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diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bd3ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst @@ -0,0 +1,1788 @@ +:mod:`argparse` --- Parser for command line options, arguments and sub-commands +=============================================================================== + +.. module:: argparse + :synopsis: Command-line option and argument parsing library. +.. moduleauthor:: Steven Bethard <steven.bethard@gmail.com> +.. sectionauthor:: Steven Bethard <steven.bethard@gmail.com> + +**Source code:** :source:`Lib/argparse.py` + +.. versionadded:: 3.2 + +-------------- + +The :mod:`argparse` module makes it easy to write user friendly command line +interfaces. The program defines what arguments it requires, and :mod:`argparse` +will figure out how to parse those out of :data:`sys.argv`. The :mod:`argparse` +module also automatically generates help and usage messages and issues errors +when users give the program invalid arguments. + + +Example +------- + +The following code is a Python program that takes a list of integers and +produces either the sum or the max:: + + import argparse + + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.') + parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int, nargs='+', + help='an integer for the accumulator') + parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const', + const=sum, default=max, + help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') + + args = parser.parse_args() + print(args.accumulate(args.integers)) + +Assuming the Python code above is saved into a file called ``prog.py``, it can +be run at the command line and provides useful help messages:: + + $ prog.py -h + usage: prog.py [-h] [--sum] N [N ...] + + Process some integers. + + positional arguments: + N an integer for the accumulator + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --sum sum the integers (default: find the max) + +When run with the appropriate arguments, it prints either the sum or the max of +the command-line integers:: + + $ prog.py 1 2 3 4 + 4 + + $ prog.py 1 2 3 4 --sum + 10 + +If invalid arguments are passed in, it will issue an error:: + + $ prog.py a b c + usage: prog.py [-h] [--sum] N [N ...] + prog.py: error: argument N: invalid int value: 'a' + +The following sections walk you through this example. + + +Creating a parser +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The first step in using the :mod:`argparse` is creating an +:class:`ArgumentParser` object:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.') + +The :class:`ArgumentParser` object will hold all the information necessary to +parse the command line into python data types. + + +Adding arguments +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Filling an :class:`ArgumentParser` with information about program arguments is +done by making calls to the :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` method. +Generally, these calls tell the :class:`ArgumentParser` how to take the strings +on the command line and turn them into objects. This information is stored and +used when :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` is called. For example:: + + >>> parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int, nargs='+', + ... help='an integer for the accumulator') + >>> parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const', + ... const=sum, default=max, + ... help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') + +Later, calling :meth:`parse_args` will return an object with +two attributes, ``integers`` and ``accumulate``. The ``integers`` attribute +will be a list of one or more ints, and the ``accumulate`` attribute will be +either the :func:`sum` function, if ``--sum`` was specified at the command line, +or the :func:`max` function if it was not. + + +Parsing arguments +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +:class:`ArgumentParser` parses args through the +:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` method. This will inspect the command-line, +convert each arg to the appropriate type and then invoke the appropriate action. +In most cases, this means a simple namespace object will be built up from +attributes parsed out of the command-line:: + + >>> parser.parse_args(['--sum', '7', '-1', '42']) + Namespace(accumulate=<built-in function sum>, integers=[7, -1, 42]) + +In a script, :meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` will typically be called with no +arguments, and the :class:`ArgumentParser` will automatically determine the +command-line args from :data:`sys.argv`. + + +ArgumentParser objects +---------------------- + +.. class:: ArgumentParser([description], [epilog], [prog], [usage], [add_help], \ + [argument_default], [parents], [prefix_chars], \ + [conflict_handler], [formatter_class]) + + Create a new :class:`ArgumentParser` object. Each parameter has its own more + detailed description below, but in short they are: + + * description_ - Text to display before the argument help. + + * epilog_ - Text to display after the argument help. + + * add_help_ - Add a -h/--help option to the parser. (default: ``True``) + + * argument_default_ - Set the global default value for arguments. + (default: ``None``) + + * parents_ - A list of :class:`ArgumentParser` objects whose arguments should + also be included. + + * prefix_chars_ - The set of characters that prefix optional arguments. + (default: '-') + + * fromfile_prefix_chars_ - The set of characters that prefix files from + which additional arguments should be read. (default: ``None``) + + * formatter_class_ - A class for customizing the help output. + + * conflict_handler_ - Usually unnecessary, defines strategy for resolving + conflicting optionals. + + * prog_ - The name of the program (default: + :data:`sys.argv[0]`) + + * usage_ - The string describing the program usage (default: generated) + +The following sections describe how each of these are used. + + +description +^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Most calls to the :class:`ArgumentParser` constructor will use the +``description=`` keyword argument. This argument gives a brief description of +what the program does and how it works. In help messages, the description is +displayed between the command-line usage string and the help messages for the +various arguments:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='A foo that bars') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: argparse.py [-h] + + A foo that bars + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + +By default, the description will be line-wrapped so that it fits within the +given space. To change this behavior, see the formatter_class_ argument. + + +epilog +^^^^^^ + +Some programs like to display additional description of the program after the +description of the arguments. Such text can be specified using the ``epilog=`` +argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + ... description='A foo that bars', + ... epilog="And that's how you'd foo a bar") + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: argparse.py [-h] + + A foo that bars + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + + And that's how you'd foo a bar + +As with the description_ argument, the ``epilog=`` text is by default +line-wrapped, but this behavior can be adjusted with the formatter_class_ +argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`. + + +add_help +^^^^^^^^ + +By default, ArgumentParser objects add an option which simply displays +the parser's help message. For example, consider a file named +``myprogram.py`` containing the following code:: + + import argparse + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help') + args = parser.parse_args() + +If ``-h`` or ``--help`` is supplied is at the command-line, the ArgumentParser +help will be printed:: + + $ python myprogram.py --help + usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO foo help + +Occasionally, it may be useful to disable the addition of this help option. +This can be achieved by passing ``False`` as the ``add_help=`` argument to +:class:`ArgumentParser`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False) + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + --foo FOO foo help + +The help option is typically ``-h/--help``. The exception to this is +if the ``prefix_chars=`` is specified and does not include ``'-'``, in +which case ``-h`` and ``--help`` are not valid options. In +this case, the first character in ``prefix_chars`` is used to prefix +the help options:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='+/') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [+h] + + optional arguments: + +h, ++help show this help message and exit + + +prefix_chars +^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Most command-line options will use ``'-'`` as the prefix, e.g. ``-f/--foo``. +Parsers that need to support different or additional prefix +characters, e.g. for options +like ``+f`` or ``/foo``, may specify them using the ``prefix_chars=`` argument +to the ArgumentParser constructor:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', prefix_chars='-+') + >>> parser.add_argument('+f') + >>> parser.add_argument('++bar') + >>> parser.parse_args('+f X ++bar Y'.split()) + Namespace(bar='Y', f='X') + +The ``prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``'-'``. Supplying a set of +characters that does not include ``'-'`` will cause ``-f/--foo`` options to be +disallowed. + + +fromfile_prefix_chars +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Sometimes, for example when dealing with a particularly long argument lists, it +may make sense to keep the list of arguments in a file rather than typing it out +at the command line. If the ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument is given to the +:class:`ArgumentParser` constructor, then arguments that start with any of the +specified characters will be treated as files, and will be replaced by the +arguments they contain. For example:: + + >>> with open('args.txt', 'w') as fp: + ... fp.write('-f\nbar') + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(fromfile_prefix_chars='@') + >>> parser.add_argument('-f') + >>> parser.parse_args(['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']) + Namespace(f='bar') + +Arguments read from a file must by default be one per line (but see also +:meth:`convert_arg_line_to_args`) and are treated as if they were in the same +place as the original file referencing argument on the command line. So in the +example above, the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']`` is considered +equivalent to the expression ``['-f', 'foo', '-f', 'bar']``. + +The ``fromfile_prefix_chars=`` argument defaults to ``None``, meaning that +arguments will never be treated as file references. + + +argument_default +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Generally, argument defaults are specified either by passing a default to +:meth:`add_argument` or by calling the :meth:`set_defaults` methods with a +specific set of name-value pairs. Sometimes however, it may be useful to +specify a single parser-wide default for arguments. This can be accomplished by +passing the ``argument_default=`` keyword argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`. +For example, to globally suppress attribute creation on :meth:`parse_args` +calls, we supply ``argument_default=SUPPRESS``:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(argument_default=argparse.SUPPRESS) + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?') + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', '1', 'BAR']) + Namespace(bar='BAR', foo='1') + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + Namespace() + + +parents +^^^^^^^ + +Sometimes, several parsers share a common set of arguments. Rather than +repeating the definitions of these arguments, a single parser with all the +shared arguments and passed to ``parents=`` argument to :class:`ArgumentParser` +can be used. The ``parents=`` argument takes a list of :class:`ArgumentParser` +objects, collects all the positional and optional actions from them, and adds +these actions to the :class:`ArgumentParser` object being constructed:: + + >>> parent_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False) + >>> parent_parser.add_argument('--parent', type=int) + + >>> foo_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(parents=[parent_parser]) + >>> foo_parser.add_argument('foo') + >>> foo_parser.parse_args(['--parent', '2', 'XXX']) + Namespace(foo='XXX', parent=2) + + >>> bar_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(parents=[parent_parser]) + >>> bar_parser.add_argument('--bar') + >>> bar_parser.parse_args(['--bar', 'YYY']) + Namespace(bar='YYY', parent=None) + +Note that most parent parsers will specify ``add_help=False``. Otherwise, the +:class:`ArgumentParser` will see two ``-h/--help`` options (one in the parent +and one in the child) and raise an error. + + +formatter_class +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +:class:`ArgumentParser` objects allow the help formatting to be customized by +specifying an alternate formatting class. Currently, there are three such +classes: :class:`argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter`, +:class:`argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter` and +:class:`argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter`. The first two allow more +control over how textual descriptions are displayed, while the last +automatically adds information about argument default values. + +By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects line-wrap the description_ and +epilog_ texts in command-line help messages:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + ... prog='PROG', + ... description='''this description + ... was indented weird + ... but that is okay''', + ... epilog=''' + ... likewise for this epilog whose whitespace will + ... be cleaned up and whose words will be wrapped + ... across a couple lines''') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] + + this description was indented weird but that is okay + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + + likewise for this epilog whose whitespace will be cleaned up and whose words + will be wrapped across a couple lines + +Passing :class:`argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter` as ``formatter_class=`` +indicates that description_ and epilog_ are already correctly formatted and +should not be line-wrapped:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + ... prog='PROG', + ... formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, + ... description=textwrap.dedent('''\ + ... Please do not mess up this text! + ... -------------------------------- + ... I have indented it + ... exactly the way + ... I want it + ... ''')) + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] + + Please do not mess up this text! + -------------------------------- + I have indented it + exactly the way + I want it + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + +:class:`RawTextHelpFormatter` maintains whitespace for all sorts of help text +including argument descriptions. + +The other formatter class available, :class:`ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter`, +will add information about the default value of each of the arguments:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + ... prog='PROG', + ... formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter) + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', type=int, default=42, help='FOO!') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='*', default=[1, 2, 3], help='BAR!') