From 1a9d8917a38e3eb190506025b9444730ed821449 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Irit Katriel <1055913+iritkatriel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Sep 2024 18:21:51 +0100
Subject: gh-121404: split compile.c into compile.c and codegen.c (#123651)

---
 Include/internal/pycore_compile.h              |  120 +
 Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h |    5 +
 Makefile.pre.in                                |    5 +-
 PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj                 |    1 +
 PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj.filters         |    3 +
 PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj                     |    1 +
 PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters             |    3 +
 Python/codegen.c                               | 6138 ++++++++++++++++++++
 Python/compile.c                               | 7099 ++----------------------
 Python/flowgraph.c                             |    2 -
 Tools/c-analyzer/cpython/ignored.tsv           |    1 -
 11 files changed, 6694 insertions(+), 6684 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Python/codegen.c

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h b/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
index 325243e..7b02dc1 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #  error "this header requires Py_BUILD_CORE define"
 #endif
 
+#include "pycore_ast.h"       // mod_ty
 #include "pycore_symtable.h"  // _Py_SourceLocation
 #include "pycore_instruction_sequence.h"
 
@@ -63,6 +64,120 @@ typedef struct {
     int u_firstlineno; /* the first lineno of the block */
 } _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata;
 
+struct _PyCompiler;
+
+typedef enum {
+    COMPILE_OP_FAST,
+    COMPILE_OP_GLOBAL,
+    COMPILE_OP_DEREF,
+    COMPILE_OP_NAME,
+} _PyCompile_optype;
+
+/* _PyCompile_FBlockInfo tracks the current frame block.
+ *
+ * A frame block is used to handle loops, try/except, and try/finally.
+ * It's called a frame block to distinguish it from a basic block in the
+ * compiler IR.
+ */
+
+enum _PyCompile_FBlockType {
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_WHILE_LOOP,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_WITH,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_WITH,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_POP_VALUE,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_HANDLER,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR,
+     COMPILE_FBLOCK_STOP_ITERATION,
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum _PyCompile_FBlockType fb_type;
+    _PyJumpTargetLabel fb_block;
+    _Py_SourceLocation fb_loc;
+    /* (optional) type-specific exit or cleanup block */
+    _PyJumpTargetLabel fb_exit;
+    /* (optional) additional information required for unwinding */
+    void *fb_datum;
+} _PyCompile_FBlockInfo;
+
+
+int _PyCompile_PushFBlock(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc,
+                          enum _PyCompile_FBlockType t,
+                          _PyJumpTargetLabel block_label,
+                          _PyJumpTargetLabel exit, void *datum);
+void _PyCompile_PopFBlock(struct _PyCompiler *c, enum _PyCompile_FBlockType t,
+                          _PyJumpTargetLabel block_label);
+_PyCompile_FBlockInfo *_PyCompile_TopFBlock(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+
+int _PyCompile_EnterScope(struct _PyCompiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
+                          void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
+                          _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd);
+void _PyCompile_ExitScope(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+Py_ssize_t _PyCompile_AddConst(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *o);
+_PyInstructionSequence *_PyCompile_InstrSequence(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_FutureFeatures(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+PyObject *_PyCompile_DeferredAnnotations(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+PyObject *_PyCompile_Mangle(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *name);
+PyObject *_PyCompile_MaybeMangle(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *name);
+int _PyCompile_MaybeAddStaticAttributeToClass(struct _PyCompiler *c, expr_ty e);
+int _PyCompile_GetRefType(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *name);
+int _PyCompile_LookupCellvar(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *name);
+int _PyCompile_ResolveNameop(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyObject *mangled, int scope,
+                             _PyCompile_optype *optype, Py_ssize_t *arg);
+
+int _PyCompile_IsInteractive(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_IsNestedScope(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_IsInInlinedComp(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_ScopeType(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_OptimizationLevel(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+PyArena *_PyCompile_Arena(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+int _PyCompile_LookupArg(struct _PyCompiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name);
+PyObject *_PyCompile_Qualname(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *_PyCompile_Metadata(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+PyObject *_PyCompile_StaticAttributesAsTuple(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+int _PyCompile_IsTopLevelAwait(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+#endif
+
+struct symtable *_PyCompile_Symtable(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+PySTEntryObject *_PyCompile_SymtableEntry(struct _PyCompiler *c);
+
+enum {
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_FUNCTION,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_LAMBDA,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION,
+    COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
+};
+
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject *pushed_locals;
+    PyObject *temp_symbols;
+    PyObject *fast_hidden;
+    _PyJumpTargetLabel cleanup;
+} _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState;
+
+int _PyCompile_TweakInlinedComprehensionScopes(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc,
+                                               PySTEntryObject *entry,
+                                               _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state);
+int _PyCompile_RevertInlinedComprehensionScopes(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc,
+                                                _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state);
+int _PyCompile_AddDeferredAnnotaion(struct _PyCompiler *c, stmt_ty s);
+
+int _PyCodegen_AddReturnAtEnd(struct _PyCompiler *c, int addNone);
+int _PyCodegen_EnterAnonymousScope(struct _PyCompiler* c, mod_ty mod);
+int _PyCodegen_Expression(struct _PyCompiler *c, expr_ty e);
+int _PyCodegen_Body(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc, asdl_stmt_seq *stmts);
 
 /* Utility for a number of growing arrays used in the compiler */
 int _PyCompile_EnsureArrayLargeEnough(
@@ -74,6 +189,11 @@ int _PyCompile_EnsureArrayLargeEnough(
 
 int _PyCompile_ConstCacheMergeOne(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject **obj);
 
+PyCodeObject *_PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(struct _PyCompiler *c, int addNone);
+
+Py_ssize_t _PyCompile_DictAddObj(PyObject *dict, PyObject *o);
+int _PyCompile_Error(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc, const char *format, ...);
+int _PyCompile_Warn(struct _PyCompiler *c, _Py_SourceLocation loc, const char *format, ...);
 
 // Export for '_opcode' extension module
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyCompile_GetUnaryIntrinsicName(int index);
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h b/Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h
index d6a7961..099f2fd 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ typedef struct {
     int id;
 } _PyJumpTargetLabel;
 
+#define NO_LABEL ((const _PyJumpTargetLabel){-1})
+
+#define SAME_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(L1, L2) ((L1).id == (L2).id)
+#define IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(L) (!SAME_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL((L), (NO_LABEL)))
+
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*)_PyInstructionSequence_New(void);
 
 int _PyInstructionSequence_UseLabel(_PyInstructionSequence *seq, int lbl);
diff --git a/Makefile.pre.in b/Makefile.pre.in
index 2123dbf..77455c0 100644
--- a/Makefile.pre.in
+++ b/Makefile.pre.in
@@ -429,6 +429,7 @@ PYTHON_OBJS=	\
 		Python/brc.o \
 		Python/ceval.o \
 		Python/codecs.o \
+		Python/codegen.o \
 		Python/compile.o \
 		Python/context.o \
 		Python/critical_section.o \
@@ -1873,7 +1874,7 @@ regen-sre:
 		$(srcdir)/Modules/_sre/sre_constants.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Modules/_sre/sre_targets.h
 
-Python/compile.o Python/symtable.o Python/ast_unparse.o Python/ast.o Python/future.o: $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_ast.h $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_ast.h
+Python/compile.o Python/codegen.o Python/symtable.o Python/ast_unparse.o Python/ast.o Python/future.o: $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_ast.h $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_ast.h
 
 Python/getplatform.o: $(srcdir)/Python/getplatform.c
 		$(CC) -c $(PY_CORE_CFLAGS) -DPLATFORM='"$(MACHDEP)"' -o $@ $(srcdir)/Python/getplatform.c
@@ -2009,7 +2010,7 @@ regen-uop-metadata:
 	    $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h.new $(srcdir)/Python/bytecodes.c
 	$(UPDATE_FILE) $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_uop_metadata.h.new
 
-Python/compile.o Python/assemble.o Python/flowgraph.o Python/instruction_sequence.o: \
+Python/compile.o Python/codegen.o Python/assemble.o Python/flowgraph.o Python/instruction_sequence.o: \
                 $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_compile.h \
                 $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_flowgraph.h \
                 $(srcdir)/Include/internal/pycore_instruction_sequence.h \
diff --git a/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj b/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj
index 962d754..743e6e2 100644
--- a/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj
+++ b/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\bootstrap_hash.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\ceval.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codecs.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codegen.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\compile.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\context.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\critical_section.c" />
diff --git a/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj.filters b/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj.filters
index 86146f7..0887a47 100644
--- a/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/PCbuild/_freeze_module.vcxproj.filters
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\perf_jit_trampoline.c">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codegen.c">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\compile.c">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
diff --git a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
index dbb18ba..6399eac 100644
--- a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
+++ b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj
@@ -581,6 +581,7 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\brc.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\ceval.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codecs.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codegen.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\compile.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\context.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\critical_section.c" />
diff --git a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
index 0759109..23f2e9c 100644
--- a/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcxproj.filters
@@ -1298,6 +1298,9 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codecs.c">
       <Filter>Python</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="..\Python\codegen.c">
+      <Filter>Python</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="..\Python\compile.c">
       <Filter>Python</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
diff --git a/Python/codegen.c b/Python/codegen.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d5b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Python/codegen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,6138 @@
+/*
+ * This file implements the compiler's code generation stage, which
+ * produces a sequence of pseudo-instructions from an AST.
+ *
+ * The primary entry point is _PyCodegen_Body() for modules, and
+ * _PyCodegen_Expression() for expressions.
+ *
+ * CAUTION: The VISIT_* macros abort the current function when they
+ * encounter a problem. So don't invoke them when there is memory
+ * which needs to be released. Code blocks are OK, as the compiler
+ * structure takes care of releasing those.  Use the arena to manage
+ * objects.
+ */
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "Python.h"
+#include "opcode.h"
+#include "pycore_ast.h"           // _PyAST_GetDocString()
+#define NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
+#include "pycore_opcode_utils.h"
+#undef NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
+#include "pycore_compile.h"
+#include "pycore_instruction_sequence.h" // _PyInstructionSequence_NewLabel()
+#include "pycore_intrinsics.h"
+#include "pycore_long.h"          // _PyLong_GetZero()
+#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _Py_GetConfig()
+#include "pycore_symtable.h"      // PySTEntryObject
+
+#define NEED_OPCODE_METADATA
+#include "pycore_opcode_metadata.h" // _PyOpcode_opcode_metadata, _PyOpcode_num_popped/pushed
+#undef NEED_OPCODE_METADATA
+
+#define COMP_GENEXP   0
+#define COMP_LISTCOMP 1
+#define COMP_SETCOMP  2
+#define COMP_DICTCOMP 3
+
+/* A soft limit for stack use, to avoid excessive
+ * memory use for large constants, etc.
+ *
+ * The value 30 is plucked out of thin air.
+ * Code that could use more stack than this is
+ * rare, so the exact value is unimportant.
+ */
+#define STACK_USE_GUIDELINE 30
+
+#undef SUCCESS
+#undef ERROR
+#define SUCCESS 0
+#define ERROR -1
+
+#define RETURN_IF_ERROR(X)  \
+    if ((X) == -1) {        \
+        return ERROR;       \
+    }
+
+#define RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(C, CALL) { \
+    if ((CALL) < 0) { \
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope((C)); \
+        return ERROR; \
+    } \
+}
+
+struct _PyCompiler;
+typedef struct _PyCompiler compiler;
+
+#define IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(C) _PyCompile_IsTopLevelAwait(C)
+#define INSTR_SEQUENCE(C) _PyCompile_InstrSequence(C)
+#define FUTURE_FEATURES(C) _PyCompile_FutureFeatures(C)
+#define SYMTABLE(C) _PyCompile_Symtable(C)
+#define SYMTABLE_ENTRY(C) _PyCompile_SymtableEntry(C)
+#define OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(C) _PyCompile_OptimizationLevel(C)
+#define IS_INTERACTIVE(C) _PyCompile_IsInteractive(C)
+#define IS_NESTED_SCOPE(C) _PyCompile_IsNestedScope(C)
+#define SCOPE_TYPE(C) _PyCompile_ScopeType(C)
+#define QUALNAME(C) _PyCompile_Qualname(C)
+#define METADATA(C) _PyCompile_Metadata(C)
+#define ARENA(C) _PyCompile_Arena(C)
+
+typedef _PyInstruction instruction;
+typedef _PyInstructionSequence instr_sequence;
+typedef _Py_SourceLocation location;
+typedef _PyJumpTargetLabel jump_target_label;
+
+typedef _PyCompile_FBlockInfo fblockinfo;
+
+#define LOCATION(LNO, END_LNO, COL, END_COL) \
+    ((const _Py_SourceLocation){(LNO), (END_LNO), (COL), (END_COL)})
+
+#define LOC(x) SRC_LOCATION_FROM_AST(x)
+
+#define NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(C, NAME) \
+    jump_target_label NAME = _PyInstructionSequence_NewLabel(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C)); \
+    if (!IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(NAME)) { \
+        return ERROR; \
+    }
+
+#define USE_LABEL(C, LBL) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyInstructionSequence_UseLabel(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (LBL).id))
+
+static const int compare_masks[] = {
+    [Py_LT] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN,
+    [Py_LE] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN | COMPARISON_EQUALS,
+    [Py_EQ] = COMPARISON_EQUALS,
+    [Py_NE] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUALS,
+    [Py_GT] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN,
+    [Py_GE] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN | COMPARISON_EQUALS,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Resize the array if index is out of range.
+ *
+ * idx: the index we want to access
+ * arr: pointer to the array
+ * alloc: pointer to the capacity of the array
+ * default_alloc: initial number of items
+ * item_size: size of each item
+ *
+ */
+int
+_PyCompile_EnsureArrayLargeEnough(int idx, void **array, int *alloc,
+                                  int default_alloc, size_t item_size)
+{
+    void *arr = *array;
+    if (arr == NULL) {
+        int new_alloc = default_alloc;
+        if (idx >= new_alloc) {
+            new_alloc = idx + default_alloc;
+        }
+        arr = PyMem_Calloc(new_alloc, item_size);
+        if (arr == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        *alloc = new_alloc;
+    }
+    else if (idx >= *alloc) {
+        size_t oldsize = *alloc * item_size;
+        int new_alloc = *alloc << 1;
+        if (idx >= new_alloc) {
+            new_alloc = idx + default_alloc;
+        }
+        size_t newsize = new_alloc * item_size;
+
+        if (oldsize > (SIZE_MAX >> 1)) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+
+        assert(newsize > 0);
+        void *tmp = PyMem_Realloc(arr, newsize);
+        if (tmp == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        *alloc = new_alloc;
+        arr = tmp;
+        memset((char *)arr + oldsize, 0, newsize - oldsize);
+    }
+
+    *array = arr;
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+typedef struct {
+    // A list of strings corresponding to name captures. It is used to track:
+    // - Repeated name assignments in the same pattern.
+    // - Different name assignments in alternatives.
+    // - The order of name assignments in alternatives.
+    PyObject *stores;
+    // If 0, any name captures against our subject will raise.
+    int allow_irrefutable;
+    // An array of blocks to jump to on failure. Jumping to fail_pop[i] will pop
+    // i items off of the stack. The end result looks like this (with each block
+    // falling through to the next):
+    // fail_pop[4]: POP_TOP
+    // fail_pop[3]: POP_TOP
+    // fail_pop[2]: POP_TOP
+    // fail_pop[1]: POP_TOP
+    // fail_pop[0]: NOP
+    jump_target_label *fail_pop;
+    // The current length of fail_pop.
+    Py_ssize_t fail_pop_size;
+    // The number of items on top of the stack that need to *stay* on top of the
+    // stack. Variable captures go beneath these. All of them will be popped on
+    // failure.
+    Py_ssize_t on_top;
+} pattern_context;
+
+static int codegen_nameop(compiler *, location, identifier, expr_context_ty);
+
+static int codegen_visit_stmt(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_visit_keyword(compiler *, keyword_ty);
+static int codegen_visit_expr(compiler *, expr_ty);
+static int codegen_augassign(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_annassign(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_subscript(compiler *, expr_ty);
+static int codegen_slice(compiler *, expr_ty);
+
+static bool are_all_items_const(asdl_expr_seq *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t);
+
+
+static int codegen_with(compiler *, stmt_ty, int);
+static int codegen_async_with(compiler *, stmt_ty, int);
+static int codegen_async_for(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(compiler *c,
+                                         location loc,
+                                         asdl_keyword_seq *keywords,
+                                         Py_ssize_t nkwelts);
+static int codegen_call_helper(compiler *c, location loc,
+                               int n, asdl_expr_seq *args,
+                               asdl_keyword_seq *keywords);
+static int codegen_try_except(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_try_star_except(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+
+static int codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(
+                                      compiler *c, location loc,
+                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
+                                      int depth,
+                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
+                                      int iter_on_stack);
+
+static int codegen_async_comprehension_generator(
+                                      compiler *c, location loc,
+                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
+                                      int depth,
+                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
+                                      int iter_on_stack);
+
+static int codegen_pattern(compiler *, pattern_ty, pattern_context *);
+static int codegen_match(compiler *, stmt_ty);
+static int codegen_pattern_subpattern(compiler *,
+                                      pattern_ty, pattern_context *);
+static int codegen_make_closure(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                PyCodeObject *co, Py_ssize_t flags);
+
+
+/* Add an opcode with an integer argument */
+static int
+codegen_addop_i(instr_sequence *seq, int opcode, Py_ssize_t oparg, location loc)
+{
+    /* oparg value is unsigned, but a signed C int is usually used to store
+       it in the C code (like Python/ceval.c).
+
+       Limit to 32-bit signed C int (rather than INT_MAX) for portability.
+
+       The argument of a concrete bytecode instruction is limited to 8-bit.
+       EXTENDED_ARG is used for 16, 24, and 32-bit arguments. */
+
+    int oparg_ = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(oparg, Py_ssize_t, int);
+    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
+    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, oparg_, loc);
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_I(C, LOC, OP, O) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (O), (LOC)))
+
+#define ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP, O) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(C, codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (O), (LOC)));
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_noarg(instr_sequence *seq, int opcode, location loc)
+{
+    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_ARG(opcode));
+    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
+    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, 0, loc);
+}
+
+#define ADDOP(C, LOC, OP) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (LOC)))
+
+#define ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (LOC)))
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_load_const(compiler *c, location loc, PyObject *o)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t arg = _PyCompile_AddConst(c, o);
+    if (arg < 0) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_CONST, arg);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(C, LOC, O) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), (O)))
+
+#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, O) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), (O)))
+
+/* Same as ADDOP_LOAD_CONST, but steals a reference. */
+#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(C, LOC, O) { \
+    PyObject *__new_const = (O); \
+    if (__new_const == NULL) { \
+        return ERROR; \
+    } \
+    if (codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), __new_const) < 0) { \
+        Py_DECREF(__new_const); \
+        return ERROR; \
+    } \
+    Py_DECREF(__new_const); \
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_o(compiler *c, location loc,
+                int opcode, PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t arg = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(dict, o);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(arg);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, opcode, arg);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_N(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) { \
+    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_CONST(OP)); /* use ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW */ \
+    int ret = codegen_addop_o((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)); \
+    Py_DECREF((O)); \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret); \
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_N_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) { \
+    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_CONST(OP)); /* use ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW */ \
+    int ret = codegen_addop_o((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)); \
+    Py_DECREF((O)); \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), ret); \
+}
+
+#define LOAD_METHOD -1
+#define LOAD_SUPER_METHOD -2
+#define LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR -3
+#define LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD -4
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_name(compiler *c, location loc,
+                   int opcode, PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
+{
+    PyObject *mangled = _PyCompile_MaybeMangle(c, o);
+    if (!mangled) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t arg = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(dict, mangled);
+    Py_DECREF(mangled);
+    if (arg < 0) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_ATTR) {
+        arg <<= 1;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_METHOD) {
+        opcode = LOAD_ATTR;
+        arg <<= 1;
+        arg |= 1;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_SUPER_ATTR) {
+        arg <<= 2;
+        arg |= 2;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_SUPER_METHOD) {
+        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
+        arg <<= 2;
+        arg |= 3;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR) {
+        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
+        arg <<= 2;
+    }
+    if (opcode == LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD) {
+        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
+        arg <<= 2;
+        arg |= 1;
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, opcode, arg);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_NAME(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_name((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)))
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_j(instr_sequence *seq, location loc,
+                int opcode, jump_target_label target)
+{
+    assert(IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(target));
+    assert(OPCODE_HAS_JUMP(opcode) || IS_BLOCK_PUSH_OPCODE(opcode));
+    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
+    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, target.id, loc);
+}
+
+#define ADDOP_JUMP(C, LOC, OP, O) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_j(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (LOC), (OP), (O)))
+
+#define ADDOP_COMPARE(C, LOC, CMP) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addcompare((C), (LOC), (cmpop_ty)(CMP)))
+
+#define ADDOP_BINARY(C, LOC, BINOP) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(addop_binary((C), (LOC), (BINOP), false))
+
+#define ADDOP_INPLACE(C, LOC, BINOP) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(addop_binary((C), (LOC), (BINOP), true))
+
+#define ADD_YIELD_FROM(C, LOC, await) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_add_yield_from((C), (LOC), (await)))
+
+#define POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(C, LOC) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pop_except_and_reraise((C), (LOC)))
+
+#define ADDOP_YIELD(C, LOC) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_yield((C), (LOC)))
+
+/* VISIT and VISIT_SEQ takes an ASDL type as their second argument.  They use
+   the ASDL name to synthesize the name of the C type and the visit function.
+*/
+
+#define VISIT(C, TYPE, V) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), (V)));
+
+#define VISIT_IN_SCOPE(C, TYPE, V) \
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), (V)))
+
+#define VISIT_SEQ(C, TYPE, SEQ) { \
+    int _i; \
+    asdl_ ## TYPE ## _seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
+    for (_i = 0; _i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); _i++) { \
+        TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, _i); \
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), elt)); \
+    } \
+}
+
+#define VISIT_SEQ_IN_SCOPE(C, TYPE, SEQ) { \
+    int _i; \
+    asdl_ ## TYPE ## _seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
+    for (_i = 0; _i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); _i++) { \
+        TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, _i); \
+        if (codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), elt) < 0) { \
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(C); \
+            return ERROR; \
+        } \
+    } \
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_call_exit_with_nones(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 3);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_add_yield_from(compiler *c, location loc, int await)
+{
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, send);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, fail);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, send);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SEND, exit);
+    // Set up a virtual try/except to handle when StopIteration is raised during
+    // a close or throw call. The only way YIELD_VALUE raises if they do!
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, fail);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, YIELD_VALUE, 1);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, await ? RESUME_AFTER_AWAIT : RESUME_AFTER_YIELD_FROM);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, send);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, fail);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, CLEANUP_THROW);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, END_SEND);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pop_except_and_reraise(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    /* Stack contents
+     * [exc_info, lasti, exc]            COPY        3
+     * [exc_info, lasti, exc, exc_info]  POP_EXCEPT
+     * [exc_info, lasti, exc]            RERAISE      1
+     * (exception_unwind clears the stack)
+     */
+
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_EXCEPT);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 1);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Unwind a frame block.  If preserve_tos is true, the TOS before
+ * popping the blocks will be restored afterwards, unless another
+ * return, break or continue is found. In which case, the TOS will
+ * be popped.
+ */
+static int
+codegen_unwind_fblock(compiler *c, location *ploc,
+                      fblockinfo *info, int preserve_tos)
+{
+    switch (info->fb_type) {
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_WHILE_LOOP:
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_HANDLER:
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER:
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR:
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_STOP_ITERATION:
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP:
+            /* Pop the iterator */
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT:
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY:
+            /* This POP_BLOCK gets the line number of the unwinding statement */
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                    _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, *ploc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_POP_VALUE,
+                                          NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+            }
+            /* Emit the finally block */
+            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, info->fb_datum);
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_POP_VALUE, NO_LABEL);
+            }
+            /* The finally block should appear to execute after the
+             * statement causing the unwinding, so make the unwinding
+             * instruction artificial */
+            *ploc = NO_LOCATION;
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END:
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_EXCEPT);
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_WITH:
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_WITH:
+            *ploc = info->fb_loc;
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 3);
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, *ploc));
+            if (info->fb_type == COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_WITH) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
+                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, *ploc, Py_None);
+                ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, *ploc, 1);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
+            /* The exit block should appear to execute after the
+             * statement causing the unwinding, so make the unwinding
+             * instruction artificial */
+            *ploc = NO_LOCATION;
+            return SUCCESS;
+
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP: {
+            if (info->fb_datum) {
+                ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            }
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_EXCEPT);
+            if (info->fb_datum) {
+                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, *ploc, Py_None);
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, *ploc, info->fb_datum, Store));
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, *ploc, info->fb_datum, Del));
+            }
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        case COMPILE_FBLOCK_POP_VALUE: {
+            if (preserve_tos) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
+            }
+            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+/** Unwind block stack. If loop is not NULL, then stop when the first loop is encountered. */
+static int
+codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(compiler *c, location *ploc,
+                            int preserve_tos, fblockinfo **loop)
+{
+    fblockinfo *top = _PyCompile_TopFBlock(c);
+    if (top == NULL) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (top->fb_type == COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(
+            c, *ploc, "'break', 'continue' and 'return' cannot appear in an except* block");
+    }
+    if (loop != NULL && (top->fb_type == COMPILE_FBLOCK_WHILE_LOOP ||
+                         top->fb_type == COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP)) {
+        *loop = top;
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    fblockinfo copy = *top;
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, top->fb_type, top->fb_block);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock(c, ploc, &copy, preserve_tos));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, ploc, preserve_tos, loop));
+    _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, copy.fb_loc, copy.fb_type, copy.fb_block,
+                          copy.fb_exit, copy.fb_datum);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_enter_scope(compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
+                    void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
+                    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_EnterScope(c, name, scope_type, key, lineno, private, umd));
+    location loc = LOCATION(lineno, lineno, 0, 0);
+    if (scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE) {
+        loc.lineno = 0;
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, RESUME_AT_FUNC_START);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_setup_annotations_scope(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                void *key, PyObject *name)
+{
+    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
+        .u_posonlyargcount = 1,
+    };
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_enter_scope(c, name, COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
+                            key, loc.lineno, NULL, &umd));
+
+    // if .format != 1: raise NotImplementedError
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(format, ".format");
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, _PyLong_GetOne());
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COMPARE_OP, (Py_NE << 5) | compare_masks[Py_NE]);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, body);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT, CONSTANT_NOTIMPLEMENTEDERROR);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RAISE_VARARGS, 1);
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_leave_annotations_scope(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                Py_ssize_t annotations_len)
+{
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, annotations_len);
+    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_process_deferred_annotations(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    PyObject *deferred_anno = _PyCompile_DeferredAnnotations(c);
+    if (deferred_anno == NULL) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(deferred_anno);
+
+    // It's possible that ste_annotations_block is set but
+    // u_deferred_annotations is not, because the former is still
+    // set if there are only non-simple annotations (i.e., annotations
+    // for attributes, subscripts, or parenthesized names). However, the
+    // reverse should not be possible.
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    assert(ste->ste_annotation_block != NULL);
+    void *key = (void *)((uintptr_t)ste->ste_id + 1);
+    if (codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, loc, key,
+                                        ste->ste_annotation_block->ste_name) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t annotations_len = PyList_Size(deferred_anno);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < annotations_len; i++) {
+        PyObject *ptr = PyList_GET_ITEM(deferred_anno, i);
+        stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)PyLong_AsVoidPtr(ptr);
+        if (st == NULL) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+            Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        PyObject *mangled = _PyCompile_Mangle(c, st->v.AnnAssign.target->v.Name.id);
+        if (!mangled) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+            Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(st), mangled);
+        VISIT(c, expr, st->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_leave_annotations_scope(c, loc, annotations_len));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), Store));
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Compile an expression */
+int
+_PyCodegen_Expression(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    VISIT(c, expr, e);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Compile a sequence of statements, checking for a docstring
+   and for annotations. */
+
+int
+_PyCodegen_Body(compiler *c, location loc, asdl_stmt_seq *stmts)
+{
+    /* If from __future__ import annotations is active,
+     * every annotated class and module should have __annotations__.
+     * Else __annotate__ is created when necessary. */
+    if ((FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) && SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_annotations_used) {
+        ADDOP(c, loc, SETUP_ANNOTATIONS);
+    }
+    if (!asdl_seq_LEN(stmts)) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t first_instr = 0;
+    if (!IS_INTERACTIVE(c)) {
+        PyObject *docstring = _PyAST_GetDocString(stmts);
+        if (docstring) {
+            first_instr = 1;
+            /* if not -OO mode, set docstring */
+            if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c) < 2) {
+                PyObject *cleandoc = _PyCompile_CleanDoc(docstring);
+                if (cleandoc == NULL) {
+                    return ERROR;
+                }
+                stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, 0);
+                assert(st->kind == Expr_kind);
+                location loc = LOC(st->v.Expr.value);
+                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, cleandoc);
+                Py_DECREF(cleandoc);
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__doc__), Store));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = first_instr; i < asdl_seq_LEN(stmts); i++) {
+        VISIT(c, stmt, (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, i));
+    }
+    // If there are annotations and the future import is not on, we
+    // collect the annotations in a separate pass and generate an
+    // __annotate__ function. See PEP 649.
+    if (!(FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS)) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_process_deferred_annotations(c, loc));
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+_PyCodegen_EnterAnonymousScope(compiler* c, mod_ty mod)
+{
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_module, "<module>");
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_enter_scope(c, &_Py_STR(anon_module), COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE,
+                            mod, 1, NULL, NULL));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_make_closure(compiler *c, location loc,
+                     PyCodeObject *co, Py_ssize_t flags)
+{
+    if (co->co_nfreevars) {
+        int i = PyUnstable_Code_GetFirstFree(co);
+        for (; i < co->co_nlocalsplus; ++i) {
+            /* Bypass com_addop_varname because it will generate
+               LOAD_DEREF but LOAD_CLOSURE is needed.
+            */
+            PyObject *name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, i);
+            int arg = _PyCompile_LookupArg(c, co, name);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(arg);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_CLOSURE, arg);
+        }
+        flags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE;
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, co->co_nfreevars);
+    }
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, (PyObject*)co);
+
+    ADDOP(c, loc, MAKE_FUNCTION);
+
+    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE);
+    }
+    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS);
+    }
+    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE);
+    }
+    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS);
+    }
+    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_decorators(compiler *c, asdl_expr_seq* decos)
+{
+    if (!decos) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(decos); i++) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, i));
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_apply_decorators(compiler *c, asdl_expr_seq* decos)
+{
+    if (!decos) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = asdl_seq_LEN(decos) - 1; i > -1; i--) {
+        location loc = LOC((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, i));
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_kwonlydefaults(compiler *c, location loc,
+                       asdl_arg_seq *kwonlyargs, asdl_expr_seq *kw_defaults)
+{
+    /* Push a dict of keyword-only default values.
+
+       Return -1 on error, 0 if no dict pushed, 1 if a dict is pushed.
+       */
+    int default_count = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(kwonlyargs); i++) {
+        arg_ty arg = asdl_seq_GET(kwonlyargs, i);
+        expr_ty default_ = asdl_seq_GET(kw_defaults, i);
+        if (default_) {
+            default_count++;
+            PyObject *mangled = _PyCompile_MaybeMangle(c, arg->arg);
+            if (!mangled) {
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, mangled);
+            VISIT(c, expr, default_);
+        }
+    }
+    if (default_count) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, default_count);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_visit_annexpr(compiler *c, expr_ty annotation)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(annotation);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, _PyAST_ExprAsUnicode(annotation));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_argannotation(compiler *c, identifier id,
+    expr_ty annotation, Py_ssize_t *annotations_len, location loc)
+{
+    if (!annotation) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    PyObject *mangled = _PyCompile_MaybeMangle(c, id);
+    if (!mangled) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, mangled);
+    Py_DECREF(mangled);
+
+    if (FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) {
+        VISIT(c, annexpr, annotation);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (annotation->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            // *args: *Ts (where Ts is a TypeVarTuple).
+            // Do [annotation_value] = [*Ts].
+            // (Note that in theory we could end up here even for an argument
+            // other than *args, but in practice the grammar doesn't allow it.)
