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Diffstat (limited to 'Lib/idlelib/help.txt')
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diff --git a/Lib/idlelib/help.txt b/Lib/idlelib/help.txt index ff786c5..6378a2e 100644 --- a/Lib/idlelib/help.txt +++ b/Lib/idlelib/help.txt @@ -1,142 +1,185 @@ [See the end of this file for ** TIPS ** on using IDLE !!] -Click on the dotted line at the top of a menu to "tear it off": a -separate window containing the menu is created. - -File Menu: - - New File -- Create a new file editing window - Open... -- Open an existing file - Recent Files... -- Open a list of recent files - Open Module... -- Open an existing module (searches sys.path) - Class Browser -- Show classes and methods in current file - Path Browser -- Show sys.path directories, modules, classes +IDLE is the Python IDE built with the tkinter GUI toolkit. + +IDLE has the following features: +-coded in 100% pure Python, using the tkinter GUI toolkit +-cross-platform: works on Windows, Unix, and OS X +-multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing, smart indent, +call tips, and many other features +-Python shell window (a.k.a interactive interpreter) +-debugger (not complete, but you can set breakpoints, view and step) + +Menus: + +IDLE has two window types the Shell window and the Editor window. It is +possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. IDLE's +menus dynamically change based on which window is currently selected. Each menu +documented below indicates which window type it is associated with. Click on +the dotted line at the top of a menu to "tear it off": a separate window +containing the menu is created (for Unix and Windows only). + +File Menu (Shell and Editor): + + New File -- Create a new file editing window + Open... -- Open an existing file + Open Module... -- Open an existing module (searches sys.path) + Recent Files... -- Open a list of recent files + Class Browser -- Show classes and methods in current file + Path Browser -- Show sys.path directories, modules, classes, and methods - --- - Save -- Save current window to the associated file (unsaved - windows have a * before and after the window title) - - Save As... -- Save current window to new file, which becomes - the associated file - Save Copy As... -- Save current window to different file - without changing the associated file - --- - Print Window -- Print the current window - --- - Close -- Close current window (asks to save if unsaved) - Exit -- Close all windows, quit (asks to save if unsaved) - -Edit Menu: - - Undo -- Undo last change to current window - (A maximum of 1000 changes may be undone) - Redo -- Redo last undone change to current window - --- - Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, + --- + Save -- Save current window to the associated file (unsaved + windows have a * before and after the window title) + + Save As... -- Save current window to new file, which becomes + the associated file + Save Copy As... -- Save current window to different file + without changing the associated file + --- + Print Window -- Print the current window + --- + Close -- Close current window (asks to save if unsaved) + Exit -- Close all windows, quit (asks to save if unsaved) + +Edit Menu (Shell and Editor): + + Undo -- Undo last change to current window + (a maximum of 1000 changes may be undone) + Redo -- Redo last undone change to current window + --- + Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection - Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard - Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window - Select All -- Select the entire contents of the edit buffer - --- - Find... -- Open a search dialog box with many options - Find Again -- Repeat last search - Find Selection -- Search for the string in the selection - Find in Files... -- Open a search dialog box for searching files - Replace... -- Open a search-and-replace dialog box - Go to Line -- Ask for a line number and show that line - Show Calltip -- Open a small window with function param hints - Show Completions -- Open a scroll window allowing selection keywords - and attributes. (see '*TIPS*', below) - Show Parens -- Highlight the surrounding parenthesis - Expand Word -- Expand the word you have typed to match another - word in the same buffer; repeat to get a + Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard + Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window + Select All -- Select the entire contents of the edit buffer + --- + Find... -- Open a search dialog box with many options + Find Again -- Repeat last search + Find Selection -- Search for the string in the selection + Find in Files... -- Open a search dialog box for searching files + Replace... -- Open a search-and-replace dialog box + Go to Line -- Ask for a line number and show that line + Expand Word -- Expand the word you have typed to match another + word in the same buffer; repeat to get a different expansion - -Format Menu (only in Edit window): - - Indent Region -- Shift selected lines right 4 spaces - Dedent Region -- Shift selected lines left 4 spaces - Comment Out Region -- Insert ## in front of selected lines - Uncomment Region -- Remove leading # or ## from selected lines - Tabify Region -- Turns *leading* stretches of spaces into tabs - (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent Python code.) - Untabify Region -- Turn *all* tabs into the right number of spaces - New Indent Width... -- Open dialog to change indent width - Format Paragraph -- Reformat the current blank-line-separated - paragraph - -Run Menu (only in Edit window): - - Python Shell -- Open or wake up the Python shell window - --- - Check Module -- Run a syntax check on the module - Run Module -- Execute the current file in the __main__ namespace - -Shell Menu (only in Shell window): - - View Last Restart -- Scroll the shell window to the last restart - Restart Shell -- Restart the interpreter with a fresh environment - -Debug Menu (only in Shell window): - - Go to File/Line -- look around the insert point for a filename - and line number, open the file, and show the line - Debugger (toggle) -- Run commands in the shell under the debugger - Stack Viewer -- Show the stack traceback of the last exception - Auto-open Stack Viewer (toggle) -- Open stack viewer on traceback - -Options Menu: - - Configure IDLE -- Open a configuration