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diff --git a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst index 11a5296..87a0e90 100644 --- a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst +++ b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst @@ -4,112 +4,109 @@ .. module:: concurrent.futures :synopsis: Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes. +.. versionadded:: 3.2 + The :mod:`concurrent.futures` module provides a high-level interface for asynchronously executing callables. The asynchronous execution can be be performed with threads, using :class:`ThreadPoolExecutor`, or seperate processes, using -:class:`ProcessPoolExecutor`. Both implement the same interface, which is +:class:`ProcessPoolExecutor`. Both implement the same interface, which is defined by the abstract :class:`Executor` class. + Executor Objects -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +---------------- .. class:: Executor - An abstract class that provides methods to execute calls asynchronously. It + An abstract class that provides methods to execute calls asynchronously. It should not be used directly, but through its concrete subclasses. .. method:: submit(fn, *args, **kwargs) Schedules the callable, *fn*, to be executed as ``fn(*args **kwargs)`` and returns a :class:`Future` object representing the execution of the - callable. + callable. :: - :: - - with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor: - future = executor.submit(pow, 323, 1235) - print(future.result()) + with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor: + future = executor.submit(pow, 323, 1235) + print(future.result()) .. method:: map(func, *iterables, timeout=None) Equivalent to ``map(func, *iterables)`` except *func* is executed - asynchronously and several calls to *func* may be made concurrently. The + asynchronously and several calls to *func* may be made concurrently. The returned iterator raises a :exc:`TimeoutError` if :meth:`__next__()` is called and the result isn't available after *timeout* seconds from the original call to :meth:`Executor.map`. *timeout* can be an int or a - float. If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``, there is no limit to - the wait time. If a call raises an exception, then that exception will be - raised when its value is retrieved from the iterator. + float. If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``, there is no limit to + the wait time. If a call raises an exception, then that exception will + be raised when its value is retrieved from the iterator. .. method:: shutdown(wait=True) Signal the executor that it should free any resources that it is using - when the currently pending futures are done executing. Calls to + when the currently pending futures are done executing. Calls to :meth:`Executor.submit` and :meth:`Executor.map` made after shutdown will raise :exc:`RuntimeError`. If *wait* is ``True`` then this method will not return until all the pending futures are done executing and the resources associated with the - executor have been freed. If *wait* is ``False`` then this method will + executor have been freed. If *wait* is ``False`` then this method will return immediately and the resources associated with the executor will be - freed when all pending futures are done executing. Regardless of the + freed when all pending futures are done executing. Regardless of the value of *wait*, the entire Python program will not exit until all pending futures are done executing. - You can avoid having to call this method explicitly if you use the `with` - statement, which will shutdown the `Executor` (waiting as if - `Executor.shutdown` were called with *wait* set to `True`): + You can avoid having to call this method explicitly if you use the + :keyword:`with` statement, which will shutdown the :class:`Executor` + (waiting as if :meth:`Executor.shutdown` were called with *wait* set to + ``True``):: - :: + import shutil + with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as e: + e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') + e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src2.txt', 'dest2.txt') + e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest3.txt') + e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest4.txt') - import shutil - with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as e: - e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') - e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src2.txt', 'dest2.txt') - e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest3.txt') - e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest4.txt') ThreadPoolExecutor -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +------------------ :class:`ThreadPoolExecutor` is a :class:`Executor` subclass that uses a pool of threads to execute calls asynchronously. Deadlocks can occur when the callable associated with a :class:`Future` waits on -the results of another :class:`Future`. For example: - -:: - - import time - def wait_on_b(): - time.sleep(5) - print(b.result()) # b will never complete because it is waiting on a. - return 5 +the results of another :class:`Future`. For example:: - def wait_on_a(): - time.sleep(5) - print(a.result()) # a will never complete because it is waiting on b. - return 6 + import time + def wait_on_b(): + time.sleep(5) + print(b.result()) # b will never complete because it is waiting on a. + return 5 + def wait_on_a(): + time.sleep(5) + print(a.result()) # a will never complete because it is waiting on b. + return 6 - executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) - a = executor.submit(wait_on_b) - b = executor.submit(wait_on_a) -And: + executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) + a = executor.submit(wait_on_b) + b = executor.submit(wait_on_a) -:: +And:: - def wait_on_future(): - f = executor.submit(pow, 5, 2) - # This will never complete because there is only one worker thread and - # it is executing this function. - print(f.result()) + def wait_on_future(): + f = executor.submit(pow, 5, 2) + # This will never complete because there is only one worker thread and + # it is executing this