encoding cookie, instead of opening it in UTF-8. - -- Issue #9516: On Mac OS X, change Distutils to no longer globally attempt to - check or set the MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET environment variable for the - interpreter process. This could cause failures in non-Distutils subprocesses - and was unreliable since tests or user programs could modify the interpreter - environment after Distutils set it. Instead, have Distutils set the - deployment target only in the environment of each build subprocess. It is - still possible to globally override the default by setting - MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET before launching the interpreter; its value must be - greater or equal to the default value, the value with which the interpreter - was built. Also, implement the same handling in packaging. - -- Issue #12422: In the copy module, don't store objects that are their own copy - in the memo dict. - -- Issue #12303: Add sigwaitinfo() and sigtimedwait() to the signal module. - -- Issue #12404: Remove C89 incompatible code from mmap module. Patch by Akira - Kitada. - -- Issue #1874: email now detects and reports as a defect the presence of - any CTE other than 7bit, 8bit, or binary on a multipart. - -- Issue #12383: Fix subprocess module with env={}: don't copy the environment - variables, start with an empty environment. - -- Issue #11637: Fix support for importing packaging setup hooks from the - project directory. - -- Issue #6771: Moved the curses.wrapper function from the single-function - wrapper module into __init__, eliminating the module. Since __init__ was - already importing the function to curses.wrapper, there is no API change. - -- Issue #11584: email.header.decode_header no longer fails if the header - passed to it is a Header object, and Header/make_header no longer fail - if given binary unknown-8bit input. - -- Issue #11700: mailbox proxy object close methods can now be called multiple - times without error. - -- Issue #11767: Correct file descriptor leak in mailbox's __getitem__ method. - -- Issue #12133: AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open() of urllib.request closes the HTTP - connection if its getresponse() method fails with a socket error. Patch - written by Ezio Melotti. - -- Issue #12240: Allow multiple setup hooks in packaging's setup.cfg files. - Original patch by Erik Bray. - -- Issue #9284: Allow inspect.findsource() to find the source of doctest - functions. - -- Issue #11595: Fix assorted bugs in packaging.util.cfg_to_args, a - compatibility helper for the distutils-packaging transition. Original patch - by Erik Bray. - -- Issue #12287: In ossaudiodev, check that the device isn't closed in several - methods. - -- Issue #12009: Fixed regression in netrc file comment handling. - -- Issue #12246: Warn and fail when trying to install a third-party project from - an uninstalled Python (built in a source checkout). Original patch by - Tshepang Lekhonkhobe. - -- Issue #10694: zipfile now ignores garbage at the end of a zipfile. - -- Issue #12283: Fixed regression in smtplib quoting of leading dots in DATA. - -- Issue #10424: Argparse now includes the names of the missing required - arguments in the missing arguments error message. - -- Issue #12168: SysLogHandler now allows NUL termination to be controlled using - a new 'append_nul' attribute on the handler. - -- Issue #11583: Speed up os.path.isdir on Windows by using GetFileAttributes - instead of os.stat. - -- Issue #12021: Make mmap's read() method argument optional. Patch by Petri - Lehtinen. - -- Issue #9205: concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor now detects killed - children and raises BrokenProcessPool in such a situation. Previously it - would reliably freeze/deadlock. - -- Issue #12040: Expose a new attribute ``sentinel`` on instances of - ``multiprocessing.Process``. Also, fix Process.join() to not use polling - anymore, when given a timeout. - -- Issue #11893: Remove obsolete internal wrapper class ``SSLFakeFile`` in the - smtplib module. Patch by Catalin Iacob. - -- Issue #12080: Fix a Decimal.power() case that took an unreasonably long time - to compute. - -- Issue #12221: Remove __version__ attributes from pyexpat, pickle, tarfile, - pydoc, tkinter, and xml.parsers.expat. This were useless version constants - left over from the Mercurial transition - -- Named tuples now work correctly with vars(). - -- Issue #12085: Fix an attribute error in subprocess.Popen destructor if the - constructor has failed, e.g. because of an undeclared keyword argument. Patch - written by Oleg Oshmyan. - -- Issue #12028: Make threading._get_ident() public, rename it to - threading.get_ident() and document it. This function was already used using - _thread.get_ident(). - -- Issue #12171: IncrementalEncoder.reset() of CJK codecs (multibytecodec) calls - encreset() instead of decreset(). - -- Issue #12218: Removed wsgiref.egg-info. - -- Issue #12196: Add pipe2() to the os module. - -- Issue #985064: Make plistlib more resilient to faulty input plists. - Patch by Mher Movsisyan. - -- Issue #1625: BZ2File and bz2.decompress() now support multi-stream files. - Initial patch by Nir Aides. - -- Issue #12175: BufferedReader.read(-1) now calls raw.readall() if available. - -- Issue #12175: FileIO.readall() now only reads the file position and size - once. - -- Issue #12175: RawIOBase.readall() now returns None if read() returns None. - -- Issue #12175: FileIO.readall() now raises a ValueError instead of an IOError - if the file is closed. - -- Issue #11109: New service_action method for BaseServer, used by ForkingMixin - class for cleanup. Initial Patch by Justin Warkentin. - -- Issue #12045: Avoid duplicate execution of command in - ctypes.util._get_soname(). Patch by Sijin Joseph. - -- Issue #10818: Remove the Tk GUI and the serve() function of the pydoc module, - pydoc -g has been deprecated in Python 3.2 and it has a new enhanced web - server. - -- Issue #1441530: In imaplib, read the data in one chunk to speed up large - reads and simplify code. - -- Issue #12070: Fix the Makefile parser of the sysconfig module to handle - correctly references to "bogus variable" (e.g. "prefix=$/opt/python"). - -- Issue #12100: Don't reset incremental encoders of CJK codecs at each call to - their encode() method anymore, but continue to call the reset() method if the - final argument is True. - -- Issue #12049: Add RAND_bytes() and RAND_pseudo_bytes() functions to the ssl - module. - -- Issue #6501: os.device_encoding() returns None on Windows if the application - has no console. - -- Issue #12105: Add O_CLOEXEC to the os module. - -- Issue #12079: Decimal('Infinity').fma(Decimal('0'), (3.91224318126786e+19+0j)) - now raises TypeError (reflecting the invalid type of the 3rd argument) rather - than Decimal.InvalidOperation. - -- Issue #12124: zipimport doesn't keep a reference to zlib.decompress() anymore - to be able to unload the module. - -- Add the packaging module, an improved fork of distutils (also known as - distutils2). - -- Issue #12065: connect_ex() on an SSL socket now returns the original errno - when the socket's timeout expires (it used to return None). - -- Issue #8809: The SMTP_SSL constructor and SMTP.starttls() now support - passing a ``context`` argument pointing to an ssl.SSLContext instance. - Patch by Kasun Herath. - -- Issue #9516: Issue #9516: avoid errors in sysconfig when MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET - is set in shell. - -- Issue #8650: Make zlib module 64-bit clean. compress(), decompress() and - their incremental counterparts now raise OverflowError if given an input - larger than 4GB, instead of silently truncating the input and returning - an incorrect result. - -- Issue #12050: zlib.decompressobj().decompress() now clears the unconsumed_tail - attribute when called without a max_length argument. - -- Issue #12062: Fix a flushing bug when doing a certain type of I/O sequence - on a file opened in read+write mode (namely: reading, seeking a bit forward, - writing, then seeking before the previous write but still within buffered - data, and writing again). - -- Issue #9971: Write an optimized implementation of BufferedReader.readinto(). - Patch by John O'Connor. - -- Issue #11799: urllib.request Authentication Handlers will raise a ValueError - when presented with an unsupported Authentication Scheme. Patch contributed - by Yuval Greenfield. - -- Issue #10419, #6011: build_scripts command of distutils handles correctly - non-ASCII path (path to the Python executable). Open and write the script in - binary mode, but ensure that the shebang is decodable from UTF-8 and from the - encoding of the script. - -- Issue #8498: In socket.accept(), allow to specify 0 as a backlog value in - order to accept exactly one connection. Patch by Daniel Evers. - -- Issue #12011: signal.signal() and signal.siginterrupt() raise an OSError, - instead of a RuntimeError: OSError has an errno attribute. - -- Issue #3709: add a flush_headers method to BaseHTTPRequestHandler, which - manages the sending of headers to output stream and flushing the internal - headers buffer. Patch contribution by Andrew Schaaf - -- Issue #11743: Rewrite multiprocessing connection classes in pure Python. - -- Issue #11164: Stop trying to use _xmlplus in the xml module. - -- Issue #11888: Add log2 function to math module. Patch written by Mark - Dickinson. - -- Issue #12012: ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2 becomes optional. - -- Issue #8407: The signal handler writes the signal number as a single byte - instead of a nul byte into the wakeup file descriptor. So it is possible to - wait more than one signal and know which signals were raised. - -- Issue #8407: Add pthread_kill(), sigpending() and sigwait() functions to the - signal module. - -- Issue #11927: SMTP_SSL now uses port 465 by default as documented. Patch - by Kasun Herath. - -- Issue #12002: ftplib's abort() method raises TypeError. - -- Issue #11916: Add a number of MacOSX specific definitions to the errno module. - Patch by Pierre Carrier. - -- Issue #11999: fixed sporadic sync failure mailbox.Maildir due to its trying to - detect mtime changes by comparing to the system clock instead of to the - previous value of the mtime. - -- Issue #11072: added MLSD command (RFC-3659) support to ftplib. - -- Issue #8808: The IMAP4_SSL constructor now allows passing an SSLContext - parameter to control parameters of the secure channel. Patch by Sijin - Joseph. - -- ntpath.samefile failed to notice that "a.txt" and "A.TXT" refer to the same - file on Windows XP. As noticed in issue #10684. - -- Issue #12000: When a SSL certificate has a subjectAltName without any - dNSName entry, ssl.match_hostname() should use the subject's commonName. - Patch by Nicolas Bareil. - -- Issue #10775: assertRaises, assertRaisesRegex, assertWarns, and - assertWarnsRegex now accept a keyword argument 'msg' when used as context - managers. Initial patch by Winston Ewert. - -- Issue #10684: shutil.move used to delete a folder on case insensitive - filesystems when the source and destination name where the same except - for the case. - -- Issue #11647: objects created using contextlib.contextmanager now support - more than one call to the function when used as a decorator. Initial patch - by Ysj Ray. - -- Issue #11930: Removed deprecated time.accept2dyear variable. - Removed year >= 1000 restriction from datetime.strftime. - -- logging: don't define QueueListener if Python has no thread support. - -- functools.cmp_to_key() now works with collections.Hashable(). - -- Issue #11277: mmap.mmap() calls fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC) on Mac OS X to get - around a mmap bug with sparse files. Patch written by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso. - -- Issue #8407: Add signal.pthread_sigmask() function to fetch and/or change the - signal mask of the calling thread. - -- Issue #11858: configparser.ExtendedInterpolation expected lower-case section - names. - -- Issue #11324: ConfigParser(interpolation=None) now works correctly. - -- Issue #11811: ssl.get_server_certificate() is now