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [bar [bar ...]] + + positional arguments: + bar BAR! (default: [1, 2, 3]) + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO FOO! (default: 42) + + +conflict_handler +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +:class:`ArgumentParser` objects do not allow two actions with the same option +string. By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects raises an exception if an +attempt is made to create an argument with an option string that is already in +use:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo', help='old foo help') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='new foo help') + Traceback (most recent call last): + .. + ArgumentError: argument --foo: conflicting option string(s): --foo + +Sometimes (e.g. when using parents_) it may be useful to simply override any +older arguments with the same option string. To get this behavior, the value +``'resolve'`` can be supplied to the ``conflict_handler=`` argument of +:class:`ArgumentParser`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', conflict_handler='resolve') + >>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo', help='old foo help') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='new foo help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] [-f FOO] [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -f FOO old foo help + --foo FOO new foo help + +Note that :class:`ArgumentParser` objects only remove an action if all of its +option strings are overridden. So, in the example above, the old ``-f/--foo`` +action is retained as the ``-f`` action, because only the ``--foo`` option +string was overridden. + + +prog +^^^^ + +By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` objects uses ``sys.argv[0]`` to determine +how to display the name of the program in help messages. This default is almost +always desirable because it will make the help messages match how the program was +invoked on the command line. For example, consider a file named +``myprogram.py`` with the following code:: + + import argparse + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help') + args = parser.parse_args() + +The help for this program will display ``myprogram.py`` as the program name +(regardless of where the program was invoked from):: + + $ python myprogram.py --help + usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO foo help + $ cd .. + $ python subdir\myprogram.py --help + usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO foo help + +To change this default behavior, another value can be supplied using the +``prog=`` argument to :class:`ArgumentParser`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: myprogram [-h] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + +Note that the program name, whether determined from ``sys.argv[0]`` or from the +``prog=`` argument, is available to help messages using the ``%(prog)s`` format +specifier. + +:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='myprogram') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', help='foo of the %(prog)s program') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: myprogram [-h] [--foo FOO] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO foo of the myprogram program + + +usage +^^^^^ + +By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` calculates the usage message from the +arguments it contains:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo [FOO]] bar [bar ...] + + positional arguments: + bar bar help + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo [FOO] foo help + +The default message can be overridden with the ``usage=`` keyword argument:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', usage='%(prog)s [options]') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', help='foo help') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', help='bar help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [options] + + positional arguments: + bar bar help + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo [FOO] foo help + +The ``%(prog)s`` format specifier is available to fill in the program name in +your usage messages. + + +The add_argument() method +------------------------- + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.add_argument(name or flags..., [action], [nargs], \ + [const], [default], [type], [choices], [required], \ + [help], [metavar], [dest]) + + Define how a single command line argument should be parsed. Each parameter + has its own more detailed description below, but in short they are: + + * `name or flags`_ - Either a name or a list of option strings, e.g. ``foo`` + or ``-f, --foo`` + + * action_ - The basic type of action to be taken when this argument is + encountered at the command-line. + + * nargs_ - The number of command-line arguments that should be consumed. + + * const_ - A constant value required by some action_ and nargs_ selections. + + * default_ - The value produced if the argument is absent from the + command-line. + + * type_ - The type to which the command-line arg should be converted. + + * choices_ - A container of the allowable values for the argument. + + * required_ - Whether or not the command-line option may be omitted + (optionals only). + + * help_ - A brief description of what the argument does. + + * metavar_ - A name for the argument in usage messages. + + * dest_ - The name of the attribute to be added to the object returned by + :meth:`parse_args`. + +The following sections describe how each of these are used. + + +name or flags +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The :meth:`add_argument` method must know whether an optional argument, like +``-f`` or ``--foo``, or a positional argument, like a list of filenames, is +expected. The first arguments passed to :meth:`add_argument` must therefore be +either a series of flags, or a simple argument name. For example, an optional +argument could be created like:: + + >>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo') + +while a positional argument could be created like:: + + >>> parser.add_argument('bar') + +When :meth:`parse_args` is called, optional arguments will be identified by the +``-`` prefix, and the remaining arguments will be assumed to be positional:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar') + >>> parser.parse_args(['BAR']) + Namespace(bar='BAR', foo=None) + >>> parser.parse_args(['BAR', '--foo', 'FOO']) + Namespace(bar='BAR', foo='FOO') + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'FOO']) + usage: PROG [-h] [-f FOO] bar + PROG: error: too few arguments + + +action +^^^^^^ + +:class:`ArgumentParser` objects associate command-line args with actions. These +actions can do just about anything with the command-line args associated with +them, though most actions simply add an attribute to the object returned by +:meth:`parse_args`. The ``action`` keyword argument specifies how the +command-line args should be handled. The supported actions are: + +* ``'store'`` - This just stores the argument's value. This is the default + action. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo 1'.split()) + Namespace(foo='1') + +* ``'store_const'`` - This stores the value specified by the const_ keyword + argument. (Note that the const_ keyword argument defaults to the rather + unhelpful ``None``.) The ``'store_const'`` action is most commonly used with + optional arguments that specify some sort of flag. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_const', const=42) + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo'.split()) + Namespace(foo=42) + +* ``'store_true'`` and ``'store_false'`` - These store the values ``True`` and + ``False`` respectively. These are special cases of ``'store_const'``. For + example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true') + >>> parser.