diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Doc')
47 files changed, 329 insertions, 128 deletions
diff --git a/Doc/distutils/examples.rst b/Doc/distutils/examples.rst index af9125a..1f5be9c 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/examples.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/examples.rst @@ -245,7 +245,9 @@ Let's take an example with a simple script:: setup(name='foobar') -Running the ``check`` command will display some warnings:: +Running the ``check`` command will display some warnings: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python setup.py check running check @@ -274,7 +276,9 @@ For example, if the :file:`setup.py` script is changed like this:: url='http://example.com', long_description=desc) Where the long description is broken, ``check`` will be able to detect it -by using the :mod:`docutils` parser:: +by using the :mod:`docutils` parser: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python setup.py check --restructuredtext running check @@ -286,7 +290,9 @@ Reading the metadata The :func:`distutils.core.setup` function provides a command-line interface that allows you to query the metadata fields of a project through the -``setup.py`` script of a given project:: +``setup.py`` script of a given project: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python setup.py --name distribute diff --git a/Doc/distutils/packageindex.rst b/Doc/distutils/packageindex.rst index 2d7daef..28ad128 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/packageindex.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/packageindex.rst @@ -233,7 +233,9 @@ in the root of the package besides :file:`setup.py`. To prevent registering broken reStructuredText content, you can use the :program:`rst2html` program that is provided by the :mod:`docutils` package and -check the ``long_description`` from the command line:: +check the ``long_description`` from the command line: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python setup.py --long-description | rst2html.py > output.html diff --git a/Doc/distutils/sourcedist.rst b/Doc/distutils/sourcedist.rst index fb70514..35aea1e 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/sourcedist.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/sourcedist.rst @@ -133,7 +133,9 @@ described above does not apply in this case. The manifest template has one command per line, where each command specifies a set of files to include or exclude from the source distribution. For an -example, again we turn to the Distutils' own manifest template:: +example, again we turn to the Distutils' own manifest template: + +.. code-block:: none include *.txt recursive-include examples *.txt *.py diff --git a/Doc/extending/building.rst b/Doc/extending/building.rst index b5ccee7..9fe12c2 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/building.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/building.rst @@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ Since distutils also supports creation of binary packages, users don't necessarily need a compiler and distutils to install the extension. A distutils package contains a driver script, :file:`setup.py`. This is a plain -Python file, which, in the most simple case, could look like this:: +Python file, which, in the most simple case, could look like this: + +.. code-block:: python3 from distutils.core import setup, Extension @@ -96,7 +98,9 @@ file, :file:`demo.c`. In many cases, building an extension is more complex, since additional preprocessor defines and libraries may be needed. This is demonstrated in the -example below. :: +example below. + +.. code-block:: python3 from distutils.core import setup, Extension @@ -161,4 +165,3 @@ commands can be used to do so. :: python setup.py bdist_wininst python setup.py bdist_rpm python setup.py bdist_dumb - diff --git a/Doc/extending/embedding.rst b/Doc/extending/embedding.rst index acd60ae..64033dc 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/embedding.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/embedding.rst @@ -155,7 +155,9 @@ script, such as: c = c + b return c -then the result should be:: +then the result should be: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ call multiply multiply 3 2 Will compute 3 times 2 @@ -289,16 +291,20 @@ available). This script has several options, of which the following will be directly useful to you: * ``pythonX.Y-config --cflags`` will give you the recommended flags when - compiling:: + compiling: + + .. code-block:: shell-session - $ /opt/bin/python3.4-config --cflags - -I/opt/include/python3.4m -I/opt/include/python3.4m -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes + $ /opt/bin/python3.4-config --cflags + -I/opt/include/python3.4m -I/opt/include/python3.4m -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes * ``pythonX.Y-config --ldflags`` will give you the recommended flags when - linking:: + linking: + + .. code-block:: shell-session - $ /opt/bin/python3.4-config --ldflags - -L/opt/lib/python3.4/config-3.4m -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm -lpython3.4m -Xlinker -export-dynamic + $ /opt/bin/python3.4-config --ldflags + -L/opt/lib/python3.4/config-3.4m -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm -lpython3.4m -Xlinker -export-dynamic .. note:: To avoid confusion between several Python installations (and especially diff --git a/Doc/extending/extending.rst b/Doc/extending/extending.rst index 523dfab..8219707 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/extending.