IPv6-compatible. Patch - by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #11763: don't use difflib in TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual if the - strings are too long. - -- Issue #11236: getpass.getpass responds to ctrl-c or ctrl-z on terminal. - -- Issue #11856: Speed up parsing of JSON numbers. - -- Issue #11005: threading.RLock()._release_save() raises a RuntimeError if the - lock was not acquired. - -- Issue #11258: Speed up ctypes.util.find_library() under Linux by a factor - of 5 to 10. Initial patch by Jonas H. - -- Issue #11382: Trivial system calls, such as dup() or pipe(), needn't - release the GIL. Patch by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #11223: Add threading._info() function providing informations about - the thread implementation. - -- Issue #11731: simplify/enhance email parser/generator API by introducing - policy objects. - -- Issue #11768: The signal handler of the signal module only calls - Py_AddPendingCall() for the first signal to fix a deadlock on reentrant or - parallel calls. PyErr_SetInterrupt() writes also into the wake up file. - -- Issue #11492: fix several issues with header folding in the email package. - -- Issue #11852: Add missing imports and update tests. - -- Issue #11875: collections.OrderedDict's __reduce__ was temporarily - mutating the object instead of just working on a copy. - -- Issue #11467: Fix urlparse behavior when handling urls which contains scheme - specific part only digits. Patch by Santoso Wijaya. - -- collections.Counter().copy() now works correctly for subclasses. - -- Issue #11474: Fix the bug with url2pathname() handling of '/C|/' on Windows. - Patch by Santoso Wijaya. - -- Issue #11684: complete email.parser bytes API by adding BytesHeaderParser. - -- The bz2 module now handles 4GiB+ input buffers correctly. - -- Issue #9233: Fix json.loads('{}') to return a dict (instead of a list), when - _json is not available. - -- Issue #11830: Remove unnecessary introspection code in the decimal module. - -- Issue #11703: urllib2.geturl() does not return correct url when the original - url contains #fragment. - -- Issue #10019: Fixed regression in json module where an indent of 0 stopped - adding newlines and acted instead like 'None'. - -- Issue #11186: pydoc ignores a module if its name contains a surrogate - character in the index of modules. - -- Issue #11815: Use a light-weight SimpleQueue for the result queue in - concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor. - -- Issue #5162: Treat services like frozen executables to allow child spawning - from multiprocessing.forking on Windows. - -- logging.basicConfig now supports an optional 'handlers' argument taking an - iterable of handlers to be added to the root logger. Additional parameter - checks were also added to basicConfig. - -- Issue #11814: Fix likely typo in multiprocessing.Pool._terminate(). - -- Issue #11747: Fix range formatting in difflib.context_diff() and - difflib.unified_diff(). - -- Issue #8428: Fix a race condition in multiprocessing.Pool when terminating - worker processes: new processes would be spawned while the pool is being - shut down. Patch by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #2650: re.escape() no longer escapes the '_'. - -- Issue #11757: select.select() now raises ValueError when a negative timeout - is passed (previously, a select.error with EINVAL would be raised). Patch - by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #7311: fix html.parser to accept non-ASCII attribute values. - -- Issue #11605: email.parser.BytesFeedParser was incorrectly converting - multipart subparts with an 8-bit CTE into unicode instead of preserving the - bytes. - -- Issue #1690608: email.util.formataddr is now RFC 2047 aware: it now has a - charset parameter that defaults to utf-8 and is used as the charset for RFC - 2047 encoding when the realname contains non-ASCII characters. - -- Issue #10963: Ensure that subprocess.communicate() never raises EPIPE. - -- Issue #10791: Implement missing method GzipFile.read1(), allowing GzipFile - to be wrapped in a TextIOWrapper. Patch by Nadeem Vawda. - -- Issue #11707: Added a fast C version of functools.cmp_to_key(). - Patch by Filip GruszczyÅ„ski. - -- Issue #11688: Add sqlite3.Connection.set_trace_callback(). Patch by - Torsten Landschoff. - -- Issue #11746: Fix SSLContext.load_cert_chain() to accept elliptic curve - private keys. - -- Issue #5863: Rewrite BZ2File in pure Python, and allow it to accept - file-like objects using a new ``fileobj`` constructor argument. Patch by - Nadeem Vawda. - -- unittest.TestCase.assertSameElements has been removed. - -- sys.getfilesystemencoding() raises a RuntimeError if initfsencoding() was not - called yet: detect bootstrap (startup) issues earlier. - -- Issue #11393: Add the new faulthandler module. - -- Issue #11618: Fix the timeout logic in threading.Lock.acquire() under Windows. - -- Removed the 'strict' argument to email.parser.Parser, which has been - deprecated since Python 2.4. - -- Issue #11256: Fix inspect.getcallargs on functions that take only keyword - arguments. - -- Issue #11696: Fix ID generation in msilib. - -- itertools.accumulate now supports an optional *func* argument for - a user-supplied binary function. - -- Issue #11692: Remove unnecessary demo functions in subprocess module. - -- Issue #9696: Fix exception incorrectly raised by xdrlib.Packer.pack_int when - trying to pack a negative (in-range) integer. - -- Issue #11675: multiprocessing.[Raw]Array objects created from an integer size - are now zeroed on creation. This matches the behaviour specified by the - documentation. - -- Issue #7639: Fix short file name generation in bdist_msi - -- Issue #11635: Don't use polling in worker threads and processes launched by - concurrent.futures. - -- Issue #5845: Automatically read readline configuration to enable completion - in interactive mode. - -- Issue #6811: Allow importlib to change a code object's co_filename attribute - to match the path to where the source code currently is, not where the code - object originally came from. - -- Issue #8754: Have importlib use the repr of a module name in error messages. - -- Issue #11591: Prevent "import site" from modifying sys.path when python - was started with -S. - -- collections.namedtuple() now adds a _source attribute to the generated - class. This make the source more accessible than the outdated - "verbose" option which prints to stdout but doesn't make the source - string available. - -- Issue #11371: Mark getopt error messages as localizable. Patch by Filip - GruszczyÅ„ski. - -- Issue #11333: Add __slots__ to collections ABCs. - -- Issue #11628: cmp_to_key generated class should use __slots__. - -- Issue #11666: let help() display named tuple attributes and methods - that start with a leading underscore. - -- Issue #11662: Make urllib and urllib2 ignore redirections if the - scheme is not HTTP, HTTPS or FTP (CVE-2011-1521). - -- Issue #5537: Fix time2isoz() and time2netscape() functions of - httplib.cookiejar for expiration year greater than 2038 on 32-bit systems. - -- Issue #4391: Use proper gettext plural forms in optparse. - -- Issue #11127: Raise a TypeError when trying to pickle a socket object. - -- Issue #11563: ``Connection: close`` header is sent by requests using URLOpener - class which helps in closing of sockets after connection is over. Patch - contributions by Jeff McNeil and Nadeem Vawda. - -- Issue #11459: A ``bufsize`` value of 0 in subprocess.Popen() really creates - unbuffered pipes, such that select() works properly on them. - -- Issue #5421: Fix misleading error message when one of socket.sendto()'s - arguments has the wrong type. Patch by Nikita Vetoshkin. - -- Issue #10812: Add some extra posix functions to the os module. - -- Issue #10979: unittest stdout buffering now works with class and module - setup and teardown. - -- Issue #11243: fix the parameter querying methods of Message to work if - the headers contain un-encoded non-ASCII data. - -- Issue #11401: fix handling of headers with no value; this fixes a regression - relative to Python2 and the result is now the same as it was in Python2. - -- Issue #9298: base64 bodies weren't being folded to line lengths less than 78, - which was a regression relative to Python2. Unlike Python2, the last line - of the folded body now ends with a carriage return. - -- Issue #11560: shutil.unpack_archive now correctly handles the format - parameter. Patch by Evan Dandrea. - -- Issue #5870: Add `subprocess.DEVNULL` constant. - -- Issue #11133: fix two cases where inspect.getattr_static can trigger code - execution. Patch by Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #11569: use absolute path to the sysctl command in multiprocessing to - ensure that it will be found regardless of the shell PATH. This ensures - that multiprocessing.cpu_count works on default installs of MacOSX. - -- Issue #11501: disutils.archive_utils.make_zipfile no longer fails if zlib is - not installed. Instead, the zipfile.ZIP_STORED compression is used to create - the ZipFile. Patch by Natalia B. Bidart. - -- Issue #11289: `smtp.SMTP` class is now a context manager so it can be used - in a `with` statement. Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola. - -- Issue #11554: Fixed support for Japanese codecs; previously the body output - encoding was not done if euc-jp or shift-jis was specified as the charset. - -- Issue #11407: `TestCase.run` returns the result object used or created. - Contributed by Janathan Hartley. - -- Issue #11500: Fixed a bug in the OS X proxy bypass code for fully qualified - IP addresses in the proxy exception list. - -- Issue #11491: dbm.error is no longer raised when dbm.open is called with - the "n" as the flag argument and the file exists. The behavior matches - the documentation and general logic. - -- Issue #1162477: Postel Principle adjustment to email date parsing: handle the - fact that some non-compliant MUAs use '.' instead of ':' in time specs. - -- Issue #11131: Fix sign of zero in decimal.Decimal plus and minus - operations when the rounding mode is ROUND_FLOOR. - -- Issue #9935: Speed up pickling of instances of user-defined classes. - -- Issue #5622: Fix curses.wrapper to raise correct exception if curses - initialization fails. - -- Issue #11408: In threading.Lock.acquire(), only call gettimeofday() when - really necessary. Patch by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #11391: Writing to a mmap object created with - ``mmap.PROT_READ|mmap.PROT_EXEC`` would segfault instead of raising a - TypeError. Patch by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #9795: add context manager protocol support for nntplib.NNTP class. - -- Issue #11306: mailbox in certain cases adapts to an inability to open - certain files in read-write mode. Previously it detected this by - checking for EACCES, now it also checks for EROFS. - -- Issue #11265: asyncore now correctly handles EPIPE, EBADF and EAGAIN errors - on accept(), send() and recv(). - -- Issue #11377: Deprecate platform.popen() and reimplement it with os.popen(). - -- Issue #8513: On UNIX, subprocess supports bytes command string. - -- Issue #10866: Add socket.sethostname(). Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall. - -- Issue #11140: Lock.release() now raises a RuntimeError when attempting - to release an unacquired lock, as claimed in the threading documentation. - The _thread.error exception is now an alias of RuntimeError. Patch by - Filip GruszczyÅ„ski. Patch for _dummy_thread by Aymeric Augustin. - -- Issue #8594: ftplib now provides a source_address parameter to specify which - (address, port) to bind to before connecting. - -- Issue #11326: Add the missing connect_ex() implementation for SSL sockets, - and make it work for non-blocking connects. - -- Issue #11297: Add collections.ChainMap(). - -- Issue #10755: Add the posix.flistdir() function. Patch by Ross Lagerwall. - -- Issue #4761: Add the ``*at()`` family of functions (openat(), etc.) to the - posix module. Patch by Ross Lagerwall. - -- Issue #7322: Trying to read from a socket's file-like object after a timeout - occurred now raises an error instead of silently losing data. - -- Issue #11291: poplib.POP no longer suppresses errors on quit(). - -- Issue #11177: asyncore's create_socket() arguments can now be omitted. - -- Issue #6064: Add a ``daemon`` keyword argument to the threading.Thread - and multiprocessing.Process constructors in order to override the - default behaviour of inheriting the daemonic property from the current - thread/process. - -- Issue #10956: Buffered I/O classes retry reading or writing after a signal - has arrived and the handler returned successfully. - -- Issue #10784: New os.getpriority() and os.setpriority() functions. - -- Issue #11114: Fix catastrophic performance of tell() on text files (up - to 1000x faster in some cases). It is still one to two order of magnitudes - slower than binary tell(). - -- Issue #10882: Add os.sendfile function. - -- Issue #10868: Allow usage of the register method of an ABC as a class - decorator. - -- Issue #11224: Fixed a regression in tarfile that affected the file-like - objects returned by TarFile.extractfile() regarding performance, memory - consumption and failures with the stream interface. - -- Issue #10924: Adding salt and Modular Crypt Format to crypt library. - Moved old C wrapper to _crypt, and added a Python wrapper with - enhanced salt generation and simpler API for password generation. - -- Issue #11074: Make 'tokenize' so it can be reloaded. - -- Issue #11085: Moved collections abstract base classes into a separate - module called collections.abc, following the pattern used by importlib.abc. - For backwards compatibility, the names are imported into the collections - module. - -- Issue #4681: Allow mmap() to work on file sizes and offsets larger than - 4GB, even on 32-bit builds. Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall, adapted for - 32-bit Windows. - -- Issue #11169: compileall module uses repr() to format filenames and paths to - escape surrogate characters and show spaces. - -- Issue #11089: Fix performance issue limiting the use of ConfigParser() - with large config files. - -- Issue #10276: Fix the results of zlib.crc32() and zlib.adler32() on buffers - larger than 4GB. Patch by Nadeem Vawda. - -- Issue #11388: Added a clear() method to MutableSequence - -- Issue #11174: Add argparse.MetavarTypeHelpFormatter, which uses type names - for the names of optional and positional arguments in help messages. - -- Issue #9348: Raise an early error if argparse nargs and metavar don't match. - -- Issue #9026: Fix order of argparse sub-commands in help messages. - -- Issue #9347: Fix formatting for tuples in argparse type= error messages. - -- Issue #12191: Added shutil.chown() to change user and/or group owner of a - given path also specifying their names. - -- Issue #13988: The _elementtree accelerator is used whenever available. - Now xml.etree.cElementTree becomes a deprecated alias to ElementTree. - -Build ------ - -- Issue #6807: Run msisupport.mak earlier. - -- Issue #10580: Minor grammar change in Windows installer. - -- Issue #13326: Clean __pycache__ directories correctly on OpenBSD. - -- PEP 393: the configure option --with-wide-unicode is removed. - -- Issue #12852: Set _XOPEN_SOURCE to 700, instead of 600, to get POSIX 2008 - functions on OpenBSD (e.g. fdopendir). - -- Issue #11863: Remove support for legacy systems deprecated in Python 3.2 - (following PEP 11). These systems are systems using Mach C Threads, - SunOS lightweight processes, GNU pth threads and IRIX threads. - -- Issue #8746: Correct faulty configure checks so that os.chflags() and - os.lchflags() are once again built on systems that support these - functions (BSD and OS X). Also add new stat file flags for OS X - (UF_HIDDEN and UF_COMPRESSED). - -- Issue #10645: Installing Python no longer creates a - Python-X.Y.Z-pyX.Y.egg-info file in the lib-dynload directory. - -- Do not accidentally include the directory containing sqlite.h twice when - building sqlite3. - -- Issue #11217: For 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X universal framework builds, - ensure "make install" creates symlinks in --prefix bin for the "-32" - files in the framework bin directory like the installer does. - -- Issue #11347: Use --no-as-needed when linking libpython3.so. - -- Issue #11411: Fix 'make DESTDIR=' with a relative destination. - -- Issue #11268: Prevent Mac OS X Installer failure if Documentation - package had previously been installed. - -- Issue #11495: OSF support is eliminated. It was deprecated in Python 3.2. - -IDLE ----- - -- Issue #14409: IDLE now properly executes commands in the Shell window - when it cannot read the normal config files on startup and - has to use the built-in default key bindings. - There was previously a bug in one of the defaults. - -- IDLE can be launched as python -m idlelib - -- Issue #3573: IDLE hangs when passing invalid command line args - (directory(ies) instead of file(s)) (Patch by Guilherme Polo) - -- Issue #14200: IDLE shell crash on printing non-BMP unicode character. - -- Issue #5219: Prevent event handler cascade in IDLE. - -- Issue #964437: Make IDLE help window non-modal. - Patch by Guilherme Polo and Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #13933: IDLE auto-complete did not work with some imported - module, like hashlib. (Patch by Roger Serwy) - -- Issue #13506: Add '' to path for IDLE Shell when started and restarted with Restart Shell. - Original patches by Marco Scataglini and Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #4625: If IDLE cannot write to its recent file or breakpoint files, - display a message popup and continue rather than crash. Original patch by - Roger Serwy. - -- Issue #8641: Update IDLE 3 syntax coloring to recognize b".." and not u"..". - Patch by Tal Einat. - -- Issue #13296: Fix IDLE to clear compile __future__ flags on shell restart. - (Patch by Roger Serwy) - -- Issue #9871: Prevent IDLE 3 crash when given byte stings - with invalid hex escape sequences, like b'\x0'. - (Original patch by Claudiu Popa.) - -- Issue #12636: IDLE reads the coding cookie when executing a Python script. - -- Issue #12540: Prevent zombie IDLE processes on Windows due to changes - in os.kill(). - -- Issue #12590: IDLE editor window now always displays the first line - when opening a long file. With Tk 8.5, the first line was hidden. - -- Issue #11088: don't crash when using F5 to run a script in IDLE on MacOSX - with Tk 8.5. - -- Issue #1028: Tk returns invalid Unicode null in %A: UnicodeDecodeError. - With Tk < 8.5 _tkinter.c:PythonCmd() raised UnicodeDecodeError, caused - IDLE to exit. Converted to valid Unicode null in PythonCmd(). - -- Issue #11718: IDLE's open module dialog couldn't find the __init__.py - file in a package. - -Tools/Demos ------------ - -- Issue #14053: patchcheck.py ("make patchcheck") now works with MQ patches. - Patch by Francisco MartÃn Brugué. - -- Issue #13930: 2to3 is now able to write its converted output files to another - directory tree as well as copying unchanged files and altering the file - suffix. See its new -o, -W and --add-suffix options. This makes it more - useful in many automated code translation workflows. - -- Issue #13628: python-gdb.py is now able to retrieve more frames in the Python - traceback if Python is optimized. - -- Issue #11996: libpython (gdb), replace "py-bt" command by "py-bt-full" and - add a smarter "py-bt" command printing a classic Python traceback. - -- Issue #11179: Make ccbench work under Python 3.1 and 2.7 again. - -- Issue #10639: reindent.py no longer converts newlines and will raise - an error if attempting to convert a file with mixed newlines. - "--newline" option added to specify new line character. - -Extension Modules ------------------ - -- Issue #16847: Fixed improper use of _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency() in - non-pydebug builds. Several extension modules now compile cleanly when - assert()s are enabled in standard builds (-DDEBUG flag). - -- Issue #13840: The error message produced by ctypes.create_string_buffer - when given a Unicode string has been fixed. - -- Issue #9975: socket: Fix incorrect use of flowinfo and scope_id. Patch by - Vilmos Nebehaj. - -- Issue #7777: socket: Add Reliable Datagram Sockets (PF_RDS) support. - -- Issue #13159: FileIO and BZ2Compressor/BZ2Decompressor now use a linear-time - buffer growth strategy instead of a quadratic-time one. - -- Issue #10141: socket: Add SocketCAN (PF_CAN) support. Initial patch by - Matthias Fuchs, updated by Tiago Gonçalves. - -- Issue #13070: Fix a crash when a TextIOWrapper caught in a reference cycle - would be finalized after the reference to its underlying BufferedRWPair's - writer got cleared by the GC. - -- Issue #12881: ctypes: Fix segfault with large structure field names. - -- Issue #13058: ossaudiodev: fix a file descriptor leak on error. Patch by - Thomas Jarosch. - -- Issue #13013: ctypes: Fix a reference leak in PyCArrayType_from_ctype. - Thanks to Suman Saha for finding the bug and providing a patch. - -- Issue #13022: Fix: _multiprocessing.recvfd() doesn't check that - file descriptor was actually received. - -- Issue #1172711: Add 'long long' support to the array module. - Initial patch by Oren Tirosh and Hirokazu Yamamoto. - -- Issue #12483: ctypes: Fix a crash when the destruction of a callback - object triggers the garbage collector. - -- Issue #12950: Fix passing file descriptors in multiprocessing, under - OpenIndiana/Illumos. - -- Issue #12764: Fix a crash in ctypes when the name of a Structure field is not - a string. - -- Issue #11241: subclasses of ctypes.Array can now be subclassed. - -- Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to - some functions like file.write(). - -- Issue #10309: Define _GNU_SOURCE so that mremap() gets the proper - signature. Without this, architectures where sizeof void* != sizeof int are - broken. Patch given by Hallvard B Furuseth. - -- Issue #12051: Fix segfault in json.dumps() while encoding highly-nested - objects using the C accelerations. - -- Issue #12017: Fix segfault in json.loads() while decoding highly-nested - objects using the C accelerations. - -- Issue #1838: Prevent segfault in ctypes, when _as_parameter_ on a class is set - to an instance of the class. - -Tests ------ - -- Issue #13125: Silence spurious test_lib2to3 output when in non-verbose mode. - Patch by Mikhail Novikov. - -- Issue #13447: Add a test file to host regression tests for bugs in the - scripts found in the Tools directory. - -- Issue #10881: Fix test_site failure with OS X framework builds. - -- Issue #13901: Prevent test_distutils failures on OS X with --enable-shared. - -- Issue #13862: Fix spurious failure in test_zlib due to runtime/compile time - minor versions not matching. - -- Issue #12804: Fix test_socket and test_urllib2net failures when running tests - on a system without internet access. - -- Issue #13726: Fix the ambiguous -S flag in regrtest. It is -o/--slow for slow - tests. - -- Issue #11659: Fix ResourceWarning in test_subprocess introduced by #11459. - Patch by Ben Hayden. - -- Issue #11577: fix ResourceWarning triggered by improved binhex test coverage - -- Issue #11509: Significantly increase test coverage of fileinput. - Patch by Denver Coneybeare at PyCon 2011 Sprints. - -- Issue #11689: Fix a variable scoping error in an sqlite3 test - -- Issue #13786: Remove unimplemented 'trace' long option from regrtest.py. - -- Issue #13725: Fix regrtest to recognize the documented -d flag. - Patch by Erno Tukia. - -- Issue #13304: Skip test case if user site-packages disabled (-s or - PYTHONNOUSERSITE). (Patch by Carl Meyer) - -- Issue #5661: Add a test for ECONNRESET/EPIPE handling to test_asyncore. Patch - by Xavier de Gaye. - -- Issue #13218: Fix test_ssl failures on Debian/Ubuntu. - -- Re-enable lib2to3's test_parser.py tests, though with an expected failure - (see issue 13125). - -- Issue #12656: Add tests for IPv6 and Unix sockets to test_asyncore. - -- Issue #6484: Add unit tests for mailcap module (patch by Gregory Nofi) - -- Issue #11651: Improve the Makefile test targets to run more of the test suite - more quickly. The --multiprocess option is now enabled by default, reducing - the amount of time needed to run the tests. "make test" and "make quicktest" - now include some resource-intensive tests, but no longer run the test suite - twice to check for bugs in .pyc generation. Tools/scripts/run_test.py provides - an easy platform-independent way to run test suite with sensible defaults. - -- Issue #12331: The test suite for the packaging module can now run from an - installed Python. - -- Issue #12331: The test suite for lib2to3 can now run from an installed - Python. - -- Issue #12626: In regrtest, allow to filter tests using a glob filter - with the ``-m`` (or ``--match``) option. This works with all test cases - using the unittest module. This is useful with long test suites - such as test_io or test_subprocess. - -- Issue #12624: It is now possible to fail after the first failure when - running in verbose mode (``-v`` or ``-W``), by using the ``--failfast`` - (or ``-G``) option to regrtest. This is useful with long test suites - such as test_io or test_subprocess. - -- Issue #12587: Correct faulty test file and reference in test_tokenize. - (Patch by Robert Xiao) - -- Issue #12573: Add resource checks for dangling Thread and Process objects. - -- Issue #12549: Correct test_platform to not fail when OS X returns 'x86_64' - as the processor type on some Mac systems. - -- Skip network tests when getaddrinfo() returns EAI_AGAIN, meaning a temporary - failure in name resolution. - -- Issue #11812: Solve transient socket failure to connect to 'localhost' - in test_telnetlib.py. - -- Solved a potential deadlock in test_telnetlib.py. Related to issue #11812. - -- Avoid failing in test_robotparser when mueblesmoraleda.com is flaky and - an overzealous DNS service (e.g. OpenDNS) redirects to a placeholder - Web site. - -- Avoid failing in test_urllibnet.test_bad_address when some overzealous - DNS service (e.g. OpenDNS) resolves a non-existent domain name. The test - is now skipped instead. - -- Issue #12440: When testing whether some bits in SSLContext.options can be - reset, check the version of the OpenSSL headers Python was compiled against, - rather than the runtime version of the OpenSSL library. - -- Issue #11512: Add a test suite for the cgitb module. Patch by Robbie Clemons. - -- Issue #12497: Install test/data to prevent failures of the various codecmaps - tests. - -- Issue #12496: Install test/capath directory to prevent test_connect_capath - testcase failure in test_ssl. - -- Issue #12469: Run wakeup and pending signal tests in a subprocess to run the - test in a fresh process with only one thread and to not change signal - handling of the parent process. - -- Issue #8716: Avoid crashes caused by Aqua Tk on OSX when attempting to run - test_tk or test_ttk_guionly under a username that is not currently logged - in to the console windowserver (as may be the case under buildbot or ssh). - -- Issue #12407: Explicitly skip test_capi.EmbeddingTest under Windows. - -- Issue #12400: regrtest -W doesn't rerun the tests twice anymore, but captures - the output and displays it on failure instead. regrtest -v doesn't print the - error twice anymore if there is only one error. - -- Issue #12141: Install copies of template C module file so that - test_build_ext of test_distutils and test_command_build_ext of - test_packaging are no longer silently skipped when - run outside of a build directory. - -- Issue #8746: Add additional tests for os.chflags() and os.lchflags(). - Patch by Garrett Cooper. - -- Issue #10736: Fix test_ttk test_widgets failures with Cocoa Tk 8.5.9 - 2.8 + on Mac OS X. (Patch by Ronald Oussoren) - -- Issue #12057: Add tests for ISO 2022 codecs (iso2022_jp, iso2022_jp_2, - iso2022_kr). - -- Issue #12096: Fix a race condition in test_threading.test_waitfor(). Patch - written by Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #11614: import __hello__ prints "Hello World!". Patch written by - Andreas Stührk. - -- Issue #5723: Improve json tests to be executed with and without accelerations. - -- Issue #12041: Make test_wait3 more robust. - -- Issue #11873: Change regex in test_compileall to fix occasional failures when - when the randomly generated temporary path happened to match the regex. - -- Issue #11958: Fix FTP tests for IPv6, bind to "::1" instead of "localhost". - Patch written by Charles-Francois Natali. - -- Issue #8407, #11859: Fix tests of test_io using threads and an alarm: use - pthread_sigmask() to ensure that the SIGALRM signal is received by the main - thread. - -- Issue #11811: Factor out detection of IPv6 support on the current host - and make it available as ``test.support.IPV6_ENABLED``. Patch by - Charles-François Natali. - -- Issue #10914: Add a minimal embedding test to test_capi. - -- Issue #11223: Skip test_lock_acquire_interruption() and - test_rlock_acquire_interruption() of test_threadsignals if a thread lock is - implemented using a POSIX mutex and a POSIX condition variable. A POSIX - condition variable cannot be interrupted by a signal (e.g. on Linux, the - futex system call is restarted). - -- Issue #11790: Fix sporadic failures in test_multiprocessing.WithProcessesTestCondition. - -- Fix possible "file already exists" error when running the tests in parallel. - -- Issue #11719: Fix message about unexpected test_msilib skip on non-Windows - platforms. Patch by Nadeem Vawda. - -- Issue #11727: Add a --timeout option to regrtest: if a test takes more than - TIMEOUT seconds, dumps the traceback of all threads and exits. - -- Issue #11653: fix -W with -j in regrtest. - -- The email test suite now lives in the Lib/test/test_email package. The test - harness code has also been modernized to allow use of new unittest features. - -- regrtest now discovers test packages as well as test modules. - -- Issue #11577: improve test coverage of binhex.py. Patch by Arkady Koplyarov. - -- New test_crashers added to exercise the scripts in the Lib/test/crashers - directory and confirm they fail as expected - -- Issue #11578: added test for the timeit module. Patch by Michael Henry. - -- Issue #11503: improve test coverage of posixpath.py. Patch by Evan Dandrea. - -- Issue #11505: improves test coverage of string.py, increases granularity of - string.Formatter tests. Initial patch by Alicia Arlen. - -- Issue #11548: Improve test coverage of the shutil module. Patch by - Evan Dandrea. - -- Issue #11554: Reactivated test_email_codecs. - -- Issue #11505: improves test coverage of string.py. Patch by Alicia - Arlen - -- Issue #11490: test_subprocess.test_leaking_fds_on_error no longer gives a - false positive if the last directory in the path is inaccessible. - -- Issue #11223: Fix test_threadsignals to fail, not hang, when the - non-semaphore implementation of locks is used under POSIX. - -- Issue #10911: Add tests on CGI with non-ASCII characters. Patch written by - Pierre Quentel. - -- Issue #9931: Fix hangs in GUI tests under Windows in certain conditions. - Patch by Hirokazu Yamamoto. - -- Issue #10512: Properly close sockets under test.test_cgi. - -- Issue #10992: Make tests pass under coverage. - -- Issue #10826: Prevent sporadic failure in test_subprocess on Solaris due - to open door files. - -- Issue #10990: Prevent tests from clobbering a set trace function. - -C-API ------ - -- Issue #13452: PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal() doesn't support error handlers - different than "strict" anymore. The caller was unable to compute the - size of the output buffer: it depends on the error handler. - -- Issue #13560: Add PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(), PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize() - and PyUnicode_EncodeLocale() functions to the C API to decode/encode from/to - the current locale encoding. - -- Issue #10831: PyUnicode_FromFormat() supports %li, %lli and %zi formats. - -- Issue #11246: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormat("%V") to decode the byte string from - UTF-8 (with replace error handler) instead of ISO-8859-1 (in strict mode). - Patch written by Ray Allen. - -- Issue #10830: Fix PyUnicode_FromFormatV("%c") for non-BMP characters on - narrow build. - -- Add PyObject_GenericGetDict and PyObject_GeneriSetDict. They are generic - implementations for the getter and setter of a ``__dict__`` descriptor of C - types. - -- Issue #13727: Add 3 macros to access PyDateTime_Delta members: - PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_DAYS, PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_SECONDS, - PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_MICROSECONDS. - -- Issue #10542: Add 4 macros to work with surrogates: Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE, - Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE, Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE, - Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES. - -- Issue #12724: Add Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED macro for returning NotImplemented. - -- PY_PATCHLEVEL_REVISION has been removed, since it's meaningless with - Mercurial. - -- Issue #12173: The first argument of PyImport_ImportModuleLevel is now `const - char *` instead of `char *`. - -- Issue #12380: PyArg_ParseTuple now accepts a bytearray for the 'c' format. - -Documentation -------------- - -- Issue #13989: Document that GzipFile does not support text mode, and give a - more helpful error message when opened with an invalid mode string. - -- Issue #13921: Undocument and clean up sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode, - which is obsolete in Python 3.x. It's now aliased to str for - backwards compatibility. - -- Issue #12102: Document that buffered files must be flushed before being used - with mmap. Patch by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso. - -- Issue #8982: Improve the documentation for the argparse Namespace object. - -- Issue #9343: Document that argparse parent parsers must be configured before - their children. - -- Issue #13498: Clarify docs of os.makedirs()'s exist_ok argument. Done with - great native-speaker help from R. David Murray. - -- Issues #13491 and #13995: Fix many errors in sqlite3 documentation. - Initial patch for #13491 by Johannes Vogel. - -- Issue #13402: Document absoluteness of sys.executable. - -- Issue #13883: PYTHONCASEOK also works on OS X. - -- Issue #9021: Add an introduction to the copy module documentation. - -- Issue #6005: Examples in the socket library documentation use sendall, where - relevant, instead send method. - -- Issue #12798: Updated the mimetypes documentation. - -- Issue #12949: Document the kwonlyargcount argument for the PyCode_New - C API function. - -- Issue #13513: Fix io.IOBase documentation to correctly link to the - io.IOBase.readline method instead of the readline module. - -- Issue #13237: Reorganise subprocess documentation to emphasise convenience - functions and the most commonly needed arguments to Popen. - -- Issue #13141: Demonstrate recommended style for socketserver examples. - -- Issue #11818: Fix tempfile examples for Python 3. - - **(For information about older versions, consult the HISTORY file.)