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo --bar'.split()) + Namespace(bar=False, foo=True) + +* ``'append'`` - This stores a list, and appends each argument value to the + list. This is useful to allow an option to be specified multiple times. + Example usage:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='append') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo 1 --foo 2'.split()) + Namespace(foo=['1', '2']) + +* ``'append_const'`` - This stores a list, and appends the value specified by + the const_ keyword argument to the list. (Note that the const_ keyword + argument defaults to ``None``.) The ``'append_const'`` action is typically + useful when multiple arguments need to store constants to the same list. For + example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--str', dest='types', action='append_const', const=str) + >>> parser.add_argument('--int', dest='types', action='append_const', const=int) + >>> parser.parse_args('--str --int'.split()) + Namespace(types=[<type 'str'>, <type 'int'>]) + +* ``'version'`` - This expects a ``version=`` keyword argument in the + :meth:`add_argument` call, and prints version information and exits when + invoked. + + >>> import argparse + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s 2.0') + >>> parser.parse_args(['--version']) + PROG 2.0 + +You can also specify an arbitrary action by passing an object that implements +the Action API. The easiest way to do this is to extend +:class:`argparse.Action`, supplying an appropriate ``__call__`` method. The +``__call__`` method should accept four parameters: + +* ``parser`` - The ArgumentParser object which contains this action. + +* ``namespace`` - The namespace object that will be returned by + :meth:`parse_args`. Most actions add an attribute to this object. + +* ``values`` - The associated command-line args, with any type-conversions + applied. (Type-conversions are specified with the type_ keyword argument to + :meth:`add_argument`. + +* ``option_string`` - The option string that was used to invoke this action. + The ``option_string`` argument is optional, and will be absent if the action + is associated with a positional argument. + +An example of a custom action:: + + >>> class FooAction(argparse.Action): + ... def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None): + ... print('%r %r %r' % (namespace, values, option_string)) + ... setattr(namespace, self.dest, values) + ... + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action=FooAction) + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', action=FooAction) + >>> args = parser.parse_args('1 --foo 2'.split()) + Namespace(bar=None, foo=None) '1' None + Namespace(bar='1', foo=None) '2' '--foo' + >>> args + Namespace(bar='1', foo='2') + + +nargs +^^^^^ + +ArgumentParser objects usually associate a single command-line argument with a +single action to be taken. The ``nargs`` keyword argument associates a +different number of command-line arguments with a single action.. The supported +values are: + +* N (an integer). N args from the command-line will be gathered together into a + list. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs=2) + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs=1) + >>> parser.parse_args('c --foo a b'.split()) + Namespace(bar=['c'], foo=['a', 'b']) + + Note that ``nargs=1`` produces a list of one item. This is different from + the default, in which the item is produced by itself. + +* ``'?'``. One arg will be consumed from the command-line if possible, and + produced as a single item. If no command-line arg is present, the value from + default_ will be produced. Note that for optional arguments, there is an + additional case - the option string is present but not followed by a + command-line arg. In this case the value from const_ will be produced. Some + examples to illustrate this:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', const='c', default='d') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', default='d') + >>> parser.parse_args('XX --foo YY'.split()) + Namespace(bar='XX', foo='YY') + >>> parser.parse_args('XX --foo'.split()) + Namespace(bar='XX', foo='c') + >>> parser.parse_args(''.split()) + Namespace(bar='d', foo='d') + + One of the more common uses of ``nargs='?'`` is to allow optional input and + output files:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('infile', nargs='?', type=argparse.FileType('r'), + ... default=sys.stdin) + >>> parser.add_argument('outfile', nargs='?', type=argparse.FileType('w'), + ... default=sys.stdout) + >>> parser.parse_args(['input.txt', 'output.txt']) + Namespace(infile=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='input.txt' encoding='UTF-8'>, + outfile=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='output.txt' encoding='UTF-8'>) + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + Namespace(infile=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' encoding='UTF-8'>, + outfile=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' encoding='UTF-8'>) + +* ``'*'``. All command-line args present are gathered into a list. Note that + it generally doesn't make much sense to have more than one positional argument + with ``nargs='*'``, but multiple optional arguments with ``nargs='*'`` is + possible. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='*') + >>> parser.add_argument('--bar', nargs='*') + >>> parser.add_argument('baz', nargs='*') + >>> parser.parse_args('a b --foo x y --bar 1 2'.split()) + Namespace(bar=['1', '2'], baz=['a', 'b'], foo=['x', 'y']) + +* ``'+'``. Just like ``'*'``, all command-line args present are gathered into a + list. Additionally, an error message will be generated if there wasn't at + least one command-line arg present. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='+') + >>> parser.parse_args('a b'.split()) + Namespace(foo=['a', 'b']) + >>> parser.parse_args(''.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] foo [foo ...] + PROG: error: too few arguments + +If the ``nargs`` keyword argument is not provided, the number of args consumed +is determined by the action_. Generally this means a single command-line arg +will be consumed and a single item (not a list) will be produced. + + +const +^^^^^ + +The ``const`` argument of :meth:`add_argument` is used to hold constant values +that are not read from the command line but are required for the various +ArgumentParser actions. The two most common uses of it are: + +* When :meth:`add_argument` is called with ``action='store_const'`` or + ``action='append_const'``. These actions add the ``const`` value to one of + the attributes of the object returned by :meth:`parse_args`. See the action_ + description for examples. + +* When :meth:`add_argument` is called with option strings (like ``-f`` or + ``--foo``) and ``nargs='?'``. This creates an optional argument that can be + followed by zero or one command-line args. When parsing the command-line, if + the option string is encountered with no command-line arg following it, the + value of ``const`` will be assumed instead. See the nargs_ description for + examples. + +The ``const`` keyword argument defaults to ``None``. + + +default +^^^^^^^ + +All optional arguments and some positional arguments may be omitted at the +command-line. The ``default`` keyword argument of :meth:`add_argument`, whose +value defaults to ``None``, specifies what value should be used if the +command-line arg is not present. For optional arguments, the ``default`` value +is used when the option string was not present at the command line:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', default=42) + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo 2'.split()) + Namespace(foo='2') + >>> parser.parse_args(''.split()) + Namespace(foo=42) + +For positional arguments with nargs_ ``='?'`` or ``'*'``, the ``default`` value +is used when no command-line arg was present:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='?', default=42) + >>> parser.parse_args('a'.split()) + Namespace(foo='a') + >>> parser.parse_args(''.split()) + Namespace(foo=42) + + +Providing ``default=argparse.SUPPRESS`` causes no attribute to be added if the +command-line argument was not present.:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', default=argparse.SUPPRESS) + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + Namespace() + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', '1']) + Namespace(foo='1') + + +type +^^^^ + +By default, ArgumentParser objects read command-line args in as simple strings. +However, quite often the command-line string should instead be interpreted as +another type, like a :class:`float` or :class:`int`. The ``type`` keyword +argument of :meth:`add_argument` allows any necessary type-checking and +type-conversions to be performed. Common built-in types and functions can be +used directly as the value of the ``type`` argument:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=int) + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', type=open) + >>> parser.parse_args('2 temp.txt'.split()) + Namespace(bar=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='temp.txt' encoding='UTF-8'>, foo=2) + +To ease the use of various types of files, the argparse module provides the +factory FileType which takes the ``mode=`` and ``bufsize=`` arguments of the +:func:`open` function. For example, ``FileType('w')`` can be used to create a +writable file:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', type=argparse.FileType('w')) + >>> parser.parse_args(['out.txt']) + Namespace(bar=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='out.txt' encoding='UTF-8'>) + +``type=`` can take any callable that takes a single string argument and returns +the type-converted value:: + + >>> def perfect_square(string): + ... value = int(string) + ... sqrt = math.sqrt(value) + ... if sqrt != int(sqrt): + ... msg = "%r is not a perfect square" % string + ... raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg) + ... return value + ... + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=perfect_square) + >>> parser.parse_args('9'.split()) + Namespace(foo=9) + >>> parser.parse_args('7'.