+            VISIT(c, expr, annotation->v.Starred.value);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, (Py_ssize_t) 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            VISIT(c, expr, annotation);
+        }
+    }
+    *annotations_len += 1;
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_argannotations(compiler *c, asdl_arg_seq* args,
+                       Py_ssize_t *annotations_len, location loc)
+{
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(args); i++) {
+        arg_ty arg = (arg_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_argannotation(
+                        c,
+                        arg->arg,
+                        arg->annotation,
+                        annotations_len,
+                        loc));
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_annotations_in_scope(compiler *c, location loc,
+                             arguments_ty args, expr_ty returns,
+                             Py_ssize_t *annotations_len)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_argannotations(c, args->args, annotations_len, loc));
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_argannotations(c, args->posonlyargs, annotations_len, loc));
+
+    if (args->vararg && args->vararg->annotation) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_argannotation(c, args->vararg->arg,
+                                     args->vararg->annotation, annotations_len, loc));
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_argannotations(c, args->kwonlyargs, annotations_len, loc));
+
+    if (args->kwarg && args->kwarg->annotation) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_argannotation(c, args->kwarg->arg,
+                                     args->kwarg->annotation, annotations_len, loc));
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_argannotation(c, &_Py_ID(return), returns, annotations_len, loc));
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_annotations(compiler *c, location loc,
+                    arguments_ty args, expr_ty returns)
+{
+    /* Push arg annotation names and values.
+       The expressions are evaluated separately from the rest of the source code.
+
+       Return -1 on error, or a combination of flags to add to the function.
+       */
+    Py_ssize_t annotations_len = 0;
+
+    PySTEntryObject *ste;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PySymtable_LookupOptional(SYMTABLE(c), args, &ste));
+    assert(ste != NULL);
+    bool annotations_used = ste->ste_annotations_used;
+
+    int err = annotations_used ?
+        codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, loc, (void *)args, ste->ste_name) : SUCCESS;
+    Py_DECREF(ste);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(err);
+
+    if (codegen_annotations_in_scope(c, loc, args, returns, &annotations_len) < 0) {
+        if (annotations_used) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        }
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (annotations_used) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_leave_annotations_scope(c, loc, annotations_len)
+        );
+        return MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_defaults(compiler *c, arguments_ty args,
+                        location loc)
+{
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, args->defaults);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, asdl_seq_LEN(args->defaults));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static Py_ssize_t
+codegen_default_arguments(compiler *c, location loc,
+                          arguments_ty args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t funcflags = 0;
+    if (args->defaults && asdl_seq_LEN(args->defaults) > 0) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_defaults(c, args, loc));
+        funcflags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS;
+    }
+    if (args->kwonlyargs) {
+        int res = codegen_kwonlydefaults(c, loc,
+                                         args->kwonlyargs,
+                                         args->kw_defaults);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(res);
+        if (res > 0) {
+            funcflags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS;
+        }
+    }
+    return funcflags;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(compiler *c)
+{
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, handler);
+
+    /* Insert SETUP_CLEANUP at start */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyInstructionSequence_InsertInstruction(
+            INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), 0,
+            SETUP_CLEANUP, handler.id, NO_LOCATION));
+
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
+    USE_LABEL(c, handler);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 1);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(compiler *c, expr_ty e,
+                                    identifier name, void *key,
+                                    bool allow_starred)
+{
+    PyObject *defaults = PyTuple_Pack(1, _PyLong_GetOne());
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(e), defaults);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, LOC(e), key, name));
+    if (allow_starred && e->kind == Starred_kind) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Starred.value);
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, (Py_ssize_t)1);
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT(c, expr, e);
+    }
+    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, LOC(e), RETURN_VALUE);
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, LOC(e), co, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_type_params(compiler *c, asdl_type_param_seq *type_params)
+{
+    if (!type_params) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params);
+    bool seen_default = false;
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        type_param_ty typeparam = asdl_seq_GET(type_params, i);
+        location loc = LOC(typeparam);
+        switch(typeparam->kind) {
+        case TypeVar_kind:
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name);
+            if (typeparam->v.TypeVar.bound) {
+                expr_ty bound = typeparam->v.TypeVar.bound;
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, bound, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name,
+                                                        (void *)typeparam, false));
+
+                int intrinsic = bound->kind == Tuple_kind
+                    ? INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS
+                    : INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND;
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, intrinsic);
+            }
+            else {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR);
+            }
+            if (typeparam->v.TypeVar.default_value) {
+                seen_default = true;
+                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.TypeVar.default_value;
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name,
+                                                        (void *)((uintptr_t)typeparam + 1), false));
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
+            }
+            else if (seen_default) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
+                                        "follows default type parameter",
+                                        typeparam->v.TypeVar.name);
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name, Store));
+            break;
+        case TypeVarTuple_kind:
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE);
+            if (typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.default_value) {
+                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.default_value;
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name,
+                                                        (void *)typeparam, true));
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
+                seen_default = true;
+            }
+            else if (seen_default) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
+                                        "follows default type parameter",
+                                        typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name);
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name, Store));
+            break;
+        case ParamSpec_kind:
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC);
+            if (typeparam->v.ParamSpec.default_value) {
+                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.ParamSpec.default_value;
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name,
+                                                        (void *)typeparam, false));
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
+                seen_default = true;
+            }
+            else if (seen_default) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
+                                        "follows default type parameter",
+                                        typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name);
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name, Store));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(asdl_seq_GET(type_params, 0)), BUILD_TUPLE, n);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_function_body(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int is_async, Py_ssize_t funcflags,
+                      int firstlineno)
+{
+    arguments_ty args;
+    identifier name;
+    asdl_stmt_seq *body;
+    int scope_type;
+
+    if (is_async) {
+        assert(s->kind == AsyncFunctionDef_kind);
+
+        args = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.args;
+        name = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.name;
+        body = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.body;
+
+        scope_type = COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION;
+    } else {
+        assert(s->kind == FunctionDef_kind);
+
+        args = s->v.FunctionDef.args;
+        name = s->v.FunctionDef.name;
+        body = s->v.FunctionDef.body;
+
+        scope_type = COMPILE_SCOPE_FUNCTION;
+    }
+
+    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
+        .u_argcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->args),
+        .u_posonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->posonlyargs),
+        .u_kwonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs),
+    };
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_enter_scope(c, name, scope_type, (void *)s, firstlineno, NULL, &umd));
+
+    Py_ssize_t first_instr = 0;
+    PyObject *docstring = _PyAST_GetDocString(body);
+    if (docstring) {
+        first_instr = 1;
+        /* if not -OO mode, add docstring */
+        if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c) < 2) {
+            docstring = _PyCompile_CleanDoc(docstring);
+            if (docstring == NULL) {
+                _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            docstring = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t idx = _PyCompile_AddConst(c, docstring ? docstring : Py_None);
+    Py_XDECREF(docstring);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, idx < 0 ? ERROR : SUCCESS);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
+    USE_LABEL(c, start);
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    bool add_stopiteration_handler = ste->ste_coroutine || ste->ste_generator;
+    if (add_stopiteration_handler) {
+        /* codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler will push a block, so we need to account for that */
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, NO_LOCATION, COMPILE_FBLOCK_STOP_ITERATION,
+                                  start, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+    }
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = first_instr; i < asdl_seq_LEN(body); i++) {
+        VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, stmt, (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(body, i));
+    }
+    if (add_stopiteration_handler) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(c));
+        _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_STOP_ITERATION, start);
+    }
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        Py_XDECREF(co);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, LOC(s), co, funcflags);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_function(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int is_async)
+{
+    arguments_ty args;
+    expr_ty returns;
+    identifier name;
+    asdl_expr_seq *decos;
+    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params;
+    Py_ssize_t funcflags;
+    int firstlineno;
+
+    if (is_async) {
+        assert(s->kind == AsyncFunctionDef_kind);
+
+        args = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.args;
+        returns = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.returns;
+        decos = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.decorator_list;
+        name = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.name;
+        type_params = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.type_params;
+    } else {
+        assert(s->kind == FunctionDef_kind);
+
+        args = s->v.FunctionDef.args;
+        returns = s->v.FunctionDef.returns;
+        decos = s->v.FunctionDef.decorator_list;
+        name = s->v.FunctionDef.name;
+        type_params = s->v.FunctionDef.type_params;
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_decorators(c, decos));
+
+    firstlineno = s->lineno;
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(decos)) {
+        firstlineno = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, 0))->lineno;
+    }
+
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
+
+    funcflags = codegen_default_arguments(c, loc, args);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(funcflags);
+
+    int num_typeparam_args = 0;
+
+    if (is_generic) {
+        if (funcflags & MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS) {
+            num_typeparam_args += 1;
+        }
+        if (funcflags & MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS) {
+            num_typeparam_args += 1;
+        }
+        if (num_typeparam_args == 2) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+        }
+        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>", name);
+        if (!type_params_name) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
+            .u_argcount = num_typeparam_args,
+        };
+        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
+                                      (void *)type_params, firstlineno, NULL, &umd);
+        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_typeparam_args; i++) {
+            ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    int annotations_flag = codegen_annotations(c, loc, args, returns);
+    if (annotations_flag < 0) {
+        if (is_generic) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        }
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    funcflags |= annotations_flag;
+
+    int ret = codegen_function_body(c, s, is_async, funcflags, firstlineno);
+    if (is_generic) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    }
+
+    if (is_generic) {
+        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS);
+
+        PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 0);
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        if (co == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
+        Py_DECREF(co);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        if (num_typeparam_args > 0) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, num_typeparam_args + 1);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, num_typeparam_args - 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_apply_decorators(c, decos));
+    return codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Store);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_set_type_params_in_class(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Load));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__type_params__), Store));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_class_body(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int firstlineno)
+{
+    /* ultimately generate code for:
+         <name> = __build_class__(<func>, <name>, *<bases>, **<keywords>)
+       where:
+         <func> is a zero arg function/closure created from the class body.
+            It mutates its locals to build the class namespace.
+         <name> is the class name
+         <bases> is the positional arguments and *varargs argument
+         <keywords> is the keyword arguments and **kwds argument
+       This borrows from codegen_call.
+    */
+
+    /* 1. compile the class body into a code object */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_enter_scope(c, s->v.ClassDef.name, COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS,
+                            (void *)s, firstlineno, s->v.ClassDef.name, NULL));
+
+    location loc = LOCATION(firstlineno, firstlineno, 0, 0);
+    /* load (global) __name__ ... */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__name__), Load));
+    /* ... and store it as __module__ */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__module__), Store));
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, QUALNAME(c));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__qualname__), Store));
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromLong(METADATA(c)->u_firstlineno));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__firstlineno__), Store));
+    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.ClassDef.type_params;
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_set_type_params_in_class(c, loc));
+    }
+    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_classdict) {
+        ADDOP(c, loc, LOAD_LOCALS);
+
+        // We can't use codegen_nameop here because we need to generate a
+        // STORE_DEREF in a class namespace, and codegen_nameop() won't do
+        // that by default.
+        ADDOP_N_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, STORE_DEREF, &_Py_ID(__classdict__), cellvars);
+    }
+    /* compile the body proper */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, _PyCodegen_Body(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.body));
+    PyObject *static_attributes = _PyCompile_StaticAttributesAsTuple(c);
+    if (static_attributes == NULL) {
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, static_attributes);
+    Py_CLEAR(static_attributes);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
+        c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__static_attributes__), Store));
+    /* The following code is artificial */
+    /* Set __classdictcell__ if necessary */
+    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_classdict) {
+        /* Store __classdictcell__ into class namespace */
+        int i = _PyCompile_LookupCellvar(c, &_Py_ID(__classdict__));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, i);
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LOAD_CLOSURE, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
+            c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__classdictcell__), Store));
+    }
+    /* Return __classcell__ if it is referenced, otherwise return None */
+    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_class_closure) {
+        /* Store __classcell__ into class namespace & return it */
+        int i = _PyCompile_LookupCellvar(c, &_Py_ID(__class__));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, i);
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LOAD_CLOSURE, i);
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, COPY, 1);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
+            c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__classcell__), Store));
+    }
+    else {
+        /* No methods referenced __class__, so just return None */
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+    }
+    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
+    /* create the code object */
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+
+    /* leave the new scope */
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    /* 2. load the 'build_class' function */
+
+    // these instructions should be attributed to the class line,
+    // not a decorator line
+    loc = LOC(s);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, LOAD_BUILD_CLASS);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
+
+    /* 3. load a function (or closure) made from the code object */
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+
+    /* 4. load class name */
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.name);
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_class(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    asdl_expr_seq *decos = s->v.ClassDef.decorator_list;
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_decorators(c, decos));
+
+    int firstlineno = s->lineno;
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(decos)) {
+        firstlineno = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, 0))->lineno;
+    }
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.ClassDef.type_params;
+    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
+    if (is_generic) {
+        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>",
+                                                         s->v.ClassDef.name);
+        if (!type_params_name) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
+                                      (void *)type_params, firstlineno, s->v.ClassDef.name, NULL);
+        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
+        _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Store));
+    }
+
+    int ret = codegen_class_body(c, s, firstlineno);
+    if (is_generic) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    }
+
+    /* generate the rest of the code for the call */
+
+    if (is_generic) {
+        _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
+        _Py_DECLARE_STR(generic_base, ".generic_base");
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Load));
+        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(generic_base), Store));
+
+        Py_ssize_t original_len = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.ClassDef.bases);
+        asdl_expr_seq *bases = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(
+            original_len + 1, ARENA(c));
+        if (bases == NULL) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < original_len; i++) {
+            asdl_seq_SET(bases, i, asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ClassDef.bases, i));
+        }
+        expr_ty name_node = _PyAST_Name(
+            &_Py_STR(generic_base), Load,
+            loc.lineno, loc.col_offset, loc.end_lineno, loc.end_col_offset, ARENA(c)
+        );
+        if (name_node == NULL) {
+            _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        asdl_seq_SET(bases, original_len, name_node);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 2,
+                                                        bases,
+                                                        s->v.ClassDef.keywords));
+
+        PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 0);
+
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        if (co == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
+        Py_DECREF(co);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+    } else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 2,
+                                            s->v.ClassDef.bases,
+                                            s->v.ClassDef.keywords));
+    }
+
+    /* 6. apply decorators */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_apply_decorators(c, decos));
+
+    /* 7. store into <name> */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.name, Store));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_typealias_body(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    PyObject *name = s->v.TypeAlias.name->v.Name.id;
+    PyObject *defaults = PyTuple_Pack(1, _PyLong_GetOne());
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, defaults);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, LOC(s), s, name));
+    /* Make None the first constant, so the evaluate function can't have a
+        docstring. */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_AddConst(c, Py_None));
+    VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, expr, s->v.TypeAlias.value);
+    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 0);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, 3);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_typealias(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.TypeAlias.type_params;
+    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
+    PyObject *name = s->v.TypeAlias.name->v.Name.id;
+    if (is_generic) {
+        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>",
+                                                         name);
+        if (!type_params_name) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
+                                      (void *)type_params, loc.lineno, NULL, NULL);
+        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, name);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, name);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    }
+
+    int ret = codegen_typealias_body(c, s);
+    if (is_generic) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    }
+
+    if (is_generic) {
+        PyCodeObject *co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 0);
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+        if (co == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
+        Py_DECREF(co);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+    }
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Store));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Return false if the expression is a constant value except named singletons.
+   Return true otherwise. */
+static bool
+check_is_arg(expr_ty e)
+{
+    if (e->kind != Constant_kind) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    PyObject *value = e->v.Constant.value;
+    return (value == Py_None
+         || value == Py_False
+         || value == Py_True
+         || value == Py_Ellipsis);
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject * infer_type(expr_ty e);
+
+/* Check operands of identity checks ("is" and "is not").
+   Emit a warning if any operand is a constant except named singletons.
+ */
+static int
+codegen_check_compare(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    bool left = check_is_arg(e->v.Compare.left);
+    expr_ty left_expr = e->v.Compare.left;
+    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        cmpop_ty op = (cmpop_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i);
+        expr_ty right_expr = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i);
+        bool right = check_is_arg(right_expr);
+        if (op == Is || op == IsNot) {
+            if (!right || !left) {
+                const char *msg = (op == Is)
+                        ? "\"is\" with '%.200s' literal. Did you mean \"==\"?"
+                        : "\"is not\" with '%.200s' literal. Did you mean \"!=\"?";
+                expr_ty literal = !left ? left_expr : right_expr;
+                return _PyCompile_Warn(
+                    c, LOC(e), msg, infer_type(literal)->tp_name
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        left = right;
+        left_expr = right_expr;
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_addcompare(compiler *c, location loc, cmpop_ty op)
+{
+    int cmp;
+    switch (op) {
+    case Eq:
+        cmp = Py_EQ;
+        break;
+    case NotEq:
+        cmp = Py_NE;
+        break;
+    case Lt:
+        cmp = Py_LT;
+        break;
+    case LtE:
+        cmp = Py_LE;
+        break;
+    case Gt:
+        cmp = Py_GT;
+        break;
+    case GtE:
+        cmp = Py_GE;
+        break;
+    case Is:
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, IS_OP, 0);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    case IsNot:
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, IS_OP, 1);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    case In:
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONTAINS_OP, 0);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    case NotIn:
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONTAINS_OP, 1);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    default:
+        Py_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+    // cmp goes in top three bits of the oparg, while the low four bits are used
+    // by quickened versions of this opcode to store the comparison mask. The
+    // fifth-lowest bit indicates whether the result should be converted to bool
+    // and is set later):
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COMPARE_OP, (cmp << 5) | compare_masks[cmp]);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_jump_if(compiler *c, location loc,
+                expr_ty e, jump_target_label next, int cond)
+{
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case UnaryOp_kind:
+        if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == Not) {
+            return codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.UnaryOp.operand, next, !cond);
+        }
+        /* fallback to general implementation */
+        break;
+    case BoolOp_kind: {
+        asdl_expr_seq *s = e->v.BoolOp.values;
+        Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(s) - 1;
+        assert(n >= 0);
+        int cond2 = e->v.BoolOp.op == Or;
+        jump_target_label next2 = next;
+        if (!cond2 != !cond) {
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, new_next2);
+            next2 = new_next2;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_jump_if(c, loc, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, i), next2, cond2));
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, n), next, cond));
+        if (!SAME_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(next2, next)) {
+            USE_LABEL(c, next2);
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    case IfExp_kind: {
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next2);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.test, next2, 0));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.body, next, cond));
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, next2);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.orelse, next, cond));
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, end);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    case Compare_kind: {
+        Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) - 1;
+        if (n > 0) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_compare(c, e));
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Compare.left);
+            for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                VISIT(c, expr,
+                    (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i));
+                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), SWAP, 2);
+                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), COPY, 2);
+                ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(e), asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i));
+                ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
+                ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, cleanup);
+            }
+            VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, n));
+            ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(e), asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, n));
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), cond ? POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE : POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, next);
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(e), POP_TOP);
+            if (!cond) {
+                ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, next);
+            }
+
+            USE_LABEL(c, end);
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        /* fallback to general implementation */
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        /* fallback to general implementation */
+        break;
+    }
+
+    /* general implementation */
+    VISIT(c, expr, e);
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), cond ? POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE : POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, next);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_ifexp(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    assert(e->kind == IfExp_kind);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next);
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(e), e->v.IfExp.test, next, 0));
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.IfExp.body);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, next);
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.IfExp.orelse);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_lambda(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    PyCodeObject *co;
+    Py_ssize_t funcflags;
+    arguments_ty args = e->v.Lambda.args;
+    assert(e->kind == Lambda_kind);
+
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    funcflags = codegen_default_arguments(c, loc, args);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(funcflags);
+
+    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
+        .u_argcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->args),
+        .u_posonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->posonlyargs),
+        .u_kwonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs),
+    };
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_lambda, "<lambda>");
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_enter_scope(c, &_Py_STR(anon_lambda), COMPILE_SCOPE_LAMBDA,
+                            (void *)e, e->lineno, NULL, &umd));
+
+    /* Make None the first constant, so the lambda can't have a
+       docstring. */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_AddConst(c, Py_None));
+
+    VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, expr, e->v.Lambda.body);
+    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_generator) {
+        co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        location loc = LOC(e->v.Lambda.body);
+        ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
+        co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+    }
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, funcflags);
+    Py_DECREF(co);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_if(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    jump_target_label next;
+    assert(s->kind == If_kind);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.If.orelse)) {
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, orelse);
+        next = orelse;
+    }
+    else {
+        next = end;
+    }
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.If.test, next, 0));
+
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.If.body);
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.If.orelse)) {
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, next);
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.If.orelse);
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_for(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP, start, end, NULL));
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.For.iter);
+
+    loc = LOC(s->v.For.iter);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ITER);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, start);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, FOR_ITER, cleanup);
+
+    /* Add NOP to ensure correct line tracing of multiline for statements.
+     * It will be removed later if redundant.
+     */
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(s->v.For.target), NOP);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.For.target);
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.body);
+    /* Mark jump as artificial */
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, start);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    /* It is important for instrumentation that the `END_FOR` comes first.
+    * Iteration over a generator will jump to the first of these instructions,
+    * but a non-generator will jump to a later instruction.
+    */
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, END_FOR);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP, start);
+
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.orelse);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_async_for(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AsyncFor.iter);
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(s->v.AsyncFor.iter), GET_AITER);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, start);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP, start, end, NULL));
+
+    /* SETUP_FINALLY to guard the __anext__ call */
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ANEXT);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);  /* for SETUP_FINALLY */
+
+    /* Success block for __anext__ */
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AsyncFor.target);
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.AsyncFor.body);
+    /* Mark jump as artificial */
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, start);
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FOR_LOOP, start);
+
+    /* Except block for __anext__ */
+    USE_LABEL(c, except);
+
+    /* Use same line number as the iterator,
+     * as the END_ASYNC_FOR succeeds the `for`, not the body. */
+    loc = LOC(s->v.AsyncFor.iter);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, END_ASYNC_FOR);
+
+    /* `else` block */
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.orelse);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_while(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, loop);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, anchor);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, loop);
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, LOC(s), COMPILE_FBLOCK_WHILE_LOOP, loop, end, NULL));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.While.test, anchor, 0));
+
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.While.body);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, loop);
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_WHILE_LOOP, loop);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, anchor);
+    if (s->v.While.orelse) {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.While.orelse);
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_return(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    int preserve_tos = ((s->v.Return.value != NULL) &&
+                        (s->v.Return.value->kind != Constant_kind));
+
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(ste)) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "'return' outside function");
+    }
+    if (s->v.Return.value != NULL && ste->ste_coroutine && ste->ste_generator) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "'return' with value in async generator");
+    }
+
+    if (preserve_tos) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Return.value);
+    } else {
+        /* Emit instruction with line number for return value */
+        if (s->v.Return.value != NULL) {
+            loc = LOC(s->v.Return.value);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+        }
+    }
+    if (s->v.Return.value == NULL || s->v.Return.value->lineno != s->lineno) {
+        loc = LOC(s);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, preserve_tos, NULL));
+    if (s->v.Return.value == NULL) {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    }
+    else if (!preserve_tos) {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, s->v.Return.value->v.Constant.value);
+    }
+    ADDOP(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_break(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    fblockinfo *loop = NULL;
+    location origin_loc = loc;
+    /* Emit instruction with line number */
+    ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, 0, &loop));
+    if (loop == NULL) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, origin_loc, "'break' outside loop");
+    }
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock(c, &loc, loop, 0));
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, loop->fb_exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_continue(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    fblockinfo *loop = NULL;
+    location origin_loc = loc;
+    /* Emit instruction with line number */
+    ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, 0, &loop));
+    if (loop == NULL) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, origin_loc, "'continue' not properly in loop");
+    }
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, loop->fb_block);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/* Code generated for "try: <body> finally: <finalbody>" is as follows:
+
+        SETUP_FINALLY           L
+        <code for body>
+        POP_BLOCK
+        <code for finalbody>
+        JUMP E
+    L:
+        <code for finalbody>
+    E:
+
+   The special instructions use the block stack.  Each block
+   stack entry contains the instruction that created it (here
+   SETUP_FINALLY), the level of the value stack at the time the
+   block stack entry was created, and a label (here L).
+
+   SETUP_FINALLY:
+    Pushes the current value stack level and the label
+    onto the block stack.
+   POP_BLOCK:
+    Pops en entry from the block stack.
+
+   The block stack is unwound when an exception is raised:
+   when a SETUP_FINALLY entry is found, the raised and the caught
+   exceptions are pushed onto the value stack (and the exception
+   condition is cleared), and the interpreter jumps to the label
+   gotten from the block stack.
+*/
+
+static int
+codegen_try_finally(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+
+    /* `try` block */
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, end);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY, body, end,
+                              s->v.Try.finalbody));
+
+    if (s->v.Try.handlers && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.handlers)) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_try_except(c, s));
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.body);
+    }
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY, body);
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.finalbody);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
+    /* `finally` block */
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+
+    loc = NO_LOCATION;
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END, end, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.finalbody);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END, end);
+
+    loc = NO_LOCATION;
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 0);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, loc);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_try_star_finally(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    /* `try` block */
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, end);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY, body, end,
+                              s->v.TryStar.finalbody));
+
+    if (s->v.TryStar.handlers && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.handlers)) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_try_star_except(c, s));
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.body);
+    }
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_TRY, body);
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.finalbody);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
+
+    /* `finally` block */
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+
+    loc = NO_LOCATION;
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END, end, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.finalbody);
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_FINALLY_END, end);
+    loc = NO_LOCATION;
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 0);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, loc);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/*
+   Code generated for "try: S except E1 as V1: S1 except E2 as V2: S2 ...":
+   (The contents of the value stack is shown in [], with the top
+   at the right; 'tb' is trace-back info, 'val' the exception's
+   associated value, and 'exc' the exception.)
+
+   Value stack          Label   Instruction     Argument
+   []                           SETUP_FINALLY   L1
+   []                           <code for S>
+   []                           POP_BLOCK
+   []                           JUMP            L0
+
+   [exc]                L1:     <evaluate E1>           )
+   [exc, E1]                    CHECK_EXC_MATCH         )
+   [exc, bool]                  POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE L2    ) only if E1
+   [exc]                        <assign to V1>  (or POP if no V1)
+   []                           <code for S1>
+                                JUMP            L0
+
+   [exc]                L2:     <evaluate E2>
+   .............................etc.......................
+
+   [exc]                Ln+1:   RERAISE     # re-raise exception
+
+   []                   L0:     <next statement>
+
+   Of course, parts are not generated if Vi or Ei is not present.
+*/
+static int
+codegen_try_except(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT, body, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.body);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT, body);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    if (s->v.Try.orelse && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.orelse)) {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.orelse);
+    }
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+    n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.handlers);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, except);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+
+    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_HANDLER,
+                              NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        excepthandler_ty handler = (excepthandler_ty)asdl_seq_GET(
+            s->v.Try.handlers, i);
+        location loc = LOC(handler);
+        if (!handler->v.ExceptHandler.type && i < n-1) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "default 'except:' must be last");
+        }
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next_except);
+        except = next_except;
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.type) {
+            VISIT(c, expr, handler->v.ExceptHandler.type);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, CHECK_EXC_MATCH);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, except);
+        }
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, loc, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+
+            /*
+              try:
+                  # body
+              except type as name:
+                  try:
+                      # body
+                  finally:
+                      name = None # in case body contains "del name"
+                      del name
+            */
+
+            /* second try: */
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup_end);
+
+            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
+                                      NO_LABEL, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name));
+
+            /* second # body */
+            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
+            _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
+            /* name = None; del name; # Mark as artificial */
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+            /* except: */
+            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
+
+            /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
+
+            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+
+            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
+
+            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
+                                      NO_LABEL, NULL));
+
+            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
+            _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+        }
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, except);
+    }
+    /* artificial */
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_HANDLER, NO_LABEL);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/*
+   Code generated for "try: S except* E1 as V1: S1 except* E2 as V2: S2 ...":
+   (The contents of the value stack is shown in [], with the top
+   at the right; 'tb' is trace-back info, 'val' the exception instance,
+   and 'typ' the exception's type.)
+
+   Value stack                   Label         Instruction     Argument
+   []                                         SETUP_FINALLY         L1
+   []                                         <code for S>
+   []                                         POP_BLOCK
+   []                                         JUMP                  L0
+
+   [exc]                            L1:       BUILD_LIST   )  list for raised/reraised excs ("result")
+   [orig, res]                                COPY 2       )  make a copy of the original EG
+
+   [orig, res, exc]                           <evaluate E1>
+   [orig, res, exc, E1]                       CHECK_EG_MATCH
+   [orig, res, rest/exc, match?]              COPY 1
+   [orig, res, rest/exc, match?, match?]      POP_JUMP_IF_NONE      C1
+
+   [orig, res, rest, match]                   <assign to V1>  (or POP if no V1)
+
+   [orig, res, rest]                          SETUP_FINALLY         R1
+   [orig, res, rest]                          <code for S1>
+   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  L2
+
+   [orig, res, rest, i, v]          R1:       LIST_APPEND   3 ) exc raised in except* body - add to res
+   [orig, res, rest, i]                       POP
+   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  LE2
+
+   [orig, res, rest]                L2:       NOP  ) for lineno
+   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  LE2
+
+   [orig, res, rest/exc, None]      C1:       POP
+
+   [orig, res, rest]               LE2:       <evaluate E2>
+   .............................etc.......................
+
+   [orig, res, rest]                Ln+1:     LIST_APPEND 1  ) add unhandled exc to res (could be None)
+
+   [orig, res]                                CALL_INTRINSIC_2 PREP_RERAISE_STAR
+   [exc]                                      COPY 1
+   [exc, exc]                                 POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE  RER
+   [exc]                                      POP_TOP
+   []                                         JUMP                  L0
+
+   [exc]                            RER:      SWAP 2
+   [exc, prev_exc_info]                       POP_EXCEPT
+   [exc]                                      RERAISE               0
+
+   []                               L0:       <next statement>
+*/
+static int
+codegen_try_star_except(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, orelse);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, reraise_star);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, body);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT, body, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.body);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_TRY_EXCEPT, body);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, orelse);
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.handlers);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, except);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+
+    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER,
+                              NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, "except handler"));
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        excepthandler_ty handler = (excepthandler_ty)asdl_seq_GET(
+            s->v.TryStar.handlers, i);
+        location loc = LOC(handler);
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next_except);
+        except = next_except;
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except_with_error);
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, no_match);
+        if (i == 0) {
+            /* create empty list for exceptions raised/reraise in the except* blocks */
+            /*
+               [orig]       BUILD_LIST
+            */
+            /* Create a copy of the original EG */
+            /*
+               [orig, []]   COPY 2
+               [orig, [], exc]
+            */
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_LIST, 0);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
+        }
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.type) {
+            VISIT(c, expr, handler->v.ExceptHandler.type);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, CHECK_EG_MATCH);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_NONE, no_match);
+        }
+
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, loc, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);  // match
+        }
+
+        /*
+          try:
+              # body
+          except type as name:
+              try:
+                  # body
+              finally:
+                  name = None # in case body contains "del name"
+                  del name
+        */
+        /* second try: */
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup_end);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
+                                  NO_LABEL, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name));
+
+        /* second # body */
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
+        _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
+        /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
+        }
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except);
+
+        /* except: */
+        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
+
+        /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
+        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
+        }
+
+        /* add exception raised to the res list */
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LIST_APPEND, 3); // exc
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); // lasti
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except_with_error);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, except);
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, NOP);  // to hold a propagated location info
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except_with_error);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, no_match);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);  // match (None)
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, except_with_error);
+
+        if (i == n - 1) {
+            /* Add exc to the list (if not None it's the unhandled part of the EG) */
+            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LIST_APPEND, 1);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, reraise_star);
+        }
+    }
+    /* artificial */
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER, NO_LABEL);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, reraise);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, reraise_star);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, COPY, 1);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE, reraise);
+
+    /* Nothing to reraise */
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, reraise);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, SWAP, 2);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, orelse);
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.orelse);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_try(compiler *c, stmt_ty s) {
+    if (s->v.Try.finalbody && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.finalbody))
+        return codegen_try_finally(c, s);
+    else
+        return codegen_try_except(c, s);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_try_star(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    if (s->v.TryStar.finalbody && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.finalbody)) {
+        return codegen_try_star_finally(c, s);
+    }
+    else {
+        return codegen_try_star_except(c, s);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_import_as(compiler *c, location loc,
+                  identifier name, identifier asname)
+{
+    /* The IMPORT_NAME opcode was already generated.  This function
+       merely needs to bind the result to a name.
+
+       If there is a dot in name, we need to split it and emit a
+       IMPORT_FROM for each name.