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/extending.rst @@ -792,7 +792,9 @@ the format string is empty, it returns ``None``; if it contains exactly one format unit, it returns whatever object is described by that format unit. To force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format string. -Examples (to the left the call, to the right the resulting Python value):: +Examples (to the left the call, to the right the resulting Python value): + +.. code-block:: none Py_BuildValue("") None Py_BuildValue("i", 123) 123 @@ -1348,4 +1350,3 @@ code distribution). .. [#] These guarantees don't hold when you use the "old" style calling convention --- this is still found in much existing code. - diff --git a/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst b/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst index f60e208..5a207e6 100644 --- a/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst +++ b/Doc/extending/newtypes.rst @@ -209,7 +209,9 @@ That's it! All that remains is to build it; put the above code in a file called setup(name="noddy", version="1.0", ext_modules=[Extension("noddy", ["noddy.c"])]) -in a file called :file:`setup.py`; then typing :: +in a file called :file:`setup.py`; then typing + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python setup.py build @@ -1513,4 +1515,3 @@ might be something like the following:: .. [#] Even in the third version, we aren't guaranteed to avoid cycles. Instances of string subclasses are allowed and string subclasses could allow cycles even if normal strings don't. - diff --git a/Doc/faq/extending.rst b/Doc/faq/extending.rst index 852e35f..3eafdf1 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/extending.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/extending.rst @@ -146,7 +146,9 @@ this object to :data:`sys.stdout` and :data:`sys.stderr`. Call print_error, or just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, the output will go wherever your ``write()`` method sends it. -The easiest way to do this is to use the :class:`io.StringIO` class:: +The easiest way to do this is to use the :class:`io.StringIO` class: + +.. code-block:: pycon >>> import io, sys >>> sys.stdout = io.StringIO() @@ -156,7 +158,9 @@ The easiest way to do this is to use the :class:`io.StringIO` class:: foo hello world! -A custom object to do the same would look like this:: +A custom object to do the same would look like this: + +.. code-block:: pycon >>> import io, sys >>> class StdoutCatcher(io.TextIOBase): @@ -222,11 +226,15 @@ How do I debug an extension? When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can't set a breakpoint in your extension until your extension is loaded. -In your ``.gdbinit`` file (or interactively), add the command:: +In your ``.gdbinit`` file (or interactively), add the command: + +.. code-block:: none br _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule -Then, when you run GDB:: +Then, when you run GDB: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ gdb /local/bin/python gdb) run myscript.py diff --git a/Doc/howto/clinic.rst b/Doc/howto/clinic.rst index 82eae01..5a69ca8 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/clinic.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/clinic.rst @@ -152,7 +152,9 @@ Let's dive in! For my example I'm using ``_pickle.Pickler.dump()``. 2. If the call to the ``PyArg_Parse`` function uses any of the - following format units:: + following format units: + + .. code-block:: none O& O! diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst index 99b4cdc..de0d304 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst @@ -377,7 +377,9 @@ An example of using these two classes follows (imports omitted):: root.warning('Look out!') listener.stop() -which, when run, will produce:: +which, when run, will produce: + +.. code-block:: none MainThread: Look out! @@ -1860,7 +1862,9 @@ script, ``chowntest.py``:: logger = logging.getLogger('mylogger') logger.debug('A debug message') -To run this, you will probably need to run as ``root``:: +To run this, you will probably need to run as ``root``: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ sudo python3.3 chowntest.py $ cat chowntest.log @@ -2485,7 +2489,9 @@ via ``stderr`` and once via ``stdout``). After the ``with`` statement's completion, the status is as it was before so message #6 appears (like message #1) whereas message #7 doesn't (just like message #2). -If we run the resulting script, the result is as follows:: +If we run the resulting script, the result is as follows: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python logctx.py 1. This should appear just once on stderr. @@ -2495,12 +2501,16 @@ If we run the resulting script, the result is as follows:: 6. This should appear just once on stderr. If we run it again, but pipe ``stderr`` to ``/dev/null``, we see the following, -which is the only message written to ``stdout``:: +which is the only message written to ``stdout``: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python logctx.py 2>/dev/null 5. This should appear twice - once on stderr and once on stdout. -Once again, but piping ``stdout`` to ``/dev/null``, we get:: +Once again, but piping ``stdout`` to ``/dev/null``, we get: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python logctx.py >/dev/null 1. This should appear just once on stderr. diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging.rst b/Doc/howto/logging.rst index 51e8430..82d1308 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging.rst @@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ A very simple example is:: logging.warning('Watch out!') # will print a message to the console logging.info('I told you so') # will not print anything -If you type these lines into a script and run it, you'll see:: +If you type these lines into a script and run it, you'll see: + +.. code-block:: none WARNING:root:Watch out! @@ -230,7 +232,9 @@ append the variable data as arguments. For example:: import logging logging.warning('%s before you %s', 'Look', 'leap!') -will display:: +will display: + +.. code-block:: none WARNING:root:Look before you leap! @@ -594,7 +598,9 @@ logger, a console handler, and a simple formatter using Python code:: logger.error('error message') logger.critical('critical message') -Running this module from the command line produces the following output:: +Running this module from the command line produces the following output: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python simple_logging_module.py 2005-03-19 15:10:26,618 - simple_example - DEBUG - debug message @@ -653,7 +659,9 @@ Here is the logging.conf file:: format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s datefmt= -The output is nearly identical to that of the non-config-file-based example:: +The output is nearly identical to that of the non-config-file-based example: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python simple_logging_config.py 2005-03-19 15:38:55,977 - simpleExample - DEBUG - debug message @@ -1073,4 +1081,3 @@ take up any memory. Useful handlers included with the logging module. :ref:`A logging cookbook <logging-cookbook>` - diff --git a/Doc/howto/regex.rst b/Doc/howto/regex.rst index 371ef59..d9b7c90 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/regex.