** diff --git a/Misc/RPM/python-3.4.spec b/Misc/RPM/python-3.5.spec index 60971f2..e3518be 100644 --- a/Misc/RPM/python-3.4.spec +++ b/Misc/RPM/python-3.5.spec @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ %define name python #--start constants-- -%define version 3.4.0 -%define libvers 3.4 +%define version 3.5.0a0 +%define libvers 3.5 #--end constants-- %define release 1pydotorg %define __prefix /usr diff --git a/Modules/_testembed.c b/Modules/_testembed.c index a21d251..39ff097 100644 --- a/Modules/_testembed.c +++ b/Modules/_testembed.c @@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ static void test_forced_io_encoding(void) printf("--- Use defaults ---\n"); check_stdio_details(NULL, NULL); printf("--- Set errors only ---\n"); - check_stdio_details(NULL, "surrogateescape"); + check_stdio_details(NULL, "ignore"); printf("--- Set encoding only ---\n"); check_stdio_details("latin-1", NULL); printf("--- Set encoding and errors ---\n"); - check_stdio_details("latin-1", "surrogateescape"); + check_stdio_details("latin-1", "replace"); /* Check calling after initialization fails */ Py_Initialize(); diff --git a/Objects/unicodeobject.c b/Objects/unicodeobject.c index ec22239..0cb023d 100644 --- a/Objects/unicodeobject.c +++ b/Objects/unicodeobject.c @@ -6817,28 +6817,6 @@ code_page_name(UINT code_page, PyObject **obj) return PyBytes_AS_STRING(*obj); } -static int -is_dbcs_lead_byte(UINT code_page, const char *s, int offset) -{ - const char *curr = s + offset; - const char *prev; - - if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *curr)) - return 0; - - prev = CharPrevExA(code_page, s, curr, 0); - if (prev == curr) - return 1; - /* FIXME: This code is limited to "true" double-byte encodings, - as it assumes an incomplete character consists of a single - byte. */ - if (curr - prev == 2) - return 1; - if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *prev)) - return 1; - return 0; -} - static DWORD decode_code_page_flags(UINT code_page) { @@ -6913,7 +6891,7 @@ static int decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, PyObject **v, const char *in, const int size, - const char *errors) + const char *errors, int final) { const char *startin = in; const char *endin = in + size; @@ -6940,7 +6918,7 @@ decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, if (encoding == NULL) return -1; - if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) { + if ((errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) && final) { /* The last error was ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION, then we raise a UnicodeDecodeError. */ make_decode_exception(&exc, encoding, in, size, 0, 0, reason); @@ -7003,6 +6981,10 @@ decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, if (outsize <= 0) { Py_ssize_t startinpos, endinpos, outpos; + /* last character in partial decode? */ + if (in + insize >= endin && !final) + break; + startinpos = in - startin; endinpos = startinpos + 1; outpos = out - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v); @@ -7031,7 +7013,7 @@ decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, assert(outsize <= PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(*v)); if (unicode_resize(v, outsize) < 0) goto error; - ret = size; + ret = in - startin; error: Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj); @@ -7072,24 +7054,19 @@ decode_code_page_stateful(int code_page, done = 1; } - /* Skip trailing lead-byte unless 'final' is set */ - if (!final && is_dbcs_lead_byte(code_page, s, chunk_size - 1)) - --chunk_size; - if (chunk_size == 0 && done) { if (v != NULL) break; _Py_RETURN_UNICODE_EMPTY(); } - converted = decode_code_page_strict(code_page, &v, s, chunk_size); if (converted == -2) converted = decode_code_page_errors(code_page, &v, s, chunk_size, - errors); - assert(converted != 0); + errors, final); + assert(converted != 0 || done); if (converted < 0) { Py_XDECREF(v); diff --git a/PC/VS9.0/kill_python.c b/PC/VS9.0/kill_python.c index 604731f..dbc9425 100644 --- a/PC/VS9.0/kill_python.c +++ b/PC/VS9.0/kill_python.c @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) continue; len = wcsnlen_s(me.szExePath, MAX_PATH) - KILL_PYTHON_EXE_LEN; - wcsncpy_s(path, MAX_PATH+1, me.szExePath, len); + wcsncpy_s(path, MAX_PATH+1, me.szExePath, len); break; @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) * looking for python processes. When we find one, verify it lives * in the same directory we live in. If it does, kill it. If we're * unable to kill it, treat this as a fatal error and return 1. - * - * The rationale behind this is that we're called at the start of the + * + * The rationale behind this is that we're called at the start of the * build process on the basis that we'll take care of killing any * running instances, such that the build won't encounter permission * denied errors during linking. If we can't kill one of the processes, @@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) do { /* - * XXX TODO: if we really wanted to be fancy, we could check the + * XXX TODO: if we really wanted to be fancy, we could check the * modules for all processes (not just the python[_d].exe ones) - * and see if any of our DLLs are loaded (i.e. python34[_d].dll), + * and see if any of our DLLs are loaded (i.e. python35[_d].dll), * as that would also inhibit our ability to rebuild the solution. - * Not worth loosing sleep over though; for now, a simple check + * Not worth loosing sleep over though; for now, a simple check * for just the python executable should be sufficient. */ @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) /* It's a python process, so figure out which directory it's in... */ hsm = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPMODULE, pe.th32ProcessID); if (hsm == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) - /* + /* * If our module snapshot fails (which will happen if we don't own * the process), just ignore it and continue. (It seems different * versions of Windows return different values for GetLastError() diff --git a/PC/VS9.0/pyproject.vsprops b/PC/VS9.0/pyproject.vsprops index 88af242..9ba98f6 100644 --- a/PC/VS9.0/pyproject.vsprops +++ b/PC/VS9.0/pyproject.vsprops @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ />
<UserMacro
Name="PyDllName"
- Value="python34"
+ Value="python35"
/>
<UserMacro
Name="PythonExe"
diff --git a/PC/example_nt/example.vcproj b/PC/example_nt/example.vcproj index df36341..d82f76e 100644 --- a/PC/example_nt/example.vcproj +++ b/PC/example_nt/example.vcproj @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ <Tool
Name="VCLinkerTool"
AdditionalOptions="/export:initexample"
- AdditionalDependencies="odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib python34.lib"
+ AdditionalDependencies="odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib python35.lib"
OutputFile=".\Release/example.pyd"
LinkIncremental="1"
SuppressStartupBanner="TRUE"
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ <Tool
Name="VCLinkerTool"
AdditionalOptions="/export:initexample"
- AdditionalDependencies="odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib python34_d.lib"
+ AdditionalDependencies="odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib python35_d.lib"
OutputFile=".\Debug/example_d.pyd"
LinkIncremental="1"
SuppressStartupBanner="TRUE"
diff --git a/PC/pyconfig.h b/PC/pyconfig.h index ccf75f3..c0f802b 100644 --- a/PC/pyconfig.h +++ b/PC/pyconfig.h @@ -322,11 +322,11 @@ Py_NO_ENABLE_SHARED to find out. Also support MS_NO_COREDLL for b/w compat */ their Makefile (other compilers are generally taken care of by distutils.) */ # if defined(_DEBUG) -# pragma comment(lib,"python34_d.lib") +# pragma comment(lib,"python35_d.lib") # elif defined(Py_LIMITED_API) # pragma comment(lib,"python3.lib") # else -# pragma comment(lib,"python34.lib") +# pragma comment(lib,"python35.lib") # endif /* _DEBUG */ # endif /* _MSC_VER */ # endif /* Py_BUILD_CORE */ diff --git a/PC/python3.def b/PC/python3.def index 37e454b..fad6448 100644 --- a/PC/python3.def +++ b/PC/python3.def @@ -1,701 +1,701 @@ -; When changing this file, run python34gen.py +; When changing this file, run python35gen.py LIBRARY "python3" EXPORTS - PyArg_Parse=python34.PyArg_Parse - PyArg_ParseTuple=python34.PyArg_ParseTuple - PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords=python34.PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords - PyArg_UnpackTuple=python34.PyArg_UnpackTuple - PyArg_VaParse=python34.PyArg_VaParse - PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords=python34.PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords - PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments=python34.PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments - PyBaseObject_Type=python34.PyBaseObject_Type DATA - PyBool_FromLong=python34.PyBool_FromLong - PyBool_Type=python34.PyBool_Type DATA - PyByteArrayIter_Type=python34.PyByteArrayIter_Type DATA - PyByteArray_AsString=python34.PyByteArray_AsString - PyByteArray_Concat=python34.PyByteArray_Concat - PyByteArray_FromObject=python34.PyByteArray_FromObject - PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize=python34.PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize - PyByteArray_Resize=python34.PyByteArray_Resize - PyByteArray_Size=python34.PyByteArray_Size - PyByteArray_Type=python34.PyByteArray_Type DATA - PyBytesIter_Type=python34.PyBytesIter_Type DATA - PyBytes_AsString=python34.PyBytes_AsString - PyBytes_AsStringAndSize=python34.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize - PyBytes_Concat=python34.PyBytes_Concat - PyBytes_ConcatAndDel=python34.PyBytes_ConcatAndDel - PyBytes_DecodeEscape=python34.PyBytes_DecodeEscape - PyBytes_FromFormat=python34.PyBytes_FromFormat - PyBytes_FromFormatV=python34.PyBytes_FromFormatV - PyBytes_FromObject=python34.PyBytes_FromObject - PyBytes_FromString=python34.PyBytes_FromString - PyBytes_FromStringAndSize=python34.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize - PyBytes_Repr=python34.PyBytes_Repr - PyBytes_Size=python34.PyBytes_Size - PyBytes_Type=python34.PyBytes_Type DATA - PyCFunction_Call=python34.PyCFunction_Call - PyCFunction_ClearFreeList=python34.PyCFunction_ClearFreeList - PyCFunction_GetFlags=python34.PyCFunction_GetFlags - PyCFunction_GetFunction=python34.PyCFunction_GetFunction - PyCFunction_GetSelf=python34.PyCFunction_GetSelf - PyCFunction_New=python34.PyCFunction_New - PyCFunction_NewEx=python34.PyCFunction_NewEx - PyCFunction_Type=python34.PyCFunction_Type DATA - PyCallIter_New=python34.PyCallIter_New - PyCallIter_Type=python34.PyCallIter_Type DATA - PyCallable_Check=python34.PyCallable_Check - 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PyFile_GetLine=python35.PyFile_GetLine + PyFile_WriteObject=python35.PyFile_WriteObject + PyFile_WriteString=python35.PyFile_WriteString + PyFilter_Type=python35.PyFilter_Type DATA + PyFloat_AsDouble=python35.PyFloat_AsDouble + PyFloat_FromDouble=python35.PyFloat_FromDouble + PyFloat_FromString=python35.PyFloat_FromString + PyFloat_GetInfo=python35.PyFloat_GetInfo + PyFloat_GetMax=python35.PyFloat_GetMax + PyFloat_GetMin=python35.PyFloat_GetMin + PyFloat_Type=python35.PyFloat_Type DATA + PyFrozenSet_New=python35.PyFrozenSet_New + PyFrozenSet_Type=python35.PyFrozenSet_Type DATA + PyGC_Collect=python35.PyGC_Collect + PyGILState_Ensure=python35.PyGILState_Ensure + PyGILState_GetThisThreadState=python35.PyGILState_GetThisThreadState + PyGILState_Release=python35.PyGILState_Release + PyGetSetDescr_Type=python35.PyGetSetDescr_Type DATA + PyImport_AddModule=python35.PyImport_AddModule + PyImport_AppendInittab=python35.PyImport_AppendInittab + PyImport_Cleanup=python35.PyImport_Cleanup + PyImport_ExecCodeModule=python35.PyImport_ExecCodeModule + PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx=python35.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx + PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames=python35.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames + PyImport_GetImporter=python35.PyImport_GetImporter + PyImport_GetMagicNumber=python35.PyImport_GetMagicNumber + PyImport_GetMagicTag=python35.PyImport_GetMagicTag + PyImport_GetModuleDict=python35.PyImport_GetModuleDict + PyImport_Import=python35.PyImport_Import + PyImport_ImportFrozenModule=python35.PyImport_ImportFrozenModule + PyImport_ImportModule=python35.PyImport_ImportModule + PyImport_ImportModuleLevel=python35.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel + PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock=python35.