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Diffstat (limited to 'Doc/library')
| -rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/urllib.request.rst | 320 |
1 files changed, 164 insertions, 156 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst index 6c7b541..730d258 100644 --- a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst +++ b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst @@ -104,52 +104,6 @@ The :mod:`urllib.request` module defines the following functions: member variable to modify its position in the handlers list. -.. function:: urlretrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None) - - Copy a network object denoted by a URL to a local file, if necessary. If the URL - points to a local file, or a valid cached copy of the object exists, the object - is not copied. Return a tuple ``(filename, headers)`` where *filename* is the - local file name under which the object can be found, and *headers* is whatever - the :meth:`info` method of the object returned by :func:`urlopen` returned (for - a remote object, possibly cached). Exceptions are the same as for - :func:`urlopen`. - - The second argument, if present, specifies the file location to copy to (if - absent, the location will be a tempfile with a generated name). The third - argument, if present, is a hook function that will be called once on - establishment of the network connection and once after each block read - thereafter. The hook will be passed three arguments; a count of blocks - transferred so far, a block size in bytes, and the total size of the file. The - third argument may be ``-1`` on older FTP servers which do not return a file - size in response to a retrieval request. - - If the *url* uses the :file:`http:` scheme identifier, the optional *data* - argument may be given to specify a ``POST`` request (normally the request type - is ``GET``). The *data* argument must in standard - :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format; see the :func:`urlencode` - function below. - - :func:`urlretrieve` will raise :exc:`ContentTooShortError` when it detects that - the amount of data available was less than the expected amount (which is the - size reported by a *Content-Length* header). This can occur, for example, when - the download is interrupted. - - The *Content-Length* is treated as a lower bound: if there's more data to read, - urlretrieve reads more data, but if less data is available, it raises the - exception. - - You can still retrieve the downloaded data in this case, it is stored in the - :attr:`content` attribute of the exception instance. - - If no *Content-Length* header was supplied, urlretrieve can not check the size - of the data it has downloaded, and just returns it. In this case you just have - to assume that the download was successful. - -.. function:: urlcleanup() - - Clear the cache that may have been built up by previous calls to - :func:`urlretrieve`. - .. function:: pathname2url(path) Convert the pathname *path* from the local syntax for a path to the form used in @@ -218,116 +172,6 @@ The following classes are provided: fetching of the image, this should be true. -.. class:: URLopener(proxies=None, **x509) - - Base class for opening and reading URLs. Unless you need to support opening - objects using schemes other than :file:`http:`, :file:`ftp:`, or :file:`file:`, - you probably want to use :class:`FancyURLopener`. - - By default, the :class:`URLopener` class sends a :mailheader:`User-Agent` header - of ``urllib/VVV``, where *VVV* is the :mod:`urllib` version number. - Applications can define their own :mailheader:`User-Agent` header by subclassing - :class:`URLopener` or :class:`FancyURLopener` and setting the class attribute - :attr:`version` to an appropriate string value in the subclass definition. - - The optional *proxies* parameter should be a dictionary mapping scheme names to - proxy URLs, where an empty dictionary turns proxies off completely. Its default - value is ``None``, in which case environmental proxy settings will be used if - present, as discussed in the definition of :func:`urlopen`, above. - - Additional keyword parameters, collected in *x509*, may be used for - authentication of the client when using the :file:`https:` scheme. The keywords - *key_file* and *cert_file* are supported to provide an SSL key and certificate; - both are needed to support client authentication. - - :class:`URLopener` objects will raise an :exc:`IOError` exception if the server - returns an error code. - - .. method:: open(fullurl, data=None) - - Open *fullurl* using the appropriate protocol. This method sets up cache and - proxy information, then calls the appropriate open method with its input - arguments. If the scheme is not recognized, :meth:`open_unknown` is called. - The *data* argument has the same meaning as the *data* argument of - :func:`urlopen`. - - - .. method:: open_unknown(fullurl, data=None) - - Overridable interface to open unknown URL types. - - - .. method:: retrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None) - - Retrieves the contents of *url* and places it in *filename*. The return value - is a tuple consisting of a local filename and either a - :class:`email.message.Message` object containing the response headers (for remote - URLs) or ``None`` (for local URLs). The caller must then open and read the - contents of *filename*. If *filename* is not given and the URL refers to a - local file, the input filename is returned. If the URL is non-local and - *filename* is not