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] foo + PROG: error: argument foo: '7' is not a perfect square + +The choices_ keyword argument may be more convenient for type checkers that +simply check against a range of values:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=int, choices=range(5, 10)) + >>> parser.parse_args('7'.split()) + Namespace(foo=7) + >>> parser.parse_args('11'.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] {5,6,7,8,9} + PROG: error: argument foo: invalid choice: 11 (choose from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) + +See the choices_ section for more details. + + +choices +^^^^^^^ + +Some command-line args should be selected from a restricted set of values. +These can be handled by passing a container object as the ``choices`` keyword +argument to :meth:`add_argument`. When the command-line is parsed, arg values +will be checked, and an error message will be displayed if the arg was not one +of the acceptable values:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', choices='abc') + >>> parser.parse_args('c'.split()) + Namespace(foo='c') + >>> parser.parse_args('X'.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] {a,b,c} + PROG: error: argument foo: invalid choice: 'X' (choose from 'a', 'b', 'c') + +Note that inclusion in the ``choices`` container is checked after any type_ +conversions have been performed, so the type of the objects in the ``choices`` +container should match the type_ specified:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=complex, choices=[1, 1j]) + >>> parser.parse_args('1j'.split()) + Namespace(foo=1j) + >>> parser.parse_args('-- -4'.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] {1,1j} + PROG: error: argument foo: invalid choice: (-4+0j) (choose from 1, 1j) + +Any object that supports the ``in`` operator can be passed as the ``choices`` +value, so :class:`dict` objects, :class:`set` objects, custom containers, +etc. are all supported. + + +required +^^^^^^^^ + +In general, the argparse module assumes that flags like ``-f`` and ``--bar`` +indicate *optional* arguments, which can always be omitted at the command-line. +To make an option *required*, ``True`` can be specified for the ``required=`` +keyword argument to :meth:`add_argument`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', required=True) + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'BAR']) + Namespace(foo='BAR') + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + usage: argparse.py [-h] [--foo FOO] + argparse.py: error: option --foo is required + +As the example shows, if an option is marked as ``required``, :meth:`parse_args` +will report an error if that option is not present at the command line. + +.. note:: + + Required options are generally considered bad form because users expect + *options* to be *optional*, and thus they should be avoided when possible. + + +help +^^^^ + +The ``help`` value is a string containing a brief description of the argument. +When a user requests help (usually by using ``-h`` or ``--help`` at the +command-line), these ``help`` descriptions will be displayed with each +argument:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='frobble') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', + ... help='foo the bars before frobbling') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', + ... help='one of the bars to be frobbled') + >>> parser.parse_args('-h'.split()) + usage: frobble [-h] [--foo] bar [bar ...] + + positional arguments: + bar one of the bars to be frobbled + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo foo the bars before frobbling + +The ``help`` strings can include various format specifiers to avoid repetition +of things like the program name or the argument default_. The available +specifiers include the program name, ``%(prog)s`` and most keyword arguments to +:meth:`add_argument`, e.g. ``%(default)s``, ``%(type)s``, etc.:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='frobble') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', type=int, default=42, + ... help='the bar to %(prog)s (default: %(default)s)') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: frobble [-h] [bar] + + positional arguments: + bar the bar to frobble (default: 42) + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + + +metavar +^^^^^^^ + +When :class:`ArgumentParser` generates help messages, it need some way to refer +to each expected argument. By default, ArgumentParser objects use the dest_ +value as the "name" of each object. By default, for positional argument +actions, the dest_ value is used directly, and for optional argument actions, +the dest_ value is uppercased. So, a single positional argument with +``dest='bar'`` will that argument will be referred to as ``bar``. A single +optional argument ``--foo`` that should be followed by a single command-line arg +will be referred to as ``FOO``. An example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar') + >>> parser.parse_args('X --foo Y'.split()) + Namespace(bar='X', foo='Y') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: [-h] [--foo FOO] bar + + positional arguments: + bar + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo FOO + +An alternative name can be specified with ``metavar``:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', metavar='YYY') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', metavar='XXX') + >>> parser.parse_args('X --foo Y'.split()) + Namespace(bar='X', foo='Y') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: [-h] [--foo YYY] XXX + + positional arguments: + XXX + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo YYY + +Note that ``metavar`` only changes the *displayed* name - the name of the +attribute on the :meth:`parse_args` object is still determined by the dest_ +value. + +Different values of ``nargs`` may cause the metavar to be used multiple times. +Providing a tuple to ``metavar`` specifies a different display for each of the +arguments:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-x', nargs=2) + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs=2, metavar=('bar', 'baz')) + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [-h] [-x X X] [--foo bar baz] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -x X X + --foo bar baz + + +dest +^^^^ + +Most :class:`ArgumentParser` actions add some value as an attribute of the +object returned by :meth:`parse_args`. The name of this attribute is determined +by the ``dest`` keyword argument of :meth:`add_argument`. For positional +argument actions, ``dest`` is normally supplied as the first argument to +:meth:`add_argument`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('bar') + >>> parser.parse_args('XXX'.split()) + Namespace(bar='XXX') + +For optional argument actions, the value of ``dest`` is normally inferred from +the option strings. :class:`ArgumentParser` generates the value of ``dest`` by +taking the first long option string and stripping away the initial ``'--'`` +string. If no long option strings were supplied, ``dest`` will be derived from +the first short option string by stripping the initial ``'-'`` character. Any +internal ``'-'`` characters will be converted to ``'_'`` characters to make sure +the string is a valid attribute name. The examples below illustrate this +behavior:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('-f', '--foo-bar', '--foo') + >>> parser.add_argument('-x', '-y') + >>> parser.parse_args('-f 1 -x 2'.split()) + Namespace(foo_bar='1', x='2') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo 1 -y 2'.split()) + Namespace(foo_bar='1', x='2') + +``dest`` allows a custom attribute name to be provided:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', dest='bar') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo XXX'.split()) + Namespace(bar='XXX') + + +The parse_args() method +----------------------- + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.parse_args(args=None, namespace=None) + + Convert argument strings to objects and assign them as attributes of the + namespace. Return the populated namespace. + + Previous calls to :meth:`add_argument` determine exactly what objects are + created and how they are assigned. See the documentation for + :meth:`add_argument` for details. + + By default, the arg strings are taken from :data:`sys.argv`, and a new empty + :class:`Namespace` object is created for the attributes. + + +Option value syntax +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The :meth:`parse_args` method supports several ways of specifying the value of +an option (if it takes one). In the simplest case, the option and its value are +passed as two separate arguments:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-x') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo') + >>> parser.parse_args('-x X'.split()) + Namespace(foo=None, x='X') + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo FOO'.split()) + Namespace(foo='FOO', x=None) + +For long options (options with names longer than a single character), the option +and value can also be passed as a single command line argument, using ``=`` to +separate them:: + + >>> parser.parse_args('--foo=FOO'.split()) + Namespace(foo='FOO', x=None) + +For short options (options only one character long), the option and its value +can be concatenated:: + + >>> parser.parse_args('-xX'.split()) + Namespace(foo=None, x='X') + +Several short options can be joined together, using only a single ``-`` prefix, +as long as only the last option (or none of them) requires a value:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-x', action='store_true') + >>> parser.add_argument('-y', action='store_true') + >>> parser.add_argument('-z') + >>> parser.parse_args('-xyzZ'.split()) + Namespace(x=True, y=True, z='Z') + + +Invalid arguments +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +While parsing the command-line, ``parse_args`` checks for a variety of errors, +including ambiguous options, invalid types, invalid options, wrong number of +positional arguments, etc. When it encounters such an error, it exits and +prints the error along with a usage message:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', type=int) + >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?') + + >>> # invalid type + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'spam']) + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [bar] + PROG: error: argument --foo: invalid int value: 'spam' + + >>> # invalid option + >>> parser.parse_args(['--bar']) + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [bar] + PROG: error: no such option: --bar + + >>> # wrong number of arguments + >>> parser.parse_args(['spam', 'badger']) + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo FOO] [bar] + PROG: error: extra arguments found: badger + + +Arguments containing ``"-"`` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The ``parse_args`` method attempts to give errors whenever the user has clearly +made a mistake, but some situations are inherently ambiguous. For example, the +command-line arg ``'-1'`` could either be an attempt to specify an option or an +attempt to provide a positional argument. The ``parse_args`` method is cautious +here: positional arguments may only begin with ``'-'`` if they look like +negative numbers and there are no options in the parser that look like negative +numbers:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-x') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='?') + + >>> # no negative number options, so -1 is a positional argument + >>> parser.parse_args(['-x', '-1']) + Namespace(foo=None, x='-1') + + >>> # no negative number options, so -1 and -5 are positional arguments + >>> parser.parse_args(['-x', '-1', '-5']) + Namespace(foo='-5', x='-1') + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-1', dest='one') + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='?') + + >>> # negative number options present, so -1 is an option + >>> parser.parse_args(['-1', 'X']) + Namespace(foo=None, one='X') + + >>> # negative number options present, so -2 is an option + >>> parser.parse_args(['-2']) + usage: PROG [-h] [-1 ONE] [foo] + PROG: error: no such option: -2 + + >>> # negative number options present, so both -1s are options + >>> parser.parse_args(['-1', '-1']) + usage: PROG [-h] [-1 ONE] [foo] + PROG: error: argument -1: expected one argument + +If you have positional arguments that must begin with ``'-'`` and don't look +like negative numbers, you can insert the pseudo-argument ``'--'`` which tells +``parse_args`` that everything after that is a positional argument:: + + >>> parser.parse_args(['--', '-f']) + Namespace(foo='-f', one=None) + + +Argument abbreviations +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The :meth:`parse_args` method allows long options to be abbreviated if the +abbreviation is unambiguous:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('-bacon') + >>> parser.add_argument('-badger') + >>> parser.parse_args('-bac MMM'.split()) + Namespace(bacon='MMM', badger=None) + >>> parser.parse_args('-bad WOOD'.split()) + Namespace(bacon=None, badger='WOOD') + >>> parser.parse_args('-ba BA'.split()) + usage: PROG [-h] [-bacon BACON] [-badger BADGER] + PROG: error: ambiguous option: -ba could match -badger, -bacon + +An error is produced for arguments that could produce more than one options. + + +Beyond ``sys.argv`` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Sometimes it may be useful to have an ArgumentParser parse args other than those +of :data:`sys.argv`. This can be accomplished by passing a list of strings to +``parse_args``. This is useful for testing at the interactive prompt:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument( + ... 'integers', metavar='int', type=int, choices=range(10), + ... nargs='+', help='an integer in the range 0..9') + >>> parser.add_argument( + ... '--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const', const=sum, + ... default=max, help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') + >>> parser.parse_args(['1', '2', '3', '4']) + Namespace(accumulate=<built-in function max>, integers=[1, 2, 3, 4]) + >>> parser.parse_args('1 2 3 4 --sum'.split()) + Namespace(accumulate=<built-in function sum>, integers=[1, 2, 3, 4]) + + +Custom namespaces +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +It may also be useful to have an :class:`ArgumentParser` assign attributes to an +already existing object, rather than the newly-created :class:`Namespace` object +that is normally used. This can be achieved by specifying the ``namespace=`` +keyword argument:: + + >>> class C: + ... pass + ... + >>> c = C() + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo') + >>> parser.parse_args(args=['--foo', 'BAR'], namespace=c) + >>> c.foo + 'BAR' + + +Other utilities +--------------- + +Sub-commands +^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.add_subparsers() + + Many programs split up their functionality into a number of sub-commands, + for example, the ``svn`` program can invoke sub-commands like ``svn + checkout``, ``svn update``, and ``svn commit``. Splitting up functionality + this way can be a particularly good idea when a program performs several + different functions which require different kinds of command-line arguments. + :class:`ArgumentParser` supports