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diff --git a/Mac/Demo/using.html b/Mac/Demo/using.html deleted file mode 100644 index 5048ac3..0000000 --- a/Mac/Demo/using.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,429 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<TITLE>Using Python 2.0 on the Macintosh</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -<H1>Using Python 2.0 on the Macintosh</H1> -<HR> - -This document is an introduction to using Python on the Apple -Macintosh. It does not introduce the language itself, for this you -should refer to the <A -HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html">Python Tutorial</A> by -Guido van Rossum. This guide more-or-less replaces chapter two of the -tutorial, and provides some additional material. <p> - -The tutorial, along with other indispensible documentation like the -library reference and such, is also available in a number of different -formats at <a href="http://www.python.org"> -www.python.org</a>. The Adobe Acrobat <code>.pdf</code> -files are probably a good choice for reading or printing the documents -from your mac. <p> - -There is currently no good tutorial for the mac-specific features of -Python, but to whet your appetite: it has interfaces to many MacOS -toolboxes (quickdraw, sound, quicktime, open scripting, etc) and -various portable toolboxes are available too (Tk, complex -numbers, image manipulation, etc). Some <A HREF="index.html"> -annotated sample programs</A> are available to give you an idea of -Python's power. <P> - -<h2>Using Python</h2> - -The best way to start using Python is by using the <code>Python IDE</code>, -an integrated development environment with editor, debugger, class browser, etc. -Unfortunately the IDE is not yet documented here. Fortunately, however, it does not -need much documentation, so your best bet is to try it. <p> - -<h2>Invoking the bare interpreter</h2> - -An alternative method to use Python (and the method this document unfortunately emphasizes, -see the comment above) is to use the bare interpreter and an external text editor. -The name of the interpreter is <CODE>PythonInterpreter</CODE> and it is -recognizable by the "16 ton" icon. You start the -interpreter in interactive mode by double-clicking its icon: <p> - -<img src="html.icons/python.gif"><p> - -This should give you a text window with an informative version string -and a prompt, something like the following: -<PRE> -Python 1.5.1 (#122 Aug 27, 1997) [CW PPC w/GUSI MSL] -Copyright 1991-1997 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam ->>> -</PRE> -The version string tells you the version of Python, whether it was -built for PPC or 68K macs and possibly some options used to build the -interpreter. If you find a bug or have a question about how the -interpreter works it is a good idea to include the version information -in your message. <p> - -At the prompt you can type interactive python commands. See the -tutorial for more information. The interactive window works -more-or-less like a Communication Toolbox or Telnet window: you type -commands at the bottom and terminate them with the <EM>[return]</EM> -or <EM>[enter]</EM> key. Interpreter feedback also appears at the -bottom of the window, and the contents scroll as output is added. You -can use copy and paste in the normal way, but be sure to paste only at -the bottom of the document. - -<h2>Creating Python scripts</h2> - -The Python interpreter works in a way that is different from what you -would expect of a macintosh program: the interpreter is just that: an -interpreter. There is no builtin editor or other development -support. Hence, to create a Python script you need an external text -editor. For a first script you can use any editor that can create -plain, unstyled text files, such as <CODE>SimpleText</CODE>. <p> - -For more serious scripts, though, it is advisable to use a programmers -editor, such as <CODE>BBEdit</CODE> or <CODE>Alpha</CODE>. BBEdit is -my favorite: it comes in a commercial version but also in a -fully-functional free version <CODE>BBEdit Lite</CODE>. You can -download it from the <A HREF="http://www.barebones.com/">BareBones</A> -site. The free version will probably provide all the functionality -you will ever need. Besides the standard edit facilities it has -multi-file searches and many other goodies that can be very handy when -editing programs. <p> - -After you have created your script in the editor of your choice you -drop it on the interpreter. This will start the interpreter executing -the script, again with a console window in which the output appears -and in which you can type input if the script requires it. Normally -the interpreter will close the window and quit as soon as the script -is done executing, see below under <A HREF="#startup">startup -options</A> for a way to change this. <p> - -<blockquote> -There is a BBEdit extension available that allows you to run Python -scripts more-or-less straight from your bbedit source window. Check -out the <code>Mac:Tools:BBPy</code> folder. -</blockquote> - -It is a good idea to have the names of all your scripts