given, the filename is the output of :func:`tempfile.mktemp` - with a suffix that matches the suffix of the last path component of the input - URL. If *reporthook* is given, it must be a function accepting three numeric - parameters. It will be called after each chunk of data is read from the - network. *reporthook* is ignored for local URLs. - - If the *url* uses the :file:`http:` scheme identifier, the optional *data* - argument may be given to specify a ``POST`` request (normally the request type - is ``GET``). The *data* argument must in standard - :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format; see the :func:`urlencode` - function below. - - - .. attribute:: version - - Variable that specifies the user agent of the opener object. To get - :mod:`urllib` to tell servers that it is a particular user agent, set this in a - subclass as a class variable or in the constructor before calling the base - constructor. - - -.. class:: FancyURLopener(...) - - :class:`FancyURLopener` subclasses :class:`URLopener` providing default handling - for the following HTTP response codes: 301, 302, 303, 307 and 401. For the 30x - response codes listed above, the :mailheader:`Location` header is used to fetch - the actual URL. For 401 response codes (authentication required), basic HTTP - authentication is performed. For the 30x response codes, recursion is bounded - by the value of the *maxtries* attribute, which defaults to 10. - - For all other response codes, the method :meth:`http_error_default` is called - which you can override in subclasses to handle the error appropriately. - - .. note:: - - According to the letter of :rfc:`2616`, 301 and 302 responses to POST requests - must not be automatically redirected without confirmation by the user. In - reality, browsers do allow automatic redirection of these responses, changing - the POST to a GET, and :mod:`urllib` reproduces this behaviour. - - The parameters to the constructor are the same as those for :class:`URLopener`. - - .. note:: - - When performing basic authentication, a :class:`FancyURLopener` instance calls - its :meth:`prompt_user_passwd` method. The default implementation asks the - users for the required information on the controlling terminal. A subclass may - override this method to support more appropriate behavior if needed. - - The :class:`FancyURLopener` class offers one additional method that should be - overloaded to provide the appropriate behavior: - - .. method:: prompt_user_passwd(host, realm) - - Return information needed to authenticate the user at the given host in the - specified security realm. The return value should be a tuple, ``(user, - password)``, which can be used for basic authentication. - - The implementation prompts for this information on the terminal; an application - should override this method to use an appropriate interaction model in the local - environment. - - .. class:: OpenerDirector() The :class:`OpenerDirector` class opens URLs via :class:`BaseHandler`\ s chained @@ -1220,6 +1064,170 @@ The following example uses no proxies at all, overriding environment settings:: >>> f.read().decode('utf-8') +Legacy interface +---------------- + +The following functions and classes are ported from the Python 2 module +``urllib`` (as opposed to ``urllib2``). They might become deprecated at +some point in the future. + + +.. function:: urlretrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None) + + Copy a network object denoted by a URL to a local file, if necessary. If the URL + points to a local file, or a valid cached copy of the object exists, the object + is not copied. Return a tuple ``(filename, headers)`` where *filename* is the + local file name under which the object can be found, and *headers* is whatever + the :meth:`info` method of the object returned by :func:`urlopen` returned (for + a remote object, possibly cached). Exceptions are the same as for + :func:`urlopen`. + + The second argument, if present, specifies the file location to copy to (if + absent, the location will be a tempfile with a generated name). The third + argument, if present, is a hook function that will be called once on + establishment of the network connection and once after each block read + thereafter. The hook will be passed three arguments; a count of blocks + transferred so far, a block size in bytes, and the total size of the file. The + third argument may be ``-1`` on older FTP servers which do not return a file + size in response to a retrieval request. + + If the *url* uses the :file:`http:` scheme identifier, the optional *data* + argument may be given to specify a ``POST`` request (normally the request type + is ``GET``). The *data* argument must in standard + :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format; see the :func:`urlencode` + function below. + + :func:`urlretrieve` will raise :exc:`ContentTooShortError` when it detects that + the amount of data available was less than the expected amount (which is the + size reported by a *Content-Length* header). This can occur, for example, when + the download is interrupted. + + The *Content-Length* is treated as a lower bound: if there's more data to read, + urlretrieve reads more data, but if less data is available, it raises the + exception. + + You can still retrieve the downloaded data in this case, it is stored in the + :attr:`content` attribute of the exception instance. + + If no *Content-Length* header was supplied, urlretrieve can not check the size + of the data it has downloaded, and just returns it. In