diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Doc/howto')
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/howto/descriptor.rst | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst | 28 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/howto/sockets.rst | 36 |
3 files changed, 35 insertions, 41 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst b/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst index 1616f67..0b513f9 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst @@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ continuing through the base classes of ``type(a)`` excluding metaclasses. If the looked-up value is an object defining one of the descriptor methods, then Python may override the default behavior and invoke the descriptor method instead. Where this occurs in the precedence chain depends on which descriptor methods -were defined. Note that descriptors are only invoked for new style objects or -classes (a class is new style if it inherits from :class:`object` or -:class:`type`). +were defined. Descriptors are a powerful, general purpose protocol. They are the mechanism behind properties, methods, static methods, class methods, and :func:`super()`. @@ -89,8 +87,6 @@ of ``obj``. If ``d`` defines the method :meth:`__get__`, then ``d.__get__(obj)` is invoked according to the precedence rules listed below. The details of invocation depend on whether ``obj`` is an object or a class. -Either way, descriptors only work for new style objects and classes. A class is -new style if it is a subclass of :class:`object`. For objects, the machinery is in :meth:`object.__getattribute__` which transforms ``b.x`` into ``type(b).__dict__['x'].__get__(b, type(b))``. The @@ -115,7 +111,6 @@ The important points to remember are: * descriptors are invoked by the :meth:`__getattribute__` method * overriding :meth:`__getattribute__` prevents automatic descriptor calls -* :meth:`__getattribute__` is only available with new style classes and objects * :meth:`object.__getattribute__` and :meth:`type.__getattribute__` make different calls to :meth:`__get__`. * data descriptors always override instance dictionaries. @@ -128,10 +123,7 @@ and then returns ``A.__dict__['m'].__get__(obj, A)``. If not a descriptor, ``m`` is returned unchanged. If not in the dictionary, ``m`` reverts to a search using :meth:`object.__getattribute__`. -Note, in Python 2.2, ``super(B, obj).m()`` would only invoke :meth:`__get__` if -``m`` was a data descriptor. In Python 2.3, non-data descriptors also get -invoked unless an old-style class is involved. The implementation details are -in :c:func:`super_getattro()` in +The implementation details are in :c:func:`super_getattro()` in `Objects/typeobject.c <http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Objects/typeobject.c?view=markup>`_ and a pure Python equivalent can be found in `Guido's Tutorial`_. diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst index 7dc8021..322e52e 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst @@ -1102,3 +1102,31 @@ This dictionary is passed to :func:`~logging.config.dictConfig` to put the confi For more information about this configuration, you can see the `relevant section <https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.3/topics/logging/#configuring-logging>`_ of the Django documentation. + +.. _cookbook-rotator-namer: + +Using a rotator and namer to customise log rotation processing +-------------------------------------------------------------- + +An example of how you can define a namer and rotator is given in the following +snippet, which shows zlib-based compression of the log file:: + + def namer(name): + return name + ".gz" + + def rotator(source, dest): + with open(source, "rb") as sf: + data = sf.read() + compressed = zlib.compress(data, 9) + with open(dest, "wb") as df: + df.write(compressed) + os.remove(source) + + rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(...) + rh.rotator = rotator + rh.namer = namer + +These are not "true" .gz files, as they are bare compressed data, with no +"container" such as you’d find in an actual gzip file. This snippet is just +for illustration purposes. + diff --git a/Doc/howto/sockets.rst b/Doc/howto/sockets.rst index a4ae9c0..d240008 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/sockets.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/sockets.rst @@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ It's not really a tutorial - you'll still have work to do in getting things working. It doesn't cover the fine points (and there are a lot of them), but I hope it will give you enough background to begin using them decently. -I'm only going to talk about INET sockets, but they account for at least 99% of -the sockets in use. And I'll only talk about STREAM sockets - unless you really +I'm only going to talk about INET (i.e. IPv4) sockets, but they account for at least 99% of +the sockets in use. And I'll only talk about STREAM (i.e. TCP) sockets - unless you really know what you're doing (in which case this HOWTO isn't for you!), you'll get better behavior and performance from a STREAM socket than anything else. I will try to clear up the mystery of what a socket is, as well as some hints on how to @@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ length message:: totalsent = totalsent + sent def myreceive(self): - msg = '' + msg = b'' while len(msg) < MSGLEN: chunk = self.sock.recv(MSGLEN-len(msg)) - if chunk == '': + if chunk == b'': raise RuntimeError("socket connection broken") msg = msg + chunk return msg @@ -371,12 +371,6 @@ have created a new socket to ``connect`` to someone else, put it in the potential_writers list. If it shows up in the writable list, you have a decent chance that it has connected. -One very nasty problem with ``select``: if somewhere in those input lists of -sockets is one which has died a nasty death, the ``select`` will fail. You then -need to loop through every single damn socket in all those lists and do a -``select([sock],[],[],0)`` until you find the bad one. That timeout of 0 means -it won't take long, but it's ugly. - Actually, ``select`` can be handy even with blocking sockets. It's one way of determining whether you will block - the socket returns as readable when there's something in the buffers. However, this still doesn't help with the problem of @@ -386,26 +380,6 @@ determining whether the other end is done, or just busy with something else. files. Don't try this on Windows. On Windows, ``select`` works with sockets only. Also note that in C, many of the more advanced socket options are done differently on Windows. In fact, on Windows I usually use threads (which work -very, very well) with my sockets. Face it, if you want any kind of performance, -your code will look very different on Windows than on Unix. - - -Performance ------------ +very, very well) with my sockets. -There's no question that the fastest sockets code uses non-blocking sockets and -select to multiplex them. You can put together something that will saturate a -LAN connection without putting any strain on the CPU. - -The trouble is that an app written this way can't do much of anything else - -it needs to be ready to shuffle bytes around at all times. Assuming that your -app is actually supposed to do something more than that, threading is the -optimal solution, (and using non-blocking sockets will be faster than using -blocking sockets). - -Finally, remember that even though blocking sockets are somewhat slower than -non-blocking, in many cases they are the "right" solution. After all, if your -app is driven by the data it receives over a socket, there's not much sense in -complicating the logic just so your app can wait on ``select`` instead of -``recv``. |