+    */
+    Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name);
+    Py_ssize_t dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(name, '.', 0, len, 1);
+    if (dot == -2) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    if (dot != -1) {
+        /* Consume the base module name to get the first attribute */
+        while (1) {
+            Py_ssize_t pos = dot + 1;
+            PyObject *attr;
+            dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(name, '.', pos, len, 1);
+            if (dot == -2) {
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+            attr = PyUnicode_Substring(name, pos, (dot != -1) ? dot : len);
+            if (!attr) {
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+            ADDOP_N(c, loc, IMPORT_FROM, attr, names);
+            if (dot == -1) {
+                break;
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, asname, Store));
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    return codegen_nameop(c, loc, asname, Store);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_import(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    /* The Import node stores a module name like a.b.c as a single
+       string.  This is convenient for all cases except
+         import a.b.c as d
+       where we need to parse that string to extract the individual
+       module names.
+       XXX Perhaps change the representation to make this case simpler?
+     */
+    Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Import.names);
+
+    PyObject *zero = _PyLong_GetZero();  // borrowed reference
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Import.names, i);
+        int r;
+
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, zero);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, IMPORT_NAME, alias->name, names);
+
+        if (alias->asname) {
+            r = codegen_import_as(c, loc, alias->name, alias->asname);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(r);
+        }
+        else {
+            identifier tmp = alias->name;
+            Py_ssize_t dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(
+                alias->name, '.', 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(alias->name), 1);
+            if (dot != -1) {
+                tmp = PyUnicode_Substring(alias->name, 0, dot);
+                if (tmp == NULL) {
+                    return ERROR;
+                }
+            }
+            r = codegen_nameop(c, loc, tmp, Store);
+            if (dot != -1) {
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(r);
+        }
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_from_import(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.ImportFrom.names);
+
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(s), PyLong_FromLong(s->v.ImportFrom.level));
+
+    PyObject *names = PyTuple_New(n);
+    if (!names) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    /* build up the names */
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ImportFrom.names, i);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(names, i, Py_NewRef(alias->name));
+    }
+
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(s), names);
+
+    if (s->v.ImportFrom.module) {
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_NAME, s->v.ImportFrom.module, names);
+    }
+    else {
+        _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_NAME, &_Py_STR(empty), names);
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ImportFrom.names, i);
+        identifier store_name;
+
+        if (i == 0 && PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(alias->name, 0) == '*') {
+            assert(n == 1);
+            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR);
+            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_FROM, alias->name, names);
+        store_name = alias->name;
+        if (alias->asname) {
+            store_name = alias->asname;
+        }
+
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, LOC(s), store_name, Store));
+    }
+    /* remove imported module */
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(s), POP_TOP);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_assert(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    /* Always emit a warning if the test is a non-zero length tuple */
+    if ((s->v.Assert.test->kind == Tuple_kind &&
+        asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Assert.test->v.Tuple.elts) > 0) ||
+        (s->v.Assert.test->kind == Constant_kind &&
+         PyTuple_Check(s->v.Assert.test->v.Constant.value) &&
+         PyTuple_Size(s->v.Assert.test->v.Constant.value) > 0))
+    {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            _PyCompile_Warn(c, LOC(s), "assertion is always true, "
+                                       "perhaps remove parentheses?"));
+    }
+    if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c)) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.Assert.test, end, 1));
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT, CONSTANT_ASSERTIONERROR);
+    if (s->v.Assert.msg) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Assert.msg);
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), CALL, 0);
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s->v.Assert.test), RAISE_VARARGS, 1);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_stmt_expr(compiler *c, location loc, expr_ty value)
+{
+    if (IS_INTERACTIVE(c) && !IS_NESTED_SCOPE(c)) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, value);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_PRINT);
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (value->kind == Constant_kind) {
+        /* ignore constant statement */
+        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, value);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); /* artificial */
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_visit_stmt(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+
+    switch (s->kind) {
+    case FunctionDef_kind:
+        return codegen_function(c, s, 0);
+    case ClassDef_kind:
+        return codegen_class(c, s);
+    case TypeAlias_kind:
+        return codegen_typealias(c, s);
+    case Return_kind:
+        return codegen_return(c, s);
+    case Delete_kind:
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, s->v.Delete.targets)
+        break;
+    case Assign_kind:
+    {
+        Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Assign.targets);
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Assign.value);
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (i < n - 1) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), COPY, 1);
+            }
+            VISIT(c, expr,
+                  (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Assign.targets, i));
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    case AugAssign_kind:
+        return codegen_augassign(c, s);
+    case AnnAssign_kind:
+        return codegen_annassign(c, s);
+    case For_kind:
+        return codegen_for(c, s);
+    case While_kind:
+        return codegen_while(c, s);
+    case If_kind:
+        return codegen_if(c, s);
+    case Match_kind:
+        return codegen_match(c, s);
+    case Raise_kind:
+    {
+        Py_ssize_t n = 0;
+        if (s->v.Raise.exc) {
+            VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Raise.exc);
+            n++;
+            if (s->v.Raise.cause) {
+                VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Raise.cause);
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), RAISE_VARARGS, (int)n);
+        break;
+    }
+    case Try_kind:
+        return codegen_try(c, s);
+    case TryStar_kind:
+        return codegen_try_star(c, s);
+    case Assert_kind:
+        return codegen_assert(c, s);
+    case Import_kind:
+        return codegen_import(c, s);
+    case ImportFrom_kind:
+        return codegen_from_import(c, s);
+    case Global_kind:
+    case Nonlocal_kind:
+        break;
+    case Expr_kind:
+    {
+        return codegen_stmt_expr(c, LOC(s), s->v.Expr.value);
+    }
+    case Pass_kind:
+    {
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(s), NOP);
+        break;
+    }
+    case Break_kind:
+    {
+        return codegen_break(c, LOC(s));
+    }
+    case Continue_kind:
+    {
+        return codegen_continue(c, LOC(s));
+    }
+    case With_kind:
+        return codegen_with(c, s, 0);
+    case AsyncFunctionDef_kind:
+        return codegen_function(c, s, 1);
+    case AsyncWith_kind:
+        return codegen_async_with(c, s, 0);
+    case AsyncFor_kind:
+        return codegen_async_for(c, s);
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+unaryop(unaryop_ty op)
+{
+    switch (op) {
+    case Invert:
+        return UNARY_INVERT;
+    case USub:
+        return UNARY_NEGATIVE;
+    default:
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+            "unary op %d should not be possible", op);
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+addop_binary(compiler *c, location loc, operator_ty binop,
+             bool inplace)
+{
+    int oparg;
+    switch (binop) {
+        case Add:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_ADD : NB_ADD;
+            break;
+        case Sub:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_SUBTRACT : NB_SUBTRACT;
+            break;
+        case Mult:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_MULTIPLY : NB_MULTIPLY;
+            break;
+        case MatMult:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY : NB_MATRIX_MULTIPLY;
+            break;
+        case Div:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE : NB_TRUE_DIVIDE;
+            break;
+        case Mod:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_REMAINDER : NB_REMAINDER;
+            break;
+        case Pow:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_POWER : NB_POWER;
+            break;
+        case LShift:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_LSHIFT : NB_LSHIFT;
+            break;
+        case RShift:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_RSHIFT : NB_RSHIFT;
+            break;
+        case BitOr:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_OR : NB_OR;
+            break;
+        case BitXor:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_XOR : NB_XOR;
+            break;
+        case BitAnd:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_AND : NB_AND;
+            break;
+        case FloorDiv:
+            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE : NB_FLOOR_DIVIDE;
+            break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "%s op %d should not be possible",
+                         inplace ? "inplace" : "binary", binop);
+            return ERROR;
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BINARY_OP, oparg);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_addop_yield(compiler *c, location loc) {
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    if (ste->ste_generator && ste->ste_coroutine) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP);
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, YIELD_VALUE, 0);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, RESUME_AFTER_YIELD);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_load_classdict_freevar(compiler *c, location loc)
+{
+    ADDOP_N(c, loc, LOAD_DEREF, &_Py_ID(__classdict__), freevars);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_nameop(compiler *c, location loc,
+               identifier name, expr_context_ty ctx)
+{
+    assert(!_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "None") &&
+           !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "True") &&
+           !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "False"));
+
+    PyObject *mangled = _PyCompile_MaybeMangle(c, name);
+    if (!mangled) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    int scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c), mangled);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
+    _PyCompile_optype optype;
+    Py_ssize_t arg = 0;
+    if (_PyCompile_ResolveNameop(c, mangled, scope, &optype, &arg) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(mangled);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    /* XXX Leave assert here, but handle __doc__ and the like better */
+    assert(scope || PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(name, 0) == '_');
+
+    int op = 0;
+    switch (optype) {
+    case COMPILE_OP_DEREF:
+        switch (ctx) {
+        case Load:
+            if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock && !_PyCompile_IsInInlinedComp(c)) {
+                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF;
+                // First load the locals
+                if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), LOAD_LOCALS, loc) < 0) {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_can_see_class_scope) {
+                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF;
+                // First load the classdict
+                if (codegen_load_classdict_freevar(c, loc) < 0) {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                op = LOAD_DEREF;
+            }
+            break;
+        case Store: op = STORE_DEREF; break;
+        case Del: op = DELETE_DEREF; break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case COMPILE_OP_FAST:
+        switch (ctx) {
+        case Load: op = LOAD_FAST; break;
+        case Store: op = STORE_FAST; break;
+        case Del: op = DELETE_FAST; break;
+        }
+        ADDOP_N(c, loc, op, mangled, varnames);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    case COMPILE_OP_GLOBAL:
+        switch (ctx) {
+        case Load:
+            if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_can_see_class_scope && scope == GLOBAL_IMPLICIT) {
+                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS;
+                // First load the classdict
+                if (codegen_load_classdict_freevar(c, loc) < 0) {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            } else {
+                op = LOAD_GLOBAL;
+            }
+            break;
+        case Store: op = STORE_GLOBAL; break;
+        case Del: op = DELETE_GLOBAL; break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case COMPILE_OP_NAME:
+        switch (ctx) {
+        case Load:
+            op = (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock
+                    && _PyCompile_IsInInlinedComp(c))
+                ? LOAD_GLOBAL
+                : LOAD_NAME;
+            break;
+        case Store: op = STORE_NAME; break;
+        case Del: op = DELETE_NAME; break;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+
+    assert(op);
+    Py_DECREF(mangled);
+    if (op == LOAD_GLOBAL) {
+        arg <<= 1;
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, op, arg);
+    return SUCCESS;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(mangled);
+    return ERROR;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_boolop(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    int jumpi;
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    asdl_expr_seq *s;
+
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    assert(e->kind == BoolOp_kind);
+    if (e->v.BoolOp.op == And)
+        jumpi = POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE;
+    else
+        jumpi = POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE;
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    s = e->v.BoolOp.values;
+    n = asdl_seq_LEN(s) - 1;
+    assert(n >= 0);
+    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, i));
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, jumpi, end);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+    }
+    VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, n));
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+starunpack_helper(compiler *c, location loc,
+                  asdl_expr_seq *elts, int pushed,
+                  int build, int add, int extend, int tuple)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
+    if (n > 2 && are_all_items_const(elts, 0, n)) {
+        PyObject *folded = PyTuple_New(n);
+        if (folded == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        PyObject *val;
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            val = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(elts, i))->v.Constant.value;
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(folded, i, Py_NewRef(val));
+        }
+        if (tuple && !pushed) {
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, folded);
+        } else {
+            if (add == SET_ADD) {
+                Py_SETREF(folded, PyFrozenSet_New(folded));
+                if (folded == NULL) {
+                    return ERROR;
+                }
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, pushed);
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, folded);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, extend, 1);
+            if (tuple) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE);
+            }
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    int big = n+pushed > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
+    int seen_star = 0;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            seen_star = 1;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!seen_star && !big) {
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+        }
+        if (tuple) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, n+pushed);
+        } else {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, n+pushed);
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    int sequence_built = 0;
+    if (big) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, pushed);
+        sequence_built = 1;
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            if (sequence_built == 0) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, i+pushed);
+                sequence_built = 1;
+            }
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt->v.Starred.value);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, extend, 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            if (sequence_built) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, add, 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert(sequence_built);
+    if (tuple) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+unpack_helper(compiler *c, location loc, asdl_expr_seq *elts)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
+    int seen_star = 0;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind && !seen_star) {
+            if ((i >= (1 << 8)) ||
+                (n-i-1 >= (INT_MAX >> 8))) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                    "too many expressions in "
+                    "star-unpacking assignment");
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_EX, (i + ((n-i-1) << 8)));
+            seen_star = 1;
+        }
+        else if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                "multiple starred expressions in assignment");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!seen_star) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, n);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+assignment_helper(compiler *c, location loc, asdl_expr_seq *elts)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(unpack_helper(c, loc, elts));
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+        VISIT(c, expr, elt->kind != Starred_kind ? elt : elt->v.Starred.value);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_list(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.List.elts;
+    if (e->v.List.ctx == Store) {
+        return assignment_helper(c, loc, elts);
+    }
+    else if (e->v.List.ctx == Load) {
+        return starunpack_helper(c, loc, elts, 0,
+                                 BUILD_LIST, LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, elts);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_tuple(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.Tuple.elts;
+    if (e->v.Tuple.ctx == Store) {
+        return assignment_helper(c, loc, elts);
+    }
+    else if (e->v.Tuple.ctx == Load) {
+        return starunpack_helper(c, loc, elts, 0,
+                                 BUILD_LIST, LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, elts);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_set(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    return starunpack_helper(c, loc, e->v.Set.elts, 0,
+                             BUILD_SET, SET_ADD, SET_UPDATE, 0);
+}
+
+static bool
+are_all_items_const(asdl_expr_seq *seq, Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = begin; i < end; i++) {
+        expr_ty key = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i);
+        if (key == NULL || key->kind != Constant_kind) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_subdict(compiler *c, expr_ty e, Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, n = end - begin;
+    int big = n*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    if (big) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
+    }
+    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.keys, i));
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i));
+        if (big) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, MAP_ADD, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!big) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, n);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_dict(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    Py_ssize_t i, n, elements;
+    int have_dict;
+    int is_unpacking = 0;
+    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Dict.values);
+    have_dict = 0;
+    elements = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        is_unpacking = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.keys, i) == NULL;
+        if (is_unpacking) {
+            if (elements) {
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, i - elements, i));
+                if (have_dict) {
+                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
+                }
+                have_dict = 1;
+                elements = 0;
+            }
+            if (have_dict == 0) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
+                have_dict = 1;
+            }
+            VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i));
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (elements*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, i - elements, i + 1));
+                if (have_dict) {
+                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
+                }
+                have_dict = 1;
+                elements = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                elements++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (elements) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, n - elements, n));
+        if (have_dict) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
+        }
+        have_dict = 1;
+    }
+    if (!have_dict) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_compare(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_compare(c, e));
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Compare.left);
+    assert(asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) > 0);
+    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) - 1;
+    if (n == 0) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, 0));
+        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, 0));
+    }
+    else {
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            VISIT(c, expr,
+                (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i));
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
+            ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i));
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
+            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, cleanup);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+        }
+        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, n));
+        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, n));
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject *
+infer_type(expr_ty e)
+{
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Tuple_kind:
+        return &PyTuple_Type;
+    case List_kind:
+    case ListComp_kind:
+        return &PyList_Type;
+    case Dict_kind:
+    case DictComp_kind:
+        return &PyDict_Type;
+    case Set_kind:
+    case SetComp_kind:
+        return &PySet_Type;
+    case GeneratorExp_kind:
+        return &PyGen_Type;
+    case Lambda_kind:
+        return &PyFunction_Type;
+    case JoinedStr_kind:
+    case FormattedValue_kind:
+        return &PyUnicode_Type;
+    case Constant_kind:
+        return Py_TYPE(e->v.Constant.value);
+    default:
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+check_caller(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Constant_kind:
+    case Tuple_kind:
+    case List_kind:
+    case ListComp_kind:
+    case Dict_kind:
+    case DictComp_kind:
+    case Set_kind:
+    case SetComp_kind:
+    case GeneratorExp_kind:
+    case JoinedStr_kind:
+    case FormattedValue_kind: {
+        location loc = LOC(e);
+        return _PyCompile_Warn(c, loc, "'%.200s' object is not callable; "
+                                       "perhaps you missed a comma?",
+                                       infer_type(e)->tp_name);
+    }
+    default:
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+check_subscripter(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Constant_kind:
+        v = e->v.Constant.value;
+        if (!(v == Py_None || v == Py_Ellipsis ||
+              PyLong_Check(v) || PyFloat_Check(v) || PyComplex_Check(v) ||
+              PyAnySet_Check(v)))
+        {
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        _Py_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case Set_kind:
+    case SetComp_kind:
+    case GeneratorExp_kind:
+    case Lambda_kind: {
+        location loc = LOC(e);
+        return _PyCompile_Warn(c, loc, "'%.200s' object is not subscriptable; "
+                                       "perhaps you missed a comma?",
+                                       infer_type(e)->tp_name);
+    }
+    default:
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+check_index(compiler *c, expr_ty e, expr_ty s)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+
+    PyTypeObject *index_type = infer_type(s);
+    if (index_type == NULL
+        || PyType_FastSubclass(index_type, Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS)
+        || index_type == &PySlice_Type) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Constant_kind:
+        v = e->v.Constant.value;
+        if (!(PyUnicode_Check(v) || PyBytes_Check(v) || PyTuple_Check(v))) {
+            return SUCCESS;
+        }
+        _Py_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case Tuple_kind:
+    case List_kind:
+    case ListComp_kind:
+    case JoinedStr_kind:
+    case FormattedValue_kind: {
+        location loc = LOC(e);
+        return _PyCompile_Warn(c, loc, "%.200s indices must be integers "
+                                       "or slices, not %.200s; "
+                                       "perhaps you missed a comma?",
+                                       infer_type(e)->tp_name,
+                                       index_type->tp_name);
+    }
+    default:
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+is_import_originated(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    /* Check whether the global scope has an import named
+     e, if it is a Name object. For not traversing all the
+     scope stack every time this function is called, it will
+     only check the global scope to determine whether something
+     is imported or not. */
+
+    if (e->kind != Name_kind) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    long flags = _PyST_GetSymbol(SYMTABLE(c)->st_top, e->v.Name.id);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(flags);
+    return flags & DEF_IMPORT;
+}
+
+static int
+can_optimize_super_call(compiler *c, expr_ty attr)
+{
+    expr_ty e = attr->v.Attribute.value;
+    if (e->kind != Call_kind ||
+        e->v.Call.func->kind != Name_kind ||
+        !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id, "super") ||
+        _PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(attr->v.Attribute.attr, "__class__") ||
+        asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.keywords) != 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t num_args = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.args);
+
+    PyObject *super_name = e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id;
+    // detect statically-visible shadowing of 'super' name
+    int scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c), super_name);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
+    if (scope != GLOBAL_IMPLICIT) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE(c)->st_top, super_name);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
+    if (scope != 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (num_args == 2) {
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < num_args; i++) {
+            expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, i);
+            if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        // exactly two non-starred args; we can just load
+        // the provided args
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (num_args != 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // we need the following for zero-arg super():
+
+    // enclosing function should have at least one argument
+    if (METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 0 &&
+        METADATA(c)->u_posonlyargcount == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // __class__ cell should be available
+    if (_PyCompile_GetRefType(c, &_Py_ID(__class__)) == FREE) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+load_args_for_super(compiler *c, expr_ty e) {
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+
+    // load super() global
+    PyObject *super_name = e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, LOC(e->v.Call.func), super_name, Load));
+
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.args) == 2) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, 0));
+        VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, 1));
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // load __class__ cell
+    PyObject *name = &_Py_ID(__class__);
+    assert(_PyCompile_GetRefType(c, name) == FREE);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Load));
+
+    // load self (first argument)
+    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
+    PyObject *key, *value;
+    if (!PyDict_Next(METADATA(c)->u_varnames, &i, &key, &value)) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, key, Load));
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// If an attribute access spans multiple lines, update the current start
+// location to point to the attribute name.
+static location
+update_start_location_to_match_attr(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                    expr_ty attr)
+{
+    assert(attr->kind == Attribute_kind);
+    if (loc.lineno != attr->end_lineno) {
+        loc.lineno = attr->end_lineno;
+        int len = (int)PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(attr->v.Attribute.attr);
+        if (len <= attr->end_col_offset) {
+            loc.col_offset = attr->end_col_offset - len;
+        }
+        else {
+            // GH-94694: Somebody's compiling weird ASTs. Just drop the columns:
+            loc.col_offset = -1;
+            loc.end_col_offset = -1;
+        }
+        // Make sure the end position still follows the start position, even for
+        // weird ASTs:
+        loc.end_lineno = Py_MAX(loc.lineno, loc.end_lineno);
+        if (loc.lineno == loc.end_lineno) {
+            loc.end_col_offset = Py_MAX(loc.col_offset, loc.end_col_offset);
+        }
+    }
+    return loc;
+}
+
+// Return 1 if the method call was optimized, 0 if not, and -1 on error.
+static int
+maybe_optimize_method_call(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t argsl, i, kwdsl;
+    expr_ty meth = e->v.Call.func;
+    asdl_expr_seq *args = e->v.Call.args;
+    asdl_keyword_seq *kwds = e->v.Call.keywords;
+
+    /* Check that the call node is an attribute access */
+    if (meth->kind != Attribute_kind || meth->v.Attribute.ctx != Load) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Check that the base object is not something that is imported */
+    int ret = is_import_originated(c, meth->v.Attribute.value);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    if (ret) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Check that there aren't too many arguments */
+    argsl = asdl_seq_LEN(args);
+    kwdsl = asdl_seq_LEN(kwds);
+    if (argsl + kwdsl + (kwdsl != 0) >= STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    /* Check that there are no *varargs types of arguments. */
+    for (i = 0; i < argsl; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
+        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < kwdsl; i++) {
+        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(kwds, i);
+        if (kw->arg == NULL) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Alright, we can optimize the code. */
+    location loc = LOC(meth);
+
+    ret = can_optimize_super_call(c, meth);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+    if (ret) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(load_args_for_super(c, meth->v.Attribute.value));
+        int opcode = asdl_seq_LEN(meth->v.Attribute.value->v.Call.args) ?
+            LOAD_SUPER_METHOD : LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD;
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, opcode, meth->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, meth);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+    } else {
+        VISIT(c, expr, meth->v.Attribute.value);
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, meth);
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_METHOD, meth->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+    }
+
+    VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, e->v.Call.args);
+
+    if (kwdsl) {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, keyword, kwds);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(c, loc, kwds, kwdsl));
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, LOC(e), meth);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_KW, argsl + kwdsl);
+    }
+    else {
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, LOC(e), meth);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, argsl);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_validate_keywords(compiler *c, asdl_keyword_seq *keywords)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t nkeywords = asdl_seq_LEN(keywords);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkeywords; i++) {
+        keyword_ty key = ((keyword_ty)asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i));
+        if (key->arg == NULL) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (Py_ssize_t j = i + 1; j < nkeywords; j++) {
+            keyword_ty other = ((keyword_ty)asdl_seq_GET(keywords, j));
+            if (other->arg && !PyUnicode_Compare(key->arg, other->arg)) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(other), "keyword argument repeated: %U", key->arg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_call(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_validate_keywords(c, e->v.Call.keywords));
+    int ret = maybe_optimize_method_call(c, e);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    if (ret == 1) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_caller(c, e->v.Call.func));
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Call.func);
+    location loc = LOC(e->v.Call.func);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
+    loc = LOC(e);
+    return codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 0,
+                               e->v.Call.args,
+                               e->v.Call.keywords);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_joined_str(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    Py_ssize_t value_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.JoinedStr.values);
+    if (value_count > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
+        _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_METHOD, &_Py_ID(join), names);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_LIST, 0);
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.JoinedStr.values); i++) {
+            VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.JoinedStr.values, i));
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LIST_APPEND, 1);
+        }
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, e->v.JoinedStr.values);
+        if (value_count > 1) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_STRING, value_count);
+        }
+        else if (value_count == 0) {
+            _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
+        }
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Used to implement f-strings. Format a single value. */
+static int
+codegen_formatted_value(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    /* Our oparg encodes 2 pieces of information: the conversion
+       character, and whether or not a format_spec was provided.
+
+       Convert the conversion char to 3 bits:
+           : 000  0x0  FVC_NONE   The default if nothing specified.
+       !s  : 001  0x1  FVC_STR
+       !r  : 010  0x2  FVC_REPR
+       !a  : 011  0x3  FVC_ASCII
+
+       next bit is whether or not we have a format spec:
+       yes : 100  0x4
+       no  : 000  0x0
+    */
+
+    int conversion = e->v.FormattedValue.conversion;
+    int oparg;
+
+    /* The expression to be formatted. */
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.FormattedValue.value);
+
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    if (conversion != -1) {
+        switch (conversion) {
+        case 's': oparg = FVC_STR;   break;
+        case 'r': oparg = FVC_REPR;  break;
+        case 'a': oparg = FVC_ASCII; break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                     "Unrecognized conversion character %d", conversion);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONVERT_VALUE, oparg);
+    }
+    if (e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec) {
+        /* Evaluate the format spec, and update our opcode arg. */
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, FORMAT_WITH_SPEC);
+    } else {
+        ADDOP(c, loc, FORMAT_SIMPLE);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_subkwargs(compiler *c, location loc,
+                  asdl_keyword_seq *keywords,
+                  Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, n = end - begin;
+    keyword_ty kw;
+    assert(n > 0);
+    int big = n*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
+    if (big) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, BUILD_MAP, 0);
+    }
+    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
+        kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, kw->arg);
+        VISIT(c, expr, kw->value);
+        if (big) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, MAP_ADD, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!big) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, n);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Used by codegen_call_helper and maybe_optimize_method_call to emit
+ * a tuple of keyword names before CALL.
+ */
+static int
+codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(compiler *c, location loc,
+                              asdl_keyword_seq *keywords, Py_ssize_t nkwelts)
+{
+    PyObject *names;
+    names = PyTuple_New(nkwelts);
+    if (names == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
+        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(names, i, Py_NewRef(kw->arg));
+    }
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, names);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/* shared code between codegen_call and codegen_class */
+static int
+codegen_call_helper(compiler *c, location loc,
+                    int n, /* Args already pushed */
+                    asdl_expr_seq *args,
+                    asdl_keyword_seq *keywords)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t i, nseen, nelts, nkwelts;
+
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_validate_keywords(c, keywords));
+
+    nelts = asdl_seq_LEN(args);
+    nkwelts = asdl_seq_LEN(keywords);
+
+    if (nelts + nkwelts*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
+         goto ex_call;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < nelts; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
+        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
+            goto ex_call;
+        }
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
+        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
+        if (kw->arg == NULL) {
+            goto ex_call;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* No * or ** args, so can use faster calling sequence */
+    for (i = 0; i < nelts; i++) {
+        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
+        assert(elt->kind != Starred_kind);
+        VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+    }
+    if (nkwelts) {
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, keyword, keywords);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(c, loc, keywords, nkwelts));
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_KW, n + nelts + nkwelts);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, n + nelts);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+
+ex_call:
+
+    /* Do positional arguments. */
+    if (n ==0 && nelts == 1 && ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, 0))->kind == Starred_kind) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, 0))->v.Starred.value);
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(starunpack_helper(c, loc, args, n, BUILD_LIST,
+                                          LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 1));
+    }
+    /* Then keyword arguments */
+    if (nkwelts) {
+        /* Has a new dict been pushed */
+        int have_dict = 0;
+
+        nseen = 0;  /* the number of keyword arguments on the stack following */
+        for (i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
+            keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
+            if (kw->arg == NULL) {
+                /* A keyword argument unpacking. */
+                if (nseen) {
+                    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subkwargs(c, loc, keywords, i - nseen, i));
+                    if (have_dict) {
+                        ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
+                    }
+                    have_dict = 1;
+                    nseen = 0;
+                }
+                if (!have_dict) {
+                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
+                    have_dict = 1;
+                }
+                VISIT(c, expr, kw->value);
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
+            }
+            else {
+                nseen++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (nseen) {
+            /* Pack up any trailing keyword arguments. */
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subkwargs(c, loc, keywords, nkwelts - nseen, nkwelts));
+            if (have_dict) {
+                ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
+            }
+            have_dict = 1;
+        }
+        assert(have_dict);
+    }
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_FUNCTION_EX, nkwelts > 0);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/* List and set comprehensions and generator expressions work by creating a
+  nested function to perform the actual iteration. This means that the
+  iteration variables don't leak into the current scope.
+  The defined function is called immediately following its definition, with the
+  result of that call being the result of the expression.
+  The LC/SC version returns the populated container, while the GE version is
+  flagged in symtable.c as a generator, so it returns the generator object
+  when the function is called.
+
+  Possible cleanups:
+    - iterate over the generator sequence instead of using recursion
+*/
+
+
+static int
+codegen_comprehension_generator(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
+                                int depth,
+                                expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
+                                int iter_on_stack)
+{
+    comprehension_ty gen;
+    gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators, gen_index);
+    if (gen->is_async) {
+        return codegen_async_comprehension_generator(
+            c, loc, generators, gen_index, depth, elt, val, type,
+            iter_on_stack);
+    } else {
+        return codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(
+            c, loc, generators, gen_index, depth, elt, val, type,
+            iter_on_stack);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                     asdl_comprehension_seq *generators,
+                                     int gen_index, int depth,
+                                     expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
+                                     int iter_on_stack)
+{
+    /* generate code for the iterator, then each of the ifs,
+       and then write to the element */
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, anchor);
+
+    comprehension_ty gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators,
+                                                          gen_index);
+
+    if (!iter_on_stack) {
+        if (gen_index == 0) {
+            assert(METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 1);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Sub-iter - calculate on the fly */
+            /* Fast path for the temporary variable assignment idiom:
+                for y in [f(x)]
+            */
+            asdl_expr_seq *elts;
+            switch (gen->iter->kind) {
+                case List_kind:
+                    elts = gen->iter->v.List.elts;
+                    break;
+                case Tuple_kind:
+                    elts = gen->iter->v.Tuple.elts;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    elts = NULL;
+            }
+            if (asdl_seq_LEN(elts) == 1) {
+                expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, 0);
+                if (elt->kind != Starred_kind) {
+                    VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+                    start = NO_LABEL;
+                }
+            }
+            if (IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(start)) {
+                VISIT(c, expr, gen->iter);
+                ADDOP(c, LOC(gen->iter), GET_ITER);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(start)) {
+        depth++;
+        USE_LABEL(c, start);
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(gen->iter), FOR_ITER, anchor);
+    }
+    VISIT(c, expr, gen->target);
+
+    /* XXX this needs to be cleaned up...a lot! */
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(gen->ifs);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty e = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(gen->ifs, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e, if_cleanup, 0));
+    }
+
+    if (++gen_index < asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc,
+                                            generators, gen_index, depth,
+                                            elt, val, type, 0));
+    }
+
+    location elt_loc = LOC(elt);
+
+    /* only append after the last for generator */
+    if (gen_index >= asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
+        /* comprehension specific code */
+        switch (type) {
+        case COMP_GENEXP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_YIELD(c, elt_loc);
+            ADDOP(c, elt_loc, POP_TOP);
+            break;
+        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, LIST_APPEND, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        case COMP_SETCOMP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, SET_ADD, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
+            /* With '{k: v}', k is evaluated before v, so we do
+               the same. */
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            VISIT(c, expr, val);
+            elt_loc = LOCATION(elt->lineno,
+                               val->end_lineno,
+                               elt->col_offset,
+                               val->end_col_offset);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, MAP_ADD, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        default:
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
+    if (IS_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(start)) {
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, elt_loc, JUMP, start);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, anchor);
+        /* It is important for instrumentation that the `END_FOR` comes first.
+        * Iteration over a generator will jump to the first of these instructions,
+        * but a non-generator will jump to a later instruction.