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/regex.rst @@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ of the RE by repeating them or changing their meaning. Much of this document is devoted to discussing various metacharacters and what they do. Here's a complete list of the metacharacters; their meanings will be discussed -in the rest of this HOWTO. :: +in the rest of this HOWTO. + +.. code-block:: none . ^ $ * + ? { } [ ] \ | ( ) diff --git a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst index 50a09ba..fbeb11a 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst @@ -613,7 +613,9 @@ program:: print(os.listdir(b'.')) print(os.listdir('.')) -will produce the following output:: +will produce the following output: + +.. code-block:: shell-session amk:~$ python t.py [b'filename\xe4\x94\x80abc', ...] diff --git a/Doc/library/2to3.rst b/Doc/library/2to3.rst index f816946..ec59679 100644 --- a/Doc/library/2to3.rst +++ b/Doc/library/2to3.rst @@ -33,14 +33,18 @@ Here is a sample Python 2.x source file, :file:`example.py`:: name = raw_input() greet(name) -It can be converted to Python 3.x code via 2to3 on the command line:: +It can be converted to Python 3.x code via 2to3 on the command line: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 example.py A diff against the original source file is printed. 2to3 can also write the needed modifications right back to the source file. (A backup of the original file is made unless :option:`-n` is also given.) Writing the changes back is -enabled with the :option:`-w` flag:: +enabled with the :option:`-w` flag: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 -w example.py @@ -57,17 +61,23 @@ Comments and exact indentation are preserved throughout the translation process. By default, 2to3 runs a set of :ref:`predefined fixers <2to3-fixers>`. The :option:`!-l` flag lists all available fixers. An explicit set of fixers to run can be given with :option:`-f`. Likewise the :option:`!-x` explicitly disables a -fixer. The following example runs only the ``imports`` and ``has_key`` fixers:: +fixer. The following example runs only the ``imports`` and ``has_key`` fixers: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 -f imports -f has_key example.py -This command runs every fixer except the ``apply`` fixer:: +This command runs every fixer except the ``apply`` fixer: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 -x apply example.py Some fixers are *explicit*, meaning they aren't run by default and must be listed on the command line to be run. Here, in addition to the default fixers, -the ``idioms`` fixer is run:: +the ``idioms`` fixer is run: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 -f all -f idioms example.py @@ -113,7 +123,9 @@ This option implies the :option:`-w` flag as it would not make sense otherwise. The :option:`--add-suffix` option specifies a string to append to all output filenames. The :option:`-n` flag is required when specifying this as backups -are not necessary when writing to different filenames. Example:: +are not necessary when writing to different filenames. Example: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 -n -W --add-suffix=3 example.py @@ -122,7 +134,9 @@ Will cause a converted file named ``example.py3`` to be written. .. versionadded:: 3.2.3 The :option:`--add-suffix` option was added. -To translate an entire project from one directory tree to another use:: +To translate an entire project from one directory tree to another use: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ 2to3 --output-dir=python3-version/mycode -W -n python2-version/mycode diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst index 10789e9..995c4ee 100644 --- a/Doc/library/argparse.rst +++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst @@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ produces either the sum or the max:: print(args.accumulate(args.integers)) Assuming the Python code above is saved into a file called ``prog.py``, it can -be run at the command line and provides useful help messages:: +be run at the command line and provides useful help messages: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python prog.py -h usage: prog.py [-h] [--sum] N [N ...] @@ -60,7 +62,9 @@ be run at the command line and provides useful help messages:: --sum sum the integers (default: find the max) When run with the appropriate arguments, it prints either the sum or the max of -the command-line integers:: +the command-line integers: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python prog.py 1 2 3 4 4 @@ -68,7 +72,9 @@ the command-line integers:: $ python prog.py 1 2 3 4 --sum 10 -If invalid arguments are passed in, it will issue an error:: +If invalid arguments are passed in, it will issue an error: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python prog.py a b c usage: prog.py [-h] [--sum] N [N ...] @@ -194,7 +200,9 @@ invoked on the command line. For example, consider a file named args = parser.parse_args() The help for this program will display ``myprogram.py`` as the program name -(regardless of where the program was invoked from):: +(regardless of where the program was invoked from): + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python myprogram.py --help usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO] @@ -596,7 +604,9 @@ the parser's help message. For example, consider a file named args = parser.parse_args() If ``-h`` or ``--help`` is supplied at the command line, the ArgumentParser -help will be printed:: +help will be