diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Doc')
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/contextvars.rst | 279 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/library/index.rst | 1 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst | 19 |
3 files changed, 299 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/library/contextvars.rst b/Doc/library/contextvars.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e0987c --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/library/contextvars.rst @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +:mod:`contextvars` --- Context Variables +======================================== + +.. module:: contextvars + :synopsis: Context Variables + +.. sectionauthor:: Yury Selivanov <yury@magic.io> + +-------------- + +This module provides APIs to manage, store, and access non-local +state. The :class:`~contextvars.ContextVar` class is used to declare +and work with *Context Variables*. The :func:`~contextvars.copy_context` +function and the :class:`~contextvars.Context` class should be used to +manage the current context in asynchronous frameworks. + +Context managers that have state should use Context Variables +instead of :func:`threading.local()` to prevent their state from +bleeding to other code unexpectedly, when used in concurrent code. + +See also :pep:`567` for additional details. + +.. versionadded:: 3.7 + + +Context Variables +----------------- + +.. class:: ContextVar(name, [\*, default]) + + This class is used to declare a new Context Variable, e.g.:: + + var: ContextVar[int] = ContextVar('var', default=42) + + The required *name* parameter is used for introspection and debug + purposes. + + The optional keyword-only *default* parameter is returned by + :meth:`ContextVar.get` when no value for the variable is found + in the current context. + + **Important:** Context Variables should be created at the top module + level and never in closures. :class:`Context` objects hold strong + references to context variables which prevents context variables + from being properly garbage collected. + + .. attribute:: ContextVar.name + + The name of the variable. This is a read-only property. + + .. method:: get([default]) + + Return a value for the context variable for the current context. + + If there is no value for the variable in the current context, + the method will: + + * return the value of the *default* argument of the method, + if provided; or + + * return the default value for the context variable, + if it was created with one; or + + * raise a :exc:`LookupError`. + + .. method:: set(value) + + Call to set a new value for the context variable in the current + context. + + The required *value* argument is the new value for the context + variable. + + Returns a :class:`~contextvars.Token` object that can be used + to restore the variable to its previous value via the + :meth:`ContextVar.reset` method. + + .. method:: reset(token) + + Reset the context variable to the value it had before the + :meth:`ContextVar.set` that created the *token* was used. + + For example:: + + var = ContextVar('var') + + token = var.set('new value') + # code that uses 'var'; var.get() returns 'new value'. + var.reset(token) + + # After the reset call the var has no value again, so + # var.get() would raise a LookupError. + + +.. class:: contextvars.Token + + *Token* objects are returned by the :meth:`ContextVar.set` method. + They can be passed to the :meth:`ContextVar.reset` method to revert + the value of the variable to what it was before the corresponding + *set*. + + .. attribute:: Token.var + + A read-only property. Points to the :class:`ContextVar` object + that created the token. + + .. attribute:: Token.old_value + + A read-only property. Set to the value the variable had before + the :meth:`ContextVar.set` method call that created the token. + It points to :attr:`Token.MISSING` is the variable was not set + before the call. + + .. attribute:: Token.MISSING + + A marker object used by :attr:`Token.old_value`. + + +Manual Context Management +------------------------- + +.. function:: copy_context() + + Returns a copy of the current :class:`~contextvars.Context` object. + + The following snippet gets a copy of the current context and prints + all variables and their values that are set in it:: + + ctx: Context = copy_context() + print(list(ctx.items())) + + The function has an O(1) complexity, i.e. works equally fast for + contexts with a few context variables and for contexts that have + a lot of them. + + +.. class:: Context() + + A mapping of :class:`ContextVars <ContextVar>` to their values. + + ``Context()`` creates an empty context with no values in it. + To get a copy of the current context use the + :func:`~contextvars.copy_context` function. + + Context