+        */
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, END_FOR);
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_async_comprehension_generator(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators,
+                                      int gen_index, int depth,
+                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
+                                      int iter_on_stack)
+{
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
+
+    comprehension_ty gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators,
+                                                          gen_index);
+
+    if (!iter_on_stack) {
+        if (gen_index == 0) {
+            assert(METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 1);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Sub-iter - calculate on the fly */
+            VISIT(c, expr, gen->iter);
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(gen->iter), GET_AITER);
+        }
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, start);
+    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR,
+                              start, NO_LABEL, NULL));
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ANEXT);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);
+    VISIT(c, expr, gen->target);
+
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(gen->ifs);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        expr_ty e = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(gen->ifs, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e, if_cleanup, 0));
+    }
+
+    depth++;
+    if (++gen_index < asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+            codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc,
+                                            generators, gen_index, depth,
+                                            elt, val, type, 0));
+    }
+
+    location elt_loc = LOC(elt);
+    /* only append after the last for generator */
+    if (gen_index >= asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
+        /* comprehension specific code */
+        switch (type) {
+        case COMP_GENEXP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_YIELD(c, elt_loc);
+            ADDOP(c, elt_loc, POP_TOP);
+            break;
+        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, LIST_APPEND, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        case COMP_SETCOMP:
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, SET_ADD, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
+            /* With '{k: v}', k is evaluated before v, so we do
+               the same. */
+            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
+            VISIT(c, expr, val);
+            elt_loc = LOCATION(elt->lineno,
+                               val->end_lineno,
+                               elt->col_offset,
+                               val->end_col_offset);
+            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, MAP_ADD, depth + 1);
+            break;
+        default:
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, elt_loc, JUMP, start);
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR, start);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, except);
+
+    ADDOP(c, loc, END_ASYNC_FOR);
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_push_inlined_comprehension_locals(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                          PySTEntryObject *comp,
+                                          _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
+{
+    int in_class_block = (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock) &&
+                          !_PyCompile_IsInInlinedComp(c);
+    PySTEntryObject *outer = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    // iterate over names bound in the comprehension and ensure we isolate
+    // them from the outer scope as needed
+    PyObject *k, *v;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+    while (PyDict_Next(comp->ste_symbols, &pos, &k, &v)) {
+        long symbol = PyLong_AsLong(v);
+        assert(symbol >= 0 || PyErr_Occurred());
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(symbol);
+        long scope = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(symbol);
+
+        long outsymbol = _PyST_GetSymbol(outer, k);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(outsymbol);
+        long outsc = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(outsymbol);
+
+        if ((symbol & DEF_LOCAL && !(symbol & DEF_NONLOCAL)) || in_class_block) {
+            // local names bound in comprehension must be isolated from
+            // outer scope; push existing value (which may be NULL if
+            // not defined) on stack
+            if (state->pushed_locals == NULL) {
+                state->pushed_locals = PyList_New(0);
+                if (state->pushed_locals == NULL) {
+                    return ERROR;
+                }
+            }
+            // in the case of a cell, this will actually push the cell
+            // itself to the stack, then we'll create a new one for the
+            // comprehension and restore the original one after
+            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR, k, varnames);
+            if (scope == CELL) {
+                if (outsc == FREE) {
+                    ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, MAKE_CELL, k, freevars);
+                } else {
+                    ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, MAKE_CELL, k, cellvars);
+                }
+            }
+            if (PyList_Append(state->pushed_locals, k) < 0) {
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (state->pushed_locals) {
+        // Outermost iterable expression was already evaluated and is on the
+        // stack, we need to swap it back to TOS. This also rotates the order of
+        // `pushed_locals` on the stack, but this will be reversed when we swap
+        // out the comprehension result in pop_inlined_comprehension_state
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, PyList_GET_SIZE(state->pushed_locals) + 1);
+
+        // Add our own cleanup handler to restore comprehension locals in case
+        // of exception, so they have the correct values inside an exception
+        // handler or finally block.
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+        state->cleanup = cleanup;
+
+        // no need to push an fblock for this "virtual" try/finally; there can't
+        // be return/continue/break inside a comprehension
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, cleanup);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+push_inlined_comprehension_state(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                 PySTEntryObject *comp,
+                                 _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        _PyCompile_TweakInlinedComprehensionScopes(c, loc, comp, state));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_push_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, comp, state));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                     _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
+{
+    PyObject *k;
+    // pop names we pushed to stack earlier
+    Py_ssize_t npops = PyList_GET_SIZE(state->pushed_locals);
+    // Preserve the comprehension result (or exception) as TOS. This
+    // reverses the SWAP we did in push_inlined_comprehension_state
+    // to get the outermost iterable to TOS, so we can still just iterate
+    // pushed_locals in simple reverse order
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, npops + 1);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = npops - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+        k = PyList_GetItem(state->pushed_locals, i);
+        if (k == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_FAST_MAYBE_NULL, k, varnames);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pop_inlined_comprehension_locals(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                         _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
+{
+    if (state->pushed_locals) {
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
+
+        // cleanup from an exception inside the comprehension
+        USE_LABEL(c, state->cleanup);
+        // discard incomplete comprehension result (beneath exc on stack)
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, SWAP, 2);
+        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
+        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
+
+        USE_LABEL(c, end);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
+        Py_CLEAR(state->pushed_locals);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+pop_inlined_comprehension_state(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pop_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_RevertInlinedComprehensionScopes(c, loc, state));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static inline int
+codegen_comprehension_iter(compiler *c, comprehension_ty comp)
+{
+    VISIT(c, expr, comp->iter);
+    if (comp->is_async) {
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(comp->iter), GET_AITER);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(comp->iter), GET_ITER);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_comprehension(compiler *c, expr_ty e, int type,
+                      identifier name, asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, expr_ty elt,
+                      expr_ty val)
+{
+    PyCodeObject *co = NULL;
+    _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState inline_state = {NULL, NULL, NULL, NO_LABEL};
+    comprehension_ty outermost;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    int scope_type = SCOPE_TYPE(c);
+    int is_top_level_await = IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(c);
+#endif
+    PySTEntryObject *entry = _PySymtable_Lookup(SYMTABLE(c), (void *)e);
+    if (entry == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    int is_inlined = entry->ste_comp_inlined;
+    int is_async_comprehension = entry->ste_coroutine;
+
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+
+    outermost = (comprehension_ty) asdl_seq_GET(generators, 0);
+    if (is_inlined) {
+        if (codegen_comprehension_iter(c, outermost)) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (push_inlined_comprehension_state(c, loc, entry, &inline_state)) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Receive outermost iter as an implicit argument */
+        _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
+            .u_argcount = 1,
+        };
+        if (codegen_enter_scope(c, name, COMPILE_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION,
+                                (void *)e, e->lineno, NULL, &umd) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_CLEAR(entry);
+
+    assert (!is_async_comprehension ||
+            type == COMP_GENEXP ||
+            scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION ||
+            scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION ||
+            is_top_level_await);
+
+    if (type != COMP_GENEXP) {
+        int op;
+        switch (type) {
+        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
+            op = BUILD_LIST;
+            break;
+        case COMP_SETCOMP:
+            op = BUILD_SET;
+            break;
+        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
+            op = BUILD_MAP;
+            break;
+        default:
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                         "unknown comprehension type %d", type);
+            goto error_in_scope;
+        }
+
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, op, 0);
+        if (is_inlined) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc, generators, 0, 0,
+                                        elt, val, type, is_inlined) < 0) {
+        goto error_in_scope;
+    }
+
+    if (is_inlined) {
+        if (pop_inlined_comprehension_state(c, loc, &inline_state)) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (type != COMP_GENEXP) {
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(e), RETURN_VALUE);
+    }
+    if (type == COMP_GENEXP) {
+        if (codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(c) < 0) {
+            goto error_in_scope;
+        }
+    }
+
+    co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, 1);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    if (co == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    loc = LOC(e);
+    if (codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0) < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_CLEAR(co);
+
+    if (codegen_comprehension_iter(c, outermost)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+
+    if (is_async_comprehension && type != COMP_GENEXP) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 0);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+    }
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+error_in_scope:
+    if (!is_inlined) {
+        _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
+    }
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(co);
+    Py_XDECREF(entry);
+    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.pushed_locals);
+    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.temp_symbols);
+    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.fast_hidden);
+    return ERROR;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_genexp(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    assert(e->kind == GeneratorExp_kind);
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_genexpr, "<genexpr>");
+    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_GENEXP, &_Py_STR(anon_genexpr),
+                                 e->v.GeneratorExp.generators,
+                                 e->v.GeneratorExp.elt, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_listcomp(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    assert(e->kind == ListComp_kind);
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_listcomp, "<listcomp>");
+    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_LISTCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_listcomp),
+                                 e->v.ListComp.generators,
+                                 e->v.ListComp.elt, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_setcomp(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    assert(e->kind == SetComp_kind);
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_setcomp, "<setcomp>");
+    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_SETCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_setcomp),
+                                 e->v.SetComp.generators,
+                                 e->v.SetComp.elt, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_dictcomp(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    assert(e->kind == DictComp_kind);
+    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_dictcomp, "<dictcomp>");
+    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_DICTCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_dictcomp),
+                                 e->v.DictComp.generators,
+                                 e->v.DictComp.key, e->v.DictComp.value);
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_visit_keyword(compiler *c, keyword_ty k)
+{
+    VISIT(c, expr, k->value);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_with_except_finish(compiler *c, jump_target_label cleanup) {
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, suppress);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, TO_BOOL);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, suppress);
+    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 2);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, suppress);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/*
+   Implements the async with statement.
+
+   The semantics outlined in that PEP are as follows:
+
+   async with EXPR as VAR:
+       BLOCK
+
+   It is implemented roughly as:
+
+   context = EXPR
+   exit = context.__aexit__  # not calling it
+   value = await context.__aenter__()
+   try:
+       VAR = value  # if VAR present in the syntax
+       BLOCK
+   finally:
+       if an exception was raised:
+           exc = copy of (exception, instance, traceback)
+       else:
+           exc = (None, None, None)
+       if not (await exit(*exc)):
+           raise
+ */
+static int
+codegen_async_with(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int pos)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    withitem_ty item = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.AsyncWith.items, pos);
+
+    assert(s->kind == AsyncWith_kind);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, block);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, final);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+
+    /* Evaluate EXPR */
+    VISIT(c, expr, item->context_expr);
+    loc = LOC(item->context_expr);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___AEXIT__);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___AENTER__);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 1);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_WITH, final);
+
+    /* SETUP_WITH pushes a finally block. */
+    USE_LABEL(c, block);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_WITH, block, final, s));
+
+    if (item->optional_vars) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, item->optional_vars);
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Discard result from context.__aenter__() */
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+    }
+
+    pos++;
+    if (pos == asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.AsyncWith.items)) {
+        /* BLOCK code */
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.AsyncWith.body)
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_async_with(c, s, pos));
+    }
+
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_ASYNC_WITH, block);
+
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);
+    /* End of body; start the cleanup */
+
+    /* For successful outcome:
+     * call __exit__(None, None, None)
+     */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, loc));
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, exit);
+
+    /* For exceptional outcome: */
+    USE_LABEL(c, final);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, WITH_EXCEPT_START);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with_except_finish(c, cleanup));
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/*
+   Implements the with statement from PEP 343.
+   with EXPR as VAR:
+       BLOCK
+   is implemented as:
+        <code for EXPR>
+        SETUP_WITH  E
+        <code to store to VAR> or POP_TOP
+        <code for BLOCK>
+        LOAD_CONST (None, None, None)
+        CALL_FUNCTION_EX 0
+        JUMP  EXIT
+    E:  WITH_EXCEPT_START (calls EXPR.__exit__)
+        POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE T:
+        RERAISE
+    T:  POP_TOP (remove exception from stack)
+        POP_EXCEPT
+        POP_TOP
+    EXIT:
+ */
+
+static int
+codegen_with(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int pos)
+{
+    withitem_ty item = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.With.items, pos);
+
+    assert(s->kind == With_kind);
+
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, block);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, final);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
+
+    /* Evaluate EXPR */
+    VISIT(c, expr, item->context_expr);
+    /* Will push bound __exit__ */
+    location loc = LOC(item->context_expr);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___EXIT__);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___ENTER__);
+    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_WITH, final);
+
+    /* SETUP_WITH pushes a finally block. */
+    USE_LABEL(c, block);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_PushFBlock(c, loc, COMPILE_FBLOCK_WITH, block, final, s));
+
+    if (item->optional_vars) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, item->optional_vars);
+    }
+    else {
+    /* Discard result from context.__enter__() */
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+    }
+
+    pos++;
+    if (pos == asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.With.items)) {
+        /* BLOCK code */
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.With.body)
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with(c, s, pos));
+    }
+
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
+    _PyCompile_PopFBlock(c, COMPILE_FBLOCK_WITH, block);
+
+    /* End of body; start the cleanup. */
+
+    /* For successful outcome:
+     * call __exit__(None, None, None)
+     */
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, loc));
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, exit);
+
+    /* For exceptional outcome: */
+    USE_LABEL(c, final);
+
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
+    ADDOP(c, loc, WITH_EXCEPT_START);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with_except_finish(c, cleanup));
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_visit_expr(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case NamedExpr_kind:
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.NamedExpr.value);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.NamedExpr.target);
+        break;
+    case BoolOp_kind:
+        return codegen_boolop(c, e);
+    case BinOp_kind:
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.BinOp.left);
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.BinOp.right);
+        ADDOP_BINARY(c, loc, e->v.BinOp.op);
+        break;
+    case UnaryOp_kind:
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.UnaryOp.operand);
+        if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == UAdd) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE);
+        }
+        else if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == Not) {
+            ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, UNARY_NOT);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADDOP(c, loc, unaryop(e->v.UnaryOp.op));
+        }
+        break;
+    case Lambda_kind:
+        return codegen_lambda(c, e);
+    case IfExp_kind:
+        return codegen_ifexp(c, e);
+    case Dict_kind:
+        return codegen_dict(c, e);
+    case Set_kind:
+        return codegen_set(c, e);
+    case GeneratorExp_kind:
+        return codegen_genexp(c, e);
+    case ListComp_kind:
+        return codegen_listcomp(c, e);
+    case SetComp_kind:
+        return codegen_setcomp(c, e);
+    case DictComp_kind:
+        return codegen_dictcomp(c, e);
+    case Yield_kind:
+        if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "'yield' outside function");
+        }
+        if (e->v.Yield.value) {
+            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Yield.value);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+        }
+        ADDOP_YIELD(c, loc);
+        break;
+    case YieldFrom_kind:
+        if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "'yield from' outside function");
+        }
+        if (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "'yield from' inside async function");
+        }
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.YieldFrom.value);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 0);
+        break;
+    case Await_kind:
+        assert(IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(c) || (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)) && (
+            SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION ||
+            SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION
+        )));
+
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Await.value);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 0);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
+        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
+        break;
+    case Compare_kind:
+        return codegen_compare(c, e);
+    case Call_kind:
+        return codegen_call(c, e);
+    case Constant_kind:
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, e->v.Constant.value);
+        break;
+    case JoinedStr_kind:
+        return codegen_joined_str(c, e);
+    case FormattedValue_kind:
+        return codegen_formatted_value(c, e);
+    /* The following exprs can be assignment targets. */
+    case Attribute_kind:
+        if (e->v.Attribute.ctx == Load) {
+            int ret = can_optimize_super_call(c, e);
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
+            if (ret) {
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(load_args_for_super(c, e->v.Attribute.value));
+                int opcode = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Attribute.value->v.Call.args) ?
+                    LOAD_SUPER_ATTR : LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR;
+                ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, opcode, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+                loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
+                ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
+                return SUCCESS;
+            }
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_MaybeAddStaticAttributeToClass(c, e));
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Attribute.value);
+        loc = LOC(e);
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
+        switch (e->v.Attribute.ctx) {
+        case Load:
+            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+            break;
+        case Store:
+            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+            break;
+        case Del:
+            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, DELETE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case Subscript_kind:
+        return codegen_subscript(c, e);
+    case Starred_kind:
+        switch (e->v.Starred.ctx) {
+        case Store:
+            /* In all legitimate cases, the Starred node was already replaced
+             * by codegen_list/codegen_tuple. XXX: is that okay? */
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                "starred assignment target must be in a list or tuple");
+        default:
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                "can't use starred expression here");
+        }
+        break;
+    case Slice_kind:
+    {
+        int n = codegen_slice(c, e);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(n);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_SLICE, n);
+        break;
+    }
+    case Name_kind:
+        return codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, e->v.Name.ctx);
+    /* child nodes of List and Tuple will have expr_context set */
+    case List_kind:
+        return codegen_list(c, e);
+    case Tuple_kind:
+        return codegen_tuple(c, e);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool
+is_two_element_slice(expr_ty s)
+{
+    return s->kind == Slice_kind &&
+           s->v.Slice.step == NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_augassign(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    assert(s->kind == AugAssign_kind);
+    expr_ty e = s->v.AugAssign.target;
+
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Attribute_kind:
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Attribute.value);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+        break;
+    case Subscript_kind:
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.value);
+        if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice)) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_slice(c, e->v.Subscript.slice));
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SLICE);
+        }
+        else {
+            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.slice);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SUBSCR);
+        }
+        break;
+    case Name_kind:
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, Load));
+        break;
+    default:
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+            "invalid node type (%d) for augmented assignment",
+            e->kind);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+
+    loc = LOC(s);
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AugAssign.value);
+    ADDOP_INPLACE(c, loc, s->v.AugAssign.op);
+
+    loc = LOC(e);
+
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Attribute_kind:
+        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
+        break;
+    case Subscript_kind:
+        if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice)) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 4);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SLICE);
+        }
+        else {
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SUBSCR);
+        }
+        break;
+    case Name_kind:
+        return codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, Store);
+    default:
+        Py_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_check_ann_expr(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    VISIT(c, expr, e);
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(e), POP_TOP);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_check_annotation(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    /* Annotations of complex targets does not produce anything
+       under annotations future */
+    if (FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    /* Annotations are only evaluated in a module or class. */
+    if (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE ||
+        SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS) {
+        return codegen_check_ann_expr(c, s->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_check_ann_subscr(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    /* We check that everything in a subscript is defined at runtime. */
+    switch (e->kind) {
+    case Slice_kind:
+        if (e->v.Slice.lower && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.lower) < 0) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        if (e->v.Slice.upper && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.upper) < 0) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        if (e->v.Slice.step && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.step) < 0) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    case Tuple_kind: {
+        /* extended slice */
+        asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.Tuple.elts;
+        Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_ann_subscr(c, asdl_seq_GET(elts, i)));
+        }
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    default:
+        return codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_annassign(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(s);
+    expr_ty targ = s->v.AnnAssign.target;
+    bool future_annotations = FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS;
+    PyObject *mangled;
+
+    assert(s->kind == AnnAssign_kind);
+
+    /* We perform the actual assignment first. */
+    if (s->v.AnnAssign.value) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AnnAssign.value);
+        VISIT(c, expr, targ);
+    }
+    switch (targ->kind) {
+    case Name_kind:
+        /* If we have a simple name in a module or class, store annotation. */
+        if (s->v.AnnAssign.simple &&
+            (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE ||
+             SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS)) {
+            if (future_annotations) {
+                VISIT(c, annexpr, s->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
+                ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_NAME, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), names);
+                mangled = _PyCompile_MaybeMangle(c, targ->v.Name.id);
+                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, mangled);
+                ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SUBSCR);
+            }
+            else {
+                RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCompile_AddDeferredAnnotaion(c, s));
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    case Attribute_kind:
+        if (!s->v.AnnAssign.value &&
+            codegen_check_ann_expr(c, targ->v.Attribute.value) < 0) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+    case Subscript_kind:
+        if (!s->v.AnnAssign.value &&
+            (codegen_check_ann_expr(c, targ->v.Subscript.value) < 0 ||
+             codegen_check_ann_subscr(c, targ->v.Subscript.slice) < 0)) {
+                return ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
+                     "invalid node type (%d) for annotated assignment",
+                     targ->kind);
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    /* Annotation is evaluated last. */
+    if (future_annotations && !s->v.AnnAssign.simple && codegen_check_annotation(c, s) < 0) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_subscript(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+{
+    location loc = LOC(e);
+    expr_context_ty ctx = e->v.Subscript.ctx;
+    int op = 0;
+
+    if (ctx == Load) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_subscripter(c, e->v.Subscript.value));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_index(c, e->v.Subscript.value, e->v.Subscript.slice));
+    }
+
+    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.value);
+    if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice) && ctx != Del) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_slice(c, e->v.Subscript.slice));
+        if (ctx == Load) {
+            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SLICE);
+        }
+        else {
+            assert(ctx == Store);
+            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SLICE);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.slice);
+        switch (ctx) {
+            case Load:    op = BINARY_SUBSCR; break;
+            case Store:   op = STORE_SUBSCR; break;
+            case Del:     op = DELETE_SUBSCR; break;
+        }
+        assert(op);
+        ADDOP(c, loc, op);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Returns the number of the values emitted,
+ * thus are needed to build the slice, or -1 if there is an error. */
+static int
+codegen_slice(compiler *c, expr_ty s)
+{
+    int n = 2;
+    assert(s->kind == Slice_kind);
+
+    /* only handles the cases where BUILD_SLICE is emitted */
+    if (s->v.Slice.lower) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.lower);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(s), Py_None);
+    }
+
+    if (s->v.Slice.upper) {
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.upper);
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(s), Py_None);
+    }
+
+    if (s->v.Slice.step) {
+        n++;
+        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.step);
+    }
+    return n;
+}
+
+
+// PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching
+
+// To keep things simple, all codegen_pattern_* routines follow the convention
+// of consuming TOS (the subject for the given pattern) and calling
+// jump_to_fail_pop on failure (no match).
+
+// When calling into these routines, it's important that pc->on_top be kept
+// updated to reflect the current number of items that we are using on the top
+// of the stack: they will be popped on failure, and any name captures will be
+// stored *underneath* them on success. This lets us defer all names stores
+// until the *entire* pattern matches.
+
+#define WILDCARD_CHECK(N) \
+    ((N)->kind == MatchAs_kind && !(N)->v.MatchAs.name)
+
+#define WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(N) \
+    ((N)->kind == MatchStar_kind && !(N)->v.MatchStar.name)
+
+// Limit permitted subexpressions, even if the parser & AST validator let them through
+#define MATCH_VALUE_EXPR(N) \
+    ((N)->kind == Constant_kind || (N)->kind == Attribute_kind)
+
+// Allocate or resize pc->fail_pop to allow for n items to be popped on failure.
+static int
+ensure_fail_pop(compiler *c, pattern_context *pc, Py_ssize_t n)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t size = n + 1;
+    if (size <= pc->fail_pop_size) {
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t needed = sizeof(jump_target_label) * size;
+    jump_target_label *resized = PyMem_Realloc(pc->fail_pop, needed);
+    if (resized == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    pc->fail_pop = resized;
+    while (pc->fail_pop_size < size) {
+        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, new_block);
+        pc->fail_pop[pc->fail_pop_size++] = new_block;
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// Use op to jump to the correct fail_pop block.
+static int
+jump_to_fail_pop(compiler *c, location loc,
+                 pattern_context *pc, int op)
+{
+    // Pop any items on the top of the stack, plus any objects we were going to
+    // capture on success:
+    Py_ssize_t pops = pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ensure_fail_pop(c, pc, pops));
+    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, op, pc->fail_pop[pops]);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// Build all of the fail_pop blocks and reset fail_pop.
+static int
+emit_and_reset_fail_pop(compiler *c, location loc,
+                        pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    if (!pc->fail_pop_size) {
+        assert(pc->fail_pop == NULL);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    while (--pc->fail_pop_size) {
+        USE_LABEL(c, pc->fail_pop[pc->fail_pop_size]);
+        if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), POP_TOP, loc) < 0) {
+            pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
+            PyMem_Free(pc->fail_pop);
+            pc->fail_pop = NULL;
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+    USE_LABEL(c, pc->fail_pop[0]);
+    PyMem_Free(pc->fail_pop);
+    pc->fail_pop = NULL;
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_error_duplicate_store(compiler *c, location loc, identifier n)
+{
+    return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+        "multiple assignments to name %R in pattern", n);
+}
+
+// Duplicate the effect of 3.10's ROT_* instructions using SWAPs.
+static int
+codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(compiler *c, location loc, Py_ssize_t count)
+{
+    while (1 < count) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, count--);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                  identifier n, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    if (n == NULL) {
+        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    // Can't assign to the same name twice:
+    int duplicate = PySequence_Contains(pc->stores, n);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(duplicate);
+    if (duplicate) {
+        return codegen_error_duplicate_store(c, loc, n);
+    }
+    // Rotate this object underneath any items we need to preserve:
+    Py_ssize_t rotations = pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores) + 1;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, loc, rotations));
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(PyList_Append(pc->stores, n));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_unpack_helper(compiler *c, location loc,
+                              asdl_pattern_seq *elts)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
+    int seen_star = 0;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        pattern_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
+        if (elt->kind == MatchStar_kind && !seen_star) {
+            if ((i >= (1 << 8)) ||
+                (n-i-1 >= (INT_MAX >> 8))) {
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                    "too many expressions in "
+                    "star-unpacking sequence pattern");
+            }
+            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_EX, (i + ((n-i-1) << 8)));
+            seen_star = 1;
+        }
+        else if (elt->kind == MatchStar_kind) {
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc,
+                "multiple starred expressions in sequence pattern");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!seen_star) {
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, n);
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(compiler *c, location loc,
+                               asdl_pattern_seq *patterns, Py_ssize_t star,
+                               pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_unpack_helper(c, loc, patterns));
+    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
+    // We've now got a bunch of new subjects on the stack. They need to remain
+    // there after each subpattern match:
+    pc->on_top += size;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        // One less item to keep track of each time we loop through:
+        pc->on_top--;
+        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// Like pattern_helper_sequence_unpack, but uses BINARY_SUBSCR instead of
+// UNPACK_SEQUENCE / UNPACK_EX. This is more efficient for patterns with a
+// starred wildcard like [first, *_] / [first, *_, last] / [*_, last] / etc.
+static int
+pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(compiler *c, location loc,
+                               asdl_pattern_seq *patterns, Py_ssize_t star,
+                               pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    // We need to keep the subject around for extracting elements:
+    pc->on_top++;
+    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
+        if (WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (i == star) {
+            assert(WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(pattern));
+            continue;
+        }
+        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
+        if (i < star) {
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i));
+        }
+        else {
+            // The subject may not support negative indexing! Compute a
+            // nonnegative index:
+            ADDOP(c, loc, GET_LEN);
+            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromSsize_t(size - i));
+            ADDOP_BINARY(c, loc, Sub);
+        }
+        ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SUBSCR);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
+    }
+    // Pop the subject, we're done with it:
+    pc->on_top--;
+    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+// Like codegen_pattern, but turn off checks for irrefutability.
+static int
+codegen_pattern_subpattern(compiler *c,
+                            pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    int allow_irrefutable = pc->allow_irrefutable;
+    pc->allow_irrefutable = 1;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern(c, p, pc));
+    pc->allow_irrefutable = allow_irrefutable;
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_as(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchAs_kind);
+    if (p->v.MatchAs.pattern == NULL) {
+        // An irrefutable match:
+        if (!pc->allow_irrefutable) {
+            if (p->v.MatchAs.name) {
+                const char *e = "name capture %R makes remaining patterns unreachable";
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, p->v.MatchAs.name);
+            }
+            const char *e = "wildcard makes remaining patterns unreachable";
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e);
+        }
+        return codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchAs.name, pc);
+    }
+    // Need to make a copy for (possibly) storing later:
+    pc->on_top++;
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern(c, p->v.MatchAs.pattern, pc));
+    // Success! Store it:
+    pc->on_top--;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchAs.name, pc));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_star(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchStar_kind);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
+        codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchStar.name, pc));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+validate_kwd_attrs(compiler *c, asdl_identifier_seq *attrs, asdl_pattern_seq* patterns)
+{
+    // Any errors will point to the pattern rather than the arg name as the
+    // parser is only supplying identifiers rather than Name or keyword nodes
+    Py_ssize_t nattrs = asdl_seq_LEN(attrs);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nattrs; i++) {
+        identifier attr = ((identifier)asdl_seq_GET(attrs, i));
+        for (Py_ssize_t j = i + 1; j < nattrs; j++) {
+            identifier other = ((identifier)asdl_seq_GET(attrs, j));
+            if (!PyUnicode_Compare(attr, other)) {
+                location loc = LOC((pattern_ty) asdl_seq_GET(patterns, j));
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "attribute name repeated "
+                                                "in class pattern: %U", attr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_class(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchClass_kind);
+    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchClass.patterns;
+    asdl_identifier_seq *kwd_attrs = p->v.MatchClass.kwd_attrs;
+    asdl_pattern_seq *kwd_patterns = p->v.MatchClass.kwd_patterns;
+    Py_ssize_t nargs = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
+    Py_ssize_t nattrs = asdl_seq_LEN(kwd_attrs);
+    Py_ssize_t nkwd_patterns = asdl_seq_LEN(kwd_patterns);
+    if (nattrs != nkwd_patterns) {
+        // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
+        // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
+        const char * e = "kwd_attrs (%d) / kwd_patterns (%d) length mismatch in class pattern";
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, nattrs, nkwd_patterns);
+    }
+    if (INT_MAX < nargs || INT_MAX < nargs + nattrs - 1) {
+        const char *e = "too many sub-patterns in class pattern %R";
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, p->v.MatchClass.cls);
+    }
+    if (nattrs) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(validate_kwd_attrs(c, kwd_attrs, kwd_patterns));
+    }
+    VISIT(c, expr, p->v.MatchClass.cls);
+    PyObject *attr_names = PyTuple_New(nattrs);
+    if (attr_names == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    for (i = 0; i < nattrs; i++) {
+        PyObject *name = asdl_seq_GET(kwd_attrs, i);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(attr_names, i, Py_NewRef(name));
+    }
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), attr_names);
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), MATCH_CLASS, nargs);
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), Py_None);
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), IS_OP, 1);
+    // TOS is now a tuple of (nargs + nattrs) attributes (or None):
+    pc->on_top++;
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, nargs + nattrs);
+    pc->on_top += nargs + nattrs - 1;
+    for (i = 0; i < nargs + nattrs; i++) {
+        pc->on_top--;
+        pattern_ty pattern;
+        if (i < nargs) {
+            // Positional:
+            pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
+        }
+        else {
+            // Keyword:
+            pattern = asdl_seq_GET(kwd_patterns, i - nargs);
+        }
+        if (WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern)) {
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
+            continue;
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
+    }
+    // Success! Pop the tuple of attributes:
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_mapping_key(compiler *c, PyObject *seen, pattern_ty p, Py_ssize_t i)
+{
+    asdl_expr_seq *keys = p->v.MatchMapping.keys;
+    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchMapping.patterns;
+    expr_ty key = asdl_seq_GET(keys, i);
+    if (key == NULL) {
+        const char *e = "can't use NULL keys in MatchMapping "
+                        "(set 'rest' parameter instead)";
+        location loc = LOC((pattern_ty) asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i));
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, e);
+    }
+
+    if (key->kind == Constant_kind) {
+        int in_seen = PySet_Contains(seen, key->v.Constant.value);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(in_seen);
+        if (in_seen) {
+            const char *e = "mapping pattern checks duplicate key (%R)";
+            return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, key->v.Constant.value);
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(PySet_Add(seen, key->v.Constant.value));
+    }
+    else if (key->kind != Attribute_kind) {
+        const char *e = "mapping pattern keys may only match literals and attribute lookups";
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e);
+    }
+    VISIT(c, expr, key);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_mapping(compiler *c, pattern_ty p,
+                        pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchMapping_kind);
+    asdl_expr_seq *keys = p->v.MatchMapping.keys;
+    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchMapping.patterns;
+    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(keys);
+    Py_ssize_t npatterns = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
+    if (size != npatterns) {
+        // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
+        // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
+        const char * e = "keys (%d) / patterns (%d) length mismatch in mapping pattern";
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, size, npatterns);
+    }
+    // We have a double-star target if "rest" is set
+    PyObject *star_target = p->v.MatchMapping.rest;
+    // We need to keep the subject on top during the mapping and length checks:
+    pc->on_top++;
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_MAPPING);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    if (!size && !star_target) {
+        // If the pattern is just "{}", we're done! Pop the subject:
+        pc->on_top--;
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
+        return SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (size) {
+        // If the pattern has any keys in it, perform a length check:
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size));
+        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), GtE);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    }
+    if (INT_MAX < size - 1) {
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), "too many sub-patterns in mapping pattern");
+    }
+    // Collect all of the keys into a tuple for MATCH_KEYS and
+    // **rest. They can either be dotted names or literals:
+
+    // Maintaining a set of Constant_kind kind keys allows us to raise a
+    // SyntaxError in the case of duplicates.