end in -<CODE>.py</CODE>. While this is not necessary for standalone scripts -it is needed for modules, and it is probably a good idea to start the -habit now. <p> - -If you do not like to start the Python interpreter afresh for each -edit-run cycle you can use the <CODE>import</CODE> statement and -<CODE>reload()</CODE> function to speed things up in some cases. Here -is Guido's original comment for how to do this, from the 1.1 release -notes: <P> - -<BLOCKQUOTE> - -Make sure the program is a module file (filename must be a Python -identifier followed by '<CODE>.py</CODE>'). You can then import it -when you test it for the first time. There are now three -possibilities: it contains a syntax error; it gets a runtime error -(unhandled exception); or it runs OK but gives wrong results. (If it -gives correct results, you are done testing and don't need to read the -rest of this paragraph. :-) Note that the following is not -Mac-specific -- it's just that on UNIX it's easier to restart the -entire script so it's rarely useful. <P> - -Recovery from a syntax error is easy: edit the file and import it -again. <P> - -Recovery from wrong output is almost as easy: edit the file and, -instead of importing it, call the function <CODE>reload()</CODE> with -the module name as argument (e.g., if your module is called -<CODE>foo</CODE>, type <CODE>reload(foo)</CODE>). <P> - -Recovery from an exception is trickier. Once the syntax is correct, a -'module' entry is placed in an internal table, and following import -statements will not re-read the file, even if the module's -initialization terminated with an error (one reason why this is done -is so that mutually recursive modules are initialized only once). You -must therefore force re-reading the module with <CODE>reload()</CODE>, -however, if this happens the first time you try to import the module, -the import statement itself has not completed, and your workspace does -not know the module name (even though the internal table of moduesl -does!). The trick is to first import the module again, then reload -it. For instance, <CODE>import foo; reload(foo)</CODE>. Because the -module object already exists internally, the import statement does not -attempt to execute the module again -- it just places it in your -workspace. </BLOCKQUOTE> - -<h2>Clickable python scripts</h2> - -If you create your script with the correct creator and type, creator -<CODE>'Pyth'</CODE> and type <CODE>'TEXT'</CODE>, you can double-click -your script and it will automatically invoke the interpreter. If you -use BBEdit you can tell it about the Python file type by adding it to -the "file types" sections of the preferences. Then, if you save a file -for the first time you can tell BBEdit to save the file as a Python -script through the "options" choice of the save dialog. <p> - -The <CODE>Scripts</CODE> folder contains a script -<CODE>fixfiletypes</CODE> that will recursively traverse a folder and -set the correct creator and type for all files ending in -<CODE>.py</CODE>. <p> - -<BLOCKQUOTE> -Older releases of Python used the creator code -<CODE>'PYTH'</CODE> in stead of <CODE>'Pyth'</CODE>. If you still have -older Python sources on your system and named them with -<CODE>'.py'</CODE> extension the <CODE>fixfiletypes</CODE> script will -correct them. -</BLOCKQUOTE> - -<h2>Interaction with the user</h2> - -Normally, the interpreter will check for user input (mouse clicks, -keyboard input) every once in a while, so it is possible to switch to -other applications while a script runs. It is also possible to -interrupt the interpreter with the standard command-period keypress, -this will raise the <CODE>KeyboardInterrupt</CODE> exception. Scripts -may, however, turn off this behaviour to facilitate their own event -handling. Such scripts can only be killed with the -command-option-escape shortcut. - -<h2><A NAME="startup">startup options</A></h2> - -If the <EM>option</EM> key is depressed when Python starts executing -the interpreter will bring up an options dialog thru which you can -influence the way the interpreter behaves. Keep the option key -depressed until the dialog comes up. <p> - -<img src="html.icons/options.gif"><p> - -The options modify the interpreters behaviour in the following way: -<ul> -<li> the interpreter goes to interactive mode (in stead of -exiting) after a script has terminated normally, -<li> for every module imported a line is printed telling you where the -module was loaded from, -<li> do not print the values of expressions executed as statements in -an interactive python (obsolete), -<li> do not buffer stdout and stderr, -<li> print some debugging output during the parsing phase, -<li> keep the output window open when a script terminates. -</ul> -In addition, you can enter a unix-style command line which is passed -to the script in <CODE>sys.argv</CODE>. Sys.argv[0] is always the name -of the script being executed, additional values can be passed -here. Quoting works as expected. <p> - -<BLOCKQUOTE> -<EM>Warning:</EM> redirecting standard input or standard output in the -command-line dialog does not work. This is due to circumstances