diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py')
-rw-r--r-- | Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py | 4572 |
1 files changed, 3822 insertions, 750 deletions
diff --git a/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py b/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py index e4cac29..ddc69c9 100644 --- a/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py +++ b/Lib/lib-tk/turtle.py @@ -1,9 +1,31 @@ -# LogoMation-like turtle graphics +# +# turtle.py: a Tkinter based turtle graphics module for Python +# Version 1.0b1 - 31. 5. 2008 +# +# Copyright (C) 2006 - 2008 Gregor Lingl +# email: glingl@aon.at +# +# This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied +# warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages +# arising from the use of this software. +# +# Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, +# including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it +# freely, subject to the following restrictions: +# +# 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not +# claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software +# in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be +# appreciated but is not required. +# 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be +# misrepresented as being the original software. +# 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. + """ Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed -by Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert in 1966. +by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966. Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in @@ -12,283 +34,3109 @@ command turtle.left(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn. + +----- turtle.py + +This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the +Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http:\\www.python.org) + +It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100% +compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the +learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods +interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with +the -n switch. + +Roughly it has the following features added: + +- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the + turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback + instrument by the (beginning) programmer. + +- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined + and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound + (multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stgretched and tilted, which + makes turtles zu very versatile geometrical objects. + +- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(), + and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods. + +- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc., + following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of + typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way + when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with + turtle graphcis. + +- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer. + +- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs + (mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games. + +- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be + extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s). + +- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or + background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the + TurtleScreen. + +- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined + coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen. + +- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple. + This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer, + which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact. + +- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be + configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file. + The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module. + +- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring + dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces + the english ones by those read in. There is a utility function + write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (english) + docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations. + +Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible +extensionsin in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere. + """ -from math import * # Also for export -from time import sleep -import Tkinter +_ver = "turtle 1.0b1 - for Python 2.6 - 30. 5. 2008, 18:08" + +#print _ver + +import Tkinter as TK +import types +import math +import time +import os + +from os.path import isfile, split, join +from copy import deepcopy + +from math import * ## for compatibility with old turtle module + +_tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen', + 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D'] +_tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye', + 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas', + 'getshapes', 'listen', 'mode', 'onkey', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer', + 'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup', + 'setworldcoordinates', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update', + 'window_height', 'window_width'] +_tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk', + 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color', + 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd', + 'fill', 'fillcolor', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', + 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown', + 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd', + 'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position', + 'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt', + 'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle', + 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'showturtle', + 'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'tracer', + 'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width', + 'window_height', 'window_width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor'] +_tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done', 'mainloop'] +_math_functions = ['acos', 'asin', 'atan', 'atan2', 'ceil', 'cos', 'cosh', + 'e', 'exp', 'fabs', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'hypot', 'ldexp', 'log', + 'log10', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh'] + +__all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions + + _tg_utilities + _math_functions) + +_alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos', + 'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st', + 'turtlesize', 'up', 'width'] + +_CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen + "height" : 0.75, + "canvwidth" : 400, + "canvheight": 300, + "leftright": None, + "topbottom": None, + "mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen + "colormode": 1.0, + "delay": 10, + "undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle + "shape": "classic", + "pencolor" : "black", + "fillcolor" : "black", + "resizemode" : "noresize", + "visible" : True, + "language": "english", # docstrings + "exampleturtle": "turtle", + "examplescreen": "screen", + "title": "Python Turtle Graphics", + "using_IDLE": False + } + +##print "cwd:", os.getcwd() +##print "__file__:", __file__ +## +##def show(dictionary): +## print "==========================" +## for key in sorted(dictionary.keys()): +## print key, ":", dictionary[key] +## print "==========================" +## print + +def config_dict(filename): + """Convert content of config-file into dictionary.""" + f = open(filename, "r") + cfglines = f.readlines() + f.close() + cfgdict = {} + for line in cfglines: + line = line.strip() + if not line or line.startswith("#"): + continue + try: + key, value = line.split("=") + except: + print "Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line) + continue + key = key.strip() + value = value.strip() + if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']: + value = eval(value) + else: + try: + if "." in value: + value = float(value) + else: + value = int(value) + except: + pass # value need not be converted + cfgdict[key] = value + return cfgdict + +def readconfig(cfgdict): + """Read config-files, change configuration-dict accordingly. + + If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory, + read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value, + say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use + turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where + turtle.py is located. + Update configuration dictionary first according to config-file, + in the import directory, then according to config-file in the + current working directory. + If no config-file is found, the default configuration is used. + """ + default_cfg = "turtle.cfg" + cfgdict1 = {} + cfgdict2 = {} + if isfile(default_cfg): + cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg) + #print "1. Loading config-file %s from: %s" % (default_cfg, os.getcwd()) + if "importconfig" in cfgdict1: + default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"] + try: + head, tail = split(__file__) + cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg) + except: + cfg_file2 = "" + if isfile(cfg_file2): + #print "2. Loading config-file %s:" % cfg_file2 + cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2) +## show(_CFG) +## show(cfgdict2) + _CFG.update(cfgdict2) +## show(_CFG) +## show(cfgdict1) + _CFG.update(cfgdict1) +## show(_CFG) + +try: + readconfig(_CFG) +except: + print "No configfile read, reason unknown" + + +class Vec2D(tuple): + """A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class + for implementing turtle graphics. + May be useful for turtle graphics programs also. + Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple! + + Provides (for a, b vectors, k number): + a+b vector addition + a-b vector subtraction + a*b inner product + k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar + |a| absolute value of a + a.rotate(angle) rotation + """ + def __new__(cls, x, y): + return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y)) + def __add__(self, other): + return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1]) + def __mul__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, Vec2D): + return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1] + return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) + def __rmul__(self, other): + if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float): + return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) + def __sub__(self, other): + return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1]) + def __neg__(self): + return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1]) + def __abs__(self): + return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5 + def rotate(self, angle): + """rotate self counterclockwise by angle + """ + perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0]) + angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0 + c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle) + return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s) + def __getnewargs__(self): + return (self[0], self[1]) + def __repr__(self): + return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self + + +############################################################################## +### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ### +### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphcis-toolkit ### +############################################################################## + +## helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, to forward Canvas-methods +## to ScrolledCanvas class + +def __methodDict(cls, _dict): + """helper function for Scrolled Canvas""" + baseList = list(cls.__bases__) + baseList.reverse() + for _super in baseList: + __methodDict(_super, _dict) + for key, value in cls.__dict__.items(): + if type(value) == types.FunctionType: + _dict[key] = value + +def __methods(cls): + """helper function for Scrolled Canvas""" + _dict = {} + __methodDict(cls, _dict) + return _dict.keys() + +__stringBody = ( + 'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' + + 'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)') + +def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()): + """Helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, used to forward + ScrolledCanvas-methods to Tkinter.Canvas class. + """ + _dict = {} + __methodDict(toClass, _dict) + for ex in _dict.keys(): + if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_': + del _dict[ex] + for ex in exclude: + if _dict.has_key(ex): + del _dict[ex] + for ex in __methods(fromClass): + if _dict.has_key(ex): + del _dict[ex] + + for method, func in _dict.items(): + d = {'method': method, 'func': func} + if type(toPart) == types.StringType: + execString = \ + __stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart} + exec execString in d + fromClass.__dict__[method] = d[method] + + +class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame): + """Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book. + + Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when + using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class. + """ + def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350, + canvwidth=600, canvheight=500): + TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height) + self._root = self.winfo_toplevel() + self.width, self.height = width, height + self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight + self.bg = "white" + self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height, + bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2) + self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview, + orient=TK.HORIZONTAL) + self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview) + self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set, + yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set) + self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0) + self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0) + self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, + column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') + self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, + column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') + self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1, + column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') + self.reset() + self._root.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize) + + def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None): + """Ajust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size.""" + if canvwidth: + self.canvwidth = canvwidth + if canvheight: + self.canvheight = canvheight + if bg: + self.bg = bg + self._canvas.config(bg=bg, + scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2, + self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)) + self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) / + self.canvwidth) + self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) / + self.canvheight) + self.adjustScrolls() + + + def adjustScrolls(self): + """ Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size. + """ + cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width() + cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height() + self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth) + self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight) + if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight: + self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1, + column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') + self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, + column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') + else: + self.hscroll.grid_forget() + self.vscroll.grid_forget() + + def onResize(self, event): + """self-explanatory""" + self.adjustScrolls() + + def bbox(self, *args): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + return self._canvas.bbox(*args) + + def cget(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs) + + def config(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs) -speeds = ['fastest', 'fast', 'normal', 'slow', 'slowest'] + def bind(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs) + + def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs) -class Error(Exception): + def focus_force(self): + """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... + """ + self._canvas.focus_force() + +__forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas') + + +class _Root(TK.Tk): + """Root class for Screen based on Tkinter.""" + def __init__(self): + TK.Tk.