printed: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python myprogram.py --help usage: myprogram.py [-h] [--foo FOO] diff --git a/Doc/library/ast.rst b/Doc/library/ast.rst index 8c3b7e4..8d4ae2c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/ast.rst +++ b/Doc/library/ast.rst @@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ Abstract Grammar The abstract grammar is currently defined as follows: .. literalinclude:: ../../Parser/Python.asdl + :language: none :mod:`ast` Helpers diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst index 156c5c0..b9557af 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-dev.rst @@ -321,14 +321,18 @@ operations:: print("Pending tasks at exit: %s" % asyncio.Task.all_tasks(loop)) loop.close() -Expected output:: +Expected output: + +.. code-block:: none (1) create file (2) write into file (3) close file Pending tasks at exit: set() -Actual output:: +Actual output: + +.. code-block:: none (3) close file (2) write into file @@ -369,13 +373,17 @@ Pending task destroyed If a pending task is destroyed, the execution of its wrapped :ref:`coroutine <coroutine>` did not complete. It is probably a bug and so a warning is logged. -Example of log:: +Example of log: + +.. code-block:: none Task was destroyed but it is pending! task: <Task pending coro=<kill_me() done, defined at test.py:5> wait_for=<Future pending cb=[Task._wakeup()]>> :ref:`Enable the debug mode of asyncio <asyncio-debug-mode>` to get the -traceback where the task was created. Example of log in debug mode:: +traceback where the task was created. Example of log in debug mode: + +.. code-block:: none Task was destroyed but it is pending! source_traceback: Object created at (most recent call last): diff --git a/Doc/library/cgi.rst b/Doc/library/cgi.rst index 0bc2c35..41219ee 100644 --- a/Doc/library/cgi.rst +++ b/Doc/library/cgi.rst @@ -442,7 +442,9 @@ installing a copy of this module file (:file:`cgi.py`) as a CGI script. When invoked as a script, the file will dump its environment and the contents of the form in HTML form. Give it the right mode etc, and send it a request. If it's installed in the standard :file:`cgi-bin` directory, it should be possible to -send it a request by entering a URL into your browser of the form:: +send it a request by entering a URL into your browser of the form: + +.. code-block:: none http://yourhostname/cgi-bin/cgi.py?name=Joe+Blow&addr=At+Home @@ -534,4 +536,3 @@ Common problems and solutions order the field values should be supplied in, but knowing whether a request was received from a conforming browser, or even from a browser at all, is tedious and error-prone. - diff --git a/Doc/library/cmd.rst b/Doc/library/cmd.rst index 61ef0f6..f40cfdf 100644 --- a/Doc/library/cmd.rst +++ b/Doc/library/cmd.rst @@ -314,7 +314,9 @@ immediate playback:: Here is a sample session with the turtle shell showing the help functions, using -blank lines to repeat commands, and the simple record and playback facility:: +blank lines to repeat commands, and the simple record and playback facility: + +.. code-block:: none Welcome to the turtle shell. Type help or ? to list commands. @@ -373,4 +375,3 @@ blank lines to repeat commands, and the simple record and playback facility:: (turtle) bye Thank you for using Turtle - diff --git a/Doc/library/decimal.rst b/Doc/library/decimal.rst index 528f97b..971600c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/decimal.rst +++ b/Doc/library/decimal.rst @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ an exception:: >>> c.traps[FloatOperation] = True >>> Decimal(3.14) Traceback (most recent call last): - File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> + File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> decimal.FloatOperation: [<class 'decimal.FloatOperation'>] >>> Decimal('3.5') < 3.7 Traceback (most recent call last): diff --git a/Doc/library/doctest.rst b/Doc/library/doctest.rst index c58f417..66a521e 100644 --- a/Doc/library/doctest.rst +++ b/Doc/library/doctest.rst @@ -88,14 +88,18 @@ Here's a complete but small example module:: doctest.testmod() If you run :file:`example.py` directly from the command line, :mod:`doctest` -works its magic:: +works its magic: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python example.py $ There's no output! That's normal, and it means all the examples worked. Pass ``-v`` to the script, and :mod:`doctest` prints a detailed log of what -it's trying, and prints a summary at the end:: +it's trying, and prints a summary at the end: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python example.py -v Trying: @@ -109,7 +113,9 @@ it's trying, and prints a summary at the end:: [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120] ok -And so on, eventually ending with:: +And so on, eventually ending with: + +.. code-block:: none Trying: factorial(1e100) @@ -196,7 +202,9 @@ file. This can be done with the :func:`testfile` function:: That short script executes and verifies any interactive Python examples contained in the file :file:`example.txt`. The file content is treated as if it were a single giant docstring; the file doesn't need to contain a Python -program! For example, perhaps :file:`example.txt` contains this:: +program! For example, perhaps :file:`example.txt` contains this: + +.. code-block:: none The ``example`` module ====================== diff --git a/Doc/library/email-examples.rst b/Doc/library/email-examples.rst index ca08586..ad93b5c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/email-examples.rst +++ b/Doc/library/email-examples.rst @@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ way we could process it: .. literalinclude:: ../includes/email-read-alternative-new-api.py -Up to the prompt, the output from the above is:: +Up to the prompt, the output from the above is: + +.. code-block:: none To: Penelope Pussycat <penelope@example.com>, Fabrette Pussycat <fabrette@example.com> From: Pepé Le Pew <pepe@example.com> diff --git a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst index 16abb40..ac844a6 100644 --- a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst +++ b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst @@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ as they are encountered:: parser.feed('<html><head><title>Test</title></head>' '<body><h1>Parse me!