beyond my -control, hence I cannot say when this will be fixed. -</BLOCKQUOTE> - -The default options are also settable on a system-wide basis, see the -section on <A HREF="#preferences">editing preferences</A>. <p> - -<h2>Module search path</h2> - -The module search path, <CODE>sys.path</CODE>, contains the folders -python will search when you import a module. The path is settable on a -system-wide basis (see the preferences section), and normally -comprises the current folder (where the script lives), the -<CODE>Lib</CODE> folder and some of its subfolders and possibly some -more. <p> - -<h2>Working folder</h2> - -The unix concept of a <I>working directory</I> does not translate -directly to a similar concept on the Macintosh. To facilitate easy -porting and the use of relative pathnames in scripts the interpreter -simulates a working directory. When a script is started the initial -working directory is the folder where the script lives. In case of an -interactive interpreter the working directory is the folder where the -interpreter lives. <P> - -By the way: the "standard file" folder, the folder that is presented -to the user initially for an <I>open</I> or <I>save</I> dialog, does -<EM>not</EM> follow the Python working directory. Which folder is -initially shown to the user is usually one of (a) the application -folder, (b) the "Documents" folder or (c) the folder most recently -used for such a dialog (in any Python program). This is standard MacOS -behaviour, so don't blame Python for it. The exact behaviour is -settable through a control panel since System 7.5. - -<h2>Interactive startup file</h2> - -If the folder containing the interpreter contains a file named -<CODE>PythonStartup</CODE> this file is executed when you start an -interactive interpreter. In this file you could import modules you -often use and other such things. <p> - - -<h2>Compiled python scripts</h2> - -Once a python module has been imported the interpreter creates a -compiled version which is stored in a file with the ".py" extension -replaced by ".pyc". These compiled files, with creator -<CODE>'Pyth'</CODE> and type <CODE>'PYC '</CODE> load faster when -imported (because they do not have to be parsed). The <CODE>Lib</CODE> -folder contains a script <CODE>compileall.py</CODE>, running this -script will cause all modules along the python search path to be -precompiled, which will speed up your programs. Compiled files are -also double-clickable. <p> - -<h2>Python resources</h2> - -MacPython has the ability to collect a number of compiled modules -together in the resource fork of a single file. This feature is useful -if you distribute a python program and want to minimize clutter: you -can put all the needed modules in a single file (which could even be -the interpreter itself). <p> - -If the module search path contains a filename as one of its entries -(as opposed to a folder name, which is the normal case) this file will -be searched for a resource with type <CODE>'PYC '</CODE> and a name -matching the module being imported. <p> - -The <CODE>scripts</CODE> folder contains a script -<CODE>PackLibDir</CODE> which will convert a number of modules (or -possibly a complete subtree full of modules) into such a resource -file. - -<h2><A NAME="preferences">Setting interpreter preferences</A></h2> - -The python interpreter keeps a preferences file in the standard -location in the system folder. In this preferences file it remembers -the default module search path and the default settings for the -runtime options. The preferences are settable via -<CODE>EditPythonPrefs</CODE>. For PPC/cfm68k python this is a standalone -program living in the main Python folder, for 68K python it is a -script in the <CODE>Mac:Scripts</CODE> folder. <p> - -The interface to edit the preferences is rather clunky for the current -release. <p> - -<img src="html.icons/preferences.gif"><p> - -In the editable text field at the top you enter the initial module -search path, using newline as a separator. There are two special -values you can use here: an initial substring <CODE>$(PYTHON)</CODE> -will expand to the Python home folder and a value of -<CODE>$(APPLICATION)</CODE> will expand to the the python application -itself. Note that the text field may extend "beyond the bottom" even -though it does not have a scroll bar. Using the arrow keys works, -though.