__init__(self) + + def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight): + self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight) + self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both") + + def _getcanvas(self): + return self._canvas + + def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty): + self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty)) + + def ondestroy(self, destroy): + self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy) + + def win_width(self): + return self.winfo_screenwidth() + + def win_height(self): + return self.winfo_screenheight() + +Canvas = TK.Canvas + + +class TurtleScreenBase(object): + """Provide the basic graphics functionality. + Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py. + + To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit + a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented. + """ + + @staticmethod + def _blankimage(): + """return a blank image object + """ + img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1) + img.blank() + return img + + @staticmethod + def _image(filename): + """return an image object containing the + imagedata from a gif-file named filename. + """ + return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename) + + def __init__(self, cv): + self.cv = cv + if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas): + w = self.cv.canvwidth + h = self.cv.canvheight + else: # expected: ordinary TK.Canvas + w = int(self.cv.cget("width")) + h = int(self.cv.cget("height")) + self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 )) + self.canvwidth = w + self.canvheight = h + self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 + + def _createpoly(self): + """Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv) + """ + return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="") + + def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None, + outline=None, width=None, top=False): + """Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided + arguments: + coordlist is sequence of coordinates + fill is filling color + outline is outline color + top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem + will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it + will not be covered by other items. + """ + cl = [] + for x, y in coordlist: + cl.append(x * self.xscale) + cl.append(-y * self.yscale) + self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl) + if fill is not None: + self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill) + if outline is not None: + self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline) + if width is not None: + self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width) + if top: + self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem) + + def _createline(self): + """Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv) + """ + return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2, + capstyle = TK.ROUND) + + def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None, + fill=None, width=None, top=False): + """Configure lineitem according to provided arguments: + coordlist is sequence of coordinates + fill is drawing color + width is width of drawn line. + top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem + will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it + will not be covered by other items. + """ + if coordlist is not None: + cl = [] + for x, y in coordlist: + cl.append(x * self.xscale) + cl.append(-y * self.yscale) + self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl) + if fill is not None: + self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill) + if width is not None: + self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width) + if top: + self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem) + + def _delete(self, item): + """Delete graphics item from canvas. + If item is"all" delete all graphics items. + """ + self.cv.delete(item) + + def _update(self): + """Redraw graphics items on canvas + """ + self.cv.update() + + def _delay(self, delay): + """Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms.""" + self.cv.after(delay) + + def _iscolorstring(self, color): + """Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string. + """ + try: + rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color) + ok = True + except TK.TclError: + ok = False + return ok + + def _bgcolor(self, color=None): + """Set canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None, + else return backgroundcolor.""" + if color is not None: + self.cv.config(bg = color) + self._update() + else: + return self.cv.cget("bg") + + def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor): + """Write txt at pos in canvas with specified font + and color. + Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner + of text's bounding box.""" + x, y = pos + x = x * self.xscale + y = y * self.yscale + anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" } + item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor[align], + fill = pencolor, font = font) + x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item) + self.cv.update() + return item, x1-1 + +## def _dot(self, pos, size, color): +## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit""" + + def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle. + fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates + of the clicked point on the canvas. + num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 + """ + if fun is None: + self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num) + else: + def eventfun(event): + x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, + -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) + fun(x, y) + self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add) + + def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle. + fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates + of the point on the canvas where mouse button is released. + num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 + + If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, + then _onscreensclick-event. + """ + if fun is None: + self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num) + else: + def eventfun(event): + x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, + -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) + fun(x, y) + self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-ButtonRelease>" % num, + eventfun, add) + + def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle. + fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the + actual mouse position on the canvas. + num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 + + Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a + mouse-click event on that turtle. + """ + if fun is None: + self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num) + else: + def eventfun(event): + try: + x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, + -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) + fun(x, y) + except: + pass + self.cv.tag_bind(item, "<Button%s-Motion>" % num, eventfun, add) + + def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. + fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates + of the clicked point on the canvas. + num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 + + If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, + then _onscreensclick-event. + """ + if fun is None: + self.cv.unbind("<Button-%s>" % num) + else: + def eventfun(event): + x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, + -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) + fun(x, y) + self.cv.bind("<Button-%s>" % num, eventfun, add) + + def _onkey(self, fun, key): + """Bind fun to key-release event of key. + Canvas must have focus. See method listen + """ + if fun is None: + self.cv.unbind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, None) + else: + def eventfun(event): + fun() + self.cv.bind("<KeyRelease-%s>" % key, eventfun) + + def _listen(self): + """Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events) + """ + self.cv.focus_force() + + def _ontimer(self, fun, t): + """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. + """ + if t == 0: + self.cv.after_idle(fun) + else: + self.cv.after(t, fun) + + def _createimage(self, image): + """Create and return image item on canvas. + """ + return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image) + + def _drawimage(self, item, (x, y), image): + """Configure image item as to draw image object + at position (x,y) on canvas) + """ + self.cv.coords(item, (x, -y)) + self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image) + + def _setbgpic(self, item, image): + """Configure image item as to draw image object + at center of canvas. Set item to the first item + in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below + any other item .""" + self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image) + self.cv.tag_lower(item) + + def _type(self, item): + """Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on + type of item. + """ + return self.cv.type(item) + + def _pointlist(self, item): + """returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item + Example (for insiders): + >>> from turtle import * + >>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item) + [(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982), + (9.9999999999999982, 0.0)] + >>> """ + cl = self.cv.coords(item) + pl = [(cl[i], -cl[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)] + return pl + + def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2): + self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)) + + def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor): + items = self.cv.find_all() + for item in items: + coordinates = self.cv.coords(item) + newcoordlist = [] + while coordinates: + x, y = coordinates[:2] + newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor) + newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor) + coordinates = coordinates[2:] + self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist) + + def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): + """Resize the canvas, the turtles are drawing on. Does + not alter the drawing window. + """ + # needs amendment + if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas): + return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight + if canvwidth is None and canvheight is None and bg is None: + return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight + if canvwidth is not None: + self.canvwidth = canvwidth + if canvheight is not None: + self.canvheight = canvheight + self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) + + def _window_size(self): + """ Return the width and height of the turtle window. + """ + width = self.cv.winfo_width() + if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager + width = self.cv['width'] + height = self.cv.winfo_height() + if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager + height = self.cv['height'] + return width, height + + +############################################################################## +### End of Tkinter - interface ### +############################################################################## + + +class Terminator (Exception): + """Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False. + + Thus stops execution of turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in + in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. + """ pass -class RawPen: - def __init__(self, canvas): - self._canvas = canvas - self._items = [] +class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception): + """Some TurtleGraphics Error + """ + + +class Shape(object): + """Data structure modeling shapes. + + attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound" + attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple, + an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method. + """ + def __init__(self, type_, data=None): + self._type = type_ + if type_ == "polygon": + if isinstance(data, list): + data = tuple(data) + elif type_ == "image": + if isinstance(data, str): + if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data): + data = TurtleScreen._image(data) + # else data assumed to be Photoimage + elif type_ == "compound": + data = [] + else: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_) + self._data = data + + def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None): + """Add component to a shape of type compound. + + Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs. + fill is the fillcolor of the component, + outline is the outline color of the component. + + call (for a Shapeobject namend s): + -- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue") + + Example: + >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) + >>> s = Shape("compound") + >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") + ### .. add more components and then use register_shape() + """ + if self._type != "compound": + raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape" + % self._type) + if outline is None: + outline = fill + self._data.append([poly, fill, outline]) + + +class Tbuffer(object): + """Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects.""" + def __init__(self, bufsize=10): + self.bufsize = bufsize + self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize + self.ptr = -1 + self.cumulate = False + def reset(self, bufsize=None): + if bufsize is None: + for i in range(self.bufsize): + self.buffer[i] = [None] + else: + self.bufsize = bufsize + self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize + self.ptr = -1 + def push(self, item): + if self.bufsize > 0: + if not self.cumulate: + self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize + self.buffer[self.ptr] = item + else: + self.buffer[self.ptr].append(item) + def pop(self): + if self.bufsize > 0: + item = self.buffer[self.ptr] + if item is None: + return None + else: + self.buffer[self.ptr] = [None] + self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize + return (item) + def nr_of_items(self): + return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count([None]) + def __repr__(self): + return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr) + + + +class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): + """Provides screen oriented methods like setbg etc. + + Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT + upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit - + which is Tkinter in this case. + """ +# _STANDARD_DELAY = 5 + _RUNNING = True + + def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"], + colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]): + self._shapes = { + "arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))), + "turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7), + (-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6), + (-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6), + (5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10), + (2,14))), + "circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88), + (5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51), + (-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0), + (-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09), + (-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51), + (5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))), + "square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10), + (-10,-10))), + "triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55), + (-10,-5.77))), + "classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))), + "blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage()) + } + + self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""} + + TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv) + self._mode = mode + self._delayvalue = delay + self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] + self._keys = [] + self.clear() + + def clear(self): + """Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. + + Reset empty TurtleScreen to it's initial state: white background, + no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on. + + No argument. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + screen.clear() + + Note: this method is not available as function. + """ + self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"] + self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] + self._delete("all") + self._bgpic = self._createimage("") + self._bgpicname = "nopic" self._tracing = 1 - self._arrow = 0 - self._delay = 10 # default delay for drawing - self._angle = 0.0 - self.degrees() + self._updatecounter = 0 + self._turtles = [] + self.bgcolor("white") + for btn in 1, 2, 3: + self.onclick(None, btn) + for key in self._keys[:]: + self.onkey(None, key) + Turtle._pen = None + + def mode(self, mode=None): + """Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset. + + Optional argument: + mode -- on of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world' + + Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py. + Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics. + Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in + this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1. + If mode is not given, return the current mode. + + Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles + ------------|-------------------------|------------------- + 'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise + 'logo' upward (north) clockwise + + Examples: + >>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north + >>> mode() + 'logo' + """ + if mode == None: + return self._mode + mode = mode.lower() + if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode) + self._mode = mode + if mode in ["standard", "logo"]: + self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2, + self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2) + self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 self.reset() - def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0): - """ Set angle measurement units to degrees. + def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury): + """Set up a user defined coordinate-system. - Example: - >>> turtle.degrees() + Arguments: + llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas + lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas + urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas + ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas + + Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary. + This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active, + all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates. + + But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear + distorted. (see Screen.mode()) + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5) + >>> for _ in range(36): + left(10) + forward(0.5) """ - # Don't try to change _angle if it is 0, because - # _fullcircle might not be set, yet - if self._angle: - self._angle = (self._angle / self._fullcircle) * fullcircle - self._fullcircle = fullcircle - self._invradian = pi / (fullcircle * 0.5) + if self.mode() != "world": + self.mode("world") + xspan = float(urx - llx) + yspan = float(ury - lly) + wx, wy = self._window_size() + self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20) + oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale + self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan + self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan + srx1 = llx * self.xscale + sry1 = -ury * self.yscale + srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1 + sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1 + self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2) + self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale) + self.update() + + def register_shape(self, name, shape=None): + """Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. + + Arguments: + (1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None. + Installs the corresponding image shape. + !! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle, + !! so they do not display the heading of the turtle! + (2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple + of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding + polygon shape + (3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a + (compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding + compound shape. + To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename). + + call: register_shape("turtle.gif") + --or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10))) + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3))) - def radians(self): - """ Set the angle measurement units to radians. + """ + if shape is None: + # image + if name.lower().endswith(".gif"): + shape = Shape("image", self._image(name)) + else: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n" + + "Use help(register_shape)" ) + elif isinstance(shape, tuple): + shape = Shape("polygon", shape) + ## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance + self._shapes[name] = shape + # print "shape added:" , self._shapes + + def _colorstr(self, color): + """Return color string corresponding to args. + + Argument may be a string or a tuple of three + numbers corresponding to actual colormode, + i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode. + + If the argument doesn't represent a color, + an error is raised. + """ + if len(color) == 1: + color = color[0] + if isinstance(color, str): + if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "": + return color + else: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color)) + try: + r, g, b = color + except: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color)) + if self._colormode == 1.0: + r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] + if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color)) + return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) + + def _color(self, cstr): + if not cstr.startswith("#"): + return cstr + if len(cstr) == 7: + cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)] + elif len(cstr) == 4: + cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]] + else: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr) + return tuple([c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl]) - Example: - >>> turtle.radians() + def colormode(self, cmode=None): + """Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. + + Optional argument: + cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255 + + r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.colormode() + 1.0 + >>> screen.colormode(255) + >>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80) """ - self.degrees(2.0*pi) + if cmode is None: + return self._colormode + if cmode == 1.0: + self._colormode = float(cmode) + elif cmode == 255: + self._colormode = int(cmode) def reset(self): - """ Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to - the default values. + """Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state. - Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, -22.0] + No argument. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.reset() + """ + for turtle in self._turtles: + turtle._setmode(self._mode) + turtle.reset() + + def turtles(self): + """Return the list of turtles on the screen. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.turtles() + [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>] + """ + return self._turtles + + def bgcolor(self, *args): + """Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. + + Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers + in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") + >>> screen.bgcolor() + 'orange' + >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) + >>> screen.bgcolor() + '#800080' + """ + if args: + color = self._colorstr(args) + else: + color = None + color = self._bgcolor(color) + if color is not None: + color = self._color(color) + return color + + def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None): + """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. + + Optional arguments: + n -- nonnegative integer + delay -- nonnegative integer + + If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. + (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) + Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) + >>> dist = 2 + >>> for i in range(200): + fd(dist) + rt(90) + dist += 2 + """ + if n is None: + return self._tracing + self._tracing = int(n) + self._updatecounter = 0 + if delay is not None: + self._delayvalue = int(delay) + if self._tracing: + self.update() + + def delay(self, delay=None): + """ Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds. + + Optional argument: + delay -- positive integer + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.delay(15) + >>> screen.delay() + 15 + """ + if delay is None: + return self._delayvalue + self._delayvalue = int(delay) + + def _incrementudc(self): + "Increment upadate counter.""" + if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: + TurtleScreen._RUNNNING = True + raise Terminator + if self._tracing > 0: + self._updatecounter += 1 + self._updatecounter %= self._tracing + + def update(self): + """Perform a TurtleScreen update. + """ + for t in self.turtles(): + t._update_data() + t._drawturtle() + self._update() + + def window_width(self): + """ Return the width of the turtle window. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.window_width() + 640 + """ + return self._window_size()[0] + + def window_height(self): + """ Return the height of the turtle window. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.window_height() + 480 + """ + return self._window_size()[1] + + def getcanvas(self): + """Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. + + No argument. + + Example (for a Screen instance named screen): + >>> cv = screen.getcanvas() + >>> cv + <turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8> + """ + return self.cv + + def getshapes(self): + """Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. + + No argument. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.getshapes() + ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle'] + """ + return sorted(self._shapes.keys()) + + def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. + + Arguments: + fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the + clicked point on the canvas. + num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen + and a Turtle instance named turtle): + + >>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) + + ### Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will + ### make the turtle move to the clicked point. + >>> screen.onclick(None) + + ### event-binding will be removed + """ + self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add) + + def onkey(self, fun, key): + """Bind fun to key-release event of key. + + Arguments: + fun -- a function with no arguments + key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") + + In order ro be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen + must have focus. (See method listen.) + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen + and a Turtle instance named turtle): + + >>> def f(): + fd(50) + lt(60) + + + >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") + >>> screen.listen() + + ### Subsequently the turtle can be moved by + ### repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, + ### consequently drawing a hexagon + """ + if fun == None: + self._keys.remove(key) + elif key not in self._keys: + self._keys.append(key) + self._onkey(fun, key) + + def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None): + """Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events) + + No arguments. + Dummy arguments are provided in order + to be able to pass listen to the onclick method. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.listen() + """ + self._listen() + + def ontimer(self, fun, t=0): + """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. + + Arguments: + fun -- a function with no arguments. + t -- a number >= 0 + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + + >>> running = True + >>> def f(): + if running: + fd(50) + lt(60) + screen.ontimer(f, 250) + + >>> f() ### makes the turtle marching around + >>> running = False + """ + self._ontimer(fun, t) + + def bgpic(self, picname=None): + """Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. + + Optional argument: + picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic". + + If picname is a filename, set the corresponing image as background. + If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present. + If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.bgpic() + 'nopic' + >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") + >>> screen.bgpic() + 'landscape.gif' + """ + if picname is None: + return self._bgpicname + if picname not in self._bgpics: + self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname) + self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname]) + self._bgpicname = picname + + def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): + """Resize the canvas, the turtles are drawing on. + + Optional arguments: + canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels + canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels + bg -- colorstring or color-tupel, new backgroundcolor + If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight) + + Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of + the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts + of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!) + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500) + ### e. g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) + """ + return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) + + onscreenclick = onclick + resetscreen = reset + clearscreen = clear + addshape = register_shape + +class TNavigator(object): + """Navigation part of the RawTurtle. + Implements methods for turtle movement. + """ + START_ORIENTATION = { + "standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), + "world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), + "logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0) } + DEFAULT_MODE = "standard" + DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0 + DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1 + + def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE): + self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET + self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT + self._mode = mode + self.undobuffer = None + self.degrees() + self._mode = None + self._setmode(mode) + TNavigator.reset(self) + + def reset(self): + """reset turtle to its initial values + + Will be overwritten by parent class + """ + self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0) + self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode] + + def _setmode(self, mode=None): + """Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'. + """ + if mode == None: + return self._mode + if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: + return + self._mode = mode + if mode in ["standard", "world"]: + self._angleOffset = 0 + self._angleOrient = 1 + else: # mode == "logo": + self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4. + self._angleOrient = -1 + + def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle): + """Helper function for degrees() and radians()""" + self._fullcircle = fullcircle + self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle + if self._mode == "standard": + self._angleOffset = 0 + else: + self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4. + + def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0): + """ Set angle measurement units to degrees. + + Optional argument: + fullcircle - a number + + Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number + of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is + 360 degrees. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() - 100.0 - >>> turtle.reset() - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 0.0] + 90 + >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) # angle measurement in gon >>> turtle.heading() - 0.0 + 100 + """ - canvas = self._canvas - self._canvas.update() - width = canvas.winfo_width() - height = canvas.winfo_height() - if width <= 1: - width = canvas['width'] - if height <= 1: - height = canvas['height'] - self._origin = float(width)/2.0, float(height)/2.0 - self._position = self._origin - self._angle = 0.0 - self._drawing = 1 - self._width = 1 - self._color = "black" - self._filling = 0 - self._path = [] - self.clear() - canvas._root().tkraise() + self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle) - def clear(self): - """ Clear the screen. The turtle does not move. + def radians(self): + """ Set the angle measurement units to radians. - Example: - >>> turtle.clear() + No arguments. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.heading() + 90 + >>> turtle.radians() + >>> turtle.heading() + 1.5707963267948966 """ - self.fill(0) - canvas = self._canvas - items = self._items - self._items = [] - for item in items: - canvas.delete(item) - self._delete_turtle() - self._draw_turtle() + self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi) - def tracer(self, flag): - """ Set tracing on if flag is True, and off if it is False. - Tracing means line are drawn more slowly, with an - animation of an arrow along the line. + def _go(self, distance): + """move turtle forward by specified distance""" + ende = self._position + self._orient * distance + self._goto(ende) - Example: - >>> turtle.tracer(False) # turns off Tracer - """ - self._tracing = flag - if not self._tracing: - self._delete_turtle() - self._draw_turtle() + def _rotate(self, angle): + """Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0.""" + angle *= self._degreesPerAU + self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle) + + def _goto(self, end): + """move turtle to position end.""" + self._position = end def forward(self, distance): - """ Go forward distance steps. + """Move the turtle forward by the specified distance. - Example: + Aliases: forward | fd + + Argument: + distance -- a number (integer or float) + + Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction + the turtle is headed. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 0.0] + (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.forward(25) >>> turtle.position() - [25.0, 0.0] + (25.