the creation of such sub-commands with the + :meth:`add_subparsers` method. The :meth:`add_subparsers` method is normally + called with no arguments and returns an special action object. This object + has a single method, ``add_parser``, which takes a command name and any + :class:`ArgumentParser` constructor arguments, and returns an + :class:`ArgumentParser` object that can be modified as usual. + + Some example usage:: + + >>> # create the top-level parser + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', help='foo help') + >>> subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help='sub-command help') + >>> + >>> # create the parser for the "a" command + >>> parser_a = subparsers.add_parser('a', help='a help') + >>> parser_a.add_argument('bar', type=int, help='bar help') + >>> + >>> # create the parser for the "b" command + >>> parser_b = subparsers.add_parser('b', help='b help') + >>> parser_b.add_argument('--baz', choices='XYZ', help='baz help') + >>> + >>> # parse some arg lists + >>> parser.parse_args(['a', '12']) + Namespace(bar=12, foo=False) + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'b', '--baz', 'Z']) + Namespace(baz='Z', foo=True) + + Note that the object returned by :meth:`parse_args` will only contain + attributes for the main parser and the subparser that was selected by the + command line (and not any other subparsers). So in the example above, when + the ``"a"`` command is specified, only the ``foo`` and ``bar`` attributes are + present, and when the ``"b"`` command is specified, only the ``foo`` and + ``baz`` attributes are present. + + Similarly, when a help message is requested from a subparser, only the help + for that particular parser will be printed. The help message will not + include parent parser or sibling parser messages. (A help message for each + subparser command, however, can be given by supplying the ``help=`` argument + to ``add_parser`` as above.) + + :: + + >>> parser.parse_args(['--help']) + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo] {a,b} ... + + positional arguments: + {a,b} sub-command help + a a help + b b help + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --foo foo help + + >>> parser.parse_args(['a', '--help']) + usage: PROG a [-h] bar + + positional arguments: + bar bar help + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + + >>> parser.parse_args(['b', '--help']) + usage: PROG b [-h] [--baz {X,Y,Z}] + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + --baz {X,Y,Z} baz help + + The :meth:`add_subparsers` method also supports ``title`` and ``description`` + keyword arguments. When either is present, the subparser's commands will + appear in their own group in the help output. For example:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='subcommands', + ... description='valid subcommands', + ... help='additional help') + >>> subparsers.add_parser('foo') + >>> subparsers.add_parser('bar') + >>> parser.parse_args(['-h']) + usage: [-h] {foo,bar} ... + + optional arguments: + -h, --help show this help message and exit + + subcommands: + valid subcommands + + {foo,bar} additional help + + Furthermore, ``add_parser`` supports an additional ``aliases`` argument, + which allows multiple strings to refer to the same subparser. This example, + like ``svn``, aliases ``co`` as a shorthand for ``checkout``:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> subparsers = parser.add_subparsers() + >>> checkout = subparsers.add_parser('checkout', aliases=['co']) + >>> checkout.add_argument('foo') + >>> parser.parse_args(['co', 'bar']) + Namespace(foo='bar') + + One particularly effective way of handling sub-commands is to combine the use + of the :meth:`add_subparsers` method with calls to :meth:`set_defaults` so + that each subparser knows which Python function it should execute. For + example:: + + >>> # sub-command functions + >>> def foo(args): + ... print(args.x * args.y) + ... + >>> def bar(args): + ... print('((%s))' % args.z) + ... + >>> # create the top-level parser + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> subparsers = parser.add_subparsers() + >>> + >>> # create the parser for the "foo" command + >>> parser_foo = subparsers.add_parser('foo') + >>> parser_foo.add_argument('-x', type=int, default=1) + >>> parser_foo.add_argument('y', type=float) + >>> parser_foo.set_defaults(func=foo) + >>> + >>> # create the parser for the "bar" command + >>> parser_bar = subparsers.add_parser('bar') + >>> parser_bar.add_argument('z') + >>> parser_bar.set_defaults(func=bar) + >>> + >>> # parse the args and call whatever function was selected + >>> args = parser.parse_args('foo 1 -x 2'.split()) + >>> args.func(args) + 2.0 + >>> + >>> # parse the args and call whatever function was selected + >>> args = parser.parse_args('bar XYZYX'.split()) + >>> args.func(args) + ((XYZYX)) + + This way, you can let :meth:`parse_args` do the job of calling the + appropriate function after argument parsing is complete. Associating + functions with actions like this is typically the easiest way to handle the + different actions for each of your subparsers. However, if it is necessary + to check the name of the subparser that was invoked, the ``dest`` keyword + argument to the :meth:`add_subparsers` call will work:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='subparser_name') + >>> subparser1 = subparsers.add_parser('1') + >>> subparser1.add_argument('-x') + >>> subparser2 = subparsers.add_parser('2') + >>> subparser2.add_argument('y') + >>> parser.parse_args(['2', 'frobble']) + Namespace(subparser_name='2', y='frobble') + + +FileType objects +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. class:: FileType(mode='r', bufsize=None) + + The :class:`FileType` factory creates objects that can be passed to the type + argument of :meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument`. Arguments that have + :class:`FileType` objects as their type will open command-line args as files + with the requested modes and buffer sizes: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--output', type=argparse.FileType('wb', 0)) + >>> parser.parse_args(['--output', 'out']) + Namespace(output=<_io.BufferedWriter name='out'>) + + FileType objects understand the pseudo-argument ``'-'`` and automatically + convert this into ``sys.stdin`` for readable :class:`FileType` objects and + ``sys.stdout`` for writable :class:`FileType` objects: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('infile', type=argparse.FileType('r')) + >>> parser.parse_args(['-']) + Namespace(infile=<_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' encoding='UTF-8'>) + + +Argument groups +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.add_argument_group(title=None, description=None) + + By default, :class:`ArgumentParser` groups command-line arguments into + "positional arguments" and "optional arguments" when displaying help + messages. When there is a better conceptual grouping of arguments than this + default one, appropriate groups can be created using the + :meth:`add_argument_group` method:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False) + >>> group = parser.add_argument_group('group') + >>> group.add_argument('--foo', help='foo help') + >>> group.add_argument('bar', help='bar help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [--foo FOO] bar + + group: + bar bar help + --foo FOO foo help + + The :meth:`add_argument_group` method returns an argument group object which + has an :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` method just like a regular + :class:`ArgumentParser`. When an argument is added to the group, the parser + treats it just like a normal argument, but displays the argument in a + separate group for help messages. The :meth:`add_argument_group` method + accepts *title* and *description* arguments which can be used to + customize this display:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', add_help=False) + >>> group1 = parser.add_argument_group('group1', 'group1 description') + >>> group1.add_argument('foo', help='foo help') + >>> group2 = parser.add_argument_group('group2', 'group2 description') + >>> group2.add_argument('--bar', help='bar help') + >>> parser.print_help() + usage: PROG [--bar BAR] foo + + group1: + group1 description + + foo foo help + + group2: + group2 description + + --bar BAR bar help + + Note that any arguments not your user defined groups will end up back in the + usual "positional arguments" and "optional arguments" sections. + + +Mutual exclusion +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False) + + Create a mutually exclusive group. argparse will make sure that only one of + the arguments in the mutually exclusive group was present on the command + line:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() + >>> group.