</h1></body></html>') -The output will then be:: +The output will then be: + +.. code-block:: none Encountered a start tag: html Encountered a start tag: head diff --git a/Doc/library/idle.rst b/Doc/library/idle.rst index 9ca92ce..4a8c257 100644 --- a/Doc/library/idle.rst +++ b/Doc/library/idle.rst @@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ functions to be used from IDLE's Python shell. Command line usage ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -:: +.. code-block:: none idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ... diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.config.rst b/Doc/library/logging.config.rst index e196724..b4c9bc3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/logging.config.rst +++ b/Doc/library/logging.config.rst @@ -243,7 +243,9 @@ otherwise, the context is used to determine what to instantiate. handler. All *other* keys are passed through as keyword arguments to the - handler's constructor. For example, given the snippet:: + handler's constructor. For example, given the snippet: + + .. code-block:: yaml handlers: console: @@ -352,7 +354,9 @@ it unambiguously, and then using the id in the source object's configuration to indicate that a connection exists between the source and the destination object with that id. -So, for example, consider the following YAML snippet:: +So, for example, consider the following YAML snippet: + +.. code-block:: yaml formatters: brief: @@ -409,7 +413,9 @@ to provide a 'factory' - a callable which is called with a configuration dictionary and which returns the instantiated object. This is signalled by an absolute import path to the factory being made available under the special key ``'()'``. Here's a concrete -example:: +example: + +.. code-block:: yaml formatters: brief: @@ -626,7 +632,9 @@ configuration must be specified in a section called ``[logger_root]``. :func:`dictConfig`, so it's worth considering transitioning to this newer API when it's convenient to do so. -Examples of these sections in the file are given below. :: +Examples of these sections in the file are given below. + +.. code-block:: ini [loggers] keys=root,log02,log03,log04,log05,log06,log07 @@ -638,7 +646,9 @@ Examples of these sections in the file are given below. :: keys=form01,form02,form03,form04,form05,form06,form07,form08,form09 The root logger must specify a level and a list of handlers. An example of a -root logger section is given below. :: +root logger section is given below. + +.. code-block:: ini [logger_root] level=NOTSET @@ -655,7 +665,9 @@ appear in the ``[handlers]`` section. These names must appear in the file. For loggers other than the root logger, some additional information is required. -This is illustrated by the following example. :: +This is illustrated by the following example. + +.. code-block:: ini [logger_parser] level=DEBUG @@ -673,7 +685,8 @@ indicate that messages are **not** propagated to handlers up the hierarchy. The say the name used by the application to get the logger. Sections which specify handler configuration are exemplified by the following. -:: + +.. code-block:: ini [handler_hand01] class=StreamHandler @@ -693,7 +706,9 @@ a corresponding section in the configuration file. The ``args`` entry, when :func:`eval`\ uated in the context of the ``logging`` package's namespace, is the list of arguments to the constructor for the handler class. Refer to the constructors for the relevant handlers, or to the examples -below, to see how typical entries are constructed. :: +below, to see how typical entries are constructed. + +.. code-block:: ini [handler_hand02] class=FileHandler @@ -744,7 +759,9 @@ below, to see how typical entries are constructed. :: formatter=form09 args=('localhost:9022', '/log', 'GET') -Sections which specify formatter configuration are typified by the following. :: +Sections which specify formatter configuration are typified by the following. + +.. code-block:: ini [formatter_form01] format=F1 %(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s @@ -780,5 +797,3 @@ condensed format. Module :mod:`logging.handlers` Useful handlers included with the logging module. - - diff --git a/Doc/library/optparse.rst b/Doc/library/optparse.rst index 9a4ba4e..e5f40f4 100644 --- a/Doc/library/optparse.rst +++ b/Doc/library/optparse.rst @@ -678,7 +678,9 @@ automatically adds a ``--version`` option to your parser. If it encounters this option on the command line, it expands your ``version`` string (by replacing ``%prog``), prints it to stdout, and exits. -For example, if your script is called ``/usr/bin/foo``:: +For example, if your script is called ``/usr/bin/foo``: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ /usr/bin/foo --version foo 1.0 @@ -728,14 +730,18 @@ program's usage message and an error message to standard error and exits with error status 2. Consider the first example above, where the user passes ``4x`` to an option -that takes an integer:: +that takes an integer: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ /usr/bin/foo -n 4x Usage: foo [options] foo: error: option -n: invalid integer value: '4x' -Or, where the user fails to pass a value at all:: +Or, where the user fails to pass a value at all: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ /usr/bin/foo -n Usage: foo [options] diff --git a/Doc/library/pickletools.rst b/Doc/library/pickletools.rst index 4c0a148..5e5939c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/pickletools.rst +++ b/Doc/library/pickletools.rst @@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ However, when the pickle file that you want to examine comes from an untrusted source, ``-m pickletools`` is a safer option because it does not execute pickle bytecode. -For example, with a tuple ``(1, 2)`` pickled in file ``x.pickle``:: +For example, with a tuple ``(1, 2)`` pickled in file ``x.pickle``: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m pickle x.pickle (1, 2) @@ -106,4 +108,3 @@ Programmatic Interface Returns a new equivalent pickle string after eliminating unused ``PUT`` opcodes. The optimized pickle is shorter, takes less transmission time, requires less storage space, and unpickles more efficiently. - diff --git a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst index d6445f8..075a8b5 100644 --- a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst +++ b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst @@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ The :mod:`xml.parsers.expat` module contains two functions: separator. For example, if *namespace_separator* is set to a space character (``' '``) and - the following document is parsed:: + the following document is parsed: + + .. code-block:: xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <root xmlns = "http://default-namespace.org/" diff --git a/Doc/library/shutil.rst b/Doc/library/shutil.rst index e9ba4e6..a1cf241 100644 --- a/Doc/library/shutil.rst +++ b/Doc/library/shutil.rst @@ -603,7 +603,9 @@ found in the :file:`.ssh` directory of the user:: >>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir) '/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz' -The resulting archive contains:: +The resulting archive contains: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./ diff --git a/Doc/library/socketserver.rst b/Doc/library/socketserver.rst index 98d2c46..087f4e0 100644 --- a/Doc/library/socketserver.rst +++ b/Doc/library/socketserver.rst @@ -479,7 +479,9 @@ This is the client side:: The output of the example should look something like this: -Server:: +Server: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python TCPServer.py 127.0.0.1 wrote: @@ -487,7 +489,9 @@ Server:: 127.0.0.1 wrote: b'python is nice' -Client:: +Client: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python TCPClient.py hello world with TCP Sent: hello world with TCP @@ -599,7 +603,9 @@ An example for the :class:`ThreadingMixIn` class:: server.server_close() -The output of the example should look something like this:: +The output of the example should look something like this: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python ThreadedTCPServer.py Server loop running in thread: Thread-1 diff --git a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst index f469107..356605f 100644 --- a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst +++ b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst @@ -950,20 +950,23 @@ been imported from the :mod:`subprocess` module. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -:: +.. code-block:: bash output=`mycmd myarg` - # becomes - output = check_output(["mycmd", "myarg"]) +becomes:: + + output = check_output(["mycmd", "myarg"]) Replacing shell pipeline ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -:: +.. code-block:: bash output=`dmesg | grep hda` - # becomes + +becomes:: + p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) p1.stdout.close() # Allow p1 to receive a SIGPIPE if p2 exits. @@ -973,10 +976,14 @@ The p1.stdout.close() call after starting the p2 is important in order for p1 to receive a SIGPIPE if p2 exits before p1. Alternatively, for trusted input, the shell's own pipeline support may still -be used directly:: +be used directly: + +.. code-block:: bash output=`dmesg | grep hda` - # becomes + +becomes:: + output=check_output("dmesg | grep hda", shell=True) diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst index 9f70a13..ed5db05 100644 --- a/Doc/library/sys.rst +++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst @@ -1282,7 +1282,9 @@ always available. A dictionary of the various implementation-specific flags passed through the :option:`-X` command-line option. Option names are either mapped to - their values, if given explicitly, or to :const:`True`. Example:: + their values, if given explicitly, or to :const:`True`. Example: + + .. code-block:: shell-session $ ./python -Xa=b -Xc Python 3.2a3+ (py3k, Oct 16 2010, 20:14:50) diff --git a/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst b/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst index 0b0df9b..c51567a 100644 --- a/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst +++ b/Doc/library/sysconfig.rst @@ -229,7 +229,9 @@ Other functions Using :mod:`sysconfig` as a script ---------------------------------- -You can use :mod:`sysconfig` as a script with Python's *-m* option:: +You can use :mod:`sysconfig` as a script with Python's *-m* option: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m sysconfig Platform: "macosx-10.4-i386" diff --git a/Doc/library/tarfile.rst b/Doc/library/tarfile.rst index 90a5852..5b95ef3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/tarfile.rst +++ b/Doc/library/tarfile.rst @@ -654,25 +654,35 @@ The :mod:`tarfile` module provides a simple command line interface to interact with tar archives. If you want to create a new tar archive, specify its name after the :option:`-c` -option and then list the filename(s) that should be included:: +option and then list the filename(s) that should be included: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar spam.txt eggs.txt -Passing a directory is also acceptable:: +Passing a directory is also acceptable: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar life-of-brian_1979/ If you want to extract a tar archive into the current directory, use -the :option:`-e` option:: +the :option:`-e` option: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar You can also extract a tar archive into a different directory by passing the -directory's name:: +directory's name: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar other-dir/ -For a list of the files in a tar archive, use the :option:`-l` option:: +For a list of the files in a tar archive, use the :option:`-l` option: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m tarfile -l monty.tar diff --git a/Doc/library/zipimport.rst b/Doc/library/zipimport.rst index 0a0f175..46b8c24 100644 --- a/Doc/library/zipimport.rst +++ b/Doc/library/zipimport.rst @@ -147,7 +147,9 @@ Examples -------- Here is an example that imports a module from a ZIP archive - note that the -:mod:`zipimport` module is not explicitly used. :: +:mod:`zipimport` module is not explicitly used. + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ unzip -l example.zip Archive: example.zip diff --git a/Doc/reference/expressions.rst b/Doc/reference/expressions.rst index f508eaa..eafd70a 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/expressions.