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diff --git a/Doc/ref/ref5.tex b/Doc/ref/ref5.tex deleted file mode 100644 index b2fea3c..0000000 --- a/Doc/ref/ref5.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,759 +0,0 @@ -\chapter{Expressions and conditions} -\index{expression} -\index{condition} - -{\bf Note:} In this and the following chapters, extended BNF notation -will be used to describe syntax, not lexical analysis. -\index{BNF} - -This chapter explains the meaning of the elements of expressions and -conditions. Conditions are a superset of expressions, and a condition -may be used wherever an expression is required by enclosing it in -parentheses. The only places where expressions are used in the syntax -instead of conditions is in expression statements and on the -right-hand side of assignment statements; this catches some nasty bugs -like accidentally writing \verb@x == 1@ instead of \verb@x = 1@. -\indexii{assignment}{statement} - -The comma plays several roles in Python's syntax. It is usually an -operator with a lower precedence than all others, but occasionally -serves other purposes as well; e.g. it separates function arguments, -is used in list and dictionary constructors, and has special semantics -in \verb@print@ statements. -\index{comma} - -When (one alternative of) a syntax rule has the form - -\begin{verbatim} -name: othername -\end{verbatim} - -and no semantics are given, the semantics of this form of \verb@name@ -are the same as for \verb@othername@. -\index{syntax} - -\section{Arithmetic conversions} -\indexii{arithmetic}{conversion} - -When a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase -``the numeric arguments are converted to a common type'', -this both means that if either argument is not a number, a -\verb@TypeError@ exception is raised, and that otherwise -the following conversions are applied: -\exindex{TypeError} -\indexii{floating point}{number} -\indexii{long}{integer} -\indexii{plain}{integer} - -\begin{itemize} -\item first, if either argument is a floating point number, - the other is converted to floating point; -\item else, if either argument is a long integer, - the other is converted to long integer; -\item otherwise, both must be plain integers and no conversion - is necessary. -\end{itemize} - -\section{Atoms} -\index{atom} - -Atoms are the most basic elements of expressions. Forms enclosed in -reverse quotes or in parentheses, brackets or braces are also -categorized syntactically as atoms. The syntax for atoms is: - -\begin{verbatim} -atom: identifier | literal | enclosure -enclosure: parenth_form|list_display|dict_display|string_conversion -\end{verbatim} - -\subsection{Identifiers (Names)} -\index{name} -\index{identifier} - -An identifier occurring as an atom is a reference to a local, global -or built-in name binding. If a name is assigned to anywhere in a code -block (even in unreachable code), and is not mentioned in a -\verb@global@ statement in that code block, then it refers to a local -name throughout that code block. When it is not assigned to anywhere -in the block, or when it is assigned to but also explicitly listed in -a \verb@global@ statement, it refers to a global name if one exists, -else to a built-in name (and this binding may dynamically change). -\indexii{name}{binding} -\index{code block} -\stindex{global} -\indexii{built-in}{name} -\indexii{global}{name} - -When the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields -that object. When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it -raises a \verb@NameError@ exception. -\exindex{NameError} - -\subsection{Literals} -\index{literal} - -Python knows string and numeric literals: - -\begin{verbatim} -literal: stringliteral | integer | longinteger | floatnumber -\end{verbatim} - -Evaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type (string, -integer, long integer, floating point number) with the given value. -The value may be approximated in the case of floating point literals. -See section \ref{literals} for details. - -All literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence the -object's identity is less important than its value. Multiple -evaluations of literals with the same value (either the same -occurrence in the program text or a different occurrence) may obtain -the same object or a different object with the same value. -\indexiii{immutable}{data}{type} - -(In the original implementation, all literals in the same code block -with the same type and value yield the same object.) - -\subsection{Parenthesized forms} -\index{parenthesized form} - -A parenthesized form is an optional condition list enclosed in -parentheses: - -\begin{verbatim} -parenth_form: "(" [condition_list] ")" -\end{verbatim} - -A parenthesized condition list yields whatever that condition list -yields. - -An empty pair of parentheses yields an empty tuple object. Since -tuples are immutable, the rules for literals apply here. -\indexii{empty}{tuple} - -(Note that tuples are not formed by the parentheses, but rather by use -of the comma operator. The exception is the empty tuple, for which -parentheses {\em are} required --- allowing unparenthesized ``nothing'' -in expressions would cause ambiguities and allow common typos to -pass uncaught.) -\index{comma} -\indexii{tuple}{display} - -\subsection{List displays} -\indexii{list}{display} - -A list display is a possibly empty series of conditions enclosed in -square brackets: - -\begin{verbatim} -list_display: "[" [condition_list] "]" -\end{verbatim} - -A list display yields a new list object. -\obindex{list} - -If it has no condition list, the list object has no items. Otherwise, -the elements of the condition list are evaluated from left to right -and inserted in the list object in that order. -\indexii{empty}{list} - -\subsection{Dictionary displays} \label{dict} -\indexii{dictionary}{display} - -A dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs -enclosed in curly braces: -\index{key} -\index{datum} -\index{key/datum pair} - -\begin{verbatim} -dict_display: "{" [key_datum_list] "}" -key_datum_list: key_datum ("," key_datum)* [","] -key_datum: condition ":" condition -\end{verbatim} - -A dictionary display yields a new dictionary object. -\obindex{dictionary} - -The key/datum pairs are evaluated from left to right to define the -entries of the dictionary: each key object is used as a key into the -dictionary to store the corresponding datum. - -Restrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in -section \ref{types}. -Clashes between duplicate keys are not detected; the last -datum (textually rightmost in the display) stored for a given key -value prevails. -\exindex{TypeError} - -\subsection{String conversions} -\indexii{string}{conversion} -\indexii{reverse}{quotes} -\indexii{backward}{quotes} -\index{back-quotes} - -A string conversion is a condition list enclosed in reverse (or -backward) quotes: - -\begin{verbatim} -string_conversion: "`" condition_list "`" -\end{verbatim} - -A string conversion evaluates the contained condition list and -converts the resulting object into a string according to rules -specific to its type. - -If the object is a string, a number, \verb@None@, or a tuple, list or -dictionary containing only objects whose type is one of these, the -resulting string is a valid Python expression which can be passed to -the built-in function \verb@eval()@ to yield an expression with the -same value (or an approximation, if floating point numbers are -involved). - -(In particular, converting a string adds quotes around it and converts -``funny'' characters to escape sequences that are safe to print.) - -It is illegal to attempt to convert recursive objects (e.g. lists or -dictionaries that contain a reference to themselves, directly or -indirectly.) -\obindex{recursive} - -The built-in function \verb@repr()@ performs exactly the same -conversion in its argument as enclosing it it reverse quotes does. -The built-in function \verb@str()@ performs a similar but more -user-friendly conversion. -\bifuncindex{repr} -\bifuncindex{str} - -\section{Primaries} \label{primaries} -\index{primary} - -Primaries represent the most tightly bound operations of the language. -Their syntax is: - -\begin{verbatim} -primary: atom | attributeref | subscription | slicing | call -\end{verbatim} - -\subsection{Attribute references} -\indexii{attribute}{reference} - -An attribute reference is a primary followed by a period and a name: - -\begin{verbatim} -attributeref: primary "." identifier -\end{verbatim} - -The primary must evaluate to an object of a type that supports -attribute references, e.g. a module or a list. This object is then -asked to produce the attribute whose name is the identifier. If this -attribute is not available, the exception \verb@AttributeError@ is -raised. Otherwise, the type and value of the object produced is -determined by the object. Multiple evaluations of the same attribute -reference may yield different objects. -\obindex{module} -\obindex{list} - -\subsection{Subscriptions} -\index{subscription} - -A subscription selects an item of a sequence (string, tuple or list) -or mapping (dictionary) object: -\obindex{sequence} -\obindex{mapping} -\obindex{string} -\obindex{tuple} -\obindex{list} -\obindex{dictionary} -\indexii{sequence}{item} - -\begin{verbatim} -subscription: primary "[" condition "]" -\end{verbatim} - -The primary must evaluate to an object of a sequence or mapping type. - -If it is a mapping, the condition must evaluate to an object whose -value is one of the keys of the mapping, and the subscription selects -the value in the mapping that corresponds to that key. - -If it is a sequence, the condition must evaluate to a plain integer. -If this value is negative, the length of the sequence is added to it -(so that, e.g. \verb@x[-1]@ selects the last item of \verb@x@.) -The resulting value must be a nonnegative integer smaller than the -number of items in the sequence, and the subscription selects the item -whose index is that value (counting from zero). - -A string's items are characters. A character is not a separate data -type but a string of exactly one character. -\index{character} -\indexii{string}{item} - -\subsection{Slicings} -\index{slicing} -\index{slice} - -A slicing (or slice) selects a range of items in a sequence (string, -tuple or list) object: -\obindex{sequence} -\obindex{string} -\obindex{tuple} -\obindex{list} - -\begin{verbatim} -slicing: primary "[" [condition] ":" [condition] "]" -\end{verbatim} - -The primary must evaluate to a sequence object. The lower and upper -bound expressions, if present, must evaluate to plain integers; -defaults are zero and the sequence's length, respectively. If either -bound is negative, the sequence's length is added to it. The slicing -now selects all items with index \var{k} such that -\code{\var{i} <= \var{k} < \var{j}} where \var{i} -and \var{j} are the specified lower and upper bounds. This may be an -empty sequence. It is not an error if \var{i} or \var{j} lie outside the -range of valid indexes (such items don't exist so they aren't -selected). - -\subsection{Calls} \label{calls} -\index{call} - -A call calls a callable object (e.g. a function) with a possibly empty -series of arguments:\footnote{The new syntax for keyword arguments is -not yet documented in this manual. See chapter 12 of the Tutorial.} -\obindex{callable} - -\begin{verbatim} -call: primary "(" [condition_list] ")" -\end{verbatim} - -The primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined -functions, built-in functions, methods of built-in objects, class -objects, and methods of class instances are callable). If it is a -class, the argument list must be empty; otherwise, the arguments are -evaluated. - -A call always returns some value, possibly \verb@None@, unless it -raises an exception. How this value is computed depends on the type -of the callable object. If it is: - -\begin{description} - -\item[a user-defined function:] the code block for the function is -executed, passing it the argument list. The first thing the code -block will do is bind the formal parameters to the arguments; this is -described in section \ref{function}. When the code block executes a -\verb@return@ statement, this specifies the return value of the -function call. -\indexii{function}{call} -\indexiii{user-defined}{function}{call} -\obindex{user-defined function} -\obindex{function} - -\item[a built-in function or method:] the result is up to the -interpreter; see the library reference manual for the descriptions of -built-in functions and methods. -\indexii{function}{call} -\indexii{built-in function}{call} -\indexii{method}{call} -\indexii{built-in method}{call} -\obindex{built-in method} -\obindex{built-in function} -\obindex{method} -\obindex{function} - -\item[a class object:] a new instance of that class is returned. -\obindex{class} -\indexii{class object}{call} - -\item[a class instance method:] the corresponding user-defined -function is called, with an argument list that is one longer than the -argument list of the call: the instance becomes the first argument. -\obindex{class instance} -\obindex{instance} -\indexii{instance}{call} -\indexii{class instance}{call} - -\end{description} - -\section{Unary arithmetic operations} -\indexiii{unary}{arithmetic}{operation} -\indexiii{unary}{bit-wise}{operation} - -All unary arithmetic (and bit-wise) operations have the same priority: - -\begin{verbatim} -u_expr: primary | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr -\end{verbatim} - -The unary \verb@"-"@ (minus) operator yields the negation of its -numeric argument. -\index{negation} -\index{minus} - -The unary \verb@"+"@ (plus) operator yields its numeric argument -unchanged. -\index{plus} - -The unary \verb@"~"@ (invert) operator yields the bit-wise inversion -of its plain or long integer argument. The bit-wise inversion of -\verb@x@ is defined as \verb@-(x+1)@. -\index{inversion} - -In all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, -a \verb@TypeError@ exception is raised. -\exindex{TypeError} - -\section{Binary arithmetic operations} -\indexiii{binary}{arithmetic}{operation} - -The binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority -levels. Note that some of these operations also apply to certain -non-numeric types. There is no ``power'' operator, so there are only -two levels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive -operators: - -\begin{verbatim} -m_expr: u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr - | m_expr "/" u_expr | m_expr "%" u_expr -a_expr: m_expr | aexpr "+" m_expr | aexpr "-" m_expr -\end{verbatim} - -The \verb@"*"@ (multiplication) operator yields the product of its -arguments. The arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument -must be a plain integer and the other must be a sequence. In the -former case, the numbers are converted to a common type and then -multiplied together. In the latter case, sequence repetition is -performed; a negative repetition factor yields an empty sequence. -\index{multiplication} - -The \verb@"/"@ (division) operator yields the quotient of its -arguments. The numeric arguments are first converted to a common -type. Plain or long integer division yields an integer of the same -type; the result is that of mathematical division with the `floor' -function applied to the result. Division by zero raises the -\verb@ZeroDivisionError@ exception. -\exindex{ZeroDivisionError} -\index{division} - -The \verb@"%"@ (modulo) operator yields the remainder from the -division of the first argument by the second. The numeric arguments -are first converted to a common type. A zero right argument raises -the \verb@ZeroDivisionError@ exception. The arguments may be floating -point numbers, e.g. \verb@3.14 % 0.7@ equals \verb@0.34@. The modulo -operator always yields a result with the same sign as its second -operand (or zero); the absolute value of the result is strictly -smaller than the second operand. -\index{modulo} - -The integer division and modulo operators are connected by the -following identity: \verb@x == (x/y)*y + (x%y)@. Integer division and -modulo are also connected with the built-in function \verb@divmod()@: -\verb@divmod(x, y) == (x/y, x%y)@. These identities don't hold for -floating point numbers; there a similar identity holds where -\verb@x/y@ is replaced by \verb@floor(x/y)@). - -The \verb@"+"@ (addition) operator yields the sum of its arguments. -The arguments must either both be numbers, or both sequences of the -same type. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a common -type and then added together. In the latter case, the sequences are -concatenated. -\index{addition} - -The \verb@"-"@ (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its -arguments. The numeric arguments are first converted to a common -type. -\index{subtraction} - -\section{Shifting operations} -\indexii{shifting}{operation} - -The shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic -operations: - -\begin{verbatim} -shift_expr: a_expr | shift_expr ( "<<" | ">>" ) a_expr -\end{verbatim} - -These operators accept plain or long integers as arguments. The -arguments are converted to a common type. They shift the first -argument to the left or right by the number of bits given by the -second argument. - -A right shift by \var{n} bits is defined as division by -\code{pow(2,\var{n})}. A left shift by \var{n} bits is defined as -multiplication with \code{pow(2,\var{n})}; for plain integers there is -no overflow check so this drops bits and flips the sign if the result -is not less than \code{pow(2,31)} in absolute value. - -Negative shift counts raise a \verb@ValueError@ exception. -\exindex{ValueError} - -\section{Binary bit-wise operations} -\indexiii{binary}{bit-wise}{operation} - -Each of the three bitwise operations has a different priority level: - -\begin{verbatim} -and_expr: shift_expr | and_expr "&" shift_expr -xor_expr: and_expr | xor_expr "^" and_expr -or_expr: xor_expr | or_expr "|" xor_expr -\end{verbatim} - -The \verb@"&"@ operator yields the bitwise AND of its arguments, which -must be plain or long integers. The arguments are converted to a -common type. -\indexii{bit-wise}{and} - -The \verb@"^"@ operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its -arguments, which must be plain or long integers. The arguments are -converted to a common type. -\indexii{bit-wise}{xor} -\indexii{exclusive}{or} - -The \verb@"|"@ operator yields the bitwise (inclusive) OR of its -arguments, which must be plain or long integers. The arguments are -converted to a common type. -\indexii{bit-wise}{or} -\indexii{inclusive}{or} - -\section{Comparisons} -\index{comparison} - -Contrary to C, all comparison operations in Python have the same -priority, which is lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or -bitwise operation. Also contrary to C, expressions like -\verb@a < b < c@ have the interpretation that is conventional in -mathematics: -\index{C} - -\begin{verbatim} -comparison: or_expr (comp_operator or_expr)* -comp_operator: "<"|">"|"=="|">="|"<="|"<>"|"!