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(-75) >>> turtle.position() - [-50.0, 0.0] + (-50.00,0.00) """ - x0, y0 = start = self._position - x1 = x0 + distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian) - y1 = y0 - distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian) - self._goto(x1, y1) + self._go(distance) - def backward(self, distance): - """ Go backwards distance steps. + def back(self, distance): + """Move the turtle backward by distance. - The turtle's heading does not change. + Aliases: back | backward | bk - Example: + Argument: + distance -- a number + + Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the + turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 0.0] + (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() - [-30.0, 0.0] + (-30.00, 0.00) """ - self.forward(-distance) + self._go(-distance) - def left(self, angle): - """ Turn left angle units (units are by default degrees, + def right(self, angle): + """Turn turtle right by angle units. + + Aliases: right | rt + + Argument: + angle -- a number (integer or float) + + Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) + Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.heading() + 22.0 + >>> turtle.right(45) + >>> turtle.heading() + 337.0 + """ + self._rotate(-angle) - When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around - its front tip. + def left(self, angle): + """Turn turtle left by angle units. - Example: + Aliases: left | lt + + Argument: + angle -- a number (integer or float) + + Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, + but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) + Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() - 22 + 22.0 >>> turtle.left(45) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 """ - self._angle = (self._angle + angle) % self._fullcircle - self._draw_turtle() + self._rotate(angle) - def right(self, angle): - """ Turn right angle units (units are by default degrees, - but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) + def pos(self): + """Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector. - When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around - its front tip. + Aliases: pos | position - Example: + No arguments. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pos() + (0.00, 240.00) + """ + return self._position + + def xcor(self): + """ Return the turtle's x coordinate. + + No arguments. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> reset() + >>> turtle.left(60) + >>> turtle.forward(100) + >>> print turtle.xcor() + 50.0 + """ + return self._position[0] + + def ycor(self): + """ Return the turtle's y coordinate + --- + No arguments. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> reset() + >>> turtle.left(60) + >>> turtle.forward(100) + >>> print turtle.ycor() + 86.6025403784 + """ + return self._position[1] + + + def goto(self, x, y=None): + """Move turtle to an absolute position. + + Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto: + + Arguments: + x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers + y -- a number None + + call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates + --or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates + --or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() + + Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, + a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> tp = turtle.pos() + >>> tp + (0.00, 0.00) + >>> turtle.setpos(60,30) + >>> turtle.pos() + (60.00,30.00) + >>> turtle.setpos((20,80)) + >>> turtle.pos() + (20.00,80.00) + >>> turtle.setpos(tp) + >>> turtle.pos() + (0.00,0.00) + """ + if y is None: + self._goto(Vec2D(*x)) + else: + self._goto(Vec2D(x, y)) + + def home(self): + """Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0). + + No arguments. + + Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set it's + heading to it's start-orientation (which depends on mode). + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.home() + """ + self.goto(0, 0) + self.setheading(0) + + def setx(self, x): + """Set the turtle's first coordinate to x + + Argument: + x -- a number (integer or float) + + Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate + unchanged. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.position() + (0.00, 240.00) + >>> turtle.setx(10) + >>> turtle.position() + (10.00, 240.00) + """ + self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1])) + + def sety(self, y): + """Set the turtle's second coordinate to y + + Argument: + y -- a number (integer or float) + + Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains + unchanged. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.position() + (0.00, 40.00) + >>> turtle.sety(-10) + >>> turtle.position() + (0.00, -10.00) + """ + self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y)) + + def distance(self, x, y=None): + """Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units. + + Arguments: + x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance + y -- a number None None + + call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates + --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates + --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() + --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pos() + (0.00, 0.00) + >>> turtle.distance(30,40) + 50.0 + >>> pen = Turtle() + >>> pen.forward(77) + >>> turtle.distance(pen) + 77.0 + """ + if y is not None: + pos = Vec2D(x, y) + if isinstance(x, Vec2D): + pos = x + elif isinstance(x, tuple): + pos = Vec2D(*x) + elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): + pos = x._position + return abs(pos - self._position) + + def towards(self, x, y=None): + """Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y). + + Arguments: + x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance + y -- a number None None + + call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates + --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates + --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() + --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle + + Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position + specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on + modes - "standard" or "logo") + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pos() + (10.00, 10.00) + >>> turtle.towards(0,0) + 225.0 + """ + if y is not None: + pos = Vec2D(x, y) + if isinstance(x, Vec2D): + pos = x + elif isinstance(x, tuple): + pos = Vec2D(*x) + elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): + pos = x._position + x, y = pos - self._position + result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0 + result /= self._degreesPerAU + return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle + + def heading(self): + """ Return the turtle's current heading. + + No arguments. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.left(67) >>> turtle.heading() - 22 - >>> turtle.right(45) + 67.0 + """ + x, y = self._orient + result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0 + result /= self._degreesPerAU + return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle + + def setheading(self, to_angle): + """Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. + + Aliases: setheading | seth + + Argument: + to_angle -- a number (integer or float) + + Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. + Here are some common directions in degrees: + + standard - mode: logo-mode: + -------------------|-------------------- + 0 - east 0 - north + 90 - north 90 - east + 180 - west 180 - south + 270 - south 270 - west + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.setheading(90) >>> turtle.heading() - 337.0 + 90 """ - self.left(-angle) + angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient + full = self._fullcircle + angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2. + self._rotate(angle) - def up(self): - """ Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. + def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None): + """ Draw a circle with given radius. - Example: - >>> turtle.up() + Arguments: + radius -- a number + extent (optional) -- a number + steps (optional) -- an integer + + Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left + of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the + circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. + If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the + current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction + if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally + the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent. + + As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, + steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, + it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular + polygons. + + call: circle(radius) # full circle + --or: circle(radius, extent) # arc + --or: circle(radius, extent, steps) + --or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.circle(50) + >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle + """ + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) + self.undobuffer.cumulate = True + speed = self.speed() + if extent is None: + extent = self._fullcircle + if steps is None: + frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle + steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac) + w = 1.0 * extent / steps + w2 = 0.5 * w + l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU) + if radius < 0: + l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2 + tr = self.tracer() + dl = self._delay() + if speed == 0: + self.tracer(0, 0) + else: + self.speed(0) + self._rotate(w2) + for i in range(steps): + self.speed(speed) + self._go(l) + self.speed(0) + self._rotate(w) + self._rotate(-w2) + if speed == 0: + self.tracer(tr, dl) + self.speed(speed) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.cumulate = False + +## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class: + + def speed(self, s=0): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + def tracer(self, a=None, b=None): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + def _delay(self, n=None): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + + fd = forward + bk = back + backward = back + rt = right + lt = left + position = pos + setpos = goto + setposition = goto + seth = setheading + + +class TPen(object): + """Drawing part of the RawTurtle. + Implements drawing properties. + """ + def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]): + self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize" + self.undobuffer = None + TPen._reset(self) + + def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"], + fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]): + self._pensize = 1 + self._shown = True + self._pencolor = pencolor + self._fillcolor = fillcolor + self._drawing = True + self._speed = 3 + self._stretchfactor = (1, 1) + self._tilt = 0 + self._outlinewidth = 1 + ### self.screen = None # to override by child class + + def resizemode(self, rmode=None): + """Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". + + (Optional) Argument: + rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize" + + Different resizemodes have the following effects: + - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle + corresponding to the value of pensize. + - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the + values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), + which are set by shapesize() + - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place. + If no argument is given, return current resizemode. + resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments. + + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize") + >>> turtle.resizemode() + 'noresize' """ - self._drawing = 0 + if rmode is None: + return self._resizemode + rmode = rmode.lower() + if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]: + self.pen(resizemode=rmode) - def down(self): - """ Put the pen down -- draw when moving. + def pensize(self, width=None): + """Set or return the line thickness. - Example: - >>> turtle.down() + Aliases: pensize | width + + Argument: + width -- positive number + + Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set + to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with + the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize + is returned. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pensize() + 1 + turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn """ - self._drawing = 1 + if width is None: + return self._pensize + self.pen(pensize=width) - def width(self, width): - """ Set the line to thickness to width. - Example: - >>> turtle.width(10) + def penup(self): + """Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. + + Aliases: penup | pu | up + + No argument + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.penup() """ - self._width = float(width) + if not self._drawing: + return + self.pen(pendown=False) - def color(self, *args): - """ Set the pen color. + def pendown(self): + """Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving. - Three input formats are allowed: + Aliases: pendown | pd | down - color(s) - s is a Tk specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" + No argument. - color((r, g, b)) - *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, - and each of r, g, and b are in the range [0..1] + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pendown() + """ + if self._drawing: + return + self.pen(pendown=True) + + def isdown(self): + """Return True if pen is down, False if it's up. + + No argument. - color(r, g, b) + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.penup() + >>> turtle.isdown() + False + >>> turtle.pendown() + >>> turtle.isdown() + True + """ + return self._drawing + + def speed(self, speed=None): + """ Return or set the turtle's speed. + + Optional argument: + speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) + + Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10. + If no argument is given: return current speed. + + If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, + speed is set to 0. + Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way: + 'fastest' : 0 + 'fast' : 10 + 'normal' : 6 + 'slow' : 3 + 'slowest' : 1 + speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of + line drawing and turtle turning. + + Attention: + speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump + and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.speed(3) + """ + speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 } + if speed is None: + return self._speed + if speed in speeds: + speed = speeds[speed] + elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5: + speed = int(round(speed)) + else: + speed = 0 + self.pen(speed=speed) + + def color(self, *args): + """Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor. + + Arguments: + Several input formats are allowed. + They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows: + + color() + Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor + as a pair of color specification strings as are returned + by pencolor and fillcolor. + color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b) + inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, + to the given value. + color(colorstring1, colorstring2), + color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2)) + equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2) + and analogously, if the other input format is used. + + If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon + is drawn with the newly set colors. + For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.color('red', 'green') + >>> turtle.color() + ('red', 'green') + >>> colormode(255) + >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240)) + >>> color() + ('#285078', '#a0c8f0') + """ + if args: + l = len(args) + if l == 1: + pcolor = fcolor = args[0] + elif l == 2: + pcolor, fcolor = args + elif l == 3: + pcolor = fcolor = args + pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor) + fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor) + self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor) + else: + return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor) + + def pencolor(self, *args): + """ Return or set the pencolor. + + Arguments: + Four input formats are allowed: + - pencolor() + Return the current pencolor as color specification string, + possibly in hex-number format (see example). + May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. + - pencolor(colorstring) + s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" + - pencolor((r, g, b)) + *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, + and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, + where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 + - pencolor(r, g, b) r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b - are in the range [0..1] + are in the range 0..colormode - Example: + If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn + with the newly set pencolor. - >>> turtle.color('brown') + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pencolor('brown') >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55) - >>> turtle.color(tup) - >>> turtle.color(0, .5, 0) - """ - if not args: - raise Error, "no color arguments" - if len(args) == 1: - color = args[0] - if type(color) == type(""): - # Test the color first - try: - id = self._canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill=color) - except Tkinter.TclError: - raise Error, "bad color string: %r" % (color,) - self._set_color(color) + >>> turtle.pencolor(tup) + >>> turtle.pencolor() + '#33cc8c' + """ + if args: + color = self._colorstr(args) + if color == self._pencolor: return - try: - r, g, b = color - except: - raise Error, "bad color sequence: %r" % (color,) + self.pen(pencolor=color) else: - try: - r, g, b = args - except: - raise Error, "bad color arguments: %r" % (args,) - assert 0 <= r <= 1 - assert 0 <= g <= 1 - assert 0 <= b <= 1 - x = 255.0 - y = 0.5 - self._set_color("#%02x%02x%02x" % (int(r*x+y), int(g*x+y), int(b*x+y))) - - def _set_color(self,color): - self._color = color - self._draw_turtle() - - def write(self, text, move=False): - """ Write text at the current pen position. - - If move is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner - of the text. By default, move is False. + return self._color(self._pencolor) + + def fillcolor(self, *args): + """ Return or set the fillcolor. + + Arguments: + Four input formats are allowed: + - fillcolor() + Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, + possibly in hex-number format (see example). + May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. + - fillcolor(colorstring) + s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" + - fillcolor((r, g, b)) + *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, + and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, + where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 + - fillcolor(r, g, b) + r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b + are in the range 0..colormode - Example: - >>> turtle.write('The race is on!') - >>> turtle.write('Home = (0, 0)', True) - """ - x, y = self._position - x = x-1 # correction -- calibrated for Windows - item = self._canvas.create_text(x, y, - text=str(text), anchor="sw", - fill=self._color) - self._items.append(item) - if move: - x0, y0, x1, y1 = self._canvas.bbox(item) - self._goto(x1, y1) - self._draw_turtle() + If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn + with the newly set fillcolor. - def fill(self, flag): - """ Call fill(1) before drawing the shape you - want to fill, and fill(0) when done. + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet') + >>> col = turtle.pencolor() + >>> turtle.fillcolor(col) + >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0) + """ + if args: + color = self._colorstr(args) + if color == self._fillcolor: + return + self.pen(fillcolor=color) + else: + return self._color(self._fillcolor) - Example: - >>> turtle.fill(1) + def showturtle(self): + """Makes the turtle visible. + + Aliases: showturtle | st + + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.hideturtle() + >>> turtle.showturtle() + """ + self.pen(shown=True) + + def hideturtle(self): + """Makes the turtle invisible. + + Aliases: hideturtle | ht + + No argument. + + It's a good idea to do this while you're in the + middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding + the turtle speeds up the drawing observably. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.hideturtle() + """ + self.pen(shown=False) + + def isvisible(self): + """Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden. + + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.hideturtle() + >>> print turtle.isvisible(): + False + """ + return self._shown + + def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict): + """Return or set the pen's attributes. + + Arguments: + pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys. + **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below + listed keys as keywords. + + Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary' + with the following key/value pairs: + "shown" : True/False + "pendown" : True/False + "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple + "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple + "pensize" : positive number + "speed" : number in range 0..10 + "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize" + "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number) + "outline" : positive number + "tilt" : number + + This dicionary can be used as argument for a subsequent + pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one + or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. + This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement. + + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) + >>> turtle.pen() + {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, + 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black', + 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3} + >>> penstate=turtle.pen() + >>> turtle.color("yellow","") + >>> turtle.penup() + >>> turtle.pen() + {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, + 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '', + 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3} + >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") + >>> p.pen() + {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, + 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green', + 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3} + """ + _pd = {"shown" : self._shown, + "pendown" : self._drawing, + "pencolor" : self._pencolor, + "fillcolor" : self._fillcolor, + "pensize" : self._pensize, + "speed" : self._speed, + "resizemode" : self._resizemode, + "stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor, + "outline" : self._outlinewidth, + "tilt" : self._tilt + } + + if not (pen or pendict): + return _pd + + if isinstance(pen, dict): + p = pen + else: + p = {} + p.update(pendict) + + _p_buf = {} + for key in p: + _p_buf[key] = _pd[key] + + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf)) + + newLine = False + if "pendown" in p: + if self._drawing != p["pendown"]: + newLine = True + if "pencolor" in p: + if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple): + p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],)) + if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]: + newLine = True + if "pensize" in p: + if self._pensize != p["pensize"]: + newLine = True + if newLine: + self._newLine() + if "pendown" in p: + self._drawing = p["pendown"] + if "pencolor" in p: + self._pencolor = p["pencolor"] + if "pensize" in p: + self._pensize = p["pensize"] + if "fillcolor" in p: + if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple): + p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],)) + self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"] + if "speed" in p: + self._speed = p["speed"] + if "resizemode" in p: + self._resizemode = p["resizemode"] + if "stretchfactor" in p: + sf = p["stretchfactor"] + if isinstance(sf, (int, float)): + sf = (sf, sf) + self._stretchfactor = sf + if "outline" in p: + self._outlinewidth = p["outline"] + if "shown" in p: + self._shown = p["shown"] + if "tilt" in p: + self._tilt = p["tilt"] + self._update() + +## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class: + + def _newLine(self, usePos = True): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + def _update(self, count=True, forced=False): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + def _color(self, args): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + def _colorstr(self, args): + """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" + + width = pensize + up = penup + pu = penup + pd = pendown + down = pendown + st = showturtle + ht = hideturtle + + +class _TurtleImage(object): + """Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes + """ + + def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex): + self.screen = screen + self._type = None + self._setshape(shapeIndex) + + def _setshape(self, shapeIndex): + screen = self.screen # RawTurtle.screens[self.screenIndex] + self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex + if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: + return + if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: + return + if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]: + screen._delete(self._item) + elif self._type == "compound": + for item in self._item: + screen._delete(item) + self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type + if self._type == "polygon": + self._item = screen._createpoly() + elif self._type == "image": + self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data) + elif self._type == "compound": + self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in + screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data] + + +class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): + """Animation part of the RawTurtle. + Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for + it's animation. + """ + screens = [] + + def __init__(self, canvas=None, + shape=_CFG["shape"], + undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], + visible=_CFG["visible"]): + if isinstance(canvas, Screen): + self.screen = canvas + elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen): + if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens: + RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas) + self.screen = canvas + elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)): + for screen in RawTurtle.screens: + if screen.cv == canvas: + self.screen = screen + break + else: + self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas) + RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen) + else: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad cavas argument %s" % canvas) + + screen = self.screen + TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode()) + TPen.__init__(self) + screen._turtles.append(self) + self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline() + self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape) + self._poly = None + self._creatingPoly = False + self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None + self._shown = visible + self._hidden_from_screen = False + self.currentLineItem = screen._createline() + self.currentLine = [self._position] + self.items = [self.currentLineItem] + self.stampItems = [] + self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize + self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize) + self._update() + + def reset(self): + """Delete the turtle's drawings and restore it's default values. + + No argument. +, + Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle + and set variables to the default values. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.position() + (0.00,-22.00) + >>> turtle.heading() + 100.0 + >>> turtle.reset() + >>> turtle.position() + (0.00,0.00) + >>> turtle.heading() + 0.0 + """ + TNavigator.reset(self) + TPen._reset(self) + self._clear() + self._drawturtle() + self._update() + + def setundobuffer(self, size): + """Set or disable undobuffer. + + Argument: + size -- an integer or None + + If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. + Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone + by the undo() function. + If size is None, no undobuffer is present. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) + """ + if size is None: + self.undobuffer = None + else: + self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size) + + def undobufferentries(self): + """Return count of entries in the undobuffer. + + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> while undobufferentries(): + undo() + """ + if self.undobuffer is None: + return 0 + return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items() + + def _clear(self): + """Delete all of pen's drawings""" + self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None + for item in self.items: + self.screen._delete(item) + self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline() + self.currentLine = [] + if self._drawing: + self.currentLine.append(self._position) + self.items = [self.currentLineItem] + self.clearstamps() + self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize) + + + def clear(self): + """Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. + + No arguments. + + Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. + State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other + turtles are not affected. + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.clear() + """ + self._clear() + self._update() + + def _update_data(self): + self.screen._incrementudc() + if self.screen._updatecounter != 0: + return + if len(self.currentLine)>1: + self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine, + self._pencolor, self._pensize) + + def _update(self): + """Perform a Turtle-data update. + """ + screen = self.screen + if screen._tracing == 0: + return + elif screen._tracing == 1: + self._update_data() + self._drawturtle() + screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase + screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase + else: + self._update_data() + if screen._updatecounter == 0: + for t in screen.turtles(): + t._drawturtle() + screen._update() + + def tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None): + """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. + + Optional arguments: + n -- nonnegative integer + delay -- nonnegative integer + + If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. + (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) + Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25) + >>> dist = 2 + >>> for i in range(200): + turtle.fd(dist) + turtle.rt(90) + dist += 2 + """ + return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay) + + def _color(self, args): + return self.screen._color(args) + + def _colorstr(self, args): + return self.screen._colorstr(args) + + def _cc(self, args): + """Convert colortriples to hexstrings. + """ + if isinstance(args, str): + return args + try: + r, g, b = args + except: + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args)) + if self.screen._colormode == 1.0: + r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] + if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): + raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args)) + return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) + + def clone(self): + """Create and return a clone of the turtle. + + No argument. + + Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading + and turtle properties. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named mick): + mick = Turtle() + joe = mick.clone() + """ + screen = self.screen + self._newLine(self._drawing) + + turtle = self.turtle + self.screen = None + self.turtle = None # too make self deepcopy-able + + q = deepcopy(self) + + self.screen = screen + self.turtle = turtle + + q.screen = screen + q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex) + + screen._turtles.append(q) + ttype = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._type + if ttype == "polygon": + q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly() + elif ttype == "image": + q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data) + elif ttype == "compound": + q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in + screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._data] + q.currentLineItem = screen._createline() + q._update() + return q + + def shape(self, name=None): + """Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename. + + Optional argument: + name -- a string, which is a valid shapename + + Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, + return name of current shape. + Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary. + Initially there are the following polygon shapes: + 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'. + To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.shape() + 'arrow' + >>> turtle.shape("turtle") + >>> turtle.shape() + 'turtle' + """ + if name is None: + return self.turtle.shapeIndex + if not name in self.screen.getshapes(): + raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name) + self.turtle._setshape(name) + self._update() + + def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None): + """Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user". + + Optinonal arguments: + stretch_wid : positive number + stretch_len : positive number + outline : positive number + + Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. + Set resizemode to "user". + If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed + stretched according to its stretchfactors: + stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation + stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation. + outline determines the width of the shapes's outline. + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.resizemode("user") + >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) + >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) + """ + if stretch_wid is None and stretch_len is None and outline == None: + stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor + return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth + if stretch_wid