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/expressions.rst @@ -1406,7 +1406,9 @@ Lambdas Lambda expressions (sometimes called lambda forms) are used to create anonymous functions. The expression ``lambda arguments: expression`` yields a function -object. The unnamed object behaves like a function object defined with :: +object. The unnamed object behaves like a function object defined with: + +.. code-block:: none def <lambda>(arguments): return expression diff --git a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst index 71964d7..37f25f1 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst @@ -689,7 +689,10 @@ Operators .. index:: single: operators -The following tokens are operators:: +The following tokens are operators: + +.. code-block:: none + + - * ** / // % @ << >> & | ^ ~ @@ -703,7 +706,9 @@ Delimiters .. index:: single: delimiters -The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar:: +The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar: + +.. code-block:: none ( ) [ ] { } , : . ; @ = -> @@ -716,12 +721,16 @@ of the list, the augmented assignment operators, serve lexically as delimiters, but also perform an operation. The following printing ASCII characters have special meaning as part of other -tokens or are otherwise significant to the lexical analyzer:: +tokens or are otherwise significant to the lexical analyzer: + +.. code-block:: none ' " # \ The following printing ASCII characters are not used in Python. Their -occurrence outside string literals and comments is an unconditional error:: +occurrence outside string literals and comments is an unconditional error: + +.. code-block:: none $ ? ` diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst b/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst index ddc0855..12989b2 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst @@ -501,7 +501,9 @@ It could be called like this:: client="John Cleese", sketch="Cheese Shop Sketch") -and of course it would print:: +and of course it would print: + +.. code-block:: none -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst b/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst index e966085..e8d8e2b 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/interpreter.rst @@ -94,7 +94,9 @@ mode*. In this mode it prompts for the next command with the *primary prompt*, usually three greater-than signs (``>>>``); for continuation lines it prompts with the *secondary prompt*, by default three dots (``...``). The interpreter prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice -before printing the first prompt:: +before printing the first prompt: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python3.5 Python 3.5 (default, Sep 16 2015, 09:25:04) diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/modules.rst b/Doc/tutorial/modules.rst index 261a3f3..35db305 100644 --- a/Doc/tutorial/modules.rst +++ b/Doc/tutorial/modules.rst @@ -140,7 +140,9 @@ the end of your module:: you can make the file usable as a script as well as an importable module, because the code that parses the command line only runs if the module is -executed as the "main" file:: +executed as the "main" file: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python fibo.py 50 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst index fe8368e..ebdae69 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst @@ -291,7 +291,9 @@ PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives The new :mod:`zipimport` module adds support for importing modules from a ZIP- format archive. You don't need to import the module explicitly; it will be automatically imported if a ZIP archive's filename is added to ``sys.path``. -For example:: +For example: + +.. code-block:: shell-session amk@nyman:~/src/python$ unzip -l /tmp/example.zip Archive: /tmp/example.zip @@ -1761,7 +1763,9 @@ This returns an object containing all of the option values, and a list of strings containing the remaining arguments. Invoking the script with the various arguments now works as you'd expect it to. -Note that the length argument is automatically converted to an integer. :: +Note that the length argument is automatically converted to an integer. + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ ./python opt.py -i data arg1 <Values at 0x400cad4c: {'input': 'data', 'length': None}> @@ -1771,7 +1775,9 @@ Note that the length argument is automatically converted to an integer. :: [] $ -The help message is automatically generated for you:: +The help message is automatically generated for you: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ ./python opt.py --help usage: opt.py [options] @@ -2078,4 +2084,3 @@ Michael Hudson, Chris Lambert, Detlef Lannert, Martin von Löwis, Andrew MacIntyre, Lalo Martins, Chad Netzer, Gustavo Niemeyer, Neal Norwitz, Hans Nowak, Chris Reedy, Francesco Ricciardi, Vinay Sajip, Neil Schemenauer, Roman Suzi, Jason Tishler, Just van Rossum. - diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst index fb4558b..5fb52fe 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst @@ -1425,7 +1425,9 @@ specifying the :const:`doctest.REPORT_UDIFF` (unified diffs), print word Running the above function's tests with :const:`doctest.REPORT_UDIFF` specified, -you get the following output:: +you get the following output: + +.. code-block:: none ********************************************************************** File "t.py", line 15, in g diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst index 702aeb4..86f0197 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst @@ -2290,7 +2290,9 @@ There is an existing data type already used for this, written in pure Python could cause a segmentation fault by taking a :c:type:`PyCObject` from