="|"is" ["not"]|["not"] "in" -\end{verbatim} - -Comparisons yield integer values: 1 for true, 0 for false. - -Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g. \code{x < y <= z} is -equivalent to \code{x < y and y <= z}, except that \code{y} is -evaluated only once (but in both cases \code{z} is not evaluated at all -when \code{x < y} is found to be false). -\indexii{chaining}{comparisons} - -Formally, if \var{a}, \var{b}, \var{c}, \ldots, \var{y}, \var{z} are -expressions and \var{opa}, \var{opb}, \ldots, \var{opy} are comparison -operators, then \var{a opa b opb c} \ldots \var{y opy z} is equivalent -to \var{a opa b} \code{and} \var{b opb c} \code{and} \ldots \code{and} -\var{y opy z}, except that each expression is evaluated at most once. - -Note that \var{a opa b opb c} doesn't imply any kind of comparison -between \var{a} and \var{c}, so that e.g.\ \code{x < y > z} is -perfectly legal (though perhaps not pretty). - -The forms \verb@<>@ and \verb@!=@ are equivalent; for consistency with -C, \verb@!=@ is preferred; where \verb@!=@ is mentioned below -\verb@<>@ is also implied. - -The operators {\tt "<", ">", "==", ">=", "<="}, and {\tt "!="} compare -the values of two objects. The objects needn't have the same type. -If both are numbers, they are coverted to a common type. Otherwise, -objects of different types {\em always} compare unequal, and are -ordered consistently but arbitrarily. - -(This unusual definition of comparison is done to simplify the -definition of operations like sorting and the \verb@in@ and -\verb@not@ \verb@in@ operators.) - -Comparison of objects of the same type depends on the type: - -\begin{itemize} - -\item -Numbers are compared arithmetically. - -\item -Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents -(the result of the built-in function \verb@ord@) of their characters. - -\item -Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison of -corresponding items. - -\item -Mappings (dictionaries) are compared through lexicographic -comparison of their sorted (key, value) lists.% -\footnote{This is expensive since it requires sorting the keys first, -but about the only sensible definition. An earlier version of Python -compared dictionaries by identity only, but this caused surprises -because people expected to be able to test a dictionary for emptiness -by comparing it to {\tt \{\}}.} - -\item -Most other types compare unequal unless they are the same object; -the choice whether one object is considered smaller or larger than -another one is made arbitrarily but consistently within one -execution of a program. - -\end{itemize} - -The operators \verb@in@ and \verb@not in@ test for sequence -membership: if \var{y} is a sequence, \code{\var{x} in \var{y}} is -true if and only if there exists an index \var{i} such that -\code{\var{x} = \var{y}[\var{i}]}. -\code{\var{x} not in \var{y}} yields the inverse truth value. The -exception \verb@TypeError@ is raised when \var{y} is not a sequence, -or when \var{y} is a string and \var{x} is not a string of length one.% -\footnote{The latter restriction is sometimes a nuisance.} -\opindex{in} -\opindex{not in} -\indexii{membership}{test} -\obindex{sequence} - -The operators \verb@is@ and \verb@is not@ test for object identity: -\var{x} \code{is} \var{y} is true if and only if \var{x} and \var{y} -are the same object. \var{x} \code{is not} \var{y} yields the inverse -truth value. -\opindex{is} -\opindex{is not} -\indexii{identity}{test} - -\section{Boolean operations} \label{Booleans} -\indexii{Boolean}{operation} - -Boolean operations have the lowest priority of all Python operations: - -\begin{verbatim} -condition: or_test | lambda_form -or_test: and_test | or_test "or" and_test -and_test: not_test | and_test "and" not_test -not_test: comparison | "not" not_test -lambda_form: "lambda" [parameter_list]: condition -\end{verbatim} - -In the context of Boolean operations, and also when conditions are -used by control flow statements, the following values are interpreted -as false: \verb@None@, numeric zero of all types, empty sequences -(strings, tuples and lists), and empty mappings (dictionaries). All -other values are interpreted as true. - -The operator \verb@not@ yields 1 if its argument is false, 0 