dialog. Fonts, indentation, + Show Calltip -- After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open + a small window with function parameter hints + Show Parens -- Highlight the surrounding parenthesis + Show Completions -- Open a scroll window allowing selection keywords + and attributes. (see '*TIPS*', below) + +Format Menu (Editor window only): + + Indent Region -- Shift selected lines right by the indent width + (default 4 spaces) + Dedent Region -- Shift selected lines left by the indent width + (default 4 spaces) + Comment Out Region -- Insert ## in front of selected lines + Uncomment Region -- Remove leading # or ## from selected lines + Tabify Region -- Turns *leading* stretches of spaces into tabs. + (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent Python code.) + Untabify Region -- Turn *all* tabs into the corrent number of spaces + Toggle tabs -- Open a dialog to switch between indenting with + spaces and tabs. + New Indent Width... -- Open a dialog to change indent width. The + accepted default by the Python community is 4 + spaces. + Format Paragraph -- Reformat the current blank-line-separated + paragraph. All lines in the paragraph will be + formatted to less than 80 columns. + --- + Strip trailing whitespace -- Removed any space characters after the end + of the last non-space character + +Run Menu (Editor window only): + + Python Shell -- Open or wake up the Python shell window + --- + Check Module -- Check the syntax of the module currently open in the + Editor window. If the module has not been saved IDLE + will prompt the user to save the code. + Run Module -- Restart the shell to clean the environment, then + execute the currently open module. If the module has + not been saved IDLE will prompt the user to save the + code. + +Shell Menu (Shell window only): + + View Last Restart -- Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart + Restart Shell -- Restart the shell to clean the environment + +Debug Menu (Shell window only): + + Go to File/Line -- Look around the insert point for a filename + and line number, open the file, and show the line. + Useful to view the source lines referenced in an + exception traceback. Available in the context + menu of the Shell window. + Debugger (toggle) -- This feature is not complete and considered + experimental. Run commands in the shell under the + debugger. + Stack Viewer -- Show the stack traceback of the last exception + Auto-open Stack Viewer (toggle) -- Toggle automatically opening the + stack viewer on unhandled + exception + +Options Menu (Shell and Editor): + + Configure IDLE -- Open a configuration dialog. Fonts, indentation, keybindings, and color themes may be altered. - Startup Preferences may be set, and Additional Help - Sources can be specified. - - On OS X this menu is not present, use - menu 'IDLE -> Preferences...' instead. - --- - Code Context -- Open a pane at the top of the edit window which - shows the block context of the section of code - which is scrolling off the top or the window. - (Not present in Shell window.) - -Windows Menu: - - Zoom Height -- toggles the window between configured size - and maximum height. - --- - The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; - select one to bring it to the foreground (deiconifying it if - necessary). + Startup Preferences may be set, and additional Help + sources can be specified. + + --- + Code Context (toggle) -- Open a pane at the top of the edit window + which shows the block context of the section + of code which is scrolling off the top or the + window. This is not present in the Shell + window only the Editor window. + +Windows Menu (Shell and Editor): + + Zoom Height -- Toggles the window between normal size (40x80 initial + setting) and maximum height. The initial size is in the Configure + IDLE dialog under the general tab. + --- + The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; + select one to bring it to the foreground (deiconifying it if + necessary). Help Menu: - About IDLE -- Version, copyright, license, credits - IDLE Readme -- Background discussion and change details - --- - IDLE Help -- Display this file - Python Docs -- Access local Python documentation, if - installed. Otherwise, access www.python.org. - --- - (Additional Help Sources may be added here) - -Edit context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Edit window): - - Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, + About IDLE -- Version, copyright, license, credits + --- + IDLE Help -- Display this file which is a help file for IDLE + detailing the menu options, basic editing and navigation, + and other tips. + Python Docs -- Access local Python documentation, if + installed. Or will start a web browser and open + docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation. + --- + Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE + dialog under the General tab. + +Editor context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Edit window): + + Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection - Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard - Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window - Set Breakpoint -- Sets a breakpoint (when debugger open) - Clear Breakpoint -- Clears the breakpoint on that line + Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard + Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window + Set Breakpoint -- Sets a breakpoint. Breakpoints are only enabled + when the debugger is open. + Clear Breakpoint -- Clears the breakpoint on that line Shell context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Shell window): - Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, + Cut -- Copy a selection into system-wide clipboard, then delete the selection - Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard - Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window - --- - Go to file/line -- Same as in Debug menu + Copy -- Copy selection into system-wide clipboard + Paste -- Insert system-wide clipboard into window + --- + Go to file/line -- Same as in Debug menu ** TIPS ** @@ -144,159 +187,182 @@ Shell context menu (Right-click / Control-click on OS X in Shell window): Additional Help Sources: - Windows users can Google on zopeshelf.chm to access Zope help files in - the Windows help format. The Additional Help Sources feature of the - configuration