this case you just have + to assume that the download was successful. + +.. function:: urlcleanup() + + Clear the cache that may have been built up by previous calls to + :func:`urlretrieve`. + +.. class:: URLopener(proxies=None, **x509) + + Base class for opening and reading URLs. Unless you need to support opening + objects using schemes other than :file:`http:`, :file:`ftp:`, or :file:`file:`, + you probably want to use :class:`FancyURLopener`. + + By default, the :class:`URLopener` class sends a :mailheader:`User-Agent` header + of ``urllib/VVV``, where *VVV* is the :mod:`urllib` version number. + Applications can define their own :mailheader:`User-Agent` header by subclassing + :class:`URLopener` or :class:`FancyURLopener` and setting the class attribute + :attr:`version` to an appropriate string value in the subclass definition. + + The optional *proxies* parameter should be a dictionary mapping scheme names to + proxy URLs, where an empty dictionary turns proxies off completely. Its default + value is ``None``, in which case environmental proxy settings will be used if + present, as discussed in the definition of :func:`urlopen`, above. + + Additional keyword parameters, collected in *x509*, may be used for + authentication of the client when using the :file:`https:` scheme. The keywords + *key_file* and *cert_file* are supported to provide an SSL key and certificate; + both are needed to support client authentication. + + :class:`URLopener` objects will raise an :exc:`IOError` exception if the server + returns an error code. + + .. method:: open(fullurl, data=None) + + Open *fullurl* using the appropriate protocol. This method sets up cache and + proxy information, then calls the appropriate open method with its input + arguments. If the scheme is not recognized, :meth:`open_unknown` is called. + The *data* argument has the same meaning as the *data* argument of + :func:`urlopen`. + + + .. method:: open_unknown(fullurl, data=None) + + Overridable interface to open unknown URL types. + + + .. method:: retrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None) + + Retrieves the contents of *url* and places it in *filename*. The return value + is a tuple consisting of a local filename and either a + :class:`email.message.Message` object containing the response headers (for remote + URLs) or ``None`` (for local URLs). The caller must then open and read the + contents of *filename*. If *filename* is not given and the URL refers to a + local file, the input filename is returned. If the URL is non-local and + *filename* is not given, the filename is the output of :func:`tempfile.mktemp` + with a suffix that matches the suffix of the last path component of the input + URL. If *reporthook* is given, it must be a function accepting three numeric + parameters. It will be called after each chunk of data is read from the + network. *reporthook* is ignored for local URLs. + + If the *url* uses the :file:`http:` scheme identifier, the optional *data* + argument may be given to specify a ``POST`` request (normally the request type + is ``GET``). The *data* argument must in standard + :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded` format; see the :func:`urlencode` + function below. + + + .. attribute:: version + + Variable that specifies the user agent of the opener object. To get + :mod:`urllib` to tell servers that it is a particular user agent, set this in a + subclass as a class variable or in the constructor before calling the base + constructor. + + +.. class:: FancyURLopener(...) + + :class:`FancyURLopener` subclasses :class:`URLopener` providing default handling + for the following HTTP response codes: 301, 302, 303, 307 and 401. For the 30x + response codes listed above, the :mailheader:`Location` header is used to fetch + the actual URL. For 401 response codes (authentication required), basic HTTP + authentication is performed. For the 30x response codes, recursion is bounded + by the value of the *maxtries* attribute, which defaults to 10. + + For all other response codes, the method :meth:`http_error_default` is called + which you can override in subclasses to handle the error appropriately. + + .. note:: + + According to the letter of :rfc:`2616`, 301 and 302 responses to POST requests + must not be automatically redirected without confirmation by the user. In + reality, browsers do allow automatic redirection of these responses, changing + the POST to a GET, and :mod:`urllib` reproduces this behaviour. + + The parameters to the constructor are the same as those for :class:`URLopener`. + + .. note:: + + When performing basic authentication, a :class:`FancyURLopener` instance calls + its :meth:`prompt_user_passwd` method. The default implementation asks the + users for the required information on the controlling terminal. A subclass may + override this method to support more appropriate behavior if needed. + + The :class:`FancyURLopener` class offers one additional method that should be + overloaded to provide the appropriate behavior: + + .. method:: prompt_user_passwd(host, realm) + + Return information needed to authenticate the user at the given host in the + specified security realm. The return value should be a tuple, ``(user, + password)``, which can be used for basic authentication. + + The implementation prompts for this information on the terminal; an application + should override this method to use an appropriate interaction model in the local + environment. + + :mod:`urllib.request` Restrictions ---------------------------------- |