function. + print(f.result()) - executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) - executor.submit(wait_on_future) + executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) + executor.submit(wait_on_future) .. class:: ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers) @@ -117,39 +114,40 @@ And: An :class:`Executor` subclass that uses a pool of at most *max_workers* threads to execute calls asynchronously. + .. _threadpoolexecutor-example: ThreadPoolExecutor Example -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :: - import concurrent.futures - import urllib.request + import concurrent.futures + import urllib.request - URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/', - 'http://www.cnn.com/', - 'http://europe.wsj.com/', - 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/', - 'http://some-made-up-domain.com/'] + URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/', + 'http://www.cnn.com/', + 'http://europe.wsj.com/', + 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/', + 'http://some-made-up-domain.com/'] - def load_url(url, timeout): - return urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout).read() + def load_url(url, timeout): + return urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout).read() - with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor: - future_to_url = dict((executor.submit(load_url, url, 60), url) - for url in URLS) + with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor: + future_to_url = dict((executor.submit(load_url, url, 60), url) + for url in URLS) - for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url): - url = future_to_url[future] - if future.exception() is not None: - print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, - future.exception())) - else: - print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(future.result()))) + for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url): + url = future_to_url[future] + if future.exception() is not None: + print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, + future.exception())) + else: + print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(future.result()))) ProcessPoolExecutor -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +------------------- The :class:`ProcessPoolExecutor` class is an :class:`Executor` subclass that uses a pool of processes to execute calls asynchronously. @@ -163,59 +161,61 @@ to a :class:`ProcessPoolExecutor` will result in deadlock. .. class:: ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=None) An :class:`Executor` subclass that executes calls asynchronously using a pool - of at most *max_workers* processes. If *max_workers* is ``None`` or not + of at most *max_workers* processes. If *max_workers* is ``None`` or not given, it will default to the number of processors on the machine. + .. _processpoolexecutor-example: ProcessPoolExecutor Example -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :: - import concurrent.futures - import math + import concurrent.futures + import math + + PRIMES = [ + 112272535095293, + 112582705942171, + 112272535095293, + 115280095190773, + 115797848077099, + 1099726899285419] - PRIMES = [ - 112272535095293, - 112582705942171, - 112272535095293, - 115280095190773, - 115797848077099, - 1099726899285419] + def is_prime(n): + if n % 2 == 0: + return False - def is_prime(n): - if n % 2 == 0: - return False + sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n))) + for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2): + if n % i == 0: + return False + return True - sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n))) - for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2): - if n % i == 0: - return False - return True + def main(): + with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor: + for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)): + print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime)) - def main(): - with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor: - for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)): - print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime)) + if __name__ == '__main__': + main() - if __name__ == '__main__': - main() Future Objects -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +-------------- The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. :class:`Future` instances are created by :meth:`Executor.submit`. .. class:: Future - Encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. :class:`Future` + Encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. :class:`Future` instances are created by :meth:`Executor.submit` and should not be created directly except for testing. .. method:: cancel() - Attempt to cancel the call. If the call is currently being executed and + Attempt to cancel the call. If the call is currently being executed and cannot be cancelled and the method will return ``False``, otherwise the call will be cancelled and the method will return ``True``. @@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. .. method:: result(timeout=None) Return the value returned by the call. If the call hasn't yet completed - then this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the call hasn't + then this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the call hasn't completed in *timeout* seconds, then a :exc:`TimeoutError` will be - raised. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified + raised. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. If the future is cancelled before completing then :exc:`CancelledError` @@ -248,11 +248,11 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. .. method:: exception(timeout=None) - Return the exception raised by the call. If the call hasn't yet completed - then this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the call hasn't - completed in *timeout* seconds, then a :exc:`TimeoutError` will be - raised. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified - or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. + Return the exception raised by the call. If the call hasn't yet + completed then this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the + call hasn't completed in *timeout* seconds, then a :exc:`TimeoutError` + will be raised. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not + specified or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. If the future is cancelled before completing then :exc:`CancelledError` will be raised. @@ -261,14 +261,14 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. .. method:: add_done_callback(fn) - Attaches the callable *fn* to the future. *fn* will be called, with the + Attaches the callable *fn* to the future. *fn* will be called, with the future as its only argument, when the future is cancelled or finishes running. Added callables are called in the order that they were added and are - always called in a thread belonging to the process that added them. If + always called in a thread belonging to the process that added them. If the callable raises a :exc:`Exception` subclass, it will be logged and - ignored. If the callable raises a :exc:`BaseException` subclass, the + ignored. If the callable raises a :exc:`BaseException` subclass, the behavior is undefined. If the future has already completed or been cancelled, *fn* will be @@ -280,16 +280,16 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. .. method:: set_running_or_notify_cancel() This method should only be called by :class:`Executor` implementations - before executing the work associated with the :class:`Future` and by - unit tests. + before executing the work associated with the :class:`Future` and by unit + tests. - If the method returns `False` then the :class:`Future` was cancelled i.e. - :meth:`Future.cancel` was called and returned `True`. Any threads waiting - on the :class:`Future` completing (i.e. through :func:`as_completed` or - :func:`wait`) will be woken up. + If the method returns `False` then the :class:`Future` was cancelled, + i.e. :meth:`Future.cancel` was called and returned `True`. Any threads + waiting on the :class:`Future` completing (i.e. through + :func:`as_completed` or :func:`wait`) will be woken up. If the method returns `True` then the :class:`Future` was not cancelled - and has been put in the running state i.e. calls to + and has been put in the running state, i.e. calls to :meth:`Future.running` will return `True`. This method can only be called once and cannot be called after @@ -314,46 +314,53 @@ The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable. Module Functions -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +---------------- .. function:: wait(fs, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED) Wait for the :class:`Future` instances (possibly created by different - :class:`Executor` instances) given by *fs* to complete. Returns a named - 2-tuple of sets. The first set, named ``done``, contains the futures that - completed (finished or were cancelled) before the wait completed. The second + :class:`Executor` instances) given by *fs* to complete. Returns a named + 2-tuple of sets. The first set, named ``done``, contains the futures that + completed (finished or were cancelled) before the wait completed. The second set, named ``not_done``, contains uncompleted futures. *timeout* can be used to control the maximum number of seconds to wait before - returning. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified or - ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. + returning. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified + or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. - *return_when* indicates when this function should return. It must be one of + *return_when* indicates when this function should return. It must be one of the following constants: - +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ - | Constant | Description | - +=============================+========================================+ - | :const:`FIRST_COMPLETED` | The function will return when any | - | | future finishes or is cancelled. | - +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ - | :const:`FIRST_EXCEPTION` | The function will return when any | - | | future finishes by raising an | - | | exception. If no future raises an | - | | exception then it is equivalent to | - | | :const:`ALL_COMPLETED`. | - +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ - | :const:`ALL_COMPLETED` | The function will return when all | - | | futures finish or are cancelled. | - +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ + +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ + | Constant | Description | + +=============================+========================================+ + | :const:`FIRST_COMPLETED` | The function will return when any | + | | future finishes or is cancelled. | + +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ + | :const:`FIRST_EXCEPTION` | The function will return when any | + | | future finishes by raising an | + | | exception. If no future raises an | + | | exception then it is equivalent to | + | | :const:`ALL_COMPLETED`. | + +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ + | :const:`ALL_COMPLETED` | The function will return when all | + | | futures finish or are cancelled. | + +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+ .. function:: as_completed(fs, timeout=None) Returns an iterator over the :class:`Future` instances (possibly created by different :class:`Executor` instances) given by *fs* that yields futures as - they complete (finished or were cancelled). Any futures that completed before - :func:`as_completed` is called will be yielded first. The returned iterator - raises a :exc:`TimeoutError` if :meth:`__next__` is called and the result - isn't available after *timeout* seconds from the original call to - :func:`as_completed`. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not + they complete (finished or were cancelled). Any futures that completed + before :func:`as_completed` is called will be yielded first. The returned + iterator raises a :exc:`TimeoutError` if :meth:`__next__` is called and the + result isn't available after *timeout* seconds from the original call to + :func:`as_completed`. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait time. + + +.. seealso:: + + :pep:`3148` -- futures - execute computations asynchronously + The proposal which described this feature for inclusion in the Python + standard library. |