GUI supports .chm, along with any other filetypes - supported by your browser. Supply a Menu Item title, and enter the - location in the Help File Path slot of the New Help Source dialog. Use - http:// and/or www. to identify external URLs, or download the file and - browse for its path on your machine using the Browse button. + Windows users can Google on zopeshelf.chm to access Zope help files in + the Windows help format. The Additional Help Sources feature of the + configuration GUI supports .chm, along with any other filetypes + supported by your browser. Supply a Menu Item title, and enter the + location in the Help File Path slot of the New Help Source dialog. Use + http:// and/or www. to identify external URLs, or download the file and + browse for its path on your machine using the Browse button. - All users can access the extensive sources of help, including - tutorials, available at www.python.org/doc. Selected URLs can be added - or removed from the Help menu at any time using Configure IDLE. + All users can access the extensive sources of help, including + tutorials, available at docs.python.org. Selected URLs can be added + or removed from the Help menu at any time using Configure IDLE. Basic editing and navigation: - Backspace deletes char to the left; DEL deletes char to the right. - Control-backspace deletes word left, Control-DEL deletes word right. - Arrow keys and Page Up/Down move around. - Control-left/right Arrow moves by words in a strange but useful way. - Home/End go to begin/end of line. - Control-Home/End go to begin/end of file. - Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk: - Control-a beginning of line - Control-e end of line - Control-k kill line (but doesn't put it in clipboard) - Control-l center window around the insertion point - Standard Windows bindings may work on that platform. - Keybindings are selected in the Settings Dialog, look there. + Backspace deletes char to the left; DEL deletes char to the right. + Control-backspace deletes word left, Control-DEL deletes word right. + Arrow keys and Page Up/Down move around. + Control-left/right Arrow moves by words in a strange but useful way. + Home/End go to begin/end of line. + Control-Home/End go to begin/end of file. + Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk: + Control-a beginning of line + Control-e end of line + Control-k kill line (but doesn't put it in clipboard) + Control-l center window around the insertion point + Standard keybindings (like Control-c to copy and Control-v to + paste) may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE + dialog. Automatic indentation: - After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces - (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords - (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading - indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab - inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on - Indent Width. (N.B. Currently tabs are restricted to four spaces due - to Tcl/Tk issues.) + After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces + (in the Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords + (break, return etc.) the next line is dedented. In leading + indentation, Backspace deletes up to 4 spaces if they are there. Tab + inserts spaces (in the Python Shell window one tab), number depends on + Indent Width. Currently tabs are restricted to four spaces due + to Tcl/Tk limitations. See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu. Completions: - Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of - classes, both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided - for filenames. - - The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay - (default is two seconds) after a '.' or (in a string) an os.sep is - typed. If after one of those characters (plus zero or more other - characters) you type a Tab the ACW will open immediately if a possible - continuation is found. - - If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a - Tab will supply that completion without opening the ACW. - - 'Show Completions' will force open a completions window. In an empty - string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a - blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and - classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some - characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific. - - If string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the - entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a Tab will cause - the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Edit window or - Shell. Two Tabs in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as - will Return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse - selection, and the scrollwheel all operate on the ACW. - - 'Hidden' attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden - name after a '.'. e.g. '_'. This allows access to modules with - '__all__' set, or to class-private attributes. - - Completions and the 'Expand Word' facility can save a lot of typing! - - Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in - an Edit window which are not via __main__ or sys.modules will not be - found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this - situation. Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in - sys.modules, so much can be found by default, e.g. the re module. - - If you don't like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay - longer or disable the extension. OTOH, you could make the delay zero. - - You could also switch off the CallTips extension. (We will be adding - a delay to the call tip window.) + Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of + classes, both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided + for filenames. + + The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay + (default is two seconds) after a '.' or (in a string) an os.sep is + typed. If after one of those characters (plus zero or more other + characters) a tab is typed the ACW will open immediately if a possible + continuation is found. + + If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a + tab will supply that completion without opening the ACW. + + 'Show Completions' will force open a completions window, by default the + Control-space keys will open a completions window. In an empty + string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a + blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and + classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some + characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific. + + If string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the + entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a tab will cause + the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Edit window or + Shell. Two tabs in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as + will return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse + selection, and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW. + + "Hidden" attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden + name after a '.', e.g. '_'. This allows access to modules with + '__all__' set, or to class-private attributes. + + Completions and the 'Expand Word' facility can save a lot of typing! + + Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in + an Editor window which are not via __main__ or sys.modules will not be + found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this + situation. Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in + sys.modules, so much can be found by default, e.g. the re module. + + If you don't like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay + longer or disable the extension. Or another option is the delay could + be set to zero. Another alternative to preventing ACW popups is to + disable the call tips extension. Python Shell window: - Control-c interrupts executing command. - Control-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at >>> prompt. + Control-c interrupts executing command. + Control-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at >>> prompt. + Alt-/ expand word is also useful to reduce typing. Command history: - Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. - Alt-n retrieves next. - (These are Control-p, Control-n on OS X) - Return while cursor is on a previous command retrieves that command. - Expand word is also useful to reduce typing. + Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On OS X + use Control-p. + Alt-n retrieves next. On OS X use Control-n. + Return while cursor is on a previous command retrieves that command. Syntax colors: - The coloring is applied in a background "thread", so you may - occasionally see uncolorized text. To change the color - scheme, use the Configure IDLE / Highlighting dialog. + The coloring is applied in a background "thread", so you may + occasionally see uncolorized text. To change the color + scheme, use the Configure IDLE / Highlighting dialog. Python default syntax colors: - Keywords orange - Builtins royal purple - Strings green - Comments red - Definitions blue + Keywords orange + Builtins royal purple + Strings green + Comments red + Definitions blue Shell default colors: - Console output brown - stdout blue - stderr red - stdin black + Console output brown + stdout blue + stderr red + stdin black Other preferences: - The font preferences, keybinding, and startup preferences can - be changed using the Settings dialog. + The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can + be changed via the Configure IDLE menu option. Be sure to note that + keys can be user defined, IDLE ships with four built in key sets. In + addition a user can create a custom key set in the Configure IDLE + dialog under the keys tab. Command line usage: - Enter idle -h at the command prompt to get a usage message. - -Running without a subprocess: - - If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a - single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC - Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create - the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However, - in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the - environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If - your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and - re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes - are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE - with the default subprocess if at all possible. + Enter idle -h at the command prompt to get a usage message. + + idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-s] [-t title] [arg] ... + + -c command run this command + -d enable debugger + -e edit mode; arguments are files to be edited + -s run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first + -t title set title of shell window + + If there are arguments: + 1. If -e is used, arguments are files opened for editing and sys.argv + reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself. + 2. Otherwise, if -c is used, all arguments are placed in + sys.argv[1:...], with sys.argv[0] set to -c. + 3. Otherwise, if neither -e nor -c is used, the first argument is a + script which is executed with the remaining arguments in + sys.argv[1:...] and sys.argv[0] set to the script name. If the + script name is -, no script is executed but an interactive Python + session is started; the arguments are still available in sys.argv. + +Running without a subprocess: (DEPRECATED in Python 3.4 see Issue 16123) + + If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a + single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC + Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create + the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However, + in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the + environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If + your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and + re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes + are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE + with the default subprocess if at all possible. Extensions: - IDLE contains an extension facility. See the beginning of - config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further information. - The default extensions are currently: - - FormatParagraph - AutoExpand - ZoomHeight - ScriptBinding - CallTips - ParenMatch - AutoComplete - CodeContext + IDLE contains an extension facility. See the beginning of + config-extensions.def in the idlelib directory for further information. + The default extensions are currently: + + FormatParagraph + AutoExpand + ZoomHeight + ScriptBinding + CallTips + ParenMatch + AutoComplete + CodeContext |