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock + PyImport_ReloadModule=python35.PyImport_ReloadModule + PyInterpreterState_Clear=python35.PyInterpreterState_Clear + PyInterpreterState_Delete=python35.PyInterpreterState_Delete + PyInterpreterState_New=python35.PyInterpreterState_New + PyIter_Next=python35.PyIter_Next + PyListIter_Type=python35.PyListIter_Type DATA + PyListRevIter_Type=python35.PyListRevIter_Type DATA + PyList_Append=python35.PyList_Append + PyList_AsTuple=python35.PyList_AsTuple + PyList_GetItem=python35.PyList_GetItem + PyList_GetSlice=python35.PyList_GetSlice + PyList_Insert=python35.PyList_Insert + PyList_New=python35.PyList_New + PyList_Reverse=python35.PyList_Reverse + PyList_SetItem=python35.PyList_SetItem + PyList_SetSlice=python35.PyList_SetSlice + PyList_Size=python35.PyList_Size + PyList_Sort=python35.PyList_Sort + PyList_Type=python35.PyList_Type DATA + PyLongRangeIter_Type=python35.PyLongRangeIter_Type DATA + PyLong_AsDouble=python35.PyLong_AsDouble + PyLong_AsLong=python35.PyLong_AsLong + PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow=python35.PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow + PyLong_AsLongLong=python35.PyLong_AsLongLong + PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow=python35.PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow + PyLong_AsSize_t=python35.PyLong_AsSize_t + PyLong_AsSsize_t=python35.PyLong_AsSsize_t + PyLong_AsUnsignedLong=python35.PyLong_AsUnsignedLong + PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong=python35.PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong + PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask=python35.PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask + PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask=python35.PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask + PyLong_AsVoidPtr=python35.PyLong_AsVoidPtr + PyLong_FromDouble=python35.PyLong_FromDouble + PyLong_FromLong=python35.PyLong_FromLong + PyLong_FromLongLong=python35.PyLong_FromLongLong + PyLong_FromSize_t=python35.PyLong_FromSize_t + PyLong_FromSsize_t=python35.PyLong_FromSsize_t + PyLong_FromString=python35.PyLong_FromString + PyLong_FromUnsignedLong=python35.PyLong_FromUnsignedLong + PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong=python35.PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong + PyLong_FromVoidPtr=python35.PyLong_FromVoidPtr + PyLong_GetInfo=python35.PyLong_GetInfo + PyLong_Type=python35.PyLong_Type DATA + PyMap_Type=python35.PyMap_Type DATA + PyMapping_Check=python35.PyMapping_Check + PyMapping_GetItemString=python35.PyMapping_GetItemString + PyMapping_HasKey=python35.PyMapping_HasKey + PyMapping_HasKeyString=python35.PyMapping_HasKeyString + PyMapping_Items=python35.PyMapping_Items + PyMapping_Keys=python35.PyMapping_Keys + PyMapping_Length=python35.PyMapping_Length + PyMapping_SetItemString=python35.PyMapping_SetItemString + PyMapping_Size=python35.PyMapping_Size + PyMapping_Values=python35.PyMapping_Values + PyMem_Free=python35.PyMem_Free + PyMem_Malloc=python35.PyMem_Malloc + PyMem_Realloc=python35.PyMem_Realloc + PyMemberDescr_Type=python35.PyMemberDescr_Type DATA + PyMemoryView_FromObject=python35.PyMemoryView_FromObject + PyMemoryView_GetContiguous=python35.PyMemoryView_GetContiguous + PyMemoryView_Type=python35.PyMemoryView_Type DATA + PyMethodDescr_Type=python35.PyMethodDescr_Type DATA + PyModule_AddIntConstant=python35.PyModule_AddIntConstant + PyModule_AddObject=python35.PyModule_AddObject + PyModule_AddStringConstant=python35.PyModule_AddStringConstant + PyModule_Create2=python35.PyModule_Create2 + PyModule_GetDef=python35.PyModule_GetDef + PyModule_GetDict=python35.PyModule_GetDict + PyModule_GetFilename=python35.PyModule_GetFilename + PyModule_GetFilenameObject=python35.PyModule_GetFilenameObject + PyModule_GetName=python35.PyModule_GetName + PyModule_GetState=python35.PyModule_GetState + PyModule_New=python35.PyModule_New + PyModule_Type=python35.PyModule_Type DATA + PyNullImporter_Type=python35.PyNullImporter_Type DATA + PyNumber_Absolute=python35.PyNumber_Absolute + PyNumber_Add=python35.PyNumber_Add + PyNumber_And=python35.PyNumber_And + PyNumber_AsSsize_t=python35.PyNumber_AsSsize_t + PyNumber_Check=python35.PyNumber_Check + PyNumber_Divmod=python35.PyNumber_Divmod + PyNumber_Float=python35.PyNumber_Float + PyNumber_FloorDivide=python35.PyNumber_FloorDivide + PyNumber_InPlaceAdd=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceAdd + PyNumber_InPlaceAnd=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd + PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide + PyNumber_InPlaceLshift=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceLshift + PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply + PyNumber_InPlaceOr=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceOr + PyNumber_InPlacePower=python35.PyNumber_InPlacePower + PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder + PyNumber_InPlaceRshift=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceRshift + PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract + PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide + PyNumber_InPlaceXor=python35.PyNumber_InPlaceXor + PyNumber_Index=python35.PyNumber_Index + PyNumber_Invert=python35.PyNumber_Invert + PyNumber_Long=python35.PyNumber_Long + PyNumber_Lshift=python35.PyNumber_Lshift + PyNumber_Multiply=python35.PyNumber_Multiply + PyNumber_Negative=python35.PyNumber_Negative + PyNumber_Or=python35.PyNumber_Or + PyNumber_Positive=python35.PyNumber_Positive + PyNumber_Power=python35.PyNumber_Power + PyNumber_Remainder=python35.PyNumber_Remainder + PyNumber_Rshift=python35.PyNumber_Rshift + PyNumber_Subtract=python35.PyNumber_Subtract + PyNumber_ToBase=python35.PyNumber_ToBase + PyNumber_TrueDivide=python35.PyNumber_TrueDivide + PyNumber_Xor=python35.PyNumber_Xor + PyOS_AfterFork=python35.PyOS_AfterFork + PyOS_InitInterrupts=python35.PyOS_InitInterrupts + PyOS_InputHook=python35.PyOS_InputHook DATA + PyOS_InterruptOccurred=python35.PyOS_InterruptOccurred + PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer=python35.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer DATA + PyOS_double_to_string=python35.PyOS_double_to_string + PyOS_getsig=python35.PyOS_getsig + PyOS_mystricmp=python35.PyOS_mystricmp + PyOS_mystrnicmp=python35.PyOS_mystrnicmp + PyOS_setsig=python35.PyOS_setsig + PyOS_snprintf=python35.PyOS_snprintf + PyOS_string_to_double=python35.PyOS_string_to_double + PyOS_strtol=python35.PyOS_strtol + PyOS_strtoul=python35.PyOS_strtoul + PyOS_vsnprintf=python35.PyOS_vsnprintf + PyObject_ASCII=python35.PyObject_ASCII + PyObject_AsCharBuffer=python35.PyObject_AsCharBuffer + PyObject_AsFileDescriptor=python35.PyObject_AsFileDescriptor + PyObject_AsReadBuffer=python35.PyObject_AsReadBuffer + PyObject_AsWriteBuffer=python35.PyObject_AsWriteBuffer + PyObject_Bytes=python35.PyObject_Bytes + PyObject_Call=python35.PyObject_Call + PyObject_CallFunction=python35.PyObject_CallFunction + PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs=python35.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs + PyObject_CallMethod=python35.PyObject_CallMethod + PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs=python35.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs + PyObject_CallObject=python35.PyObject_CallObject + PyObject_CheckReadBuffer=python35.PyObject_CheckReadBuffer + PyObject_ClearWeakRefs=python35.PyObject_ClearWeakRefs + PyObject_DelItem=python35.PyObject_DelItem + PyObject_DelItemString=python35.PyObject_DelItemString + PyObject_Dir=python35.PyObject_Dir + PyObject_Format=python35.PyObject_Format + PyObject_Free=python35.PyObject_Free + PyObject_GC_Del=python35.PyObject_GC_Del + PyObject_GC_Track=python35.PyObject_GC_Track + PyObject_GC_UnTrack=python35.PyObject_GC_UnTrack + PyObject_GenericGetAttr=python35.PyObject_GenericGetAttr + PyObject_GenericSetAttr=python35.PyObject_GenericSetAttr + PyObject_GetAttr=python35.PyObject_GetAttr + PyObject_GetAttrString=python35.PyObject_GetAttrString + PyObject_GetItem=python35.PyObject_GetItem + PyObject_GetIter=python35.PyObject_GetIter + PyObject_HasAttr=python35.PyObject_HasAttr + PyObject_HasAttrString=python35.PyObject_HasAttrString + PyObject_Hash=python35.PyObject_Hash + PyObject_HashNotImplemented=python35.PyObject_HashNotImplemented + PyObject_Init=python35.PyObject_Init + PyObject_InitVar=python35.PyObject_InitVar + PyObject_IsInstance=python35.PyObject_IsInstance + PyObject_IsSubclass=python35.PyObject_IsSubclass + PyObject_IsTrue=python35.PyObject_IsTrue + PyObject_Length=python35.PyObject_Length + PyObject_Malloc=python35.PyObject_Malloc + PyObject_Not=python35.PyObject_Not + PyObject_Realloc=python35.PyObject_Realloc + PyObject_Repr=python35.PyObject_Repr + PyObject_RichCompare=python35.PyObject_RichCompare + PyObject_RichCompareBool=python35.PyObject_RichCompareBool + PyObject_SelfIter=python35.PyObject_SelfIter + PyObject_SetAttr=python35.PyObject_SetAttr + PyObject_SetAttrString=python35.PyObject_SetAttrString + PyObject_SetItem=python35.PyObject_SetItem + PyObject_Size=python35.PyObject_Size + PyObject_Str=python35.PyObject_Str + PyObject_Type=python35.PyObject_Type DATA + PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags=python35.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags + PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags=python35.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags + PyProperty_Type=python35.PyProperty_Type DATA + PyRangeIter_Type=python35.PyRangeIter_Type DATA + PyRange_Type=python35.PyRange_Type DATA + PyReversed_Type=python35.PyReversed_Type DATA + PySeqIter_New=python35.PySeqIter_New + PySeqIter_Type=python35.PySeqIter_Type DATA + PySequence_Check=python35.PySequence_Check + PySequence_Concat=python35.PySequence_Concat + PySequence_Contains=python35.PySequence_Contains + PySequence_Count=python35.PySequence_Count + PySequence_DelItem=python35.PySequence_DelItem + PySequence_DelSlice=python35.PySequence_DelSlice + PySequence_Fast=python35.PySequence_Fast + PySequence_GetItem=python35.PySequence_GetItem + PySequence_GetSlice=python35.PySequence_GetSlice + PySequence_In=python35.PySequence_In + PySequence_InPlaceConcat=python35.PySequence_InPlaceConcat + PySequence_InPlaceRepeat=python35.PySequence_InPlaceRepeat + PySequence_Index=python35.PySequence_Index + PySequence_Length=python35.PySequence_Length + PySequence_List=python35.PySequence_List + PySequence_Repeat=python35.PySequence_Repeat + PySequence_SetItem=python35.PySequence_SetItem + PySequence_SetSlice=python35.PySequence_SetSlice + PySequence_Size=python35.PySequence_Size + PySequence_Tuple=python35.PySequence_Tuple + PySetIter_Type=python35.PySetIter_Type DATA + PySet_Add=python35.PySet_Add + PySet_Clear=python35.PySet_Clear + PySet_Contains=python35.PySet_Contains + PySet_Discard=python35.PySet_Discard + PySet_New=python35.PySet_New + PySet_Pop=python35.PySet_Pop + PySet_Size=python35.PySet_Size + PySet_Type=python35.PySet_Type DATA + PySlice_GetIndices=python35.PySlice_GetIndices + PySlice_GetIndicesEx=python35.PySlice_GetIndicesEx + PySlice_New=python35.PySlice_New + PySlice_Type=python35.PySlice_Type DATA + PySortWrapper_Type=python35.PySortWrapper_Type DATA + PyState_FindModule=python35.PyState_FindModule + PyState_AddModule=python35.PyState_AddModule + PyState_RemoveModule=python35.PyState_RemoveModule + PyStructSequence_GetItem=python35.PyStructSequence_GetItem + PyStructSequence_New=python35.PyStructSequence_New + PyStructSequence_NewType=python35.PyStructSequence_NewType + PyStructSequence_SetItem=python35.PyStructSequence_SetItem + PySuper_Type=python35.PySuper_Type DATA + PySys_AddWarnOption=python35.PySys_AddWarnOption + PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode=python35.PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode + PySys_FormatStderr=python35.PySys_FormatStderr + PySys_FormatStdout=python35.PySys_FormatStdout + PySys_GetObject=python35.PySys_GetObject + PySys_HasWarnOptions=python35.PySys_HasWarnOptions + PySys_ResetWarnOptions=python35.PySys_ResetWarnOptions + PySys_SetArgv=python35.PySys_SetArgv + PySys_SetArgvEx=python35.PySys_SetArgvEx + PySys_SetObject=python35.PySys_SetObject + PySys_SetPath=python35.PySys_SetPath + PySys_WriteStderr=python35.PySys_WriteStderr + PySys_WriteStdout=python35.PySys_WriteStdout + PyThreadState_Clear=python35.PyThreadState_Clear + PyThreadState_Delete=python35.PyThreadState_Delete + PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent=python35.PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent + PyThreadState_Get=python35.PyThreadState_Get + PyThreadState_GetDict=python35.PyThreadState_GetDict + PyThreadState_New=python35.PyThreadState_New + PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc=python35.PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc + PyThreadState_Swap=python35.PyThreadState_Swap + PyTraceBack_Here=python35.PyTraceBack_Here + PyTraceBack_Print=python35.PyTraceBack_Print + PyTraceBack_Type=python35.PyTraceBack_Type DATA + PyTupleIter_Type=python35.PyTupleIter_Type DATA + PyTuple_ClearFreeList=python35.PyTuple_ClearFreeList + PyTuple_GetItem=python35.PyTuple_GetItem + PyTuple_GetSlice=python35.PyTuple_GetSlice + PyTuple_New=python35.PyTuple_New + PyTuple_Pack=python35.PyTuple_Pack + PyTuple_SetItem=python35.PyTuple_SetItem + PyTuple_Size=python35.PyTuple_Size + PyTuple_Type=python35.PyTuple_Type DATA + PyType_ClearCache=python35.PyType_ClearCache + PyType_FromSpec=python35.PyType_FromSpec + PyType_FromSpecWithBases=python35.PyType_FromSpecWithBases + PyType_GenericAlloc=python35.PyType_GenericAlloc + PyType_GenericNew=python35.PyType_GenericNew + PyType_GetFlags=python35.PyType_GetFlags + PyType_GetSlot=python35.PyType_GetSlot + PyType_IsSubtype=python35.PyType_IsSubtype + PyType_Modified=python35.PyType_Modified + PyType_Ready=python35.PyType_Ready + PyType_Type=python35.PyType_Type DATA + PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create + PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding + PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd + PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject + PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason + PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart + PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd + PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason + PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart=python35.PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart + PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding + PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd + PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject + PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason + PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart + PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd + PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason + PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart=python35.PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart + PyUnicodeIter_Type=python35.PyUnicodeIter_Type DATA + PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd + PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject + PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason + PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart + PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd + PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason + PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart=python35.PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart + PyUnicode_Append=python35.PyUnicode_Append + PyUnicode_AppendAndDel=python35.PyUnicode_AppendAndDel + PyUnicode_AsASCIIString=python35.PyUnicode_AsASCIIString + PyUnicode_AsCharmapString=python35.PyUnicode_AsCharmapString + PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject=python35.PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject + PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode=python35.PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode + PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject=python35.PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject + PyUnicode_AsEncodedString=python35.PyUnicode_AsEncodedString + PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode=python35.PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode + PyUnicode_AsLatin1String=python35.PyUnicode_AsLatin1String + PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString=python35.PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString + PyUnicode_AsUTF16String=python35.PyUnicode_AsUTF16String + PyUnicode_AsUTF32String=python35.PyUnicode_AsUTF32String + PyUnicode_AsUTF8String=python35.PyUnicode_AsUTF8String + PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString=python35.PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString + PyUnicode_AsWideChar=python35.PyUnicode_AsWideChar + PyUnicode_ClearFreelist=python35.PyUnicode_ClearFreelist + PyUnicode_Compare=python35.PyUnicode_Compare + PyUnicode_Concat=python35.PyUnicode_Concat + PyUnicode_Contains=python35.PyUnicode_Contains + PyUnicode_Count=python35.PyUnicode_Count + PyUnicode_Decode=python35.PyUnicode_Decode + PyUnicode_DecodeASCII=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeASCII + PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap + PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault + PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize + PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1 + PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16 + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32 + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8 + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful + PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape + PyUnicode_FSConverter=python35.PyUnicode_FSConverter + PyUnicode_FSDecoder=python35.PyUnicode_FSDecoder + PyUnicode_Find=python35.PyUnicode_Find + PyUnicode_Format=python35.PyUnicode_Format + PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject=python35.PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject + PyUnicode_FromFormat=python35.PyUnicode_FromFormat + PyUnicode_FromFormatV=python35.PyUnicode_FromFormatV + PyUnicode_FromObject=python35.PyUnicode_FromObject + PyUnicode_FromOrdinal=python35.PyUnicode_FromOrdinal + PyUnicode_FromString=python35.PyUnicode_FromString + PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize=python35.PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize + PyUnicode_FromWideChar=python35.PyUnicode_FromWideChar + PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding=python35.PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding + PyUnicode_GetSize=python35.PyUnicode_GetSize + PyUnicode_IsIdentifier=python35.PyUnicode_IsIdentifier + PyUnicode_Join=python35.PyUnicode_Join + PyUnicode_Partition=python35.PyUnicode_Partition + PyUnicode_RPartition=python35.PyUnicode_RPartition + PyUnicode_RSplit=python35.PyUnicode_RSplit + PyUnicode_Replace=python35.PyUnicode_Replace + PyUnicode_Resize=python35.PyUnicode_Resize + PyUnicode_RichCompare=python35.PyUnicode_RichCompare + PyUnicode_SetDefaultEncoding=python35.PyUnicode_SetDefaultEncoding + PyUnicode_Split=python35.PyUnicode_Split + PyUnicode_Splitlines=python35.PyUnicode_Splitlines + PyUnicode_Tailmatch=python35.PyUnicode_Tailmatch + PyUnicode_Translate=python35.PyUnicode_Translate + PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap=python35.PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap + PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString=python35.PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7 + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful=python35.PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful + PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault=python35.PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault + PyUnicode_InternFromString=python35.PyUnicode_InternFromString + PyUnicode_InternImmortal=python35.PyUnicode_InternImmortal + PyUnicode_InternInPlace=python35.PyUnicode_InternInPlace + PyUnicode_Type=python35.PyUnicode_Type DATA + PyWeakref_GetObject=python35.PyWeakref_GetObject DATA + PyWeakref_NewProxy=python35.PyWeakref_NewProxy + PyWeakref_NewRef=python35.PyWeakref_NewRef + PyWrapperDescr_Type=python35.PyWrapperDescr_Type DATA + PyWrapper_New=python35.PyWrapper_New + PyZip_Type=python35.PyZip_Type DATA + Py_AddPendingCall=python35.Py_AddPendingCall + Py_AtExit=python35.Py_AtExit + Py_BuildValue=python35.Py_BuildValue + Py_CompileString=python35.Py_CompileString + Py_DecRef=python35.Py_DecRef + Py_EndInterpreter=python35.Py_EndInterpreter + Py_Exit=python35.Py_Exit + Py_FatalError=python35.Py_FatalError + Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding=python35.Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding DATA + Py_Finalize=python35.Py_Finalize + Py_GetBuildInfo=python35.Py_GetBuildInfo + Py_GetCompiler=python35.Py_GetCompiler + Py_GetCopyright=python35.Py_GetCopyright + Py_GetExecPrefix=python35.Py_GetExecPrefix + Py_GetPath=python35.Py_GetPath + Py_GetPlatform=python35.Py_GetPlatform + Py_GetPrefix=python35.Py_GetPrefix + Py_GetProgramFullPath=python35.Py_GetProgramFullPath + Py_GetProgramName=python35.Py_GetProgramName + Py_GetPythonHome=python35.Py_GetPythonHome + Py_GetRecursionLimit=python35.Py_GetRecursionLimit + Py_GetVersion=python35.Py_GetVersion + Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding=python35.Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding DATA + Py_IncRef=python35.Py_IncRef + Py_Initialize=python35.Py_Initialize + Py_InitializeEx=python35.Py_InitializeEx + Py_IsInitialized=python35.Py_IsInitialized + Py_Main=python35.Py_Main + Py_MakePendingCalls=python35.Py_MakePendingCalls + Py_NewInterpreter=python35.Py_NewInterpreter + Py_ReprEnter=python35.Py_ReprEnter + Py_ReprLeave=python35.Py_ReprLeave + Py_SetProgramName=python35.Py_SetProgramName + Py_SetPythonHome=python35.Py_SetPythonHome + Py_SetRecursionLimit=python35.Py_SetRecursionLimit + Py_SymtableString=python35.Py_SymtableString + Py_VaBuildValue=python35.Py_VaBuildValue + _PyErr_BadInternalCall=python35._PyErr_BadInternalCall + _PyObject_CallFunction_SizeT=python35._PyObject_CallFunction_SizeT + _PyObject_CallMethod_SizeT=python35._PyObject_CallMethod_SizeT + _PyObject_GC_Malloc=python35._PyObject_GC_Malloc + _PyObject_GC_New=python35._PyObject_GC_New + _PyObject_GC_NewVar=python35._PyObject_GC_NewVar + _PyObject_GC_Resize=python35._PyObject_GC_Resize + _PyObject_New=python35._PyObject_New + _PyObject_NewVar=python35._PyObject_NewVar + _PyState_AddModule=python35._PyState_AddModule + _PyThreadState_Init=python35._PyThreadState_Init + _PyThreadState_Prealloc=python35._PyThreadState_Prealloc + _PyTrash_delete_later=python35._PyTrash_delete_later DATA + _PyTrash_delete_nesting=python35._PyTrash_delete_nesting DATA + _PyTrash_deposit_object=python35._PyTrash_deposit_object + _PyTrash_destroy_chain=python35._PyTrash_destroy_chain + _PyWeakref_CallableProxyType=python35._PyWeakref_CallableProxyType DATA + _PyWeakref_ProxyType=python35._PyWeakref_ProxyType DATA + _PyWeakref_RefType=python35._PyWeakref_RefType DATA + _Py_BuildValue_SizeT=python35._Py_BuildValue_SizeT + _Py_CheckRecursionLimit=python35._Py_CheckRecursionLimit DATA + _Py_CheckRecursiveCall=python35._Py_CheckRecursiveCall + _Py_Dealloc=python35._Py_Dealloc + _Py_EllipsisObject=python35._Py_EllipsisObject DATA + _Py_FalseStruct=python35._Py_FalseStruct DATA + _Py_NoneStruct=python35._Py_NoneStruct DATA + _Py_NotImplementedStruct=python35._Py_NotImplementedStruct DATA + _Py_SwappedOp=python35._Py_SwappedOp DATA + _Py_TrueStruct=python35._Py_TrueStruct DATA + _Py_VaBuildValue_SizeT=python35._Py_VaBuildValue_SizeT + _PyArg_Parse_SizeT=python35._PyArg_Parse_SizeT + _PyArg_ParseTuple_SizeT=python35._PyArg_ParseTuple_SizeT + _PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT=python35._PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT + _PyArg_VaParse_SizeT=python35._PyArg_VaParse_SizeT + _PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT=python35._PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT + _Py_BuildValue_SizeT=python35._Py_BuildValue_SizeT diff --git a/PC/python3.mak b/PC/python3.mak index fb8e7aa..abe1241 100644 --- a/PC/python3.mak +++ b/PC/python3.mak @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -$(OutDir)python3.dll: python3.def $(OutDir)python34stub.lib - cl /LD /Fe$(OutDir)python3.dll python3dll.c python3.def $(OutDir)python34stub.lib +$(OutDir)python3.dll: python3.def $(OutDir)python35stub.lib + cl /LD /Fe$(OutDir)python3.dll python3dll.c python3.def $(OutDir)python35stub.lib -$(OutDir)python34stub.lib: python34stub.def - lib /def:python34stub.def /out:$(OutDir)python34stub.lib /MACHINE:$(MACHINE) +$(OutDir)python35stub.lib: python35stub.def + lib /def:python35stub.def /out:$(OutDir)python35stub.lib /MACHINE:$(MACHINE) clean: IF EXIST $(OutDir)python3.dll del $(OutDir)python3.dll IF EXIST $(OutDir)python3.lib del $(OutDir)python3.lib - IF EXIST $(OutDir)python34stub.lib