is not None: + if stretch_len is None: + stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid + else: + stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len + elif stretch_len is not None: + stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len + else: + stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor + if outline is None: + outline = self._outlinewidth + self.pen(resizemode="user", + stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline) + + def settiltangle(self, angle): + """Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction + + Optional argument: + angle -- number + + Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, + regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's + heading (direction of movement). + + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.shape("circle") + >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) + >>> turtle.settiltangle(45) + >>> stamp() + >>> turtle.fd(50) + >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45) + >>> stamp() + >>> turtle.fd(50) + """ + tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient + tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi) + self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt) + + def tiltangle(self): + """Return the current tilt-angle. + + No argument. + + Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the + orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle + (it's direction of movement). + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.shape("circle") + >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) + >>> turtle.tilt(45) + >>> turtle.tiltangle() + >>> + """ + tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient + return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle + + def tilt(self, angle): + """Rotate the turtleshape by angle. + + Argument: + angle - a number + + Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, + but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). + + Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.shape("circle") + >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) + >>> turtle.tilt(30) + >>> turtle.fd(50) + >>> turtle.tilt(30) + >>> turtle.fd(50) + """ + self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle()) + + def _polytrafo(self, poly): + """Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape + according to current position and heading. + """ + screen = self.screen + p0, p1 = self._position + e0, e1 = self._orient + e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale) + e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e + return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale) + for (x, y) in poly] + + def _drawturtle(self): + """Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to + it's shape, resizemode, strech and tilt etc.""" + screen = self.screen + shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] + ttype = shape._type + titem = self.turtle._item + if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0: + self._hidden_from_screen = False + tshape = shape._data + if ttype == "polygon": + if self._resizemode == "noresize": + w = 1 + shape = tshape + else: + if self._resizemode == "auto": + lx = ly = max(1, self._pensize/5.0) + w = self._pensize + tiltangle = 0 + elif self._resizemode == "user": + lx, ly = self._stretchfactor + w = self._outlinewidth + tiltangle = self._tilt + shape = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in tshape] + t0, t1 = math.sin(tiltangle), math.cos(tiltangle) + shape = [(t1*x+t0*y, -t0*x+t1*y) for (x, y) in shape] + shape = self._polytrafo(shape) + fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor + screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc, + width=w, top=True) + elif ttype == "image": + screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape) + elif ttype == "compound": + lx, ly = self._stretchfactor + w = self._outlinewidth + for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape): + poly = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in poly] + poly = self._polytrafo(poly) + screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc), + outline=self._cc(oc), width=w, top=True) + else: + if self._hidden_from_screen: + return + if ttype == "polygon": + screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "") + elif ttype == "image": + screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, + screen._shapes["blank"]._data) + elif ttype == "compound": + for item in titem: + screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "") + self._hidden_from_screen = True + +############################## stamp stuff ############################### + + def stamp(self): + """Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return it's id. + + No argument. + + Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current + turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be + used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id). + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.color("blue") + >>> turtle.stamp() + 13 + >>> turtle.fd(50) + """ + screen = self.screen + shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] + ttype = shape._type + tshape = shape._data + if ttype == "polygon": + stitem = screen._createpoly() + if self._resizemode == "noresize": + w = 1 + shape = tshape + else: + if self._resizemode == "auto": + lx = ly = max(1, self._pensize/5.0) + w = self._pensize + tiltangle = 0 + elif self._resizemode == "user": + lx, ly = self._stretchfactor + w = self._outlinewidth + tiltangle = self._tilt + shape = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in tshape] + t0, t1 = math.sin(tiltangle), math.cos(tiltangle) + shape = [(t1*x+t0*y, -t0*x+t1*y) for (x, y) in shape] + shape = self._polytrafo(shape) + fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor + screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc, + width=w, top=True) + elif ttype == "image": + stitem = screen._createimage("") + screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape) + elif ttype == "compound": + stitem = [] + for element in tshape: + item = screen._createpoly() + stitem.append(item) + stitem = tuple(stitem) + lx, ly = self._stretchfactor + w = self._outlinewidth + for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape): + poly = [(lx*x, ly*y) for (x, y) in poly] + poly = self._polytrafo(poly) + screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc), + outline=self._cc(oc), width=w, top=True) + self.stampItems.append(stitem) + self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem)) + return stitem + + def _clearstamp(self, stampid): + """does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps() + """ + if stampid in self.stampItems: + if isinstance(stampid, tuple): + for subitem in stampid: + self.screen._delete(subitem) + else: + self.screen._delete(stampid) + self.stampItems.remove(stampid) + # Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary + # if clearstamp is called directly. + item = ("stamp", stampid) + buf = self.undobuffer + if item not in buf.buffer: + return + index = buf.buffer.index(item) + buf.buffer.remove(item) + if index <= buf.ptr: + buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize + buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None]) + + def clearstamp(self, stampid): + """Delete stamp with given stampid + + Argument: + stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.color("blue") + >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() + >>> turtle.fd(50) + >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) + """ + self._clearstamp(stampid) + self._update() + + def clearstamps(self, n=None): + """Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps. + + Optional argument: + n -- an integer + + If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps, + else if n > 0 delete first n stamps + else if n < 0 delete last n stamps. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> for i in range(8): + turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) + ... + >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) + >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) + >>> turtle.clearstamps() + """ + if n is None: + toDelete = self.stampItems[:] + elif n >= 0: + toDelete = self.stampItems[:n] + else: + toDelete = self.stampItems[n:] + for item in toDelete: + self._clearstamp(item) + self._update() + + def _goto(self, end): + """Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line + if pen is down. All other methodes for turtle movement depend + on this one. + """ + ## Version mit undo-stuff + go_modes = ( self._drawing, + self._pencolor, + self._pensize, + isinstance(self._fillpath, list)) + screen = self.screen + undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes, + (self.currentLineItem, + self.currentLine[:], + screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem), + self.items[:]) + ) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry) + start = self._position + if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1: + diff = (end-start) + diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2 + nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed)) + delta = diff * (1.0/nhops) + for n in range(1, nhops): + if n == 1: + top = True + else: + top = False + self._position = start + delta * n + if self._drawing: + screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, + (start, self._position), + self._pencolor, self._pensize, top) + self._update() + if self._drawing: + screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)), + fill="", width=self._pensize) + # Turtle now at end, + if self._drawing: # now update currentLine + self.currentLine.append(end) + if isinstance(self._fillpath, list): + self._fillpath.append(end) + ###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! + self._position = end + if self._creatingPoly: + self._poly.append(end) + if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question + # of life, the universe and everything + self._newLine() + self._update() #count=True) + + def _undogoto(self, entry): + """Reverse a _goto. Used for undo() + """ + old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry + drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes + cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata + screen = self.screen + if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5: + print "undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!" + # restore former situation + self.currentLineItem = cLI + self.currentLine = cL + + if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]: + usepc = "" + else: + usepc = pc + screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps) + + todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and + (screen._type(i) == "line")] + for i in todelete: + screen._delete(i) + self.items.remove(i) + + start = old + if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1: + diff = old - new + diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2 + nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed)) + delta = diff * (1.0/nhops) + for n in range(1, nhops): + if n == 1: + top = True + else: + top = False + self._position = new + delta * n + if drawing: + screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, + (start, self._position), + pc, ps, top) + self._update() + if drawing: + screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)), + fill="", width=ps) + # Turtle now at position old, + self._position = old + ## if undo is done during crating a polygon, the last vertex + ## will be deleted. if the polygon is entirel deleted, + ## creatigPoly will be set to False. + ## Polygons created before the last one will not be affected by undo() + if self._creatingPoly: + if len(self._poly) > 0: + self._poly.pop() + if self._poly == []: + self._creatingPoly = False + self._poly = None + if filling: + if self._fillpath == []: + self._fillpath = None + print "Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!" + elif self._fillpath is not None: + self._fillpath.pop() + self._update() #count=True) + + def _rotate(self, angle): + """Turns pen clockwise by angle. + """ + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU)) + angle *= self._degreesPerAU + neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle) + tracing = self.screen._tracing + if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0: + anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed + steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel) + delta = 1.0*angle/steps + for _ in range(steps): + self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta) + self._update() + self._orient = neworient + self._update() + + def _newLine(self, usePos=True): + """Closes current line item and starts a new one. + Remark: if current line became too long, animation + performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably. + """ + if len(self.currentLine) > 1: + self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine, + self._pencolor, self._pensize) + self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline() + self.items.append(self.currentLineItem) + else: + self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True) + self.currentLine = [] + if usePos: + self.currentLine = [self._position] + + def fill(self, flag=None): + """Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done. + + Optional argument: + flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively) + + Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill, + and fill(False) when done. + When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling, + False else) + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.fill(True) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.forward(100) @@ -296,27 +3144,43 @@ class RawPen: >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.forward(100) - >>> turtle.fill(0) - """ - if self._filling: - path = tuple(self._path) - smooth = self._filling < 0 - if len(path) > 2: - item = self._canvas._create('polygon', path, - {'fill': self._color, - 'smooth': smooth}) - self._items.append(item) - self._path = [] - self._filling = flag + >>> turtle.fill(False) + """ + filling = isinstance(self._fillpath, list) + if flag is None: + return filling + screen = self.screen + entry1 = entry2 = () + if filling: + if len(self._fillpath) > 2: + self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath, + fill=self._fillcolor) + entry1 = ("dofill", self._fillitem) if flag: - self._path.append(self._position) + self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly() + self.items.append(self._fillitem) + self._fillpath = [self._position] + entry2 = ("beginfill", self._fillitem) # , self._fillpath) + self._newLine() + else: + self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None + if self.undobuffer: + if entry1 == (): + if entry2 != (): + self.undobuffer.push(entry2) + else: + if entry2 == (): + self.undobuffer.push(entry1) + else: + self.undobuffer.push(["seq", entry1, entry2]) + self._update() def begin_fill(self): - """ Called just before drawing a shape to be filled. - Must eventually be followed by a corresponding end_fill() call. - Otherwise it will be ignored. + """Called just before drawing a shape to be filled. - Example: + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.left(90) @@ -327,13 +3191,14 @@ class RawPen: >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ - self._path = [self._position] - self._filling = 1 + self.fill(True) def end_fill(self): - """ Called after drawing a shape to be filled. + """Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill(). - Example: + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.left(90) @@ -344,613 +3209,820 @@ class RawPen: >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ - self.fill(0) + self.fill(False) - def circle(self, radius, extent = None): - """ Draw a circle with given radius. - The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent - determines which part of the circle is drawn. If not given, - the entire circle is drawn. + def dot(self, size=None, *color): + """Draw a dot with diameter size, using color. - If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the - current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise - direction if radius is positive, otherwise in a clockwise - direction. In the process, the direction of the turtle is - changed by the amount of the extent. + Optional argumentS: + size -- an integer >= 1 (if given) + color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple - >>> turtle.circle(50) - >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # half a circle - """ - if extent is None: - extent = self._fullcircle - frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle - steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac) - w = 1.0 * extent / steps - w2 = 0.5 * w - l = 2.0 * radius * sin(w2*self._invradian) - if radius < 0: - l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2 - self.left(w2) - for i in range(steps): - self.forward(l) - self.left(w) - self.right(w2) + Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. + If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used. - def