otherwise. -\opindex{not} - -The condition \var{x} \verb@and@ \var{y} first evaluates \var{x}; if -\var{x} is false, its value is returned; otherwise, \var{y} is -evaluated and the resulting value is returned. -\opindex{and} - -The condition \var{x} \verb@or@ \var{y} first evaluates \var{x}; if -\var{x} is true, its value is returned; otherwise, \var{y} is -evaluated and the resulting value is returned. -\opindex{or} - -(Note that \verb@and@ and \verb@or@ do not restrict the value and type -they return to 0 and 1, but rather return the last evaluated argument. -This is sometimes useful, e.g. if \verb@s@ is a string that should be -replaced by a default value if it is empty, the expression -\verb@s or 'foo'@ yields the desired value. Because \verb@not@ has to -invent a value anyway, it does not bother to return a value of the -same type as its argument, so e.g. \verb@not 'foo'@ yields \verb@0@, -not \verb@''@.) - -Lambda forms (lambda expressions) have the same syntactic position as -conditions. They are a shorthand to create anonymous functions; the -expression {\em {\tt lambda} arguments{\tt :} condition} -yields a function object that behaves virtually identical to one -defined with -{\em {\tt def} name {\tt (}arguments{\tt ): return} condition}. -See section \ref{function} for the syntax of -parameter lists. Note that functions created with lambda forms cannot -contain statements. -\label{lambda} -\indexii{lambda}{expression} -\indexii{lambda}{form} -\indexii{anonmymous}{function} - -\section{Expression lists and condition lists} -\indexii{expression}{list} -\indexii{condition}{list} - -\begin{verbatim} -expression_list: or_expr ("," or_expr)* [","] -condintion_list: condition ("," condition)* [","] -\end{verbatim} - -The only difference between expression lists and condition lists is -the lowest priority of operators that can be used in them without -being enclosed in parentheses; condition lists allow all operators, -while expression lists don't allow comparisons and Boolean operators -(they do allow bitwise and shift operators though). - -Expression lists are used in expression statements and assignments; -condition lists are used everywhere else where a list of -comma-separated values is required. - -An expression (condition) list containing at least one comma yields a -tuple. The length of the tuple is the number of expressions -(conditions) in the list. The expressions (conditions) are evaluated -from left to right. (Condition lists are used syntactically is a few -places where no tuple is constructed but a list of values is needed -nevertheless.) -\obindex{tuple} - -The trailing comma is required only to create a single tuple (a.k.a. a -{\em singleton}); it is optional in all other cases. A single -expression (condition) without a trailing comma doesn't create a -tuple, but rather yields the value of that expression (condition). -\indexii{trailing}{comma} - -(To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair of parentheses: -\verb@()@.) - -\section{Summary} - -The following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python, -from lowest precedence (least binding) to highest precedence (most -binding). Operators in the same box have the same precedence. Unless -the syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in -the same box group left to right (except for comparisons, which -chain from left to right --- see above). - -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} -\hline -\code{or} & Boolean OR \\ -\hline -\code{and} & Boolean AND \\ -\hline -\code{not} \var{x} & Boolean NOT \\ -\hline -\code{in}, \code{not} \code{in} & Membership tests \\ -\code{is}, \code{is} \code{not} & Identity tests \\ -\code{<}, \code{<=}, \code{>}, \code{>=}, \code{<>}, \code{!=}, \code{=} & - Comparisons \\ -\hline -\code{|} & Bitwise OR \\ -\hline -\code{\^} & Bitwise XOR \\ -\hline -\code{\&} & Bitwise AND \\ -\hline -\code{<<}, \code{>>} & Shifts \\ -\hline -\code{+}, \code{-} & Addition and subtraction \\ -\hline -\code{*}, \code{/}, \code{\%} & Multiplication, division, remainder \\ -\hline -\code{+\var{x}}, \code{-\var{x}} & Positive, negative \\ -\code{\~\var{x}} & Bitwise not \\ -\hline -\code{\var{x}.\var{attribute}} & Attribute reference \\ -\code{\var{x}[\var{index}]} & Subscription \\ -\code{\var{x}[\var{index}:\var{index}]} & Slicing \\ -\code{\var{f}(\var{arguments}...)} & Function call \\ -\hline -\code{(\var{expressions}\ldots)} & Binding or tuple display \\ -\code{[\var{expressions}\ldots]} & List display \\ -\code{\{\var{key}:\var{datum}\ldots\}} & Dictionary display \\ -\code{`\var{expression}\ldots`} & String conversion \\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} |