+    PyObject *seen = PySet_New(NULL);
+    if (seen == NULL) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        if (codegen_pattern_mapping_key(c, seen, p, i) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(seen);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(seen);
+
+    // all keys have been checked; there are no duplicates
+
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), BUILD_TUPLE, size);
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_KEYS);
+    // There's now a tuple of keys and a tuple of values on top of the subject:
+    pc->on_top += 2;
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), Py_None);
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), IS_OP, 1);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    // So far so good. Use that tuple of values on the stack to match
+    // sub-patterns against:
+    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, size);
+    pc->on_top += size - 1;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        pc->on_top--;
+        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
+    }
+    // If we get this far, it's a match! Whatever happens next should consume
+    // the tuple of keys and the subject:
+    pc->on_top -= 2;
+    if (star_target) {
+        // If we have a starred name, bind a dict of remaining items to it (this may
+        // seem a bit inefficient, but keys is rarely big enough to actually impact
+        // runtime):
+        // rest = dict(TOS1)
+        // for key in TOS:
+        //     del rest[key]
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), BUILD_MAP, 0);           // [subject, keys, empty]
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), SWAP, 3);                // [empty, keys, subject]
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), DICT_UPDATE, 2);         // [copy, keys]
+        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, size);  // [copy, keys...]
+        while (size) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1 + size--);   // [copy, keys..., copy]
+            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), SWAP, 2);            // [copy, keys..., copy, key]
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(p), DELETE_SUBSCR);        // [copy, keys...]
+        }
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), star_target, pc));
+    }
+    else {
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);  // Tuple of keys.
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);  // Subject.
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_or(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchOr_kind);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(p->v.MatchOr.patterns);
+    assert(size > 1);
+    // We're going to be messing with pc. Keep the original info handy:
+    pattern_context old_pc = *pc;
+    Py_INCREF(pc->stores);
+    // control is the list of names bound by the first alternative. It is used
+    // for checking different name bindings in alternatives, and for correcting
+    // the order in which extracted elements are placed on the stack.
+    PyObject *control = NULL;
+    // NOTE: We can't use returning macros anymore! goto error on error.
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        pattern_ty alt = asdl_seq_GET(p->v.MatchOr.patterns, i);
+        PyObject *pc_stores = PyList_New(0);
+        if (pc_stores == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_SETREF(pc->stores, pc_stores);
+        // An irrefutable sub-pattern must be last, if it is allowed at all:
+        pc->allow_irrefutable = (i == size - 1) && old_pc.allow_irrefutable;
+        pc->fail_pop = NULL;
+        pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
+        pc->on_top = 0;
+        if (codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), COPY, 1, LOC(alt)) < 0 ||
+            codegen_pattern(c, alt, pc) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        // Success!
+        Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
+        if (!i) {
+            // This is the first alternative, so save its stores as a "control"
+            // for the others (they can't bind a different set of names, and
+            // might need to be reordered):
+            assert(control == NULL);
+            control = Py_NewRef(pc->stores);
+        }
+        else if (nstores != PyList_GET_SIZE(control)) {
+            goto diff;
+        }
+        else if (nstores) {
+            // There were captures. Check to see if we differ from control:
+            Py_ssize_t icontrol = nstores;
+            while (icontrol--) {
+                PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(control, icontrol);
+                Py_ssize_t istores = PySequence_Index(pc->stores, name);
+                if (istores < 0) {
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                    goto diff;
+                }
+                if (icontrol != istores) {
+                    // Reorder the names on the stack to match the order of the
+                    // names in control. There's probably a better way of doing
+                    // this; the current solution is potentially very
+                    // inefficient when each alternative subpattern binds lots
+                    // of names in different orders. It's fine for reasonable
+                    // cases, though, and the peephole optimizer will ensure
+                    // that the final code is as efficient as possible.
+                    assert(istores < icontrol);
+                    Py_ssize_t rotations = istores + 1;
+                    // Perform the same rotation on pc->stores:
+                    PyObject *rotated = PyList_GetSlice(pc->stores, 0,
+                                                        rotations);
+                    if (rotated == NULL ||
+                        PyList_SetSlice(pc->stores, 0, rotations, NULL) ||
+                        PyList_SetSlice(pc->stores, icontrol - istores,
+                                        icontrol - istores, rotated))
+                    {
+                        Py_XDECREF(rotated);
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    Py_DECREF(rotated);
+                    // That just did:
+                    // rotated = pc_stores[:rotations]
+                    // del pc_stores[:rotations]
+                    // pc_stores[icontrol-istores:icontrol-istores] = rotated
+                    // Do the same thing to the stack, using several
+                    // rotations:
+                    while (rotations--) {
+                        if (codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, LOC(alt), icontrol + 1) < 0) {
+                            goto error;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assert(control);
+        if (codegen_addop_j(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), LOC(alt), JUMP, end) < 0 ||
+            emit_and_reset_fail_pop(c, LOC(alt), pc) < 0)
+        {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
+    *pc = old_pc;
+    Py_INCREF(pc->stores);
+    // Need to NULL this for the PyMem_Free call in the error block.
+    old_pc.fail_pop = NULL;
+    // No match. Pop the remaining copy of the subject and fail:
+    if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), POP_TOP, LOC(p)) < 0 ||
+        jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, JUMP) < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(control);
+    // There's a bunch of stuff on the stack between where the new stores
+    // are and where they need to be:
+    // - The other stores.
+    // - A copy of the subject.
+    // - Anything else that may be on top of the stack.
+    // - Any previous stores we've already stashed away on the stack.
+    Py_ssize_t nrots = nstores + 1 + pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nstores; i++) {
+        // Rotate this capture to its proper place on the stack:
+        if (codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, LOC(p), nrots) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        // Update the list of previous stores with this new name, checking for
+        // duplicates:
+        PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(control, i);
+        int dupe = PySequence_Contains(pc->stores, name);
+        if (dupe < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (dupe) {
+            codegen_error_duplicate_store(c, LOC(p), name);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (PyList_Append(pc->stores, name)) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(old_pc.stores);
+    Py_DECREF(control);
+    // NOTE: Returning macros are safe again.
+    // Pop the copy of the subject:
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
+    return SUCCESS;
+diff:
+    _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), "alternative patterns bind different names");
+error:
+    PyMem_Free(old_pc.fail_pop);
+    Py_DECREF(old_pc.stores);
+    Py_XDECREF(control);
+    return ERROR;
+}
+
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_sequence(compiler *c, pattern_ty p,
+                         pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchSequence_kind);
+    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchSequence.patterns;
+    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
+    Py_ssize_t star = -1;
+    int only_wildcard = 1;
+    int star_wildcard = 0;
+    // Find a starred name, if it exists. There may be at most one:
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
+        if (pattern->kind == MatchStar_kind) {
+            if (star >= 0) {
+                const char *e = "multiple starred names in sequence pattern";
+                return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e);
+            }
+            star_wildcard = WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(pattern);
+            only_wildcard &= star_wildcard;
+            star = i;
+            continue;
+        }
+        only_wildcard &= WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern);
+    }
+    // We need to keep the subject on top during the sequence and length checks:
+    pc->on_top++;
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_SEQUENCE);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    if (star < 0) {
+        // No star: len(subject) == size
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size));
+        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Eq);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    }
+    else if (size > 1) {
+        // Star: len(subject) >= size - 1
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size - 1));
+        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), GtE);
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    }
+    // Whatever comes next should consume the subject:
+    pc->on_top--;
+    if (only_wildcard) {
+        // Patterns like: [] / [_] / [_, _] / [*_] / [_, *_] / [_, _, *_] / etc.
+        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
+    }
+    else if (star_wildcard) {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(c, LOC(p), patterns, star, pc));
+    }
+    else {
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(c, LOC(p), patterns, star, pc));
+    }
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_value(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchValue_kind);
+    expr_ty value = p->v.MatchValue.value;
+    if (!MATCH_VALUE_EXPR(value)) {
+        const char *e = "patterns may only match literals and attribute lookups";
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e);
+    }
+    VISIT(c, expr, value);
+    ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Eq);
+    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), TO_BOOL);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern_singleton(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    assert(p->kind == MatchSingleton_kind);
+    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchSingleton.value);
+    ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Is);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_pattern(compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    switch (p->kind) {
+        case MatchValue_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_value(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchSingleton_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_singleton(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchSequence_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_sequence(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchMapping_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_mapping(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchClass_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_class(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchStar_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_star(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchAs_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_as(c, p, pc);
+        case MatchOr_kind:
+            return codegen_pattern_or(c, p, pc);
+    }
+    // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
+    // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
+    const char *e = "invalid match pattern node in AST (kind=%d)";
+    return _PyCompile_Error(c, LOC(p), e, p->kind);
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_match_inner(compiler *c, stmt_ty s, pattern_context *pc)
+{
+    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Match.subject);
+    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
+    Py_ssize_t cases = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Match.cases);
+    assert(cases > 0);
+    match_case_ty m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, cases - 1);
+    int has_default = WILDCARD_CHECK(m->pattern) && 1 < cases;
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < cases - has_default; i++) {
+        m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, i);
+        // Only copy the subject if we're *not* on the last case:
+        if (i != cases - has_default - 1) {
+            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(m->pattern), COPY, 1);
+        }
+        pc->stores = PyList_New(0);
+        if (pc->stores == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        // Irrefutable cases must be either guarded, last, or both:
+        pc->allow_irrefutable = m->guard != NULL || i == cases - 1;
+        pc->fail_pop = NULL;
+        pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
+        pc->on_top = 0;
+        // NOTE: Can't use returning macros here (they'll leak pc->stores)!
+        if (codegen_pattern(c, m->pattern, pc) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        assert(!pc->on_top);
+        // It's a match! Store all of the captured names (they're on the stack).
+        Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
+        for (Py_ssize_t n = 0; n < nstores; n++) {
+            PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(pc->stores, n);
+            if (codegen_nameop(c, LOC(m->pattern), name, Store) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
+                return ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
+        // NOTE: Returning macros are safe again.
+        if (m->guard) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(ensure_fail_pop(c, pc, 0));
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(m->pattern), m->guard, pc->fail_pop[0], 0));
+        }
+        // Success! Pop the subject off, we're done with it:
+        if (i != cases - has_default - 1) {
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), POP_TOP);
+        }
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, m->body);
+        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, end);
+        // If the pattern fails to match, we want the line number of the
+        // cleanup to be associated with the failed pattern, not the last line
+        // of the body
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(emit_and_reset_fail_pop(c, LOC(m->pattern), pc));
+    }
+    if (has_default) {
+        // A trailing "case _" is common, and lets us save a bit of redundant
+        // pushing and popping in the loop above:
+        m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, cases - 1);
+        if (cases == 1) {
+            // No matches. Done with the subject:
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), POP_TOP);
+        }
+        else {
+            // Show line coverage for default case (it doesn't create bytecode)
+            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), NOP);
+        }
+        if (m->guard) {
+            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(m->pattern), m->guard, end, 0));
+        }
+        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, m->body);
+    }
+    USE_LABEL(c, end);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int
+codegen_match(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+{
+    pattern_context pc;
+    pc.fail_pop = NULL;
+    int result = codegen_match_inner(c, s, &pc);
+    PyMem_Free(pc.fail_pop);
+    return result;
+}
+
+#undef WILDCARD_CHECK
+#undef WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK
+
+
+int
+_PyCodegen_AddReturnAtEnd(compiler *c, int addNone)
+{
+    /* Make sure every instruction stream that falls off the end returns None.
+     * This also ensures that no jump target offsets are out of bounds.
+     */
+    if (addNone) {
+        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+    }
+    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/Python/compile.c b/Python/compile.c
index 5c28f0c..89d75b5 100644
--- a/Python/compile.c
+++ b/Python/compile.c
@@ -6,6435 +6,41 @@
  * object:
  *   1. Checks for future statements.  See future.c
  *   2. Builds a symbol table.  See symtable.c.
- *   3. Generate an instruction sequence. See compiler_mod() in this file.
+ *   3. Generate an instruction sequence. See compiler_mod() in this file, which
+ *      calls functions from codegen.c.
  *   4. Generate a control flow graph and run optimizations on it.  See flowgraph.c.
  *   5. Assemble the basic blocks into final code.  See optimize_and_assemble() in
  *      this file, and assembler.c.
  *
- * Note that compiler_mod() suggests module, but the module ast type
- * (mod_ty) has cases for expressions and interactive statements.
- *
- * CAUTION: The VISIT_* macros abort the current function when they
- * encounter a problem. So don't invoke them when there is memory
- * which needs to be released. Code blocks are OK, as the compiler
- * structure takes care of releasing those.  Use the arena to manage
- * objects.
- */
-
-#include <stdbool.h>
-
-#include "Python.h"
-#include "opcode.h"
-#include "pycore_ast.h"           // _PyAST_GetDocString()
-#define NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
-#include "pycore_opcode_utils.h"
-#undef NEED_OPCODE_TABLES
-#include "pycore_code.h"          // _PyCode_New()
-#include "pycore_compile.h"
-#include "pycore_flowgraph.h"
-#include "pycore_instruction_sequence.h" // _PyInstructionSequence_New()
-#include "pycore_intrinsics.h"
-#include "pycore_long.h"          // _PyLong_GetZero()
-#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _Py_GetConfig()
-#include "pycore_setobject.h"     // _PySet_NextEntry()
-#include "pycore_symtable.h"      // PySTEntryObject, _PyFuture_FromAST()
-
-#define NEED_OPCODE_METADATA
-#include "pycore_opcode_metadata.h" // _PyOpcode_opcode_metadata, _PyOpcode_num_popped/pushed
-#undef NEED_OPCODE_METADATA
-
-#define COMP_GENEXP   0
-#define COMP_LISTCOMP 1
-#define COMP_SETCOMP  2
-#define COMP_DICTCOMP 3
-
-/* A soft limit for stack use, to avoid excessive
- * memory use for large constants, etc.
- *
- * The value 30 is plucked out of thin air.
- * Code that could use more stack than this is
- * rare, so the exact value is unimportant.
- */
-#define STACK_USE_GUIDELINE 30
-
-#undef SUCCESS
-#undef ERROR
-#define SUCCESS 0
-#define ERROR -1
-
-#define RETURN_IF_ERROR(X)  \
-    if ((X) == -1) {        \
-        return ERROR;       \
-    }
-
-#define RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(C, CALL) { \
-    if ((CALL) < 0) { \
-        compiler_exit_scope((C)); \
-        return ERROR; \
-    } \
-}
-
-struct compiler;
-
-typedef _PyInstruction instruction;
-typedef _PyInstructionSequence instr_sequence;
-
-static instr_sequence *compiler_instr_sequence(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_future_features(struct compiler *c);
-static struct symtable *compiler_symtable(struct compiler *c);
-static PySTEntryObject *compiler_symtable_entry(struct compiler *c);
-
-#define IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(C) compiler_is_top_level_await(C)
-#define INSTR_SEQUENCE(C) compiler_instr_sequence(C)
-#define FUTURE_FEATURES(C) compiler_future_features(C)
-#define SYMTABLE(C) compiler_symtable(C)
-#define SYMTABLE_ENTRY(C) compiler_symtable_entry(C)
-#define OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(C) compiler_optimization_level(C)
-#define IS_INTERACTIVE(C) compiler_is_interactive(C)
-#define IS_NESTED_SCOPE(C) compiler_is_nested_scope(C)
-#define SCOPE_TYPE(C) compiler_scope_type(C)
-#define QUALNAME(C) compiler_qualname(C)
-#define METADATA(C) compiler_unit_metadata(C)
-#define ARENA(C) compiler_arena(C)
-
-typedef _Py_SourceLocation location;
-typedef struct _PyCfgBuilder cfg_builder;
-typedef _PyJumpTargetLabel jump_target_label;
-
-enum fblocktype;
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-static int compiler_is_top_level_await(struct compiler *c);
-#endif
-static PyObject *compiler_mangle(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name);
-static PyObject *compiler_maybe_mangle(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name);
-static int compiler_optimization_level(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_is_interactive(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_is_nested_scope(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_scope_type(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_is_in_inlined_comp(struct compiler *c);
-static PyObject *compiler_qualname(struct compiler *c);
-static PyObject *compiler_static_attributes_tuple(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_lookup_arg(struct compiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name);
-static int compiler_get_ref_type(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name);
-static int compiler_lookup_cellvar(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name);
-static PyObject *compiler_deferred_annotations(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_push_fblock(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                enum fblocktype t, jump_target_label block_label,
-                                jump_target_label exit, void *datum);
-static void compiler_pop_fblock(struct compiler *c, enum fblocktype t,
-                                jump_target_label block_label);
-static struct fblockinfo *compiler_top_fblock(struct compiler *c);
-static int compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
-                                void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
-                               _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd);
-static void compiler_exit_scope(struct compiler *c);
-static Py_ssize_t compiler_add_const(struct compiler *c, PyObject *o);
-static int compiler_maybe_add_static_attribute_to_class(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e);
-static _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *compiler_unit_metadata(struct compiler *c);
-static PyArena *compiler_arena(struct compiler *c);
-
-#define LOCATION(LNO, END_LNO, COL, END_COL) \
-    ((const _Py_SourceLocation){(LNO), (END_LNO), (COL), (END_COL)})
-
-#define LOC(x) SRC_LOCATION_FROM_AST(x)
-
-static jump_target_label NO_LABEL = {-1};
-
-#define SAME_LABEL(L1, L2) ((L1).id == (L2).id)
-#define IS_LABEL(L) (!SAME_LABEL((L), (NO_LABEL)))
-
-#define NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(C, NAME) \
-    jump_target_label NAME = _PyInstructionSequence_NewLabel(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C)); \
-    if (!IS_LABEL(NAME)) { \
-        return ERROR; \
-    }
-
-#define USE_LABEL(C, LBL) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyInstructionSequence_UseLabel(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (LBL).id))
-
-
-/* fblockinfo tracks the current frame block.
-
-A frame block is used to handle loops, try/except, and try/finally.
-It's called a frame block to distinguish it from a basic block in the
-compiler IR.
-*/
-
-enum fblocktype { WHILE_LOOP, FOR_LOOP, TRY_EXCEPT, FINALLY_TRY, FINALLY_END,
-                  WITH, ASYNC_WITH, HANDLER_CLEANUP, POP_VALUE, EXCEPTION_HANDLER,
-                  EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER, ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR,
-                  STOP_ITERATION };
-
-struct fblockinfo {
-    enum fblocktype fb_type;
-    jump_target_label fb_block;
-    location fb_loc;
-    /* (optional) type-specific exit or cleanup block */
-    jump_target_label fb_exit;
-    /* (optional) additional information required for unwinding */
-    void *fb_datum;
-};
-
-enum {
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_FUNCTION,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_LAMBDA,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION,
-    COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
-};
-
-
-static const int compare_masks[] = {
-    [Py_LT] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN,
-    [Py_LE] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN | COMPARISON_EQUALS,
-    [Py_EQ] = COMPARISON_EQUALS,
-    [Py_NE] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUALS,
-    [Py_GT] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN,
-    [Py_GE] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN | COMPARISON_EQUALS,
-};
-
-/*
- * Resize the array if index is out of range.
- *
- * idx: the index we want to access
- * arr: pointer to the array
- * alloc: pointer to the capacity of the array
- * default_alloc: initial number of items
- * item_size: size of each item
- *
- */
-int
-_PyCompile_EnsureArrayLargeEnough(int idx, void **array, int *alloc,
-                                  int default_alloc, size_t item_size)
-{
-    void *arr = *array;
-    if (arr == NULL) {
-        int new_alloc = default_alloc;
-        if (idx >= new_alloc) {
-            new_alloc = idx + default_alloc;
-        }
-        arr = PyMem_Calloc(new_alloc, item_size);
-        if (arr == NULL) {
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        *alloc = new_alloc;
-    }
-    else if (idx >= *alloc) {
-        size_t oldsize = *alloc * item_size;
-        int new_alloc = *alloc << 1;
-        if (idx >= new_alloc) {
-            new_alloc = idx + default_alloc;
-        }
-        size_t newsize = new_alloc * item_size;
-
-        if (oldsize > (SIZE_MAX >> 1)) {
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-
-        assert(newsize > 0);
-        void *tmp = PyMem_Realloc(arr, newsize);
-        if (tmp == NULL) {
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        *alloc = new_alloc;
-        arr = tmp;
-        memset((char *)arr + oldsize, 0, newsize - oldsize);
-    }
-
-    *array = arr;
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-typedef struct {
-    // A list of strings corresponding to name captures. It is used to track:
-    // - Repeated name assignments in the same pattern.
-    // - Different name assignments in alternatives.
-    // - The order of name assignments in alternatives.
-    PyObject *stores;
-    // If 0, any name captures against our subject will raise.
-    int allow_irrefutable;
-    // An array of blocks to jump to on failure. Jumping to fail_pop[i] will pop
-    // i items off of the stack. The end result looks like this (with each block
-    // falling through to the next):
-    // fail_pop[4]: POP_TOP
-    // fail_pop[3]: POP_TOP
-    // fail_pop[2]: POP_TOP
-    // fail_pop[1]: POP_TOP
-    // fail_pop[0]: NOP
-    jump_target_label *fail_pop;
-    // The current length of fail_pop.
-    Py_ssize_t fail_pop_size;
-    // The number of items on top of the stack that need to *stay* on top of the
-    // stack. Variable captures go beneath these. All of them will be popped on
-    // failure.
-    Py_ssize_t on_top;
-} pattern_context;
-
-static void compiler_free(struct compiler *);
-static int compiler_error(struct compiler *, location loc, const char *, ...);
-static int compiler_warn(struct compiler *, location loc, const char *, ...);
-static int codegen_nameop(struct compiler *, location, identifier, expr_context_ty);
-
-static PyCodeObject *compiler_mod(struct compiler *, mod_ty);
-static int codegen_visit_stmt(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_visit_keyword(struct compiler *, keyword_ty);
-static int codegen_visit_expr(struct compiler *, expr_ty);
-static int codegen_augassign(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_annassign(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_subscript(struct compiler *, expr_ty);
-static int codegen_slice(struct compiler *, expr_ty);
-
-static bool are_all_items_const(asdl_expr_seq *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t);
-
-
-static int codegen_with(struct compiler *, stmt_ty, int);
-static int codegen_async_with(struct compiler *, stmt_ty, int);
-static int codegen_async_for(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(struct compiler *c,
-                                         location loc,
-                                         asdl_keyword_seq *keywords,
-                                         Py_ssize_t nkwelts);
-static int codegen_call_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                               int n, asdl_expr_seq *args,
-                               asdl_keyword_seq *keywords);
-static int codegen_try_except(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_try_star_except(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-
-static int codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(
-                                      struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
-                                      int depth,
-                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
-                                      int iter_on_stack);
-
-static int codegen_async_comprehension_generator(
-                                      struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
-                                      int depth,
-                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
-                                      int iter_on_stack);
-
-static int codegen_pattern(struct compiler *, pattern_ty, pattern_context *);
-static int codegen_match(struct compiler *, stmt_ty);
-static int codegen_pattern_subpattern(struct compiler *,
-                                      pattern_ty, pattern_context *);
-static int codegen_make_closure(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                PyCodeObject *co, Py_ssize_t flags);
-
-static PyCodeObject *optimize_and_assemble(struct compiler *, int addNone);
-
-/* Add an opcode with an integer argument */
-static int
-codegen_addop_i(instr_sequence *seq, int opcode, Py_ssize_t oparg, location loc)
-{
-    /* oparg value is unsigned, but a signed C int is usually used to store
-       it in the C code (like Python/ceval.c).
-
-       Limit to 32-bit signed C int (rather than INT_MAX) for portability.
-
-       The argument of a concrete bytecode instruction is limited to 8-bit.
-       EXTENDED_ARG is used for 16, 24, and 32-bit arguments. */
-
-    int oparg_ = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(oparg, Py_ssize_t, int);
-    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
-    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, oparg_, loc);
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_I(C, LOC, OP, O) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (O), (LOC)))
-
-#define ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP, O) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(C, codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (O), (LOC)));
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_noarg(instr_sequence *seq, int opcode, location loc)
-{
-    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_ARG(opcode));
-    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
-    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, 0, loc);
-}
-
-#define ADDOP(C, LOC, OP) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (LOC)))
-
-#define ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (OP), (LOC)))
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-dict_add_o(PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
-{
-    PyObject *v;
-    Py_ssize_t arg;
-
-    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, o, &v) < 0) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    if (!v) {
-        arg = PyDict_GET_SIZE(dict);
-        v = PyLong_FromSsize_t(arg);
-        if (!v) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, o, v) < 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(v);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-    }
-    else
-        arg = PyLong_AsLong(v);
-    Py_DECREF(v);
-    return arg;
-}
-
-/* Merge const *o* and return constant key object.
- * If recursive, insert all elements if o is a tuple or frozen set.
- */
-static PyObject*
-const_cache_insert(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject *o, bool recursive)
-{
-    assert(PyDict_CheckExact(const_cache));
-    // None and Ellipsis are immortal objects, and key is the singleton.
-    // No need to merge object and key.
-    if (o == Py_None || o == Py_Ellipsis) {
-        return o;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *key = _PyCode_ConstantKey(o);
-    if (key == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyObject *t;
-    int res = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(const_cache, key, key, &t);
-    if (res != 0) {
-        // o was not inserted into const_cache. t is either the existing value
-        // or NULL (on error).
-        Py_DECREF(key);
-        return t;
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(t);
-
-    if (!recursive) {
-        return key;
-    }
-
-    // We registered o in const_cache.
-    // When o is a tuple or frozenset, we want to merge its
-    // items too.
-    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) {
-        Py_ssize_t len = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            PyObject *item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i);
-            PyObject *u = const_cache_insert(const_cache, item, recursive);
-            if (u == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(key);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-
-            // See _PyCode_ConstantKey()
-            PyObject *v;  // borrowed
-            if (PyTuple_CheckExact(u)) {
-                v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(u, 1);
-            }
-            else {
-                v = u;
-            }
-            if (v != item) {
-                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, Py_NewRef(v));
-                Py_DECREF(item);
-            }
-
-            Py_DECREF(u);
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(o)) {
-        // *key* is tuple. And its first item is frozenset of
-        // constant keys.
-        // See _PyCode_ConstantKey() for detail.
-        assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(key));
-        assert(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(key) == 2);
-
-        Py_ssize_t len = PySet_GET_SIZE(o);
-        if (len == 0) {  // empty frozenset should not be re-created.
-            return key;
-        }
-        PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(len);
-        if (tuple == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(key);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        Py_ssize_t i = 0, pos = 0;
-        PyObject *item;
-        Py_hash_t hash;
-        while (_PySet_NextEntry(o, &pos, &item, &hash)) {
-            PyObject *k = const_cache_insert(const_cache, item, recursive);
-            if (k == NULL) {
-                Py_DECREF(tuple);
-                Py_DECREF(key);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            PyObject *u;
-            if (PyTuple_CheckExact(k)) {
-                u = Py_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(k, 1));
-                Py_DECREF(k);
-            }
-            else {
-                u = k;
-            }
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, u);  // Steals reference of u.
-            i++;
-        }
-
-        // Instead of rewriting o, we create new frozenset and embed in the
-        // key tuple.  Caller should get merged frozenset from the key tuple.
-        PyObject *new = PyFrozenSet_New(tuple);
-        Py_DECREF(tuple);
-        if (new == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(key);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        assert(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(key, 1) == o);
-        Py_DECREF(o);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, 1, new);
-    }
-
-    return key;
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-merge_consts_recursive(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject *o)
-{
-    return const_cache_insert(const_cache, o, true);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_load_const(struct compiler *c, location loc, PyObject *o)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t arg = compiler_add_const(c, o);
-    if (arg < 0) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_CONST, arg);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(C, LOC, O) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), (O)))
-
-#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, O) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), (O)))
-
-/* Same as ADDOP_LOAD_CONST, but steals a reference. */
-#define ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(C, LOC, O) { \
-    PyObject *__new_const = (O); \
-    if (__new_const == NULL) { \
-        return ERROR; \
-    } \
-    if (codegen_addop_load_const((C), (LOC), __new_const) < 0) { \
-        Py_DECREF(__new_const); \
-        return ERROR; \
-    } \
-    Py_DECREF(__new_const); \
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_o(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                int opcode, PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t arg = dict_add_o(dict, o);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(arg);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, opcode, arg);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_N(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) { \
-    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_CONST(OP)); /* use ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW */ \
-    int ret = codegen_addop_o((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)); \
-    Py_DECREF((O)); \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret); \
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_N_IN_SCOPE(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) { \
-    assert(!OPCODE_HAS_CONST(OP)); /* use ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW */ \
-    int ret = codegen_addop_o((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)); \
-    Py_DECREF((O)); \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), ret); \
-}
-
-#define LOAD_METHOD -1
-#define LOAD_SUPER_METHOD -2
-#define LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR -3
-#define LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD -4
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_name(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                   int opcode, PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
-{
-    PyObject *mangled = compiler_maybe_mangle(c, o);
-    if (!mangled) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t arg = dict_add_o(dict, mangled);
-    Py_DECREF(mangled);
-    if (arg < 0) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_ATTR) {
-        arg <<= 1;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_METHOD) {
-        opcode = LOAD_ATTR;
-        arg <<= 1;
-        arg |= 1;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_SUPER_ATTR) {
-        arg <<= 2;
-        arg |= 2;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_SUPER_METHOD) {
-        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
-        arg <<= 2;
-        arg |= 3;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR) {
-        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
-        arg <<= 2;
-    }
-    if (opcode == LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD) {
-        opcode = LOAD_SUPER_ATTR;
-        arg <<= 2;
-        arg |= 1;
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, opcode, arg);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_NAME(C, LOC, OP, O, TYPE) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_name((C), (LOC), (OP), METADATA(C)->u_ ## TYPE, (O)))
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_j(instr_sequence *seq, location loc,
-                int opcode, jump_target_label target)
-{
-    assert(IS_LABEL(target));
-    assert(OPCODE_HAS_JUMP(opcode) || IS_BLOCK_PUSH_OPCODE(opcode));
-    assert(!IS_ASSEMBLER_OPCODE(opcode));
-    return _PyInstructionSequence_Addop(seq, opcode, target.id, loc);
-}
-
-#define ADDOP_JUMP(C, LOC, OP, O) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_j(INSTR_SEQUENCE(C), (LOC), (OP), (O)))
-
-#define ADDOP_COMPARE(C, LOC, CMP) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addcompare((C), (LOC), (cmpop_ty)(CMP)))
-
-#define ADDOP_BINARY(C, LOC, BINOP) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(addop_binary((C), (LOC), (BINOP), false))
-
-#define ADDOP_INPLACE(C, LOC, BINOP) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(addop_binary((C), (LOC), (BINOP), true))
-
-#define ADD_YIELD_FROM(C, LOC, await) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_add_yield_from((C), (LOC), (await)))
-
-#define POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(C, LOC) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pop_except_and_reraise((C), (LOC)))
-
-#define ADDOP_YIELD(C, LOC) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_addop_yield((C), (LOC)))
-
-/* VISIT and VISIT_SEQ takes an ASDL type as their second argument.  They use
-   the ASDL name to synthesize the name of the C type and the visit function.
-*/
-
-#define VISIT(C, TYPE, V) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), (V)));
-
-#define VISIT_IN_SCOPE(C, TYPE, V) \
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE((C), codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), (V)))
-
-#define VISIT_SEQ(C, TYPE, SEQ) { \
-    int _i; \
-    asdl_ ## TYPE ## _seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
-    for (_i = 0; _i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); _i++) { \
-        TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, _i); \
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), elt)); \
-    } \
-}
-
-#define VISIT_SEQ_IN_SCOPE(C, TYPE, SEQ) { \
-    int _i; \
-    asdl_ ## TYPE ## _seq *seq = (SEQ); /* avoid variable capture */ \
-    for (_i = 0; _i < asdl_seq_LEN(seq); _i++) { \
-        TYPE ## _ty elt = (TYPE ## _ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, _i); \
-        if (codegen_visit_ ## TYPE((C), elt) < 0) { \
-            compiler_exit_scope(C); \
-            return ERROR; \
-        } \
-    } \
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_call_exit_with_nones(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 3);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_add_yield_from(struct compiler *c, location loc, int await)
-{
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, send);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, fail);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, send);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SEND, exit);
-    // Set up a virtual try/except to handle when StopIteration is raised during
-    // a close or throw call. The only way YIELD_VALUE raises if they do!