heading(self): - """ Return the turtle's current heading. + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.dot() + >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) + """ + #print "dot-1:", size, color + if not color: + if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)): + color = self._colorstr(size) + size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) + else: + color = self._pencolor + if not size: + size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) + else: + if size is None: + size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) + color = self._colorstr(color) + #print "dot-2:", size, color + if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"): + item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color) + #print "dot:", size, color, "item:", item + self.items.append(item) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item)) + else: + pen = self.pen() + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) + self.undobuffer.cumulate = True + try: + if self.resizemode() == 'auto': + self.ht() + self.pendown() + self.pensize(size) + self.pencolor(color) + self.forward(0) + finally: + self.pen(pen) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.cumulate = False + + def _write(self, txt, align, font): + """Performs the writing for write() + """ + item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font, + self._pencolor) + self.items.append(item) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item)) + return end + + def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")): + """Write text at the current turtle position. + + Arguments: + arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen + move (optional) -- True/False + align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right" + font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype) + + Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current + turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right") + and with the given font. + If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner + of the text. By default, move is False. - Example: - >>> turtle.heading() - 67.0 + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center") + >>> turtle.write((0,0), True) """ - return self._angle + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) + self.undobuffer.cumulate = True + end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font) + if move: + x, y = self.pos() + self.setpos(end, y) + if self.undobuffer: + self.undobuffer.cumulate = False - def setheading(self, angle): - """ Set the turtle facing the given angle. + def begin_poly(self): + """Start recording the vertices of a polygon. - Here are some common directions in degrees: + No argument. - 0 - east - 90 - north - 180 - west - 270 - south + Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position + is first point of polygon. - Example: - >>> turtle.setheading(90) - >>> turtle.heading() - 90 - >>> turtle.setheading(128) - >>> turtle.heading() - 128 + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.begin_poly() """ - self._angle = angle - self._draw_turtle() + self._poly = [self._position] + self._creatingPoly = True - def window_width(self): - """ Returns the width of the turtle window. + def end_poly(self): + """Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. - Example: - >>> turtle.window_width() - 640 - """ - width = self._canvas.winfo_width() - if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager - width = self._canvas['width'] - return width + No argument. - def window_height(self): - """ Return the height of the turtle window. + Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is + last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point. - Example: - >>> turtle.window_height() - 768 + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.end_poly() """ - height = self._canvas.winfo_height() - if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager - height = self._canvas['height'] - return height + self._creatingPoly = False - def position(self): - """ Return the current (x, y) location of the turtle. + def get_poly(self): + """Return the lastly recorded polygon. - Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 240.0] + No argument. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> p = turtle.get_poly() + >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p) """ - x0, y0 = self._origin - x1, y1 = self._position - return [x1-x0, -y1+y0] + ## check if there is any poly? -- 1st solution: + if self._poly is not None: + return tuple(self._poly) - def setx(self, xpos): - """ Set the turtle's x coordinate to be xpos. + def getscreen(self): + """Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. - Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [10.0, 240.0] - >>> turtle.setx(10) - >>> turtle.position() - [10.0, 240.0] - """ - x0, y0 = self._origin - x1, y1 = self._position - self._goto(x0+xpos, y1) + No argument. - def sety(self, ypos): - """ Set the turtle's y coordinate to be ypos. + Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. + So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object. - Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 0.0] - >>> turtle.sety(-22) - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, -22.0] + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> ts = turtle.getscreen() + >>> ts + <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770> + >>> ts.bgcolor("pink") """ - x0, y0 = self._origin - x1, y1 = self._position - self._goto(x1, y0-ypos) + return self.screen - def towards(self, *args): - """Returs the angle, which corresponds to the line - from turtle-position to point (x,y). + def getturtle(self): + """Return the Turtleobject itself. - Argument can be two coordinates or one pair of coordinates - or a RawPen/Pen instance. + No argument. + + Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle': Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [10.0, 10.0] - >>> turtle.towards(0,0) - 225.0 + >>> pet = getturtle() + >>> pet.fd(50) + >>> pet + <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810> + >>> turtles() + [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>] """ - if len(args) == 2: - x, y = args - else: - arg = args[0] - if isinstance(arg, RawPen): - x, y = arg.position() - else: - x, y = arg - x0, y0 = self.position() - dx = x - x0 - dy = y - y0 - return (atan2(dy,dx) / self._invradian) % self._fullcircle + return self + + getpen = getturtle - def goto(self, *args): - """ Go to the given point. - If the pen is down, then a line will be drawn. The turtle's - orientation does not change. + ################################################################ + ### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen + ################################################################ - Two input formats are accepted: + def window_width(self): + """ Returns the width of the turtle window. - goto(x, y) - go to point (x, y) + No argument. - goto((x, y)) - go to point (x, y) + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.window_width() + 640 + """ + return self.screen._window_size()[0] - Example: - >>> turtle.position() - [0.0, 0.0] - >>> turtle.goto(50, -45) - >>> turtle.position() - [50.0, -45.0] + def window_height(self): + """ Return the height of the turtle window. + + No argument. + + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.window_height() + 480 """ - if len(args) == 1: - try: - x, y = args[0] - except: - raise Error, "bad point argument: %r" % (args[0],) - else: - try: - x, y = args - except: - raise Error, "bad coordinates: %r" % (args[0],) - x0, y0 = self._origin - self._goto(x0+x, y0-y) - - def _goto(self, x1, y1): - x0, y0 = self._position - self._position = map(float, (x1, y1)) - if self._filling: - self._path.append(self._position) - if self._drawing: - if self._tracing: - dx = float(x1 - x0) - dy = float(y1 - y0) - distance = hypot(dx, dy) - nhops = int(distance) - item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x0, y0, - width=self._width, - capstyle="round", - fill=self._color) - try: - for i in range(1, 1+nhops): - x, y = x0 + dx*i/nhops, y0 + dy*i/nhops - self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x, y) - self._draw_turtle((x,y)) - self._canvas.update() - self._canvas.after(self._delay) - # in case nhops==0 - self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x1, y1) - self._canvas.itemconfigure(item, arrow="none") - except Tkinter.TclError: - # Probably the window was closed! - return - else: - item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1, - width=self._width, - capstyle="round", - fill=self._color) - self._items.append(item) - self._draw_turtle() + return self.screen._window_size()[1] + + def _delay(self, delay=None): + """Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation. + """ + return self.screen.delay(delay) - def speed(self, speed): - """ Set the turtle's speed. + ##### event binding methods ##### - speed must one of these five strings: + def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas. - 'fastest' is a 0 ms delay - 'fast' is a 5 ms delay - 'normal' is a 10 ms delay - 'slow' is a 15 ms delay - 'slowest' is a 20 ms delay + Arguments: + fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned + the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. + num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). + add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise + it will replace a former binding. - Example: - >>> turtle.speed('slow') + Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way: + + >>> def turn(x, y): + left(360) + + >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. + >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed """ - try: - speed = speed.strip().lower() - self._delay = speeds.index(speed) * 5 - except: - raise ValueError("%r is not a valid speed. speed must be " - "one of %s" % (speed, speeds)) + self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) + self._update() + + def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas. + + Arguments: + fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned + the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. + num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). + + Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe): + >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): + def glow(self,x,y): + self.fillcolor("red") + def unglow(self,x,y): + self.fillcolor("") + + >>> joe = MyTurtle() + >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow) + >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow) + ### clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, + ### unclicking turns it to transparent. + """ + self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) + self._update() + def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): + """Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas. - def delay(self, delay): - """ Set the drawing delay in milliseconds. + Arguments: + fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned + the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. + num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). - This is intended to allow finer control of the drawing speed - than the speed() method + Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a + mouse-click event on that turtle. - Example: - >>> turtle.delay(15) + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) + + ### Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will + ### move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings + ### (if pen is down). """ - if int(delay) < 0: - raise ValueError("delay must be greater than or equal to 0") - self._delay = int(delay) + self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) + - def _draw_turtle(self, position=[]): - if not self._tracing: - self._canvas.update() + def _undo(self, action, data): + """Does the main part of the work for undo() + """ + if self.undobuffer is None: + return + if action == "rot": + angle, degPAU = data + self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU) + dummy = self.undobuffer.pop() + elif action == "stamp": + stitem = data[0] + self.clearstamp(stitem) + elif action == "go": + self._undogoto(data) + elif action in ["wri", "dot"]: + item = data[0] + self.screen._delete(item) + self.items.remove(item) + elif action == "dofill": + item = data[0] + self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)), + fill="", outline="") + elif action == "beginfill": + item = data[0] + self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None + self.screen._delete(item) + self.items.remove(item) + elif action == "pen": + TPen.pen(self, data[0]) + self.undobuffer.pop() + + def undo(self): + """undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. + + No argument. + + undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. + Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of + the undobuffer. + + Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): + >>> for i in range(4): + turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) + + >>> for i in range(8): + turtle.undo() + """ + if self.undobuffer is None: return - if position == []: - position = self._position - x,y = position - distance = 8 - dx = distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian) - dy = distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian) - self._delete_turtle() - self._arrow = self._canvas.create_line(x-dx,y+dy,x,y, - width=self._width, - arrow="last", - capstyle="round", - fill=self._color) - self._canvas.update() - - def _delete_turtle(self): - if self._arrow != 0: - self._canvas.delete(self._arrow) - self._arrow = 0 - - -_root = None -_canvas = None -_pen = None -_width = 0.50 # 50% of window width -_height = 0.75 # 75% of window height -_startx = None -_starty = None -_title = "Turtle Graphics" # default title - -class Pen(RawPen): + item = self.undobuffer.pop() + action = item[0] + data = item[1:] + if action == "seq": + while data: + item = data.pop() + self._undo(item[0], item[1:]) + else: + self._undo(action, data) - def __init__(self): - global _root, _canvas - if _root is None: - _root = Tkinter.Tk() - _root.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self._destroy) - _root.title(_title) + turtlesize = shapesize - if _canvas is None: - # XXX Should have scroll bars - _canvas = Tkinter.Canvas(_root, background="white") - _canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both") +RawPen = RawTurtle - setup(width=_width, height= _height, startx=_startx, starty=_starty) +### Screen - Klasse ######################## - RawPen.__init__(self, _canvas) +class Screen(TurtleScreen): - def _destroy(self): - global _root, _canvas, _pen - root = self._canvas._root() - if root is _root: - _pen = None - _root = None - _canvas = None - root.destroy() + _root = None + _canvas = None + _title = _CFG["title"] -def _getpen(): - global _pen - if not _pen: - _pen = Pen() - return _pen + # Borg-Idiom -class Turtle(Pen): - pass + _shared_state = {} -"""For documentation of the following functions see - the RawPen methods with the same names -""" + def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): + obj = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) + obj.__dict__ = cls._shared_state + return obj -def degrees(): _getpen().degrees() -def radians(): _getpen().radians() -def reset(): _getpen().reset() -def clear(): _getpen().clear() -def tracer(flag): _getpen().tracer(flag) -def forward(distance): _getpen().forward(distance) -def backward(distance): _getpen().backward(distance) -def left(angle): _getpen().left(angle) -def right(angle): _getpen().right(angle) -def up(): _getpen().up() -def down(): _getpen().down() -def width(width): _getpen().width(width) -def color(*args): _getpen().color(*args) -def write(arg, move=0): _getpen().write(arg, move) -def fill(flag): _getpen().fill(flag) -def begin_fill(): _getpen().begin_fill() -def end_fill(): _getpen().end_fill() -def circle(radius, extent=None): _getpen().circle(radius, extent) -def goto(*args): _getpen().goto(*args) -def heading(): return _getpen().heading() -def setheading(angle): _getpen().setheading(angle) -def position(): return _getpen().position() -def window_width(): return _getpen().window_width() -def window_height(): return _getpen().window_height() -def setx(xpos): _getpen().setx(xpos) -def sety(ypos): _getpen().sety(ypos) -def towards(*args): return _getpen().towards(*args) - -def done(): _root.mainloop() -def delay(delay): return _getpen().delay(delay) -def speed(speed): return _getpen().speed(speed) - -for methodname in dir(RawPen): - """ copies RawPen docstrings to module functions of same name """ - if not methodname.startswith("_"): - eval(methodname).__doc__ = RawPen.__dict__[methodname].