del $(OutDir)python34stub.lib + IF EXIST $(OutDir)python35stub.lib del $(OutDir)python35stub.lib IF EXIST $(OutDir)python3.exp del $(OutDir)python3.exp - IF EXIST $(OutDir)python34stub.exp del $(OutDir)python34stub.exp + IF EXIST $(OutDir)python35stub.exp del $(OutDir)python35stub.exp rebuild: clean $(OutDir)python3.dll diff --git a/PC/python34gen.py b/PC/python35gen.py index 180ce11..609cb9d 100644 --- a/PC/python34gen.py +++ b/PC/python35gen.py @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Generate python34stub.def out of python3.def +# Generate python35stub.def out of python3.def # The regular import library cannot be used, # since it doesn't provide the right symbols for # data forwarding -out = open("python34stub.def", "w") -out.write('LIBRARY "python34"\n') +out = open("python35stub.def", "w") +out.write('LIBRARY "python35"\n') out.write('EXPORTS\n') inp = open("python3.def") @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ line = inp.readline() # LIBRARY assert line.strip()=='EXPORTS' for line in inp: - # SYM1=python34.SYM2[ DATA] + # SYM1=python35.SYM2[ DATA] head, tail = line.split('.') if 'DATA' in tail: symbol, tail = tail.split(' ') diff --git a/PC/python34stub.def b/PC/python35stub.def index 3074cf3..8736ffb 100644 --- a/PC/python34stub.def +++ b/PC/python35stub.def @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -LIBRARY "python34" +LIBRARY "python35" EXPORTS PyArg_Parse PyArg_ParseTuple diff --git a/PCbuild/build_ssl.bat b/PCbuild/build_ssl.bat index 805d77a..ee551c9 100644 --- a/PCbuild/build_ssl.bat +++ b/PCbuild/build_ssl.bat @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ if not defined HOST_PYTHON ( if %1 EQU Debug ( set HOST_PYTHON=python_d.exe - if not exist python34_d.dll exit 1 + if not exist python35_d.dll exit 1 ) ELSE ( set HOST_PYTHON=python.exe - if not exist python34.dll exit 1 + if not exist python35.dll exit 1 ) ) %HOST_PYTHON% build_ssl.py %1 %2 %3 diff --git a/PCbuild/kill_python.c b/PCbuild/kill_python.c index 604731f..dbc9425 100644 --- a/PCbuild/kill_python.c +++ b/PCbuild/kill_python.c @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) continue; len = wcsnlen_s(me.szExePath, MAX_PATH) - KILL_PYTHON_EXE_LEN; - wcsncpy_s(path, MAX_PATH+1, me.szExePath, len); + wcsncpy_s(path, MAX_PATH+1, me.szExePath, len); break; @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) * looking for python processes. When we find one, verify it lives * in the same directory we live in. If it does, kill it. If we're * unable to kill it, treat this as a fatal error and return 1. - * - * The rationale behind this is that we're called at the start of the + * + * The rationale behind this is that we're called at the start of the * build process on the basis that we'll take care of killing any * running instances, such that the build won't encounter permission * denied errors during linking. If we can't kill one of the processes, @@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) do { /* - * XXX TODO: if we really wanted to be fancy, we could check the + * XXX TODO: if we really wanted to be fancy, we could check the * modules for all processes (not just the python[_d].exe ones) - * and see if any of our DLLs are loaded (i.e. python34[_d].dll), + * and see if any of our DLLs are loaded (i.e. python35[_d].dll), * as that would also inhibit our ability to rebuild the solution. - * Not worth loosing sleep over though; for now, a simple check + * Not worth loosing sleep over though; for now, a simple check * for just the python executable should be sufficient. */ @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) /* It's a python process, so figure out which directory it's in... */ hsm = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPMODULE, pe.th32ProcessID); if (hsm == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) - /* + /* * If our module snapshot fails (which will happen if we don't own * the process), just ignore it and continue. (It seems different * versions of Windows return different values for GetLastError() diff --git a/PCbuild/pyproject.props b/PCbuild/pyproject.props index 5f40b15..f28370f 100644 --- a/PCbuild/pyproject.props +++ b/PCbuild/pyproject.props @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)</OutDir> <IntDir>$(SolutionDir)$(PlatformName)-temp-$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir> <LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental> - </PropertyGroup> + </PropertyGroup> <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Platform)'=='x64'"> <_ProjectFileVersion>10.0.30319.1</_ProjectFileVersion> <_PropertySheetDisplayName>amd64</_PropertySheetDisplayName> @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ <IntDir>$(SolutionDir)$(PlatformName)-temp-$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir> </PropertyGroup> <PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros"> - <PyDllName>python34$(PyDebugExt)</PyDllName> + <PyDllName>python35$(PyDebugExt)</PyDllName> <PythonExe>$(OutDir)python$(PyDebugExt).exe</PythonExe> <KillPythonExe>$(OutDir)kill_python$(PyDebugExt).exe</KillPythonExe> <externalsDir>..\..</externalsDir> diff --git a/PCbuild/readme.txt b/PCbuild/readme.txt index 619f6a8..203da0f 100644 --- a/PCbuild/readme.txt +++ b/PCbuild/readme.txt @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Debug Used to build Python with extra debugging capabilities, equivalent to using ./configure --with-pydebug on UNIX. All binaries built using this configuration have "_d" added to their name: - python34_d.dll, python_d.exe, parser_d.pyd, and so on. Both the + python35_d.dll, python_d.exe, parser_d.pyd, and so on. Both the build and rt (run test) batch files in this directory accept a -d option for debug builds. If you are building Python to help with development of CPython, you will most likely use this configuration. diff --git a/Python/pythonrun.c b/Python/pythonrun.c index e9947e9..3f46056 100644 --- a/Python/pythonrun.c +++ b/Python/pythonrun.c @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ #include "ast.h" #include "marshal.h" #include "osdefs.h" +#include <locale.h> #ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL_H #include <signal.h> @@ -25,7 +26,6 @@ #endif #ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H -#include <locale.h> #include <langinfo.h> #endif @@ -1156,6 +1156,15 @@ initstdio(void) encoding = _Py_StandardStreamEncoding; errors = _Py_StandardStreamErrors; if (!encoding || !errors) { + if (!errors) { + /* When the LC_CTYPE locale is the POSIX locale ("C locale"), + stdin and stdout use the surrogateescape error handler by + default, instead of the strict error handler. */ + char *loc = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL); + if (loc != NULL && strcmp(loc, "C") == 0) + errors = "surrogateescape"; + } + pythonioencoding = Py_GETENV("PYTHONIOENCODING"); if (pythonioencoding) { char *err; @@ -1168,7 +1177,7 @@ initstdio(void) if (err) { *err = '\0'; err++; - if (*err && !errors) { + if (*err && !_Py_StandardStreamErrors) { errors = err; } } @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -This is Python version 3.4.0 -============================ +This is Python version 3.5.0 alpha 1 +==================================== Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. @@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ What's New ---------- We try to have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the "What's New in -Python 3.4" document, found at +Python 3.5" document, found at - http://docs.python.org/3.4/whatsnew/3.4.html + http://docs.python.org/3.5/whatsnew/3.5.html For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS (though this file, too, is incomplete, and also doesn't list anything merged in from the 2.7 release under @@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ entitled "Installing multiple versions". Documentation ------------- -Documentation for Python 3.4 is online, updated daily: +Documentation for Python 3.5 is online, updated daily: - http://docs.python.org/3.4/ + http://docs.python.org/3.5/ It can also be downloaded in many formats for faster access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PDF, and reStructuredText formats; the latter version @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ backported versions of certain key Python 3.x features. A source-to-source translation tool, "2to3", can take care of the mundane task of converting large amounts of source code. It is not a complete solution but is complemented by the deprecation warnings in 2.6. See -http://docs.python.org/3.4/library/2to3.html for more information. +http://docs.python.org/3.5/library/2to3.html for more information. Testing @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ same prefix you must decide which version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using "make install". Install all other versions using "make altinstall". -For example, if you want to install Python 2.6, 2.7 and 3.4 with 2.7 being the +For example, if you want to install Python 2.6, 2.7 and 3.5 with 2.7 being the primary version, you would execute "make install" in your 2.7 build directory and "make altinstall" in the others. @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ #! /bin/sh # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. -# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for python 3.4. +# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for python 3.5. # # Report bugs to <http://bugs.python.org/>. # @@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS= # Identity of this package. PACKAGE_NAME='python' PACKAGE_TARNAME='python' -PACKAGE_VERSION='3.4' -PACKAGE_STRING='python 3.4' +PACKAGE_VERSION='3.5' +PACKAGE_STRING='python 3.5' PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='http://bugs.python.org/' PACKAGE_URL='' @@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. cat <<_ACEOF -\`configure' configures python 3.4 to adapt to many kinds of systems. +\`configure' configures python 3.5 to adapt to many kinds of systems. Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... @@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ fi if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then case $ac_init_help in - short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of python 3.4:";; + short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of python 3.5:";; esac cat <<\_ACEOF @@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ fi test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status if $ac_init_version; then cat <<\_ACEOF -python configure 3.4 +python configure 3.5 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -2419,7 +2419,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF This file contains any messages produced by compilers while running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake. -It was created by python $as_me 3.4, which was +It was created by python $as_me 3.5, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was $ $0 $@ @@ -2989,7 +2989,7 @@ rm confdefs.h mv confdefs.h.new confdefs.h -VERSION=3.4 +VERSION=3.5 # Version number of Python's own shared library file. @@ -15900,7 +15900,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their # values after options handling. ac_log=" -This file was extended by python $as_me 3.4, which was +This file was extended by python $as_me 3.5, which was generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69. Invocation command line was CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES @@ -15962,7 +15962,7 @@ _ACEOF cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`" ac_cs_version="\\ -python config.status 3.4 +python config.status 3.5 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69, with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\" diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 25e1dc8..abade0f 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ dnl * Please run autoreconf to test your changes! * dnl *********************************************** # Set VERSION so we only need to edit in one place (i.e., here) -m4_define(PYTHON_VERSION, 3.4) +m4_define(PYTHON_VERSION, 3.5) AC_PREREQ(2.65) |