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, fail);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, YIELD_VALUE, 1);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, await ? RESUME_AFTER_AWAIT : RESUME_AFTER_YIELD_FROM);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, send);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, fail);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, CLEANUP_THROW);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, END_SEND);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pop_except_and_reraise(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    /* Stack contents
-     * [exc_info, lasti, exc]            COPY        3
-     * [exc_info, lasti, exc, exc_info]  POP_EXCEPT
-     * [exc_info, lasti, exc]            RERAISE      1
-     * (exception_unwind clears the stack)
-     */
-
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_EXCEPT);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 1);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Unwind a frame block.  If preserve_tos is true, the TOS before
- * popping the blocks will be restored afterwards, unless another
- * return, break or continue is found. In which case, the TOS will
- * be popped.
- */
-static int
-codegen_unwind_fblock(struct compiler *c, location *ploc,
-                      struct fblockinfo *info, int preserve_tos)
-{
-    switch (info->fb_type) {
-        case WHILE_LOOP:
-        case EXCEPTION_HANDLER:
-        case EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER:
-        case ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR:
-        case STOP_ITERATION:
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case FOR_LOOP:
-            /* Pop the iterator */
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case TRY_EXCEPT:
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case FINALLY_TRY:
-            /* This POP_BLOCK gets the line number of the unwinding statement */
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                    compiler_push_fblock(c, *ploc, POP_VALUE, NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-            }
-            /* Emit the finally block */
-            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, info->fb_datum);
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                compiler_pop_fblock(c, POP_VALUE, NO_LABEL);
-            }
-            /* The finally block should appear to execute after the
-             * statement causing the unwinding, so make the unwinding
-             * instruction artificial */
-            *ploc = NO_LOCATION;
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case FINALLY_END:
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_EXCEPT);
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case WITH:
-        case ASYNC_WITH:
-            *ploc = info->fb_loc;
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 3);
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, *ploc));
-            if (info->fb_type == ASYNC_WITH) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
-                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, *ploc, Py_None);
-                ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, *ploc, 1);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
-            /* The exit block should appear to execute after the
-             * statement causing the unwinding, so make the unwinding
-             * instruction artificial */
-            *ploc = NO_LOCATION;
-            return SUCCESS;
-
-        case HANDLER_CLEANUP: {
-            if (info->fb_datum) {
-                ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            }
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_BLOCK);
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_EXCEPT);
-            if (info->fb_datum) {
-                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, *ploc, Py_None);
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, *ploc, info->fb_datum, Store));
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, *ploc, info->fb_datum, Del));
-            }
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-        case POP_VALUE: {
-            if (preserve_tos) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, *ploc, SWAP, 2);
-            }
-            ADDOP(c, *ploc, POP_TOP);
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_UNREACHABLE();
-}
-
-/** Unwind block stack. If loop is not NULL, then stop when the first loop is encountered. */
-static int
-codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(struct compiler *c, location *ploc,
-                            int preserve_tos, struct fblockinfo **loop)
-{
-    struct fblockinfo *top = compiler_top_fblock(c);
-    if (top == NULL) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    if (top->fb_type == EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER) {
-        return compiler_error(
-            c, *ploc, "'break', 'continue' and 'return' cannot appear in an except* block");
-    }
-    if (loop != NULL && (top->fb_type == WHILE_LOOP || top->fb_type == FOR_LOOP)) {
-        *loop = top;
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    struct fblockinfo copy = *top;
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, top->fb_type, top->fb_block);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock(c, ploc, &copy, preserve_tos));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, ploc, preserve_tos, loop));
-    compiler_push_fblock(c, copy.fb_loc, copy.fb_type, copy.fb_block,
-                         copy.fb_exit, copy.fb_datum);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
-                    void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
-                    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_enter_scope(c, name, scope_type, key, lineno, private, umd));
-    location loc = LOCATION(lineno, lineno, 0, 0);
-    if (scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE) {
-        loc.lineno = 0;
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, RESUME_AT_FUNC_START);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_setup_annotations_scope(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                void *key, PyObject *name)
-{
-    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
-        .u_posonlyargcount = 1,
-    };
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_enter_scope(c, name, COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
-                            key, loc.lineno, NULL, &umd));
-
-    // if .format != 1: raise NotImplementedError
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(format, ".format");
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, _PyLong_GetOne());
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COMPARE_OP, (Py_NE << 5) | compare_masks[Py_NE]);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, body);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT, CONSTANT_NOTIMPLEMENTEDERROR);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RAISE_VARARGS, 1);
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_leave_annotations_scope(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                Py_ssize_t annotations_len)
-{
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, annotations_len);
-    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
-    PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_process_deferred_annotations(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    PyObject *deferred_anno = compiler_deferred_annotations(c);
-    if (deferred_anno == NULL) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    Py_INCREF(deferred_anno);
-
-    // It's possible that ste_annotations_block is set but
-    // u_deferred_annotations is not, because the former is still
-    // set if there are only non-simple annotations (i.e., annotations
-    // for attributes, subscripts, or parenthesized names). However, the
-    // reverse should not be possible.
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    assert(ste->ste_annotation_block != NULL);
-    void *key = (void *)((uintptr_t)ste->ste_id + 1);
-    if (codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, loc, key,
-                                        ste->ste_annotation_block->ste_name) < 0) {
-        Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t annotations_len = PyList_Size(deferred_anno);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < annotations_len; i++) {
-        PyObject *ptr = PyList_GET_ITEM(deferred_anno, i);
-        stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)PyLong_AsVoidPtr(ptr);
-        if (st == NULL) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-            Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        PyObject *mangled = compiler_mangle(c, st->v.AnnAssign.target->v.Name.id);
-        if (!mangled) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-            Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(st), mangled);
-        VISIT(c, expr, st->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(deferred_anno);
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_leave_annotations_scope(c, loc, annotations_len));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__annotate__), Store));
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Compile an expression */
-static int
-codegen_expression(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    VISIT(c, expr, e);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Compile a sequence of statements, checking for a docstring
-   and for annotations. */
-
-static int
-codegen_body(struct compiler *c, location loc, asdl_stmt_seq *stmts)
-{
-    /* If from __future__ import annotations is active,
-     * every annotated class and module should have __annotations__.
-     * Else __annotate__ is created when necessary. */
-    if ((FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) && SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_annotations_used) {
-        ADDOP(c, loc, SETUP_ANNOTATIONS);
-    }
-    if (!asdl_seq_LEN(stmts)) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t first_instr = 0;
-    if (!IS_INTERACTIVE(c)) {
-        PyObject *docstring = _PyAST_GetDocString(stmts);
-        if (docstring) {
-            first_instr = 1;
-            /* if not -OO mode, set docstring */
-            if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c) < 2) {
-                PyObject *cleandoc = _PyCompile_CleanDoc(docstring);
-                if (cleandoc == NULL) {
-                    return ERROR;
-                }
-                stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, 0);
-                assert(st->kind == Expr_kind);
-                location loc = LOC(st->v.Expr.value);
-                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, cleandoc);
-                Py_DECREF(cleandoc);
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__doc__), Store));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = first_instr; i < asdl_seq_LEN(stmts); i++) {
-        VISIT(c, stmt, (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, i));
-    }
-    // If there are annotations and the future import is not on, we
-    // collect the annotations in a separate pass and generate an
-    // __annotate__ function. See PEP 649.
-    if (!(FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS)) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_process_deferred_annotations(c, loc));
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static location
-start_location(asdl_stmt_seq *stmts)
-{
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(stmts) > 0) {
-        /* Set current line number to the line number of first statement.
-         * This way line number for SETUP_ANNOTATIONS will always
-         * coincide with the line number of first "real" statement in module.
-         * If body is empty, then lineno will be set later in optimize_and_assemble.
-         */
-        stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, 0);
-        return LOC(st);
-    }
-    return LOCATION(1, 1, 0, 0);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_enter_anonymous_scope(struct compiler* c, mod_ty mod)
-{
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_module, "<module>");
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_enter_scope(c, &_Py_STR(anon_module), COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE,
-                            mod, 1, NULL, NULL));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_make_closure(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                     PyCodeObject *co, Py_ssize_t flags)
-{
-    if (co->co_nfreevars) {
-        int i = PyUnstable_Code_GetFirstFree(co);
-        for (; i < co->co_nlocalsplus; ++i) {
-            /* Bypass com_addop_varname because it will generate
-               LOAD_DEREF but LOAD_CLOSURE is needed.
-            */
-            PyObject *name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, i);
-            int arg = compiler_lookup_arg(c, co, name);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(arg);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_CLOSURE, arg);
-        }
-        flags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE;
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, co->co_nfreevars);
-    }
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, (PyObject*)co);
-
-    ADDOP(c, loc, MAKE_FUNCTION);
-
-    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE);
-    }
-    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS);
-    }
-    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE);
-    }
-    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS);
-    }
-    if (flags & MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_decorators(struct compiler *c, asdl_expr_seq* decos)
-{
-    if (!decos) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(decos); i++) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, i));
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_apply_decorators(struct compiler *c, asdl_expr_seq* decos)
-{
-    if (!decos) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = asdl_seq_LEN(decos) - 1; i > -1; i--) {
-        location loc = LOC((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, i));
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_kwonlydefaults(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                       asdl_arg_seq *kwonlyargs, asdl_expr_seq *kw_defaults)
-{
-    /* Push a dict of keyword-only default values.
-
-       Return -1 on error, 0 if no dict pushed, 1 if a dict is pushed.
-       */
-    int default_count = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(kwonlyargs); i++) {
-        arg_ty arg = asdl_seq_GET(kwonlyargs, i);
-        expr_ty default_ = asdl_seq_GET(kw_defaults, i);
-        if (default_) {
-            default_count++;
-            PyObject *mangled = compiler_maybe_mangle(c, arg->arg);
-            if (!mangled) {
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, mangled);
-            VISIT(c, expr, default_);
-        }
-    }
-    if (default_count) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, default_count);
-        return 1;
-    }
-    else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_visit_annexpr(struct compiler *c, expr_ty annotation)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(annotation);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, _PyAST_ExprAsUnicode(annotation));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_argannotation(struct compiler *c, identifier id,
-    expr_ty annotation, Py_ssize_t *annotations_len, location loc)
-{
-    if (!annotation) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    PyObject *mangled = compiler_maybe_mangle(c, id);
-    if (!mangled) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, mangled);
-    Py_DECREF(mangled);
-
-    if (FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) {
-        VISIT(c, annexpr, annotation);
-    }
-    else {
-        if (annotation->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            // *args: *Ts (where Ts is a TypeVarTuple).
-            // Do [annotation_value] = [*Ts].
-            // (Note that in theory we could end up here even for an argument
-            // other than *args, but in practice the grammar doesn't allow it.)
-            VISIT(c, expr, annotation->v.Starred.value);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, (Py_ssize_t) 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            VISIT(c, expr, annotation);
-        }
-    }
-    *annotations_len += 1;
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_argannotations(struct compiler *c, asdl_arg_seq* args,
-                       Py_ssize_t *annotations_len, location loc)
-{
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(args); i++) {
-        arg_ty arg = (arg_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_argannotation(
-                        c,
-                        arg->arg,
-                        arg->annotation,
-                        annotations_len,
-                        loc));
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_annotations_in_scope(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                             arguments_ty args, expr_ty returns,
-                             Py_ssize_t *annotations_len)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_argannotations(c, args->args, annotations_len, loc));
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_argannotations(c, args->posonlyargs, annotations_len, loc));
-
-    if (args->vararg && args->vararg->annotation) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_argannotation(c, args->vararg->arg,
-                                     args->vararg->annotation, annotations_len, loc));
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_argannotations(c, args->kwonlyargs, annotations_len, loc));
-
-    if (args->kwarg && args->kwarg->annotation) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_argannotation(c, args->kwarg->arg,
-                                     args->kwarg->annotation, annotations_len, loc));
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_argannotation(c, &_Py_ID(return), returns, annotations_len, loc));
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_annotations(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                    arguments_ty args, expr_ty returns)
-{
-    /* Push arg annotation names and values.
-       The expressions are evaluated separately from the rest of the source code.
-
-       Return -1 on error, or a combination of flags to add to the function.
-       */
-    Py_ssize_t annotations_len = 0;
-
-    PySTEntryObject *ste;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PySymtable_LookupOptional(SYMTABLE(c), args, &ste));
-    assert(ste != NULL);
-    bool annotations_used = ste->ste_annotations_used;
-
-    int err = annotations_used ?
-        codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, loc, (void *)args, ste->ste_name) : SUCCESS;
-    Py_DECREF(ste);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(err);
-
-    if (codegen_annotations_in_scope(c, loc, args, returns, &annotations_len) < 0) {
-        if (annotations_used) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        }
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    if (annotations_used) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_leave_annotations_scope(c, loc, annotations_len)
-        );
-        return MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_defaults(struct compiler *c, arguments_ty args,
-                        location loc)
-{
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, args->defaults);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, asdl_seq_LEN(args->defaults));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-codegen_default_arguments(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                          arguments_ty args)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t funcflags = 0;
-    if (args->defaults && asdl_seq_LEN(args->defaults) > 0) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_defaults(c, args, loc));
-        funcflags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS;
-    }
-    if (args->kwonlyargs) {
-        int res = codegen_kwonlydefaults(c, loc,
-                                         args->kwonlyargs,
-                                         args->kw_defaults);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(res);
-        if (res > 0) {
-            funcflags |= MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS;
-        }
-    }
-    return funcflags;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(struct compiler *c)
-{
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, handler);
-
-    /* Insert SETUP_CLEANUP at start */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        _PyInstructionSequence_InsertInstruction(
-            INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), 0,
-            SETUP_CLEANUP, handler.id, NO_LOCATION));
-
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
-    USE_LABEL(c, handler);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 1);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e,
-                                    identifier name, void *key,
-                                    bool allow_starred)
-{
-    PyObject *defaults = PyTuple_Pack(1, _PyLong_GetOne());
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(e), defaults);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, LOC(e), key, name));
-    if (allow_starred && e->kind == Starred_kind) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Starred.value);
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, (Py_ssize_t)1);
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT(c, expr, e);
-    }
-    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, LOC(e), RETURN_VALUE);
-    PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, LOC(e), co, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_type_params(struct compiler *c, asdl_type_param_seq *type_params)
-{
-    if (!type_params) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params);
-    bool seen_default = false;
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        type_param_ty typeparam = asdl_seq_GET(type_params, i);
-        location loc = LOC(typeparam);
-        switch(typeparam->kind) {
-        case TypeVar_kind:
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name);
-            if (typeparam->v.TypeVar.bound) {
-                expr_ty bound = typeparam->v.TypeVar.bound;
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, bound, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name,
-                                                        (void *)typeparam, false));
-
-                int intrinsic = bound->kind == Tuple_kind
-                    ? INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS
-                    : INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND;
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, intrinsic);
-            }
-            else {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR);
-            }
-            if (typeparam->v.TypeVar.default_value) {
-                seen_default = true;
-                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.TypeVar.default_value;
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name,
-                                                        (void *)((uintptr_t)typeparam + 1), false));
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
-            }
-            else if (seen_default) {
-                return compiler_error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
-                                      "follows default type parameter",
-                                      typeparam->v.TypeVar.name);
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVar.name, Store));
-            break;
-        case TypeVarTuple_kind:
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE);
-            if (typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.default_value) {
-                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.default_value;
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name,
-                                                        (void *)typeparam, true));
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
-                seen_default = true;
-            }
-            else if (seen_default) {
-                return compiler_error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
-                                      "follows default type parameter",
-                                      typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name);
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.TypeVarTuple.name, Store));
-            break;
-        case ParamSpec_kind:
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC);
-            if (typeparam->v.ParamSpec.default_value) {
-                expr_ty default_ = typeparam->v.ParamSpec.default_value;
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                    codegen_type_param_bound_or_default(c, default_, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name,
-                                                        (void *)typeparam, false));
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_TYPEPARAM_DEFAULT);
-                seen_default = true;
-            }
-            else if (seen_default) {
-                return compiler_error(c, loc, "non-default type parameter '%U' "
-                                      "follows default type parameter",
-                                      typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name);
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, typeparam->v.ParamSpec.name, Store));
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(asdl_seq_GET(type_params, 0)), BUILD_TUPLE, n);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_function_body(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int is_async, Py_ssize_t funcflags,
-                      int firstlineno)
-{
-    arguments_ty args;
-    identifier name;
-    asdl_stmt_seq *body;
-    int scope_type;
-
-    if (is_async) {
-        assert(s->kind == AsyncFunctionDef_kind);
-
-        args = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.args;
-        name = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.name;
-        body = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.body;
-
-        scope_type = COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION;
-    } else {
-        assert(s->kind == FunctionDef_kind);
-
-        args = s->v.FunctionDef.args;
-        name = s->v.FunctionDef.name;
-        body = s->v.FunctionDef.body;
-
-        scope_type = COMPILER_SCOPE_FUNCTION;
-    }
-
-    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
-        .u_argcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->args),
-        .u_posonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->posonlyargs),
-        .u_kwonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs),
-    };
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_enter_scope(c, name, scope_type, (void *)s, firstlineno, NULL, &umd));
-
-    Py_ssize_t first_instr = 0;
-    PyObject *docstring = _PyAST_GetDocString(body);
-    if (docstring) {
-        first_instr = 1;
-        /* if not -OO mode, add docstring */
-        if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c) < 2) {
-            docstring = _PyCompile_CleanDoc(docstring);
-            if (docstring == NULL) {
-                compiler_exit_scope(c);
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            docstring = NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t idx = compiler_add_const(c, docstring ? docstring : Py_None);
-    Py_XDECREF(docstring);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, idx < 0 ? ERROR : SUCCESS);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
-    USE_LABEL(c, start);
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    bool add_stopiteration_handler = ste->ste_coroutine || ste->ste_generator;
-    if (add_stopiteration_handler) {
-        /* codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler will push a block, so we need to account for that */
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            compiler_push_fblock(c, NO_LOCATION, STOP_ITERATION,
-                                 start, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-    }
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = first_instr; i < asdl_seq_LEN(body); i++) {
-        VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, stmt, (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(body, i));
-    }
-    if (add_stopiteration_handler) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(c));
-        compiler_pop_fblock(c, STOP_ITERATION, start);
-    }
-    PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        Py_XDECREF(co);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, LOC(s), co, funcflags);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_function(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int is_async)
-{
-    arguments_ty args;
-    expr_ty returns;
-    identifier name;
-    asdl_expr_seq *decos;
-    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params;
-    Py_ssize_t funcflags;
-    int firstlineno;
-
-    if (is_async) {
-        assert(s->kind == AsyncFunctionDef_kind);
-
-        args = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.args;
-        returns = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.returns;
-        decos = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.decorator_list;
-        name = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.name;
-        type_params = s->v.AsyncFunctionDef.type_params;
-    } else {
-        assert(s->kind == FunctionDef_kind);
-
-        args = s->v.FunctionDef.args;
-        returns = s->v.FunctionDef.returns;
-        decos = s->v.FunctionDef.decorator_list;
-        name = s->v.FunctionDef.name;
-        type_params = s->v.FunctionDef.type_params;
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_decorators(c, decos));
-
-    firstlineno = s->lineno;
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(decos)) {
-        firstlineno = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, 0))->lineno;
-    }
-
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
-
-    funcflags = codegen_default_arguments(c, loc, args);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(funcflags);
-
-    int num_typeparam_args = 0;
-
-    if (is_generic) {
-        if (funcflags & MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS) {
-            num_typeparam_args += 1;
-        }
-        if (funcflags & MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS) {
-            num_typeparam_args += 1;
-        }
-        if (num_typeparam_args == 2) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-        }
-        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>", name);
-        if (!type_params_name) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
-            .u_argcount = num_typeparam_args,
-        };
-        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
-                                      (void *)type_params, firstlineno, NULL, &umd);
-        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
-        for (int i = 0; i < num_typeparam_args; i++) {
-            ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    int annotations_flag = codegen_annotations(c, loc, args, returns);
-    if (annotations_flag < 0) {
-        if (is_generic) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        }
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    funcflags |= annotations_flag;
-
-    int ret = codegen_function_body(c, s, is_async, funcflags, firstlineno);
-    if (is_generic) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    }
-
-    if (is_generic) {
-        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS);
-
-        PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 0);
-        compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        if (co == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
-        Py_DECREF(co);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        if (num_typeparam_args > 0) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, num_typeparam_args + 1);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, num_typeparam_args - 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_apply_decorators(c, decos));
-    return codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Store);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_set_type_params_in_class(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Load));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__type_params__), Store));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_class_body(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int firstlineno)
-{
-    /* ultimately generate code for:
-         <name> = __build_class__(<func>, <name>, *<bases>, **<keywords>)
-       where:
-         <func> is a zero arg function/closure created from the class body.
-            It mutates its locals to build the class namespace.
-         <name> is the class name
-         <bases> is the positional arguments and *varargs argument
-         <keywords> is the keyword arguments and **kwds argument
-       This borrows from codegen_call.
-    */
-
-    /* 1. compile the class body into a code object */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_enter_scope(c, s->v.ClassDef.name, COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS,
-                            (void *)s, firstlineno, s->v.ClassDef.name, NULL));
-
-    location loc = LOCATION(firstlineno, firstlineno, 0, 0);
-    /* load (global) __name__ ... */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__name__), Load));
-    /* ... and store it as __module__ */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__module__), Store));
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, QUALNAME(c));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__qualname__), Store));
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromLong(METADATA(c)->u_firstlineno));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_ID(__firstlineno__), Store));
-    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.ClassDef.type_params;
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_set_type_params_in_class(c, loc));
-    }
-    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_classdict) {
-        ADDOP(c, loc, LOAD_LOCALS);
-
-        // We can't use codegen_nameop here because we need to generate a
-        // STORE_DEREF in a class namespace, and codegen_nameop() won't do
-        // that by default.
-        ADDOP_N_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, STORE_DEREF, &_Py_ID(__classdict__), cellvars);
-    }
-    /* compile the body proper */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_body(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.body));
-    PyObject *static_attributes = compiler_static_attributes_tuple(c);
-    if (static_attributes == NULL) {
-        compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, static_attributes);
-    Py_CLEAR(static_attributes);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
-        c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__static_attributes__), Store));
-    /* The following code is artificial */
-    /* Set __classdictcell__ if necessary */
-    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_classdict) {
-        /* Store __classdictcell__ into class namespace */
-        int i = compiler_lookup_cellvar(c, &_Py_ID(__classdict__));
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, i);
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LOAD_CLOSURE, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
-            c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__classdictcell__), Store));
-    }
-    /* Return __classcell__ if it is referenced, otherwise return None */
-    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_needs_class_closure) {
-        /* Store __classcell__ into class namespace & return it */
-        int i = compiler_lookup_cellvar(c, &_Py_ID(__class__));
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, i);
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LOAD_CLOSURE, i);
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, COPY, 1);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(
-            c, codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, &_Py_ID(__classcell__), Store));
-    }
-    else {
-        /* No methods referenced __class__, so just return None */
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-    }
-    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
-    /* create the code object */
-    PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-
-    /* leave the new scope */
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    /* 2. load the 'build_class' function */
-
-    // these instructions should be attributed to the class line,
-    // not a decorator line
-    loc = LOC(s);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, LOAD_BUILD_CLASS);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
-
-    /* 3. load a function (or closure) made from the code object */
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-
-    /* 4. load class name */
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.name);
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_class(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    asdl_expr_seq *decos = s->v.ClassDef.decorator_list;
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_decorators(c, decos));
-
-    int firstlineno = s->lineno;
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(decos)) {
-        firstlineno = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(decos, 0))->lineno;
-    }
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.ClassDef.type_params;
-    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
-    if (is_generic) {
-        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>",
-                                                         s->v.ClassDef.name);
-        if (!type_params_name) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
-                                      (void *)type_params, firstlineno, s->v.ClassDef.name, NULL);
-        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
-        _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Store));
-    }
-
-    int ret = codegen_class_body(c, s, firstlineno);
-    if (is_generic) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    }
-
-    /* generate the rest of the code for the call */
-
-    if (is_generic) {
-        _Py_DECLARE_STR(type_params, ".type_params");
-        _Py_DECLARE_STR(generic_base, ".generic_base");
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(type_params), Load));
-        ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_nameop(c, loc, &_Py_STR(generic_base), Store));
-
-        Py_ssize_t original_len = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.ClassDef.bases);
-        asdl_expr_seq *bases = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(
-            original_len + 1, ARENA(c));
-        if (bases == NULL) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < original_len; i++) {
-            asdl_seq_SET(bases, i, asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ClassDef.bases, i));
-        }
-        expr_ty name_node = _PyAST_Name(
-            &_Py_STR(generic_base), Load,
-            loc.lineno, loc.col_offset, loc.end_lineno, loc.end_col_offset, ARENA(c)
-        );
-        if (name_node == NULL) {
-            compiler_exit_scope(c);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        asdl_seq_SET(bases, original_len, name_node);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 2,
-                                                        bases,
-                                                        s->v.ClassDef.keywords));
-
-        PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 0);
-
-        compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        if (co == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
-        Py_DECREF(co);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-    } else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 2,
-                                            s->v.ClassDef.bases,
-                                            s->v.ClassDef.keywords));
-    }
-
-    /* 6. apply decorators */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_apply_decorators(c, decos));
-
-    /* 7. store into <name> */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, s->v.ClassDef.name, Store));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_typealias_body(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    PyObject *name = s->v.TypeAlias.name->v.Name.id;
-    PyObject *defaults = PyTuple_Pack(1, _PyLong_GetOne());
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, defaults);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_setup_annotations_scope(c, LOC(s), s, name));
-    /* Make None the first constant, so the evaluate function can't have a
-        docstring. */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_add_const(c, Py_None));
-    VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, expr, s->v.TypeAlias.value);
-    ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
-    PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 0);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, 3);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_typealias(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    asdl_type_param_seq *type_params = s->v.TypeAlias.type_params;
-    int is_generic = asdl_seq_LEN(type_params) > 0;
-    PyObject *name = s->v.TypeAlias.name->v.Name.id;
-    if (is_generic) {
-        PyObject *type_params_name = PyUnicode_FromFormat("<generic parameters of %U>",
-                                                         name);
-        if (!type_params_name) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        int ret = codegen_enter_scope(c, type_params_name, COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS,
-                                      (void *)type_params, loc.lineno, NULL, NULL);
-        Py_DECREF(type_params_name);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, name);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, codegen_type_params(c, type_params));
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, name);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    }
-
-    int ret = codegen_typealias_body(c, s);
-    if (is_generic) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR_IN_SCOPE(c, ret);
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    }
-
-    if (is_generic) {
-        PyCodeObject *co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 0);
-        compiler_exit_scope(c);
-        if (co == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0);
-        Py_DECREF(co);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-    }
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Store));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Return false if the expression is a constant value except named singletons.
-   Return true otherwise. */
-static bool
-check_is_arg(expr_ty e)
-{
-    if (e->kind != Constant_kind) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    PyObject *value = e->v.Constant.value;
-    return (value == Py_None
-         || value == Py_False
-         || value == Py_True
-         || value == Py_Ellipsis);
-}
-
-static PyTypeObject * infer_type(expr_ty e);
-
-/* Check operands of identity checks ("is" and "is not").
-   Emit a warning if any operand is a constant except named singletons.
- */
-static int
-codegen_check_compare(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i, n;
-    bool left = check_is_arg(e->v.Compare.left);
-    expr_ty left_expr = e->v.Compare.left;
-    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops);
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        cmpop_ty op = (cmpop_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i);
-        expr_ty right_expr = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i);
-        bool right = check_is_arg(right_expr);
-        if (op == Is || op == IsNot) {
-            if (!right || !left) {
-                const char *msg = (op == Is)
-                        ? "\"is\" with '%.200s' literal. Did you mean \"==\"?"
-                        : "\"is not\" with '%.200s' literal. Did you mean \"!=\"?";
-                expr_ty literal = !left ? left_expr : right_expr;
-                return compiler_warn(
-                    c, LOC(e), msg, infer_type(literal)->tp_name
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        left = right;
-        left_expr = right_expr;
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_addcompare(struct compiler *c, location loc, cmpop_ty op)
-{
-    int cmp;
-    switch (op) {
-    case Eq:
-        cmp = Py_EQ;
-        break;
-    case NotEq:
-        cmp = Py_NE;
-        break;
-    case Lt:
-        cmp = Py_LT;
-        break;
-    case LtE:
-        cmp = Py_LE;
-        break;
-    case Gt:
-        cmp = Py_GT;
-        break;
-    case GtE:
-        cmp = Py_GE;
-        break;
-    case Is:
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, IS_OP, 0);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    case IsNot:
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, IS_OP, 1);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    case In:
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONTAINS_OP, 0);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    case NotIn:
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONTAINS_OP, 1);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    default:
-        Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-    // cmp goes in top three bits of the oparg, while the low four bits are used
-    // by quickened versions of this opcode to store the comparison mask. The
-    // fifth-lowest bit indicates whether the result should be converted to bool
-    // and is set later):
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COMPARE_OP, (cmp << 5) | compare_masks[cmp]);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_jump_if(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                expr_ty e, jump_target_label next, int cond)
-{
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case UnaryOp_kind:
-        if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == Not) {
-            return codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.UnaryOp.operand, next, !cond);
-        }
-        /* fallback to general implementation */
-        break;
-    case BoolOp_kind: {
-        asdl_expr_seq *s = e->v.BoolOp.values;
-        Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(s) - 1;
-        assert(n >= 0);
-        int cond2 = e->v.BoolOp.op == Or;
-        jump_target_label next2 = next;
-        if (!cond2 != !cond) {
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, new_next2);
-            next2 = new_next2;
-        }
-        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_jump_if(c, loc, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, i), next2, cond2));
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, n), next, cond));
-        if (!SAME_LABEL(next2, next)) {
-            USE_LABEL(c, next2);
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    case IfExp_kind: {
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next2);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.test, next2, 0));
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.body, next, cond));
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, next2);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e->v.IfExp.orelse, next, cond));
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, end);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    case Compare_kind: {
-        Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) - 1;
-        if (n > 0) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_compare(c, e));
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Compare.left);
-            for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                VISIT(c, expr,
-                    (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i));
-                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), SWAP, 2);
-                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(e), COPY, 2);
-                ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(e), asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i));
-                ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
-                ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, cleanup);
-            }
-            VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, n));
-            ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(e), asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, n));
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), cond ? POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE : POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, next);
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(e), POP_TOP);
-            if (!cond) {
-                ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, next);
-            }
-
-            USE_LABEL(c, end);
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-        /* fallback to general implementation */
-        break;
-    }
-    default:
-        /* fallback to general implementation */
-        break;
-    }
-
-    /* general implementation */
-    VISIT(c, expr, e);
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(e), TO_BOOL);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(e), cond ? POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE : POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, next);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_ifexp(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    assert(e->kind == IfExp_kind);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next);
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(e), e->v.IfExp.test, next, 0));
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.IfExp.body);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, next);
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.IfExp.orelse);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_lambda(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    PyCodeObject *co;
-    Py_ssize_t funcflags;
-    arguments_ty args = e->v.Lambda.args;
-    assert(e->kind == Lambda_kind);
-
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    funcflags = codegen_default_arguments(c, loc, args);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(funcflags);
-
-    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
-        .u_argcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->args),
-        .u_posonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->posonlyargs),
-        .u_kwonlyargcount = asdl_seq_LEN(args->kwonlyargs),
-    };
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_lambda, "<lambda>");
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_enter_scope(c, &_Py_STR(anon_lambda), COMPILER_SCOPE_LAMBDA,
-                            (void *)e, e->lineno, NULL, &umd));
-
-    /* Make None the first constant, so the lambda can't have a
-       docstring. */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_add_const(c, Py_None));
-
-    VISIT_IN_SCOPE(c, expr, e->v.Lambda.body);
-    if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_generator) {
-        co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 0);
-    }
-    else {
-        location loc = LOC(e->v.Lambda.body);
-        ADDOP_IN_SCOPE(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
-        co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-    }
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    int ret = codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, funcflags);
-    Py_DECREF(co);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_if(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    jump_target_label next;
-    assert(s->kind == If_kind);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.If.orelse)) {
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, orelse);
-        next = orelse;
-    }
-    else {
-        next = end;
-    }
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.If.test, next, 0));
-
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.If.body);
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.If.orelse)) {
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, next);
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.If.orelse);
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_for(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FOR_LOOP, start, end, NULL));
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.For.iter);
-
-    loc = LOC(s->v.For.iter);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ITER);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, start);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, FOR_ITER, cleanup);
-
-    /* Add NOP to ensure correct line tracing of multiline for statements.