__doc__ - - -def setup(**geometry): - """ Sets the size and position of the main window. - - Keywords are width, height, startx and starty: - - width: either a size in pixels or a fraction of the screen. - Default is 50% of screen. - height: either the height in pixels or a fraction of the screen. - Default is 75% of screen. - - Setting either width or height to None before drawing will force - use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py - - startx: starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen. - Default is to center window. Setting startx to None is the default - and centers window horizontally on screen. - - starty: starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen. - Default is to center window. Setting starty to None is the default - and centers window vertically on screen. - - Examples: - >>> setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) - - sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen - - >>> setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) - - sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers - - >>> setup(width=None) - - forces use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py - """ + def __init__(self): + if Screen._root is None: + Screen._root = self._root = _Root() + self._root.title(Screen._title) + self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy) + if Screen._canvas is None: + width = _CFG["width"] + height = _CFG["height"] + canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"] + canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"] + leftright = _CFG["leftright"] + topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"] + self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight) + Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas() + self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom) + TurtleScreen.__init__(self, Screen._canvas) + Turtle._screen = self + + def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], + startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]): + """ Set the size and position of the main window. + + Arguments: + width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. + Default is 50% of screen. + height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the + screen. Default is 75% of screen. + startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left + edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge + Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally. + starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top + edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge + Default, starty=None is to center window vertically. + + Examples (for a Screen instance named screen): + >>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) + + sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen + + >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) + + sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers + """ + if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"): + return + sw = self._root.win_width() + sh = self._root.win_height() + if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1: + width = sw*width + if startx is None: + startx = (sw - width) / 2 + if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1: + height = sh*height + if starty is None: + starty = (sh - height) / 2 + self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty) + + def title(self, titlestring): + """Set title of turtle-window + + Argument: + titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the + turtle graphics window. + + This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen- + objects. + + Example (for a Screen instance named screen): + >>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!") + """ + if Screen._root is not None: + Screen._root.title(titlestring) + Screen._title = titlestring - global _width, _height, _startx, _starty + def _destroy(self): + root = self._root + if root is Screen._root: + Turtle._pen = None + Turtle._screen = None + Screen._root = None + Screen._canvas = None + TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True + root.destroy() - width = geometry.get('width',_width) - if width >= 0 or width is None: - _width = width - else: - raise ValueError, "width can not be less than 0" + def bye(self): + """Shut the turtlegraphics window. - height = geometry.get('height',_height) - if height >= 0 or height is None: - _height = height - else: - raise ValueError, "height can not be less than 0" + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): + >>> screen.bye() + """ + self._destroy() - startx = geometry.get('startx', _startx) - if startx >= 0 or startx is None: - _startx = _startx - else: - raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0" + def exitonclick(self): + """Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked. - starty = geometry.get('starty', _starty) - if starty >= 0 or starty is None: - _starty = starty - else: - raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0" + No arguments. + Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen. + If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False + (default value), enter mainloop. + If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be + set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop + is active also for the client script. - if _root and _width and _height: - if 0 < _width <= 1: - _width = _root.winfo_screenwidth() * +width - if 0 < _height <= 1: - _height = _root.winfo_screenheight() * _height + This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for + TurtleScreen instances. - # center window on screen - if _startx is None: - _startx = (_root.winfo_screenwidth() - _width) / 2 + Example (for a Screen instance named screen): + >>> screen.exitonclick() - if _starty is None: - _starty = (_root.winfo_screenheight() - _height) / 2 + """ + def exitGracefully(x, y): + """Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters""" + self.bye() + self.onclick(exitGracefully) + if _CFG["using_IDLE"]: + return + try: + mainloop() + except AttributeError: + exit(0) - _root.geometry("%dx%d+%d+%d" % (_width, _height, _startx, _starty)) -def title(title): - """Set the window title. +class Turtle(RawTurtle): + """RawTurtle auto-crating (scrolled) canvas. - By default this is set to 'Turtle Graphics' + When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some + Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created. + """ + _pen = None + _screen = None + + def __init__(self, + shape=_CFG["shape"], + undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], + visible=_CFG["visible"]): + if Turtle._screen is None: + Turtle._screen = Screen() + RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen, + shape=shape, + undobuffersize=undobuffersize, + visible=visible) + +Pen = Turtle - Example: - >>> title("My Window") +def _getpen(): + """Create the 'anonymous' turtle if not already present.""" + if Turtle._pen is None: + Turtle._pen = Turtle() + return Turtle._pen + +def _getscreen(): + """Create a TurtleScreen if not already present.""" + if Turtle._screen is None: + Turtle._screen = Screen() + return Turtle._screen + +def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"): + """Create and write docstring-dictionary to file. + + Optional argument: + filename -- a string, used as filename + default value is turtle_docstringdict + + Has to be called explicitely, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes) + The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script <filname>.py + It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings + into different languages. + """ + docsdict = {} + + for methodname in _tg_screen_functions: + key = "Screen."+methodname + docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__ + for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions: + key = "Turtle."+methodname + docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__ + + f = open("%s.py" % filename,"w") + keys = sorted([x for x in docsdict.keys() + if x.split('.')[1] not in _alias_list]) + f.write('docsdict = {\n\n') + for key in keys[:-1]: + f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key)) + f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict[key]) + key = keys[-1] + f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key)) + f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict[key]) + f.write("}\n") + f.close() + +def read_docstrings(lang): + """Read in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary. + + Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file + to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form - + to the corresponding functions. """ + modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()} + module = __import__(modname) + docsdict = module.docsdict + for key in docsdict: + #print key + try: + eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict[key] + except: + print "Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key + +_LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"] + +try: + if _LANGUAGE != "english": + read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE) +except ImportError: + print "Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE +except: + print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" % + _LANGUAGE) + + +def getmethparlist(ob): + "Get strings describing the arguments for the given object" + argText1 = argText2 = "" + # bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function + # but we drop the "self" param. + if type(ob)==types.MethodType: + fob = ob.im_func + argOffset = 1 + else: + fob = ob + argOffset = 0 + # Try and build one for Python defined functions + if type(fob) in [types.FunctionType, types.LambdaType]: + try: + counter = fob.func_code.co_argcount + items2 = list(fob.func_code.co_varnames[argOffset:counter]) + realArgs = fob.func_code.co_varnames[argOffset:counter] + defaults = fob.func_defaults or [] + defaults = list(map(lambda name: "=%s" % repr(name), defaults)) + defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults + items1 = map(lambda arg, dflt: arg+dflt, realArgs, defaults) + if fob.func_code.co_flags & 0x4: + items1.append("*"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter]) + items2.append("*"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter]) + counter += 1 + if fob.func_code.co_flags & 0x8: + items1.append("**"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter]) + items2.append("**"+fob.func_code.co_varnames[counter]) + argText1 = ", ".join(items1) + argText1 = "(%s)" % argText1 + argText2 = ", ".join(items2) + argText2 = "(%s)" % argText2 + except: + pass + return argText1, argText2 - global _title - _title = title - -def demo(): - reset() - tracer(1) - up() - backward(100) - down() - # draw 3 squares; the last filled - width(3) - for i in range(3): - if i == 2: - fill(1) - for j in range(4): - forward(20) - left(90) - if i == 2: - color("maroon") - fill(0) +def _turtle_docrevise(docstr): + """To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions + """ + import re + if docstr is None: + return None + turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"] + newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"") + parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename) + newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr) + return newdocstr + +def _screen_docrevise(docstr): + """To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions + """ + import re + if docstr is None: + return None + screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"] + newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"") + parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname) + newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr) + return newdocstr + +## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available +## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these +## classes and do not need to change anything here. + + +for methodname in _tg_screen_functions: + pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('Screen.' + methodname)) + if pl1 == "": + print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2 + continue + defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getscreen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" % + {'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2}) + exec defstr + eval(methodname).__doc__ = _screen_docrevise(eval('Screen.'+methodname).__doc__) + +for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions: + pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(eval('Turtle.' + methodname)) + if pl1 == "": + print ">>>>>>", pl1, pl2 + continue + defstr = ("def %(key)s%(pl1)s: return _getpen().%(key)s%(pl2)s" % + {'key':methodname, 'pl1':pl1, 'pl2':pl2}) + exec defstr + eval(methodname).__doc__ = _turtle_docrevise(eval('Turtle.'+methodname).__doc__) + + +done = mainloop = TK.mainloop +del pl1, pl2, defstr + +if __name__ == "__main__": + def switchpen(): + if isdown(): + pu() + else: + pd() + + def demo1(): + """Demo of old turtle.py - module""" + reset() + tracer(True) up() - forward(30) + backward(100) down() - width(1) - color("black") - # move out of the way - tracer(0) - up() - right(90) - forward(100) - right(90) - forward(100) - right(180) - down() - # some text - write("startstart", 1) - write("start", 1) - color("red") - # staircase - for i in range(5): - forward(20) - left(90) - forward(20) - right(90) - # filled staircase - fill(1) - for i in range(5): - forward(20) - left(90) - forward(20) - right(90) - fill(0) - tracer(1) - # more text - write("end") - -def demo2(): - # exercises some new and improved features - speed('fast') - width(3) - - # draw a segmented half-circle - setheading(towards(0,0)) - x,y = position() - r = (x**2+y**2)**.5/2.0 - right(90) - pendown = True - for i in range(18): - if pendown: + # draw 3 squares; the last filled + width(3) + for i in range(3): + if i == 2: + fill(1) + for _ in range(4): + forward(20) + left(90) + if i == 2: + color("maroon") + fill(0) up() - pendown = False - else: + forward(30) down() - pendown = True - circle(r,10) - sleep(2) - - reset() - left(90) - - # draw a series of triangles - l = 10 - color("green") - width(3) - left(180) - sp = 5 - for i in range(-2,16): - if i > 0: - color(1.0-0.05*i,0,0.05*i) - fill(1) - color("green") - for j in range(3): - forward(l) - left(120) - l += 10 - left(15) - if sp > 0: - sp = sp-1 - speed(speeds[sp]) - color(0.25,0,0.75) - fill(0) - - # draw and fill a concave shape - left(120) - up() - forward(70) - right(30) - down() - color("red") - speed("fastest") - fill(1) - for i in range(4): - circle(50,90) + width(1) + color("black") + # move out of the way + tracer(False) + up() right(90) - forward(30) + forward(100) right(90) - color("yellow") - fill(0) - left(90) - up() - forward(30) - down(); - - color("red") - - # create a second turtle and make the original pursue and catch it - turtle=Turtle() - turtle.reset() - turtle.left(90) - turtle.speed('normal') - turtle.up() - turtle.goto(280,40) - turtle.left(24) - turtle.down() - turtle.speed('fast') - turtle.color("blue") - turtle.width(2) - speed('fastest') - - # turn default turtle towards new turtle object - setheading(towards(turtle)) - while ( abs(position()[0]-turtle.position()[0])>4 or - abs(position()[1]-turtle.position()[1])>4): - turtle.forward(3.5) - turtle.left(0.6) - # turn default turtle towards new turtle object + forward(100) + right(180) + down() + # some text + write("startstart", 1) + write("start", 1) + color("red") + # staircase + for i in range(5): + forward(20) + left(90) + forward(20) + right(90) + # filled staircase + tracer(True) + fill(1) + for i in range(5): + forward(20) + left(90) + forward(20) + right(90) + fill(0) + # more text + + def demo2(): + """Demo of some new features.""" + speed(1) + st() + pensize(3) + setheading(towards(0, 0)) + radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0 + rt(90) + for _ in range(18): + switchpen() + circle(radius, 10) + write("wait a moment...") + while undobufferentries(): + undo() + reset() + lt(90) + colormode(255) + laenge = 10 + pencolor("green") + pensize(3) + lt(180) + for i in range(-2, 16): + if i > 0: + begin_fill() + fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i) + for _ in range(3): + fd(laenge) + lt(120) + laenge += 10 + lt(15) + speed((speed()+1)%12) + end_fill() + + lt(120) + pu() + fd(70) + rt(30) + pd() + color("red","yellow") + speed(0) + fill(1) + for _ in range(4): + circle(50, 90) + rt(90) + fd(30) + rt(90) + fill(0) + lt(90) + pu() + fd(30) + pd() + shape("turtle") + + tri = getturtle() + tri.resizemode("auto") + turtle = Turtle() + turtle.resizemode("auto") + turtle.shape("turtle") + turtle.reset() + turtle.left(90) + turtle.speed(0) + turtle.up() + turtle.goto(280, 40) + turtle.lt(30) + turtle.down() + turtle.speed(6) + turtle.color("blue","orange") + turtle.pensize(2) + tri.speed(6) setheading(towards(turtle)) - forward(4) - write("CAUGHT! ", move=True) - - - -if __name__ == '__main__': - demo() - sleep(3) + count = 1 + while tri.distance(turtle) > 4: + turtle.fd(3.5) + turtle.lt(0.6) + tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle)) + tri.fd(4) + if count % 20 == 0: + turtle.stamp() + tri.stamp() + switchpen() + count += 1 + tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right") + tri.pencolor("black") + tri.pencolor("red") + + def baba(xdummy, ydummy): + clearscreen() + bye() + + time.sleep(2) + + while undobufferentries(): + tri.undo() + turtle.undo() + tri.fd(50) + tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") ) + tri.onclick(baba, 1) + + demo1() demo2() - done() + exitonclick() |