module A and somehow substituting it for the :c:type:`PyCObject` in module B. Capsules know their own name, -and getting the pointer requires providing the name:: +and getting the pointer requires providing the name: + +.. code-block:: c void *vtable; @@ -2616,4 +2618,3 @@ The author would like to thank the following people for offering suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this article: Nick Coghlan, Philip Jenvey, Ryan Lovett, R. David Murray, Hugh Secker-Walker. - diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst index f53e4f8..a3d3fad 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst @@ -117,7 +117,9 @@ You can also customize the separator between items, e.g.:: print("There are <", 2**32, "> possibilities!", sep="") -which produces:: +which produces: + +.. code-block:: none There are <4294967296> possibilities! diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst index 975b59d..66c2aec 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst @@ -160,6 +160,8 @@ each with their own argument patterns and help displays:: parser_m.add_argument('-c', '--course', type=int, required=True) parser_m.add_argument('-s', '--speed', type=int, default=0) +.. code-block:: shell-session + $ ./helm.py --help # top level help (launch and move) $ ./helm.py launch --help # help for launch options $ ./helm.py launch --missiles # set missiles=True and torpedos=False @@ -478,7 +480,9 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: * The interpreter can now be started with a quiet option, ``-q``, to prevent the copyright and version information from being displayed in the interactive - mode. The option can be introspected using the :attr:`sys.flags` attribute:: + mode. The option can be introspected using the :attr:`sys.flags` attribute: + + .. code-block:: shell-session $ python -q >>> sys.flags @@ -573,7 +577,9 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: by Benjamin Peterson in :issue:`8413`.) * Warnings are now easier to control using the :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS` - environment variable as an alternative to using ``-W`` at the command line:: + environment variable as an alternative to using ``-W`` at the command line: + + .. code-block:: shell-session $ export PYTHONWARNINGS='ignore::RuntimeWarning::,once::UnicodeWarning::' @@ -595,7 +601,9 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: object ensures it closes the underlying operating system resource (usually, a file descriptor), the delay in deallocating the object could produce various issues, especially under Windows. Here is an example - of enabling the warning from the command line:: + of enabling the warning from the command line: + + .. code-block:: shell-session $ python -q -Wdefault >>> f = open("foo", "wb") @@ -1720,7 +1728,9 @@ names. test discovery can find tests within packages, locating any test importable from the top-level directory. The top-level directory can be specified with the `-t` option, a pattern for matching files with ``-p``, and a directory to - start discovery with ``-s``:: + start discovery with ``-s``: + + .. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m unittest discover -s my_proj_dir -p _test.py @@ -1895,7 +1905,9 @@ pydoc The :mod:`pydoc` module now provides a much-improved Web server interface, as well as a new command-line option ``-b`` to automatically open a browser window -to display that server:: +to display that server: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ pydoc3.2 -b @@ -1998,7 +2010,9 @@ details of a given Python installation. '/Users/raymondhettinger/Library/Python/3.2/lib/python/site-packages' Conveniently, some of site's functionality is accessible directly from the -command-line:: +command-line: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m site --user-base /Users/raymondhettinger/.local @@ -2031,7 +2045,9 @@ seven named schemes used by :mod:`distutils`. Those include *posix_prefix*, * :func:`~sysconfig.get_config_vars` returns a dictionary of platform specific variables. -There is also a convenient command-line interface:: +There is also a convenient command-line interface: + +.. code-block:: doscon C:\Python32>python -m sysconfig Platform: "win32" @@ -2265,7 +2281,9 @@ turtledemo The demonstration code for the :mod:`turtle` module was moved from the *Demo* directory to main library. It includes over a dozen sample scripts with lively displays. Being on :attr:`sys.path`, it can now be run directly -from the command-line:: +from the command-line: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m turtledemo @@ -2701,4 +2719,3 @@ require changes to your code: * Due to the new :term:`GIL` implementation, :c:func:`PyEval_InitThreads()` cannot be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize()` anymore. - diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst index 2096b0b..3e48c82 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst @@ -871,7 +871,9 @@ signal. Call :func:`faulthandler.enable` to install fault handlers for the :envvar:`PYTHONFAULTHANDLER` environment variable or by using :option:`-X` ``faulthandler`` command line option. -Example of a segmentation fault on Linux: :: +Example of a segmentation fault on Linux: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -q -X faulthandler >>> import ctypes @@ -999,7 +1001,6 @@ byte of an invalid byte sequence. For example, ``b'\xff\n'.decode('gb2312', Incremental CJK codec encoders are no longer reset at each call to their encode() methods. For example:: - $ ./python -q >>> import codecs >>> encoder = codecs.getincrementalencoder('hz')('strict') >>> b''.join(encoder.encode(x) for x in '\u52ff\u65bd\u65bc\u4eba\u3002 Bye.') diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst index 8fc2f6c..339dbb6 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst @@ -742,7 +742,9 @@ publicized, either at the time or since. With the new module, bundling your application is as simple as putting all the files, including a ``__main__.py`` file, into a directory ``myapp`` -and running:: +and running: + +.. code-block:: shell-session $ python -m zipapp myapp $ python myapp.pyz |