<p> - -The Python home folder $(PYTHON) is initially, when you install Python, -set to the folder where the interpreter lives. You can change it here. <p> - -Finally, you can set the default startup options here, through a -sub-dialog. - -<h2>Applets</h2> - -An applet is a fullblown application written in Python, similar to an -AppleScript applet (and completely different from a Java -applet). Applets are currently supported on PowerPC macintoshes and on -68K macintoshes if you use the CFM68K version of the interpreter, -and are created using the <CODE>BuildApplet</CODE> program. You create an -applet by dropping the python source script onto BuildApplet. -<a href="example2.html">Example 2</a> is a more involved applet -with its own resource file, etc. <p> - -Note that while an applet behaves as a fullblown Macintosh application -it is not self-sufficient, so distributing it to a machine without an -installed Python interpreter will not work: it needs the shared python -execution engine <CODE>PythonCore</CODE>, and probably various modules -from the Lib and PlugIns folders. Distributing it to a machine that does -have a Python system will work. <p> - -<h2>Customizing applets</h2> - -Applets can have their own settings for the startup options and module -search path. Dropping an applet on the <CODE>EditPythonPrefs</CODE> -application allows you to set these, in the same way as -double-clicking EditPythonPrefs allows you to set the system-wide -defaults. <p> - -Actually, not only applets but also the interpreter itself can have -non-default settings for path and options. If you make a copy of the -interpreter and drop this copy onto EditPythonPrefs you will have an -interpreter that has a different set of default settings. <p> - -<h2>Where to go from here</h2> - -The previously mentioned <A -HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/tut/tut.html">Python Tutorial</A> is -an excellent place to start reading if you have never used Python -before. Other documentation such as the library reference manual is -indexed at the <A HREF="http://www.python.org/doc/">Python -Documentation</A> page. <p> - -There are some <A HREF="index.html">annotated sample programs</A> -available that show some mac-specific issues, like use of various -toolboxes and creation of Python applets. <p> - -The <CODE>Demo</CODE> and <CODE>Mac:Demo</CODE> -folders in the Macintosh distribution -contains a number of other example programs. Most of these are only -very lightly documented, but they may help you to understand some -aspects of using Python. <p> - -Finally, there is a <code>Mac:Contrib</code> folder that contains -a few contributions to Python that I couldn't fit in the normal tree -but did want to distribute (many other contributions are contained -throughout the distribution, but you don't see them, really). - -The best way to contact fellow Macintosh Python programmers is to join -the MacPython Special Interest Group mailing list. Send a message with -"info" in the body to <A -HREF="mailto:pythonmac-sig-request@python.org">pythonmac-sig-request@python.org</A> -or view the <A -HREF="http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/">Pythonmac SIG -page</A> on the <A HREF="http://www.python.org">www.python.org</A> WWW -server. <p> - -<h2>Troubleshooting</h2> - -A rather baffling error message can be "PythonCore not found" when you -start the interpreter and you are sure that PythonCore is available. The -message should actually say "Not enough memory in the system heap to -load PythonCore". -Blame Apple for the confusing message. <p> - -There appear to be problems with QuickTime for the CFM68K version of the -interpreter. If you experience these please contact the SIG: some people -use quicktime without problems and some not, and we are still hunting for -the cause. <p> - -Python is a rather safe language, and hence it should be difficult to -crash the interpreter of the system with a Python script. There is an -exception to this rule, though: the modules that interface to the -system toolboxes (windowing, quickdraw, etc) do very little error -checking and therefore a misbehaving program using these modules may -indeed crash the system. Such programs are unfortunately rather -difficult to debug, since the crash does not generate the standard -Python stack trace, obviously, and since debugging print statements -will often interfere with the operation of the program. There is -little to do about this currently. <p> - -Probably the most common cause of problems with modules ported from -other systems is the Mac end-of-line convention. Where unix uses -linefeed, 0x0a, to separate lines the mac uses carriage return, -0x0d. To complicate matters more a lot of mac programming editors like -BBEdit and emacs will work happily with both conventions, so the file -will appear to be correct in the editor but cause strange errors when -imported. BBEdit has a popup menu which allows you to inspect (and -set) the end-of-line convention used in a file. <p> - -Python attempts to keep its preferences file up-to-date even when you -move the Python folder around, etc. If this fails the effect will be -that Python cannot start or, worse, that it does work but it cannot find -any standard modules. In this case, start Python and examine <code>sys.path</code>. -If it is incorrect remove any Python preferences file from the system -folder and start the interpreter <em>while the interpreter sits in the main -Python folder</em>. This will regenerate the preferences file. You may also -have to run the ConfigurePython applet again. <p> - -<h2>Your five minutes are up. Next!</h2> - -The next section to check out is the <a href="index.html">annotated sample programs</a>.<p> - -<HR> -<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/~jack">Jack Jansen</A>, -<A HREF="mailto:jack@cwi.nl">jack@cwi.nl</A>, 10-Sep-00. - -</BODY> -</HTML> |