implements the :class:`collections.abc.Mapping` interface. + + .. method:: run(callable, \*args, \*\*kwargs) + + Execute ``callable(*args, **kwargs)`` code in the context object + the *run* method is called on. Return the result of the execution + or propagate an exception if one occurred. + + Any changes to any context variables that *callable* makes will + be contained in the context object:: + + var = ContextVar('var') + var.set('spam') + + def main(): + # 'var' was set to 'spam' before + # calling 'copy_context()' and 'ctx.run(main)', so: + # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'spam' + + var.set('ham') + + # Now, after setting 'var' to 'ham': + # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'ham' + + ctx = copy_context() + + # Any changes that the 'main' function makes to 'var' + # will be contained in 'ctx'. + ctx.run(main) + + # The 'main()' function was run in the 'ctx' context, + # so changes to 'var' are contained in it: + # ctx[var] == 'ham' + + # However, outside of 'ctx', 'var' is still set to 'spam': + # var.get() == 'spam' + + The method raises a :exc:`RuntimeError` when called on the same + context object from more than one OS thread, or when called + recursively. + + .. method:: copy() + + Return a shallow copy of the context object. + + .. describe:: var in context + + Return ``True`` if the *context* has a value for *var* set; + return ``False`` otherwise. + + .. describe:: context[var] + + Return the value of the *var* :class:`ContextVar` variable. + If the variable is not set in the context object, a + :exc:`KeyError` is raised. + + .. method:: get(var, [default]) + + Return the value for *var* if *var* has the value in the context + object. Return *default* otherwise. If *default* is not given, + return ``None``. + + .. describe:: iter(context) + + Return an iterator over the variables stored in the context + object. + + .. describe:: len(proxy) + + Return the number of variables set in the context object. + + .. method:: keys() + + Return a list of all variables in the context object. + + .. method:: values() + + Return a list of all variables' values in the context object. + + + .. method:: items() + + Return a list of 2-tuples containing all variables and their + values in the context object. + + +asyncio support +--------------- + +Context variables are natively supported in :mod:`asyncio` and are +ready to be used without any extra configuration. For example, here +is a simple echo server, that uses a context variable to make the +address of a remote client available in the Task that handles that +client:: + + import asyncio + import contextvars + + client_addr_var = contextvars.ContextVar('client_addr') + + def render_goodbye(): + # The address of the currently handled client can be accessed + # without passing it explicitly to this function. + + client_addr = client_addr_var.get() + return f'Good bye, client @ {client_addr}\n'.encode() + + async def handle_request(reader, writer): + addr = writer.transport.get_extra_info('socket').getpeername() + client_addr_var.set(addr) + + # In any code that we call is is now possible to get + # client's address by calling 'client_addr_var.get()'. + + while True: + line = await reader.readline() + print(line) + if not line.strip(): + break + writer.write(line) + + writer.write(render_goodbye()) + writer.close() + + async def main(): + srv = await asyncio.start_server( + handle_request, '127.0.0.1', 8081) + + async with srv: + await srv.serve_forever() + + asyncio.run(main()) + + # To test it you can use telnet: + # telnet 127.0.0.1 8081 diff --git a/Doc/library/index.rst b/Doc/library/index.rst index a925e10..da6a460 100644 --- a/Doc/library/index.rst +++ b/Doc/library/index.rst @@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ the `Python Package Index <https://pypi.python.org/pypi>`_. crypto.rst allos.rst concurrency.rst + contextvars.rst ipc.rst netdata.rst markup.rst diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst index 89ca5d7..7c98c7c 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst @@ -340,6 +340,25 @@ For example:: PEP written and implemented by Eric V. Smith +PEP 567: Context Variables +-------------------------- + +Adds a new module :mod:`contextvars`, that provides APIs to manage, +store, and access non-local state. + +Context variables are natively supported in :mod:`asyncio` and are +ready to be used without any extra configuration. + +The :mod:`decimal` module was updated to use *contextvars* to store +the current decimal context. This allows decimal operations to work +with the correct context in async/await code. + +.. seealso:: + + :pep:`567` -- Context Variables + PEP written and implemented by Yury Selivanov + + New Development Mode: -X dev ---------------------------- |