-     * It will be removed later if redundant.
-     */
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(s->v.For.target), NOP);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.For.target);
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.body);
-    /* Mark jump as artificial */
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, start);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    /* It is important for instrumentation that the `END_FOR` comes first.
-    * Iteration over a generator will jump to the first of these instructions,
-    * but a non-generator will jump to a later instruction.
-    */
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, END_FOR);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FOR_LOOP, start);
-
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.orelse);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_async_for(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AsyncFor.iter);
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(s->v.AsyncFor.iter), GET_AITER);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, start);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FOR_LOOP, start, end, NULL));
-
-    /* SETUP_FINALLY to guard the __anext__ call */
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ANEXT);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);  /* for SETUP_FINALLY */
-
-    /* Success block for __anext__ */
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AsyncFor.target);
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.AsyncFor.body);
-    /* Mark jump as artificial */
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, start);
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FOR_LOOP, start);
-
-    /* Except block for __anext__ */
-    USE_LABEL(c, except);
-
-    /* Use same line number as the iterator,
-     * as the END_ASYNC_FOR succeeds the `for`, not the body. */
-    loc = LOC(s->v.AsyncFor.iter);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, END_ASYNC_FOR);
-
-    /* `else` block */
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.For.orelse);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_while(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, loop);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, anchor);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, loop);
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_push_fblock(c, LOC(s), WHILE_LOOP, loop, end, NULL));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.While.test, anchor, 0));
-
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.While.body);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, loop);
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, WHILE_LOOP, loop);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, anchor);
-    if (s->v.While.orelse) {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.While.orelse);
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_return(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    int preserve_tos = ((s->v.Return.value != NULL) &&
-                        (s->v.Return.value->kind != Constant_kind));
-
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(ste)) {
-        return compiler_error(c, loc, "'return' outside function");
-    }
-    if (s->v.Return.value != NULL && ste->ste_coroutine && ste->ste_generator) {
-        return compiler_error(c, loc, "'return' with value in async generator");
-    }
-
-    if (preserve_tos) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Return.value);
-    } else {
-        /* Emit instruction with line number for return value */
-        if (s->v.Return.value != NULL) {
-            loc = LOC(s->v.Return.value);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-        }
-    }
-    if (s->v.Return.value == NULL || s->v.Return.value->lineno != s->lineno) {
-        loc = LOC(s);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, preserve_tos, NULL));
-    if (s->v.Return.value == NULL) {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    }
-    else if (!preserve_tos) {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, s->v.Return.value->v.Constant.value);
-    }
-    ADDOP(c, loc, RETURN_VALUE);
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_break(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    struct fblockinfo *loop = NULL;
-    location origin_loc = loc;
-    /* Emit instruction with line number */
-    ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, 0, &loop));
-    if (loop == NULL) {
-        return compiler_error(c, origin_loc, "'break' outside loop");
-    }
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock(c, &loc, loop, 0));
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, loop->fb_exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_continue(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    struct fblockinfo *loop = NULL;
-    location origin_loc = loc;
-    /* Emit instruction with line number */
-    ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_unwind_fblock_stack(c, &loc, 0, &loop));
-    if (loop == NULL) {
-        return compiler_error(c, origin_loc, "'continue' not properly in loop");
-    }
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, loop->fb_block);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-/* Code generated for "try: <body> finally: <finalbody>" is as follows:
-
-        SETUP_FINALLY           L
-        <code for body>
-        POP_BLOCK
-        <code for finalbody>
-        JUMP E
-    L:
-        <code for finalbody>
-    E:
-
-   The special instructions use the block stack.  Each block
-   stack entry contains the instruction that created it (here
-   SETUP_FINALLY), the level of the value stack at the time the
-   block stack entry was created, and a label (here L).
-
-   SETUP_FINALLY:
-    Pushes the current value stack level and the label
-    onto the block stack.
-   POP_BLOCK:
-    Pops en entry from the block stack.
-
-   The block stack is unwound when an exception is raised:
-   when a SETUP_FINALLY entry is found, the raised and the caught
-   exceptions are pushed onto the value stack (and the exception
-   condition is cleared), and the interpreter jumps to the label
-   gotten from the block stack.
-*/
-
-static int
-codegen_try_finally(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-
-    /* `try` block */
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, end);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FINALLY_TRY, body, end,
-                             s->v.Try.finalbody));
-
-    if (s->v.Try.handlers && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.handlers)) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_try_except(c, s));
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.body);
-    }
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FINALLY_TRY, body);
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.finalbody);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
-    /* `finally` block */
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-
-    loc = NO_LOCATION;
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FINALLY_END, end, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.finalbody);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FINALLY_END, end);
-
-    loc = NO_LOCATION;
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 0);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, loc);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_try_star_finally(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    /* `try` block */
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, end);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FINALLY_TRY, body, end,
-                             s->v.TryStar.finalbody));
-
-    if (s->v.TryStar.handlers && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.handlers)) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_try_star_except(c, s));
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.body);
-    }
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FINALLY_TRY, body);
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.finalbody);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
-
-    /* `finally` block */
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-
-    loc = NO_LOCATION;
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, FINALLY_END, end, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.finalbody);
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, FINALLY_END, end);
-    loc = NO_LOCATION;
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RERAISE, 0);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, loc);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-/*
-   Code generated for "try: S except E1 as V1: S1 except E2 as V2: S2 ...":
-   (The contents of the value stack is shown in [], with the top
-   at the right; 'tb' is trace-back info, 'val' the exception's
-   associated value, and 'exc' the exception.)
-
-   Value stack          Label   Instruction     Argument
-   []                           SETUP_FINALLY   L1
-   []                           <code for S>
-   []                           POP_BLOCK
-   []                           JUMP            L0
-
-   [exc]                L1:     <evaluate E1>           )
-   [exc, E1]                    CHECK_EXC_MATCH         )
-   [exc, bool]                  POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE L2    ) only if E1
-   [exc]                        <assign to V1>  (or POP if no V1)
-   []                           <code for S1>
-                                JUMP            L0
-
-   [exc]                L2:     <evaluate E2>
-   .............................etc.......................
-
-   [exc]                Ln+1:   RERAISE     # re-raise exception
-
-   []                   L0:     <next statement>
-
-   Of course, parts are not generated if Vi or Ei is not present.
-*/
-static int
-codegen_try_except(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    Py_ssize_t i, n;
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, TRY_EXCEPT, body, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.body);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, TRY_EXCEPT, body);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    if (s->v.Try.orelse && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.orelse)) {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.Try.orelse);
-    }
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-    n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.handlers);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, except);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-
-    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, EXCEPTION_HANDLER, NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        excepthandler_ty handler = (excepthandler_ty)asdl_seq_GET(
-            s->v.Try.handlers, i);
-        location loc = LOC(handler);
-        if (!handler->v.ExceptHandler.type && i < n-1) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc, "default 'except:' must be last");
-        }
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next_except);
-        except = next_except;
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.type) {
-            VISIT(c, expr, handler->v.ExceptHandler.type);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, CHECK_EXC_MATCH);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, except);
-        }
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, loc, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-
-            /*
-              try:
-                  # body
-              except type as name:
-                  try:
-                      # body
-                  finally:
-                      name = None # in case body contains "del name"
-                      del name
-            */
-
-            /* second try: */
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup_end);
-
-            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
-                                     NO_LABEL, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name));
-
-            /* second # body */
-            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
-            compiler_pop_fblock(c, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
-            /* name = None; del name; # Mark as artificial */
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-            /* except: */
-            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
-
-            /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
-
-            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-
-            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
-
-            USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
-                                     NO_LABEL, NULL));
-
-            VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
-            compiler_pop_fblock(c, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-        }
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, except);
-    }
-    /* artificial */
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, EXCEPTION_HANDLER, NO_LABEL);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/*
-   Code generated for "try: S except* E1 as V1: S1 except* E2 as V2: S2 ...":
-   (The contents of the value stack is shown in [], with the top
-   at the right; 'tb' is trace-back info, 'val' the exception instance,
-   and 'typ' the exception's type.)
-
-   Value stack                   Label         Instruction     Argument
-   []                                         SETUP_FINALLY         L1
-   []                                         <code for S>
-   []                                         POP_BLOCK
-   []                                         JUMP                  L0
-
-   [exc]                            L1:       BUILD_LIST   )  list for raised/reraised excs ("result")
-   [orig, res]                                COPY 2       )  make a copy of the original EG
-
-   [orig, res, exc]                           <evaluate E1>
-   [orig, res, exc, E1]                       CHECK_EG_MATCH
-   [orig, res, rest/exc, match?]              COPY 1
-   [orig, res, rest/exc, match?, match?]      POP_JUMP_IF_NONE      C1
-
-   [orig, res, rest, match]                   <assign to V1>  (or POP if no V1)
-
-   [orig, res, rest]                          SETUP_FINALLY         R1
-   [orig, res, rest]                          <code for S1>
-   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  L2
-
-   [orig, res, rest, i, v]          R1:       LIST_APPEND   3 ) exc raised in except* body - add to res
-   [orig, res, rest, i]                       POP
-   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  LE2
-
-   [orig, res, rest]                L2:       NOP  ) for lineno
-   [orig, res, rest]                          JUMP                  LE2
-
-   [orig, res, rest/exc, None]      C1:       POP
-
-   [orig, res, rest]               LE2:       <evaluate E2>
-   .............................etc.......................
-
-   [orig, res, rest]                Ln+1:     LIST_APPEND 1  ) add unhandled exc to res (could be None)
-
-   [orig, res]                                CALL_INTRINSIC_2 PREP_RERAISE_STAR
-   [exc]                                      COPY 1
-   [exc, exc]                                 POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE  RER
-   [exc]                                      POP_TOP
-   []                                         JUMP                  L0
-
-   [exc]                            RER:      SWAP 2
-   [exc, prev_exc_info]                       POP_EXCEPT
-   [exc]                                      RERAISE               0
-
-   []                               L0:       <next statement>
-*/
-static int
-codegen_try_star_except(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, body);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, orelse);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, reraise_star);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, body);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, TRY_EXCEPT, body, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.body);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, TRY_EXCEPT, body);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, orelse);
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.handlers);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, except);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-
-    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER,
-                             NO_LABEL, NO_LABEL, "except handler"));
-
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        excepthandler_ty handler = (excepthandler_ty)asdl_seq_GET(
-            s->v.TryStar.handlers, i);
-        location loc = LOC(handler);
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, next_except);
-        except = next_except;
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except_with_error);
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, no_match);
-        if (i == 0) {
-            /* create empty list for exceptions raised/reraise in the except* blocks */
-            /*
-               [orig]       BUILD_LIST
-            */
-            /* Create a copy of the original EG */
-            /*
-               [orig, []]   COPY 2
-               [orig, [], exc]
-            */
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_LIST, 0);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
-        }
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.type) {
-            VISIT(c, expr, handler->v.ExceptHandler.type);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, CHECK_EG_MATCH);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_NONE, no_match);
-        }
-
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, loc, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-        }
-        else {
-            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);  // match
-        }
-
-        /*
-          try:
-              # body
-          except type as name:
-              try:
-                  # body
-              finally:
-                  name = None # in case body contains "del name"
-                  del name
-        */
-        /* second try: */
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup_end);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_body);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body,
-                                 NO_LABEL, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name));
-
-        /* second # body */
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, handler->v.ExceptHandler.body);
-        compiler_pop_fblock(c, HANDLER_CLEANUP, cleanup_body);
-        /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
-        }
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except);
-
-        /* except: */
-        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup_end);
-
-        /* name = None; del name; # artificial */
-        if (handler->v.ExceptHandler.name) {
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Store));
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-                codegen_nameop(c, NO_LOCATION, handler->v.ExceptHandler.name, Del));
-        }
-
-        /* add exception raised to the res list */
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LIST_APPEND, 3); // exc
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); // lasti
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except_with_error);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, except);
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, NOP);  // to hold a propagated location info
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, except_with_error);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, no_match);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);  // match (None)
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, except_with_error);
-
-        if (i == n - 1) {
-            /* Add exc to the list (if not None it's the unhandled part of the EG) */
-            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, LIST_APPEND, 1);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, reraise_star);
-        }
-    }
-    /* artificial */
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, EXCEPTION_GROUP_HANDLER, NO_LABEL);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, reraise);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, reraise_star);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, CALL_INTRINSIC_2, INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, COPY, 1);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE, reraise);
-
-    /* Nothing to reraise */
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, reraise);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, SWAP, 2);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, orelse);
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.TryStar.orelse);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_try(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s) {
-    if (s->v.Try.finalbody && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Try.finalbody))
-        return codegen_try_finally(c, s);
-    else
-        return codegen_try_except(c, s);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_try_star(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    if (s->v.TryStar.finalbody && asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.TryStar.finalbody)) {
-        return codegen_try_star_finally(c, s);
-    }
-    else {
-        return codegen_try_star_except(c, s);
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_import_as(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                  identifier name, identifier asname)
-{
-    /* The IMPORT_NAME opcode was already generated.  This function
-       merely needs to bind the result to a name.
-
-       If there is a dot in name, we need to split it and emit a
-       IMPORT_FROM for each name.
-    */
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(name);
-    Py_ssize_t dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(name, '.', 0, len, 1);
-    if (dot == -2) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    if (dot != -1) {
-        /* Consume the base module name to get the first attribute */
-        while (1) {
-            Py_ssize_t pos = dot + 1;
-            PyObject *attr;
-            dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(name, '.', pos, len, 1);
-            if (dot == -2) {
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-            attr = PyUnicode_Substring(name, pos, (dot != -1) ? dot : len);
-            if (!attr) {
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-            ADDOP_N(c, loc, IMPORT_FROM, attr, names);
-            if (dot == -1) {
-                break;
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, asname, Store));
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    return codegen_nameop(c, loc, asname, Store);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_import(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    /* The Import node stores a module name like a.b.c as a single
-       string.  This is convenient for all cases except
-         import a.b.c as d
-       where we need to parse that string to extract the individual
-       module names.
-       XXX Perhaps change the representation to make this case simpler?
-     */
-    Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Import.names);
-
-    PyObject *zero = _PyLong_GetZero();  // borrowed reference
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Import.names, i);
-        int r;
-
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, zero);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, IMPORT_NAME, alias->name, names);
-
-        if (alias->asname) {
-            r = codegen_import_as(c, loc, alias->name, alias->asname);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(r);
-        }
-        else {
-            identifier tmp = alias->name;
-            Py_ssize_t dot = PyUnicode_FindChar(
-                alias->name, '.', 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(alias->name), 1);
-            if (dot != -1) {
-                tmp = PyUnicode_Substring(alias->name, 0, dot);
-                if (tmp == NULL) {
-                    return ERROR;
-                }
-            }
-            r = codegen_nameop(c, loc, tmp, Store);
-            if (dot != -1) {
-                Py_DECREF(tmp);
-            }
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(r);
-        }
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_from_import(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.ImportFrom.names);
-
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(s), PyLong_FromLong(s->v.ImportFrom.level));
-
-    PyObject *names = PyTuple_New(n);
-    if (!names) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    /* build up the names */
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ImportFrom.names, i);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(names, i, Py_NewRef(alias->name));
-    }
-
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(s), names);
-
-    if (s->v.ImportFrom.module) {
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_NAME, s->v.ImportFrom.module, names);
-    }
-    else {
-        _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_NAME, &_Py_STR(empty), names);
-    }
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        alias_ty alias = (alias_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.ImportFrom.names, i);
-        identifier store_name;
-
-        if (i == 0 && PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(alias->name, 0) == '*') {
-            assert(n == 1);
-            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR);
-            ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, LOC(s), IMPORT_FROM, alias->name, names);
-        store_name = alias->name;
-        if (alias->asname) {
-            store_name = alias->asname;
-        }
-
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, LOC(s), store_name, Store));
-    }
-    /* remove imported module */
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(s), POP_TOP);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_assert(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    /* Always emit a warning if the test is a non-zero length tuple */
-    if ((s->v.Assert.test->kind == Tuple_kind &&
-        asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Assert.test->v.Tuple.elts) > 0) ||
-        (s->v.Assert.test->kind == Constant_kind &&
-         PyTuple_Check(s->v.Assert.test->v.Constant.value) &&
-         PyTuple_Size(s->v.Assert.test->v.Constant.value) > 0))
-    {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            compiler_warn(c, LOC(s), "assertion is always true, "
-                                     "perhaps remove parentheses?"));
-    }
-    if (OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL(c)) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(s), s->v.Assert.test, end, 1));
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT, CONSTANT_ASSERTIONERROR);
-    if (s->v.Assert.msg) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Assert.msg);
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), CALL, 0);
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s->v.Assert.test), RAISE_VARARGS, 1);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_stmt_expr(struct compiler *c, location loc, expr_ty value)
-{
-    if (IS_INTERACTIVE(c) && !IS_NESTED_SCOPE(c)) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, value);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_PRINT);
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    if (value->kind == Constant_kind) {
-        /* ignore constant statement */
-        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, value);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); /* artificial */
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_visit_stmt(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-
-    switch (s->kind) {
-    case FunctionDef_kind:
-        return codegen_function(c, s, 0);
-    case ClassDef_kind:
-        return codegen_class(c, s);
-    case TypeAlias_kind:
-        return codegen_typealias(c, s);
-    case Return_kind:
-        return codegen_return(c, s);
-    case Delete_kind:
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, s->v.Delete.targets)
-        break;
-    case Assign_kind:
-    {
-        Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Assign.targets);
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Assign.value);
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            if (i < n - 1) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), COPY, 1);
-            }
-            VISIT(c, expr,
-                  (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Assign.targets, i));
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-    case AugAssign_kind:
-        return codegen_augassign(c, s);
-    case AnnAssign_kind:
-        return codegen_annassign(c, s);
-    case For_kind:
-        return codegen_for(c, s);
-    case While_kind:
-        return codegen_while(c, s);
-    case If_kind:
-        return codegen_if(c, s);
-    case Match_kind:
-        return codegen_match(c, s);
-    case Raise_kind:
-    {
-        Py_ssize_t n = 0;
-        if (s->v.Raise.exc) {
-            VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Raise.exc);
-            n++;
-            if (s->v.Raise.cause) {
-                VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Raise.cause);
-                n++;
-            }
-        }
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(s), RAISE_VARARGS, (int)n);
-        break;
-    }
-    case Try_kind:
-        return codegen_try(c, s);
-    case TryStar_kind:
-        return codegen_try_star(c, s);
-    case Assert_kind:
-        return codegen_assert(c, s);
-    case Import_kind:
-        return codegen_import(c, s);
-    case ImportFrom_kind:
-        return codegen_from_import(c, s);
-    case Global_kind:
-    case Nonlocal_kind:
-        break;
-    case Expr_kind:
-    {
-        return codegen_stmt_expr(c, LOC(s), s->v.Expr.value);
-    }
-    case Pass_kind:
-    {
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(s), NOP);
-        break;
-    }
-    case Break_kind:
-    {
-        return codegen_break(c, LOC(s));
-    }
-    case Continue_kind:
-    {
-        return codegen_continue(c, LOC(s));
-    }
-    case With_kind:
-        return codegen_with(c, s, 0);
-    case AsyncFunctionDef_kind:
-        return codegen_function(c, s, 1);
-    case AsyncWith_kind:
-        return codegen_async_with(c, s, 0);
-    case AsyncFor_kind:
-        return codegen_async_for(c, s);
-    }
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-unaryop(unaryop_ty op)
-{
-    switch (op) {
-    case Invert:
-        return UNARY_INVERT;
-    case USub:
-        return UNARY_NEGATIVE;
-    default:
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-            "unary op %d should not be possible", op);
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-addop_binary(struct compiler *c, location loc, operator_ty binop,
-             bool inplace)
-{
-    int oparg;
-    switch (binop) {
-        case Add:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_ADD : NB_ADD;
-            break;
-        case Sub:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_SUBTRACT : NB_SUBTRACT;
-            break;
-        case Mult:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_MULTIPLY : NB_MULTIPLY;
-            break;
-        case MatMult:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY : NB_MATRIX_MULTIPLY;
-            break;
-        case Div:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE : NB_TRUE_DIVIDE;
-            break;
-        case Mod:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_REMAINDER : NB_REMAINDER;
-            break;
-        case Pow:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_POWER : NB_POWER;
-            break;
-        case LShift:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_LSHIFT : NB_LSHIFT;
-            break;
-        case RShift:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_RSHIFT : NB_RSHIFT;
-            break;
-        case BitOr:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_OR : NB_OR;
-            break;
-        case BitXor:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_XOR : NB_XOR;
-            break;
-        case BitAnd:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_AND : NB_AND;
-            break;
-        case FloorDiv:
-            oparg = inplace ? NB_INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE : NB_FLOOR_DIVIDE;
-            break;
-        default:
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "%s op %d should not be possible",
-                         inplace ? "inplace" : "binary", binop);
-            return ERROR;
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BINARY_OP, oparg);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_addop_yield(struct compiler *c, location loc) {
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    if (ste->ste_generator && ste->ste_coroutine) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP);
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, YIELD_VALUE, 0);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, RESUME, RESUME_AFTER_YIELD);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_load_classdict_freevar(struct compiler *c, location loc)
-{
-    ADDOP_N(c, loc, LOAD_DEREF, &_Py_ID(__classdict__), freevars);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-typedef enum { OP_FAST, OP_GLOBAL, OP_DEREF, OP_NAME } compiler_optype;
-
-static int compiler_resolve_nameop(struct compiler *c, PyObject *mangled, int scope,
-                                   compiler_optype *optype, Py_ssize_t *arg);
-
-static int
-codegen_nameop(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-               identifier name, expr_context_ty ctx)
-{
-    assert(!_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "None") &&
-           !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "True") &&
-           !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "False"));
-
-    PyObject *mangled = compiler_maybe_mangle(c, name);
-    if (!mangled) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    int scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c), mangled);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
-    compiler_optype optype;
-    Py_ssize_t arg = 0;
-    if (compiler_resolve_nameop(c, mangled, scope, &optype, &arg) < 0) {
-        Py_DECREF(mangled);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    /* XXX Leave assert here, but handle __doc__ and the like better */
-    assert(scope || PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(name, 0) == '_');
-
-    int op = 0;
-    switch (optype) {
-    case OP_DEREF:
-        switch (ctx) {
-        case Load:
-            if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock && !compiler_is_in_inlined_comp(c)) {
-                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF;
-                // First load the locals
-                if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), LOAD_LOCALS, loc) < 0) {
-                    goto error;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_can_see_class_scope) {
-                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF;
-                // First load the classdict
-                if (codegen_load_classdict_freevar(c, loc) < 0) {
-                    goto error;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                op = LOAD_DEREF;
-            }
-            break;
-        case Store: op = STORE_DEREF; break;
-        case Del: op = DELETE_DEREF; break;
-        }
-        break;
-    case OP_FAST:
-        switch (ctx) {
-        case Load: op = LOAD_FAST; break;
-        case Store: op = STORE_FAST; break;
-        case Del: op = DELETE_FAST; break;
-        }
-        ADDOP_N(c, loc, op, mangled, varnames);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    case OP_GLOBAL:
-        switch (ctx) {
-        case Load:
-            if (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_can_see_class_scope && scope == GLOBAL_IMPLICIT) {
-                op = LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS;
-                // First load the classdict
-                if (codegen_load_classdict_freevar(c, loc) < 0) {
-                    goto error;
-                }
-            } else {
-                op = LOAD_GLOBAL;
-            }
-            break;
-        case Store: op = STORE_GLOBAL; break;
-        case Del: op = DELETE_GLOBAL; break;
-        }
-        break;
-    case OP_NAME:
-        switch (ctx) {
-        case Load:
-            op = (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock
-                    && compiler_is_in_inlined_comp(c))
-                ? LOAD_GLOBAL
-                : LOAD_NAME;
-            break;
-        case Store: op = STORE_NAME; break;
-        case Del: op = DELETE_NAME; break;
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-
-    assert(op);
-    Py_DECREF(mangled);
-    if (op == LOAD_GLOBAL) {
-        arg <<= 1;
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, op, arg);
-    return SUCCESS;
-
-error:
-    Py_DECREF(mangled);
-    return ERROR;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_boolop(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    int jumpi;
-    Py_ssize_t i, n;
-    asdl_expr_seq *s;
-
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    assert(e->kind == BoolOp_kind);
-    if (e->v.BoolOp.op == And)
-        jumpi = POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE;
-    else
-        jumpi = POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE;
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    s = e->v.BoolOp.values;
-    n = asdl_seq_LEN(s) - 1;
-    assert(n >= 0);
-    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, i));
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, jumpi, end);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-    }
-    VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(s, n));
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-starunpack_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                  asdl_expr_seq *elts, int pushed,
-                  int build, int add, int extend, int tuple)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
-    if (n > 2 && are_all_items_const(elts, 0, n)) {
-        PyObject *folded = PyTuple_New(n);
-        if (folded == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        PyObject *val;
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            val = ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(elts, i))->v.Constant.value;
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(folded, i, Py_NewRef(val));
-        }
-        if (tuple && !pushed) {
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, folded);
-        } else {
-            if (add == SET_ADD) {
-                Py_SETREF(folded, PyFrozenSet_New(folded));
-                if (folded == NULL) {
-                    return ERROR;
-                }
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, pushed);
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, folded);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, extend, 1);
-            if (tuple) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE);
-            }
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    int big = n+pushed > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
-    int seen_star = 0;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            seen_star = 1;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    if (!seen_star && !big) {
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-        }
-        if (tuple) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_TUPLE, n+pushed);
-        } else {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, n+pushed);
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    int sequence_built = 0;
-    if (big) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, pushed);
-        sequence_built = 1;
-    }
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            if (sequence_built == 0) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, build, i+pushed);
-                sequence_built = 1;
-            }
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt->v.Starred.value);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, extend, 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            if (sequence_built) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, add, 1);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    assert(sequence_built);
-    if (tuple) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-unpack_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc, asdl_expr_seq *elts)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
-    int seen_star = 0;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind && !seen_star) {
-            if ((i >= (1 << 8)) ||
-                (n-i-1 >= (INT_MAX >> 8))) {
-                return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                    "too many expressions in "
-                    "star-unpacking assignment");
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_EX, (i + ((n-i-1) << 8)));
-            seen_star = 1;
-        }
-        else if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                "multiple starred expressions in assignment");
-        }
-    }
-    if (!seen_star) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, n);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-assignment_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc, asdl_expr_seq *elts)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(unpack_helper(c, loc, elts));
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-        VISIT(c, expr, elt->kind != Starred_kind ? elt : elt->v.Starred.value);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_list(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.List.elts;
-    if (e->v.List.ctx == Store) {
-        return assignment_helper(c, loc, elts);
-    }
-    else if (e->v.List.ctx == Load) {
-        return starunpack_helper(c, loc, elts, 0,
-                                 BUILD_LIST, LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 0);
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, elts);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_tuple(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.Tuple.elts;
-    if (e->v.Tuple.ctx == Store) {
-        return assignment_helper(c, loc, elts);
-    }
-    else if (e->v.Tuple.ctx == Load) {
-        return starunpack_helper(c, loc, elts, 0,
-                                 BUILD_LIST, LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 1);
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, elts);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_set(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    return starunpack_helper(c, loc, e->v.Set.elts, 0,
-                             BUILD_SET, SET_ADD, SET_UPDATE, 0);
-}
-
-static bool
-are_all_items_const(asdl_expr_seq *seq, Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
-{
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = begin; i < end; i++) {
-        expr_ty key = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(seq, i);
-        if (key == NULL || key->kind != Constant_kind) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_subdict(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e, Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i, n = end - begin;
-    int big = n*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    if (big) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
-    }
-    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.keys, i));
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i));
-        if (big) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, MAP_ADD, 1);
-        }
-    }
-    if (!big) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, n);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_dict(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    Py_ssize_t i, n, elements;
-    int have_dict;
-    int is_unpacking = 0;
-    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Dict.values);
-    have_dict = 0;
-    elements = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        is_unpacking = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.keys, i) == NULL;
-        if (is_unpacking) {
-            if (elements) {
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, i - elements, i));
-                if (have_dict) {
-                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
-                }
-                have_dict = 1;
-                elements = 0;
-            }
-            if (have_dict == 0) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
-                have_dict = 1;
-            }
-            VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Dict.values, i));
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (elements*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, i - elements, i + 1));
-                if (have_dict) {
-                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
-                }
-                have_dict = 1;
-                elements = 0;
-            }
-            else {
-                elements++;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (elements) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subdict(c, e, n - elements, n));
-        if (have_dict) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_UPDATE, 1);
-        }
-        have_dict = 1;
-    }
-    if (!have_dict) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_compare(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    Py_ssize_t i, n;
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_compare(c, e));
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Compare.left);
-    assert(asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) > 0);
-    n = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Compare.ops) - 1;
-    if (n == 0) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, 0));
-        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, 0));
-    }
-    else {
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            VISIT(c, expr,
-                (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, i));
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
-            ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, i));
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
-            ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, cleanup);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-        }
-        VISIT(c, expr, (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.comparators, n));
-        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, loc, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, n));
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static PyTypeObject *
-infer_type(expr_ty e)
-{
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Tuple_kind:
-        return &PyTuple_Type;
-    case List_kind:
-    case ListComp_kind:
-        return &PyList_Type;
-    case Dict_kind:
-    case DictComp_kind:
-        return &PyDict_Type;
-    case Set_kind:
-    case SetComp_kind:
-        return &PySet_Type;
-    case GeneratorExp_kind:
-        return &PyGen_Type;
-    case Lambda_kind:
-        return &PyFunction_Type;
-    case JoinedStr_kind:
-    case FormattedValue_kind:
-        return &PyUnicode_Type;
-    case Constant_kind:
-        return Py_TYPE(e->v.Constant.value);
-    default:
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-check_caller(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Constant_kind:
-    case Tuple_kind:
-    case List_kind:
-    case ListComp_kind:
-    case Dict_kind:
-    case DictComp_kind:
-    case Set_kind:
-    case SetComp_kind:
-    case GeneratorExp_kind:
-    case JoinedStr_kind:
-    case FormattedValue_kind: {
-        location loc = LOC(e);
-        return compiler_warn(c, loc, "'%.200s' object is not callable; "
-                                     "perhaps you missed a comma?",
-                                     infer_type(e)->tp_name);
-    }
-    default:
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-check_subscripter(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    PyObject *v;
-
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Constant_kind:
-        v = e->v.Constant.value;
-        if (!(v == Py_None || v == Py_Ellipsis ||
-              PyLong_Check(v) || PyFloat_Check(v) || PyComplex_Check(v) ||
-              PyAnySet_Check(v)))
-        {
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-        _Py_FALLTHROUGH;
-    case Set_kind:
-    case SetComp_kind:
-    case GeneratorExp_kind:
-    case Lambda_kind: {
-        location loc = LOC(e);
-        return compiler_warn(c, loc, "'%.200s' object is not subscriptable; "
-                                     "perhaps you missed a comma?",
-                                     infer_type(e)->tp_name);
-    }
-    default:
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-check_index(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e, expr_ty s)
-{
-    PyObject *v;
-
-    PyTypeObject *index_type = infer_type(s);
-    if (index_type == NULL
-        || PyType_FastSubclass(index_type, Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS)
-        || index_type == &PySlice_Type) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Constant_kind:
-        v = e->v.Constant.value;
-        if (!(PyUnicode_Check(v) || PyBytes_Check(v) || PyTuple_Check(v))) {
-            return SUCCESS;
-        }
-        _Py_FALLTHROUGH;
-    case Tuple_kind:
-    case List_kind:
-    case ListComp_kind:
-    case JoinedStr_kind:
-    case FormattedValue_kind: {
-        location loc = LOC(e);
-        return compiler_warn(c, loc, "%.200s indices must be integers "
-                                     "or slices, not %.200s; "
-                                     "perhaps you missed a comma?",
-                                     infer_type(e)->tp_name,
-                                     index_type->tp_name);
-    }
-    default:
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-is_import_originated(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    /* Check whether the global scope has an import named
-     e, if it is a Name object. For not traversing all the
-     scope stack every time this function is called, it will
-     only check the global scope to determine whether something
-     is imported or not. */
-
-    if (e->kind != Name_kind) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    long flags = _PyST_GetSymbol(SYMTABLE(c)->st_top, e->v.Name.id);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(flags);
-    return flags & DEF_IMPORT;
-}
-
-static int
-can_optimize_super_call(struct compiler *c, expr_ty attr)
-{
-    expr_ty e = attr->v.Attribute.value;
-    if (e->kind != Call_kind ||
-        e->v.Call.func->kind != Name_kind ||
-        !_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id, "super") ||
-        _PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(attr->v.Attribute.attr, "__class__") ||
-        asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.keywords) != 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t num_args = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.args);
-
-    PyObject *super_name = e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id;
-    // detect statically-visible shadowing of 'super' name
-    int scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c), super_name);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
-    if (scope != GLOBAL_IMPLICIT) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    scope = _PyST_GetScope(SYMTABLE(c)->st_top, super_name);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(scope);
-    if (scope != 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (num_args == 2) {
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < num_args; i++) {
-            expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, i);
-            if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
-        // exactly two non-starred args; we can just load
-        // the provided args
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (num_args != 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    // we need the following for zero-arg super():
-
-    // enclosing function should have at least one argument
-    if (METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 0 &&
-        METADATA(c)->u_posonlyargcount == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    // __class__ cell should be available
-    if (compiler_get_ref_type(c, &_Py_ID(__class__)) == FREE) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-load_args_for_super(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e) {
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-
-    // load super() global
-    PyObject *super_name = e->v.Call.func->v.Name.id;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, LOC(e->v.Call.func), super_name, Load));
-
-    if (asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.args) == 2) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, 0));
-        VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.args, 1));
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    // load __class__ cell
-    PyObject *name = &_Py_ID(__class__);
-    assert(compiler_get_ref_type(c, name) == FREE);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, name, Load));
-
-    // load self (first argument)
-    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
-    PyObject *key, *value;
-    if (!PyDict_Next(METADATA(c)->u_varnames, &i, &key, &value)) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, key, Load));
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-// If an attribute access spans multiple lines, update the current start
-// location to point to the attribute name.