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true') + >>> group.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false') + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo']) + Namespace(bar=True, foo=True) + >>> parser.parse_args(['--bar']) + Namespace(bar=False, foo=False) + >>> parser.parse_args(['--foo', '--bar']) + usage: PROG [-h] [--foo | --bar] + PROG: error: argument --bar: not allowed with argument --foo + + The :meth:`add_mutually_exclusive_group` method also accepts a *required* + argument, to indicate that at least one of the mutually exclusive arguments + is required:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG') + >>> group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True) + >>> group.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true') + >>> group.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false') + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + usage: PROG [-h] (--foo | --bar) + PROG: error: one of the arguments --foo --bar is required + + Note that currently mutually exclusive argument groups do not support the + *title* and *description* arguments of :meth:`add_argument_group`. + + +Parser defaults +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.set_defaults(**kwargs) + + Most of the time, the attributes of the object returned by :meth:`parse_args` + will be fully determined by inspecting the command-line args and the argument + actions. :meth:`ArgumentParser.set_defaults` allows some additional + attributes that are determined without any inspection of the command-line to + be added:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('foo', type=int) + >>> parser.set_defaults(bar=42, baz='badger') + >>> parser.parse_args(['736']) + Namespace(bar=42, baz='badger', foo=736) + + Note that parser-level defaults always override argument-level defaults:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', default='bar') + >>> parser.set_defaults(foo='spam') + >>> parser.parse_args([]) + Namespace(foo='spam') + + Parser-level defaults can be particularly useful when working with multiple + parsers. See the :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_subparsers` method for an + example of this type. + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.get_default(dest) + + Get the default value for a namespace attribute, as set by either + :meth:`~ArgumentParser.add_argument` or by + :meth:`~ArgumentParser.set_defaults`:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', default='badger') + >>> parser.get_default('foo') + 'badger' + + +Printing help +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +In most typical applications, :meth:`parse_args` will take care of formatting +and printing any usage or error messages. However, several formatting methods +are available: + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.print_usage(file=None) + + Print a brief description of how the :class:`ArgumentParser` should be + invoked on the command line. If *file* is ``None``, :data:`sys.stdout` is + assumed. + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.print_help(file=None) + + Print a help message, including the program usage and information about the + arguments registered with the :class:`ArgumentParser`. If *file* is + ``None``, :data:`sys.stdout` is assumed. + +There are also variants of these methods that simply return a string instead of +printing it: + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.format_usage() + + Return a string containing a brief description of how the + :class:`ArgumentParser` should be invoked on the command line. + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.format_help() + + Return a string containing a help message, including the program usage and + information about the arguments registered with the :class:`ArgumentParser`. + + +Partial parsing +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.parse_known_args(args=None, namespace=None) + +Sometimes a script may only parse a few of the command line arguments, passing +the remaining arguments on to another script or program. In these cases, the +:meth:`parse_known_args` method can be useful. It works much like +:meth:`~ArgumentParser.parse_args` except that it does not produce an error when +extra arguments are present. Instead, it returns a two item tuple containing +the populated namespace and the list of remaining argument strings. + +:: + + >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() + >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true') + >>> parser.add_argument('bar') + >>> parser.parse_known_args(['--foo', '--badger', 'BAR', 'spam']) + (Namespace(bar='BAR', foo=True), ['--badger', 'spam']) + + +Customizing file parsing +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.convert_arg_line_to_args(arg_line) + + Arguments that are read from a file (see the *fromfile_prefix_chars* + keyword argument to the :class:`ArgumentParser` constructor) are read one + argument per line. :meth:`convert_arg_line_to_args` can be overriden for + fancier reading. + + This method takes a single argument *arg_line* which is a string read from + the argument file. It returns a list of arguments parsed from this string. + The method is called once per line read from the argument file, in order. + + A useful override of this method is one that treats each space-separated word + as an argument:: + + def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line): + for arg in arg_line.split(): + if not arg.strip(): + continue + yield arg + + +Exiting methods +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.exit(status=0, message=None) + + This method terminates the program, exiting with the specified *status* + and, if given, it prints a *message* before that. + +.. method:: ArgumentParser.error(message) + + This method prints a usage message including the *message* to the + standard output and terminates the program with a status code of 2. + +.. _upgrading-optparse-code: + +Upgrading optparse code +----------------------- + +Originally, the argparse module had attempted to maintain compatibility with +optparse. However, optparse was difficult to extend transparently, particularly +with the changes required to support the new ``nargs=`` specifiers and better +usage messages. When most everything in optparse had either been copy-pasted +over or monkey-patched, it no longer seemed practical to try to maintain the +backwards compatibility. + +A partial upgrade path from optparse to argparse: + +* Replace all ``add_option()`` calls with :meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument` + calls. + +* Replace ``options, args = parser.parse_args()`` with ``args = + parser.parse_args()`` and add additional :meth:`ArgumentParser.add_argument` + calls for the positional arguments. + +* Replace callback actions and the ``callback_*`` keyword arguments with + ``type`` or ``action`` arguments. + +* Replace string names for ``type`` keyword arguments with the corresponding + type objects (e.g. int, float, complex, etc). + +* Replace :class:`optparse.Values` with :class:`Namespace` and + :exc:`optparse.OptionError` and :exc:`optparse.OptionValueError` with + :exc:`ArgumentError`. + +* Replace strings with implicit arguments such as ``%default`` or ``%prog`` with + the standard python syntax to use dictionaries to format strings, that is, + ``%(default)s`` and ``%(prog)s``. + +* Replace the OptionParser constructor ``version`` argument with a call to + ``parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='<the version>')`` |