-static location
-update_start_location_to_match_attr(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                    expr_ty attr)
-{
-    assert(attr->kind == Attribute_kind);
-    if (loc.lineno != attr->end_lineno) {
-        loc.lineno = attr->end_lineno;
-        int len = (int)PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(attr->v.Attribute.attr);
-        if (len <= attr->end_col_offset) {
-            loc.col_offset = attr->end_col_offset - len;
-        }
-        else {
-            // GH-94694: Somebody's compiling weird ASTs. Just drop the columns:
-            loc.col_offset = -1;
-            loc.end_col_offset = -1;
-        }
-        // Make sure the end position still follows the start position, even for
-        // weird ASTs:
-        loc.end_lineno = Py_MAX(loc.lineno, loc.end_lineno);
-        if (loc.lineno == loc.end_lineno) {
-            loc.end_col_offset = Py_MAX(loc.col_offset, loc.end_col_offset);
-        }
-    }
-    return loc;
-}
-
-// Return 1 if the method call was optimized, 0 if not, and -1 on error.
-static int
-maybe_optimize_method_call(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t argsl, i, kwdsl;
-    expr_ty meth = e->v.Call.func;
-    asdl_expr_seq *args = e->v.Call.args;
-    asdl_keyword_seq *kwds = e->v.Call.keywords;
-
-    /* Check that the call node is an attribute access */
-    if (meth->kind != Attribute_kind || meth->v.Attribute.ctx != Load) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Check that the base object is not something that is imported */
-    int ret = is_import_originated(c, meth->v.Attribute.value);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    if (ret) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Check that there aren't too many arguments */
-    argsl = asdl_seq_LEN(args);
-    kwdsl = asdl_seq_LEN(kwds);
-    if (argsl + kwdsl + (kwdsl != 0) >= STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    /* Check that there are no *varargs types of arguments. */
-    for (i = 0; i < argsl; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
-        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < kwdsl; i++) {
-        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(kwds, i);
-        if (kw->arg == NULL) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Alright, we can optimize the code. */
-    location loc = LOC(meth);
-
-    ret = can_optimize_super_call(c, meth);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-    if (ret) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(load_args_for_super(c, meth->v.Attribute.value));
-        int opcode = asdl_seq_LEN(meth->v.Attribute.value->v.Call.args) ?
-            LOAD_SUPER_METHOD : LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_METHOD;
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, opcode, meth->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, meth);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-    } else {
-        VISIT(c, expr, meth->v.Attribute.value);
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, meth);
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_METHOD, meth->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-    }
-
-    VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, e->v.Call.args);
-
-    if (kwdsl) {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, keyword, kwds);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(c, loc, kwds, kwdsl));
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, LOC(e), meth);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_KW, argsl + kwdsl);
-    }
-    else {
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, LOC(e), meth);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, argsl);
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_validate_keywords(struct compiler *c, asdl_keyword_seq *keywords)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t nkeywords = asdl_seq_LEN(keywords);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkeywords; i++) {
-        keyword_ty key = ((keyword_ty)asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i));
-        if (key->arg == NULL) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        for (Py_ssize_t j = i + 1; j < nkeywords; j++) {
-            keyword_ty other = ((keyword_ty)asdl_seq_GET(keywords, j));
-            if (other->arg && !PyUnicode_Compare(key->arg, other->arg)) {
-                compiler_error(c, LOC(other), "keyword argument repeated: %U", key->arg);
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_call(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_validate_keywords(c, e->v.Call.keywords));
-    int ret = maybe_optimize_method_call(c, e);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    if (ret == 1) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_caller(c, e->v.Call.func));
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Call.func);
-    location loc = LOC(e->v.Call.func);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_NULL);
-    loc = LOC(e);
-    return codegen_call_helper(c, loc, 0,
-                               e->v.Call.args,
-                               e->v.Call.keywords);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_joined_str(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    Py_ssize_t value_count = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.JoinedStr.values);
-    if (value_count > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
-        _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_METHOD, &_Py_ID(join), names);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_LIST, 0);
-        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.JoinedStr.values); i++) {
-            VISIT(c, expr, asdl_seq_GET(e->v.JoinedStr.values, i));
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LIST_APPEND, 1);
-        }
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 1);
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, expr, e->v.JoinedStr.values);
-        if (value_count > 1) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_STRING, value_count);
-        }
-        else if (value_count == 0) {
-            _Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "");
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, Py_NewRef(&_Py_STR(empty)));
-        }
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Used to implement f-strings. Format a single value. */
-static int
-codegen_formatted_value(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    /* Our oparg encodes 2 pieces of information: the conversion
-       character, and whether or not a format_spec was provided.
-
-       Convert the conversion char to 3 bits:
-           : 000  0x0  FVC_NONE   The default if nothing specified.
-       !s  : 001  0x1  FVC_STR
-       !r  : 010  0x2  FVC_REPR
-       !a  : 011  0x3  FVC_ASCII
-
-       next bit is whether or not we have a format spec:
-       yes : 100  0x4
-       no  : 000  0x0
-    */
-
-    int conversion = e->v.FormattedValue.conversion;
-    int oparg;
-
-    /* The expression to be formatted. */
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.FormattedValue.value);
-
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    if (conversion != -1) {
-        switch (conversion) {
-        case 's': oparg = FVC_STR;   break;
-        case 'r': oparg = FVC_REPR;  break;
-        case 'a': oparg = FVC_ASCII; break;
-        default:
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-                     "Unrecognized conversion character %d", conversion);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CONVERT_VALUE, oparg);
-    }
-    if (e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec) {
-        /* Evaluate the format spec, and update our opcode arg. */
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.FormattedValue.format_spec);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, FORMAT_WITH_SPEC);
-    } else {
-        ADDOP(c, loc, FORMAT_SIMPLE);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_subkwargs(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                  asdl_keyword_seq *keywords,
-                  Py_ssize_t begin, Py_ssize_t end)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i, n = end - begin;
-    keyword_ty kw;
-    assert(n > 0);
-    int big = n*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE;
-    if (big) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, BUILD_MAP, 0);
-    }
-    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
-        kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, kw->arg);
-        VISIT(c, expr, kw->value);
-        if (big) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, MAP_ADD, 1);
-        }
-    }
-    if (!big) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, n);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Used by codegen_call_helper and maybe_optimize_method_call to emit
- * a tuple of keyword names before CALL.
- */
-static int
-codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                              asdl_keyword_seq *keywords, Py_ssize_t nkwelts)
-{
-    PyObject *names;
-    names = PyTuple_New(nkwelts);
-    if (names == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
-        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(names, i, Py_NewRef(kw->arg));
-    }
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, names);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-/* shared code between codegen_call and codegen_class */
-static int
-codegen_call_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                    int n, /* Args already pushed */
-                    asdl_expr_seq *args,
-                    asdl_keyword_seq *keywords)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i, nseen, nelts, nkwelts;
-
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_validate_keywords(c, keywords));
-
-    nelts = asdl_seq_LEN(args);
-    nkwelts = asdl_seq_LEN(keywords);
-
-    if (nelts + nkwelts*2 > STACK_USE_GUIDELINE) {
-         goto ex_call;
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < nelts; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
-        if (elt->kind == Starred_kind) {
-            goto ex_call;
-        }
-    }
-    for (i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
-        keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
-        if (kw->arg == NULL) {
-            goto ex_call;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* No * or ** args, so can use faster calling sequence */
-    for (i = 0; i < nelts; i++) {
-        expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(args, i);
-        assert(elt->kind != Starred_kind);
-        VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-    }
-    if (nkwelts) {
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, keyword, keywords);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_call_simple_kw_helper(c, loc, keywords, nkwelts));
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_KW, n + nelts + nkwelts);
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, n + nelts);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-
-ex_call:
-
-    /* Do positional arguments. */
-    if (n ==0 && nelts == 1 && ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, 0))->kind == Starred_kind) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, ((expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(args, 0))->v.Starred.value);
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(starunpack_helper(c, loc, args, n, BUILD_LIST,
-                                          LIST_APPEND, LIST_EXTEND, 1));
-    }
-    /* Then keyword arguments */
-    if (nkwelts) {
-        /* Has a new dict been pushed */
-        int have_dict = 0;
-
-        nseen = 0;  /* the number of keyword arguments on the stack following */
-        for (i = 0; i < nkwelts; i++) {
-            keyword_ty kw = asdl_seq_GET(keywords, i);
-            if (kw->arg == NULL) {
-                /* A keyword argument unpacking. */
-                if (nseen) {
-                    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subkwargs(c, loc, keywords, i - nseen, i));
-                    if (have_dict) {
-                        ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
-                    }
-                    have_dict = 1;
-                    nseen = 0;
-                }
-                if (!have_dict) {
-                    ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_MAP, 0);
-                    have_dict = 1;
-                }
-                VISIT(c, expr, kw->value);
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
-            }
-            else {
-                nseen++;
-            }
-        }
-        if (nseen) {
-            /* Pack up any trailing keyword arguments. */
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_subkwargs(c, loc, keywords, nkwelts - nseen, nkwelts));
-            if (have_dict) {
-                ADDOP_I(c, loc, DICT_MERGE, 1);
-            }
-            have_dict = 1;
-        }
-        assert(have_dict);
-    }
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_FUNCTION_EX, nkwelts > 0);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-/* List and set comprehensions and generator expressions work by creating a
-  nested function to perform the actual iteration. This means that the
-  iteration variables don't leak into the current scope.
-  The defined function is called immediately following its definition, with the
-  result of that call being the result of the expression.
-  The LC/SC version returns the populated container, while the GE version is
-  flagged in symtable.c as a generator, so it returns the generator object
-  when the function is called.
-
-  Possible cleanups:
-    - iterate over the generator sequence instead of using recursion
-*/
-
-
-static int
-codegen_comprehension_generator(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, int gen_index,
-                                int depth,
-                                expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
-                                int iter_on_stack)
-{
-    comprehension_ty gen;
-    gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators, gen_index);
-    if (gen->is_async) {
-        return codegen_async_comprehension_generator(
-            c, loc, generators, gen_index, depth, elt, val, type,
-            iter_on_stack);
-    } else {
-        return codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(
-            c, loc, generators, gen_index, depth, elt, val, type,
-            iter_on_stack);
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_sync_comprehension_generator(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                     asdl_comprehension_seq *generators,
-                                     int gen_index, int depth,
-                                     expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
-                                     int iter_on_stack)
-{
-    /* generate code for the iterator, then each of the ifs,
-       and then write to the element */
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, anchor);
-
-    comprehension_ty gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators,
-                                                          gen_index);
-
-    if (!iter_on_stack) {
-        if (gen_index == 0) {
-            assert(METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 1);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
-        }
-        else {
-            /* Sub-iter - calculate on the fly */
-            /* Fast path for the temporary variable assignment idiom:
-                for y in [f(x)]
-            */
-            asdl_expr_seq *elts;
-            switch (gen->iter->kind) {
-                case List_kind:
-                    elts = gen->iter->v.List.elts;
-                    break;
-                case Tuple_kind:
-                    elts = gen->iter->v.Tuple.elts;
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    elts = NULL;
-            }
-            if (asdl_seq_LEN(elts) == 1) {
-                expr_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, 0);
-                if (elt->kind != Starred_kind) {
-                    VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-                    start = NO_LABEL;
-                }
-            }
-            if (IS_LABEL(start)) {
-                VISIT(c, expr, gen->iter);
-                ADDOP(c, LOC(gen->iter), GET_ITER);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (IS_LABEL(start)) {
-        depth++;
-        USE_LABEL(c, start);
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, LOC(gen->iter), FOR_ITER, anchor);
-    }
-    VISIT(c, expr, gen->target);
-
-    /* XXX this needs to be cleaned up...a lot! */
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(gen->ifs);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty e = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(gen->ifs, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e, if_cleanup, 0));
-    }
-
-    if (++gen_index < asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc,
-                                            generators, gen_index, depth,
-                                            elt, val, type, 0));
-    }
-
-    location elt_loc = LOC(elt);
-
-    /* only append after the last for generator */
-    if (gen_index >= asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
-        /* comprehension specific code */
-        switch (type) {
-        case COMP_GENEXP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_YIELD(c, elt_loc);
-            ADDOP(c, elt_loc, POP_TOP);
-            break;
-        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, LIST_APPEND, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        case COMP_SETCOMP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, SET_ADD, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
-            /* With '{k: v}', k is evaluated before v, so we do
-               the same. */
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            VISIT(c, expr, val);
-            elt_loc = LOCATION(elt->lineno,
-                               val->end_lineno,
-                               elt->col_offset,
-                               val->end_col_offset);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, MAP_ADD, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        default:
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
-    if (IS_LABEL(start)) {
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, elt_loc, JUMP, start);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, anchor);
-        /* It is important for instrumentation that the `END_FOR` comes first.
-        * Iteration over a generator will jump to the first of these instructions,
-        * but a non-generator will jump to a later instruction.
-        */
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, END_FOR);
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-    }
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_async_comprehension_generator(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                      asdl_comprehension_seq *generators,
-                                      int gen_index, int depth,
-                                      expr_ty elt, expr_ty val, int type,
-                                      int iter_on_stack)
-{
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, start);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, except);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
-
-    comprehension_ty gen = (comprehension_ty)asdl_seq_GET(generators,
-                                                          gen_index);
-
-    if (!iter_on_stack) {
-        if (gen_index == 0) {
-            assert(METADATA(c)->u_argcount == 1);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_FAST, 0);
-        }
-        else {
-            /* Sub-iter - calculate on the fly */
-            VISIT(c, expr, gen->iter);
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(gen->iter), GET_AITER);
-        }
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, start);
-    /* Runtime will push a block here, so we need to account for that */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR,
-                             start, NO_LABEL, NULL));
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, except);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, GET_ANEXT);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);
-    VISIT(c, expr, gen->target);
-
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(gen->ifs);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        expr_ty e = (expr_ty)asdl_seq_GET(gen->ifs, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, loc, e, if_cleanup, 0));
-    }
-
-    depth++;
-    if (++gen_index < asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-            codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc,
-                                            generators, gen_index, depth,
-                                            elt, val, type, 0));
-    }
-
-    location elt_loc = LOC(elt);
-    /* only append after the last for generator */
-    if (gen_index >= asdl_seq_LEN(generators)) {
-        /* comprehension specific code */
-        switch (type) {
-        case COMP_GENEXP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_YIELD(c, elt_loc);
-            ADDOP(c, elt_loc, POP_TOP);
-            break;
-        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, LIST_APPEND, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        case COMP_SETCOMP:
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, SET_ADD, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
-            /* With '{k: v}', k is evaluated before v, so we do
-               the same. */
-            VISIT(c, expr, elt);
-            VISIT(c, expr, val);
-            elt_loc = LOCATION(elt->lineno,
-                               val->end_lineno,
-                               elt->col_offset,
-                               val->end_col_offset);
-            ADDOP_I(c, elt_loc, MAP_ADD, depth + 1);
-            break;
-        default:
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, if_cleanup);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, elt_loc, JUMP, start);
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, ASYNC_COMPREHENSION_GENERATOR, start);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, except);
-
-    ADDOP(c, loc, END_ASYNC_FOR);
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject *pushed_locals;
-    PyObject *temp_symbols;
-    PyObject *fast_hidden;
-    jump_target_label cleanup;
-} inlined_comprehension_state;
-
-
-static int
-codegen_push_inlined_comprehension_locals(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                          PySTEntryObject *comp,
-                                          inlined_comprehension_state *state)
-{
-    int in_class_block = (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock) &&
-                          !compiler_is_in_inlined_comp(c);
-    PySTEntryObject *outer = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    // iterate over names bound in the comprehension and ensure we isolate
-    // them from the outer scope as needed
-    PyObject *k, *v;
-    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
-    while (PyDict_Next(comp->ste_symbols, &pos, &k, &v)) {
-        long symbol = PyLong_AsLong(v);
-        assert(symbol >= 0 || PyErr_Occurred());
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(symbol);
-        long scope = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(symbol);
-
-        long outsymbol = _PyST_GetSymbol(outer, k);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(outsymbol);
-        long outsc = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(outsymbol);
-
-        if ((symbol & DEF_LOCAL && !(symbol & DEF_NONLOCAL)) || in_class_block) {
-            // local names bound in comprehension must be isolated from
-            // outer scope; push existing value (which may be NULL if
-            // not defined) on stack
-            if (state->pushed_locals == NULL) {
-                state->pushed_locals = PyList_New(0);
-                if (state->pushed_locals == NULL) {
-                    return ERROR;
-                }
-            }
-            // in the case of a cell, this will actually push the cell
-            // itself to the stack, then we'll create a new one for the
-            // comprehension and restore the original one after
-            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR, k, varnames);
-            if (scope == CELL) {
-                if (outsc == FREE) {
-                    ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, MAKE_CELL, k, freevars);
-                } else {
-                    ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, MAKE_CELL, k, cellvars);
-                }
-            }
-            if (PyList_Append(state->pushed_locals, k) < 0) {
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (state->pushed_locals) {
-        // Outermost iterable expression was already evaluated and is on the
-        // stack, we need to swap it back to TOS. This also rotates the order of
-        // `pushed_locals` on the stack, but this will be reversed when we swap
-        // out the comprehension result in pop_inlined_comprehension_state
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, PyList_GET_SIZE(state->pushed_locals) + 1);
-
-        // Add our own cleanup handler to restore comprehension locals in case
-        // of exception, so they have the correct values inside an exception
-        // handler or finally block.
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-        state->cleanup = cleanup;
-
-        // no need to push an fblock for this "virtual" try/finally; there can't
-        // be return/continue/break inside a comprehension
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_FINALLY, cleanup);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                                       PySTEntryObject *entry,
-                                                       inlined_comprehension_state *state);
-
-static int
-push_inlined_comprehension_state(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                 PySTEntryObject *comp,
-                                 inlined_comprehension_state *state)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(c, loc, comp, state));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_push_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, comp, state));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                     inlined_comprehension_state *state)
-{
-    PyObject *k;
-    // pop names we pushed to stack earlier
-    Py_ssize_t npops = PyList_GET_SIZE(state->pushed_locals);
-    // Preserve the comprehension result (or exception) as TOS. This
-    // reverses the SWAP we did in push_inlined_comprehension_state
-    // to get the outermost iterable to TOS, so we can still just iterate
-    // pushed_locals in simple reverse order
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, npops + 1);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = npops - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-        k = PyList_GetItem(state->pushed_locals, i);
-        if (k == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_FAST_MAYBE_NULL, k, varnames);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pop_inlined_comprehension_locals(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                         inlined_comprehension_state *state)
-{
-    if (state->pushed_locals) {
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, end);
-
-        // cleanup from an exception inside the comprehension
-        USE_LABEL(c, state->cleanup);
-        // discard incomplete comprehension result (beneath exc on stack)
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, SWAP, 2);
-        ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
-        ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 0);
-
-        USE_LABEL(c, end);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(restore_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
-        Py_CLEAR(state->pushed_locals);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int compiler_revert_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                                        inlined_comprehension_state *state);
-
-static int
-pop_inlined_comprehension_state(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                inlined_comprehension_state *state)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pop_inlined_comprehension_locals(c, loc, state));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_revert_inlined_comprehension_scopes(c, loc, state));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static inline int
-codegen_comprehension_iter(struct compiler *c, comprehension_ty comp)
-{
-    VISIT(c, expr, comp->iter);
-    if (comp->is_async) {
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(comp->iter), GET_AITER);
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(comp->iter), GET_ITER);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_comprehension(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e, int type,
-                      identifier name, asdl_comprehension_seq *generators, expr_ty elt,
-                      expr_ty val)
-{
-    PyCodeObject *co = NULL;
-    inlined_comprehension_state inline_state = {NULL, NULL, NULL, NO_LABEL};
-    comprehension_ty outermost;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    int scope_type = SCOPE_TYPE(c);
-    int is_top_level_await = IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(c);
-#endif
-    PySTEntryObject *entry = _PySymtable_Lookup(SYMTABLE(c), (void *)e);
-    if (entry == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    int is_inlined = entry->ste_comp_inlined;
-    int is_async_comprehension = entry->ste_coroutine;
-
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-
-    outermost = (comprehension_ty) asdl_seq_GET(generators, 0);
-    if (is_inlined) {
-        if (codegen_comprehension_iter(c, outermost)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        if (push_inlined_comprehension_state(c, loc, entry, &inline_state)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        /* Receive outermost iter as an implicit argument */
-        _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata umd = {
-            .u_argcount = 1,
-        };
-        if (codegen_enter_scope(c, name, COMPILER_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION,
-                                (void *)e, e->lineno, NULL, &umd) < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_CLEAR(entry);
-
-    assert (!is_async_comprehension ||
-            type == COMP_GENEXP ||
-            scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION ||
-            scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION ||
-            is_top_level_await);
-
-    if (type != COMP_GENEXP) {
-        int op;
-        switch (type) {
-        case COMP_LISTCOMP:
-            op = BUILD_LIST;
-            break;
-        case COMP_SETCOMP:
-            op = BUILD_SET;
-            break;
-        case COMP_DICTCOMP:
-            op = BUILD_MAP;
-            break;
-        default:
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-                         "unknown comprehension type %d", type);
-            goto error_in_scope;
-        }
-
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, op, 0);
-        if (is_inlined) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (codegen_comprehension_generator(c, loc, generators, 0, 0,
-                                        elt, val, type, is_inlined) < 0) {
-        goto error_in_scope;
-    }
-
-    if (is_inlined) {
-        if (pop_inlined_comprehension_state(c, loc, &inline_state)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    if (type != COMP_GENEXP) {
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(e), RETURN_VALUE);
-    }
-    if (type == COMP_GENEXP) {
-        if (codegen_wrap_in_stopiteration_handler(c) < 0) {
-            goto error_in_scope;
-        }
-    }
-
-    co = optimize_and_assemble(c, 1);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    if (co == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    loc = LOC(e);
-    if (codegen_make_closure(c, loc, co, 0) < 0) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    Py_CLEAR(co);
-
-    if (codegen_comprehension_iter(c, outermost)) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-
-    if (is_async_comprehension && type != COMP_GENEXP) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 0);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-    }
-
-    return SUCCESS;
-error_in_scope:
-    if (!is_inlined) {
-        compiler_exit_scope(c);
-    }
-error:
-    Py_XDECREF(co);
-    Py_XDECREF(entry);
-    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.pushed_locals);
-    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.temp_symbols);
-    Py_XDECREF(inline_state.fast_hidden);
-    return ERROR;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_genexp(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    assert(e->kind == GeneratorExp_kind);
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_genexpr, "<genexpr>");
-    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_GENEXP, &_Py_STR(anon_genexpr),
-                                 e->v.GeneratorExp.generators,
-                                 e->v.GeneratorExp.elt, NULL);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_listcomp(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    assert(e->kind == ListComp_kind);
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_listcomp, "<listcomp>");
-    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_LISTCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_listcomp),
-                                 e->v.ListComp.generators,
-                                 e->v.ListComp.elt, NULL);
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_setcomp(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    assert(e->kind == SetComp_kind);
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_setcomp, "<setcomp>");
-    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_SETCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_setcomp),
-                                 e->v.SetComp.generators,
-                                 e->v.SetComp.elt, NULL);
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_dictcomp(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    assert(e->kind == DictComp_kind);
-    _Py_DECLARE_STR(anon_dictcomp, "<dictcomp>");
-    return codegen_comprehension(c, e, COMP_DICTCOMP, &_Py_STR(anon_dictcomp),
-                                 e->v.DictComp.generators,
-                                 e->v.DictComp.key, e->v.DictComp.value);
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_visit_keyword(struct compiler *c, keyword_ty k)
-{
-    VISIT(c, expr, k->value);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_with_except_finish(struct compiler *c, jump_target_label cleanup) {
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, suppress);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, TO_BOOL);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, suppress);
-    ADDOP_I(c, NO_LOCATION, RERAISE, 2);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, suppress);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP); /* exc_value */
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_EXCEPT);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_TOP);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT, exit);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-    POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE(c, NO_LOCATION);
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/*
-   Implements the async with statement.
-
-   The semantics outlined in that PEP are as follows:
-
-   async with EXPR as VAR:
-       BLOCK
-
-   It is implemented roughly as:
-
-   context = EXPR
-   exit = context.__aexit__  # not calling it
-   value = await context.__aenter__()
-   try:
-       VAR = value  # if VAR present in the syntax
-       BLOCK
-   finally:
-       if an exception was raised:
-           exc = copy of (exception, instance, traceback)
-       else:
-           exc = (None, None, None)
-       if not (await exit(*exc)):
-           raise
- */
-static int
-codegen_async_with(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int pos)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    withitem_ty item = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.AsyncWith.items, pos);
-
-    assert(s->kind == AsyncWith_kind);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, block);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, final);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-
-    /* Evaluate EXPR */
-    VISIT(c, expr, item->context_expr);
-    loc = LOC(item->context_expr);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___AEXIT__);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___AENTER__);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 1);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_WITH, final);
-
-    /* SETUP_WITH pushes a finally block. */
-    USE_LABEL(c, block);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, ASYNC_WITH, block, final, s));
-
-    if (item->optional_vars) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, item->optional_vars);
-    }
-    else {
-        /* Discard result from context.__aenter__() */
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-    }
-
-    pos++;
-    if (pos == asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.AsyncWith.items)) {
-        /* BLOCK code */
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.AsyncWith.body)
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_async_with(c, s, pos));
-    }
-
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, ASYNC_WITH, block);
-
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_BLOCK);
-    /* End of body; start the cleanup */
-
-    /* For successful outcome:
-     * call __exit__(None, None, None)
-     */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, loc));
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, exit);
-
-    /* For exceptional outcome: */
-    USE_LABEL(c, final);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, WITH_EXCEPT_START);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 2);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-    ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with_except_finish(c, cleanup));
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-/*
-   Implements the with statement from PEP 343.
-   with EXPR as VAR:
-       BLOCK
-   is implemented as:
-        <code for EXPR>
-        SETUP_WITH  E
-        <code to store to VAR> or POP_TOP
-        <code for BLOCK>
-        LOAD_CONST (None, None, None)
-        CALL_FUNCTION_EX 0
-        JUMP  EXIT
-    E:  WITH_EXCEPT_START (calls EXPR.__exit__)
-        POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE T:
-        RERAISE
-    T:  POP_TOP (remove exception from stack)
-        POP_EXCEPT
-        POP_TOP
-    EXIT:
- */
-
-static int
-codegen_with(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, int pos)
-{
-    withitem_ty item = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.With.items, pos);
-
-    assert(s->kind == With_kind);
-
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, block);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, final);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, exit);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, cleanup);
-
-    /* Evaluate EXPR */
-    VISIT(c, expr, item->context_expr);
-    /* Will push bound __exit__ */
-    location loc = LOC(item->context_expr);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___EXIT__);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, LOAD_SPECIAL, SPECIAL___ENTER__);
-    ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL, 0);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_WITH, final);
-
-    /* SETUP_WITH pushes a finally block. */
-    USE_LABEL(c, block);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_push_fblock(c, loc, WITH, block, final, s));
-
-    if (item->optional_vars) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, item->optional_vars);
-    }
-    else {
-    /* Discard result from context.__enter__() */
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-    }
-
-    pos++;
-    if (pos == asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.With.items)) {
-        /* BLOCK code */
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, s->v.With.body)
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with(c, s, pos));
-    }
-
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, POP_BLOCK);
-    compiler_pop_fblock(c, WITH, block);
-
-    /* End of body; start the cleanup. */
-
-    /* For successful outcome:
-     * call __exit__(None, None, None)
-     */
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_call_exit_with_nones(c, loc));
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, JUMP, exit);
-
-    /* For exceptional outcome: */
-    USE_LABEL(c, final);
-
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, SETUP_CLEANUP, cleanup);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, PUSH_EXC_INFO);
-    ADDOP(c, loc, WITH_EXCEPT_START);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_with_except_finish(c, cleanup));
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, exit);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_visit_expr(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case NamedExpr_kind:
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.NamedExpr.value);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.NamedExpr.target);
-        break;
-    case BoolOp_kind:
-        return codegen_boolop(c, e);
-    case BinOp_kind:
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.BinOp.left);
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.BinOp.right);
-        ADDOP_BINARY(c, loc, e->v.BinOp.op);
-        break;
-    case UnaryOp_kind:
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.UnaryOp.operand);
-        if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == UAdd) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, CALL_INTRINSIC_1, INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE);
-        }
-        else if (e->v.UnaryOp.op == Not) {
-            ADDOP(c, loc, TO_BOOL);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, UNARY_NOT);
-        }
-        else {
-            ADDOP(c, loc, unaryop(e->v.UnaryOp.op));
-        }
-        break;
-    case Lambda_kind:
-        return codegen_lambda(c, e);
-    case IfExp_kind:
-        return codegen_ifexp(c, e);
-    case Dict_kind:
-        return codegen_dict(c, e);
-    case Set_kind:
-        return codegen_set(c, e);
-    case GeneratorExp_kind:
-        return codegen_genexp(c, e);
-    case ListComp_kind:
-        return codegen_listcomp(c, e);
-    case SetComp_kind:
-        return codegen_setcomp(c, e);
-    case DictComp_kind:
-        return codegen_dictcomp(c, e);
-    case Yield_kind:
-        if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc, "'yield' outside function");
-        }
-        if (e->v.Yield.value) {
-            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Yield.value);
-        }
-        else {
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-        }
-        ADDOP_YIELD(c, loc);
-        break;
-    case YieldFrom_kind:
-        if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc, "'yield from' outside function");
-        }
-        if (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc, "'yield from' inside async function");
-        }
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.YieldFrom.value);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 0);
-        break;
-    case Await_kind:
-        assert(IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(c) || (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)) && (
-            SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION ||
-            SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_COMPREHENSION
-        )));
-
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Await.value);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, GET_AWAITABLE, 0);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, Py_None);
-        ADD_YIELD_FROM(c, loc, 1);
-        break;
-    case Compare_kind:
-        return codegen_compare(c, e);
-    case Call_kind:
-        return codegen_call(c, e);
-    case Constant_kind:
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, loc, e->v.Constant.value);
-        break;
-    case JoinedStr_kind:
-        return codegen_joined_str(c, e);
-    case FormattedValue_kind:
-        return codegen_formatted_value(c, e);
-    /* The following exprs can be assignment targets. */
-    case Attribute_kind:
-        if (e->v.Attribute.ctx == Load) {
-            int ret = can_optimize_super_call(c, e);
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(ret);
-            if (ret) {
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(load_args_for_super(c, e->v.Attribute.value));
-                int opcode = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Attribute.value->v.Call.args) ?
-                    LOAD_SUPER_ATTR : LOAD_ZERO_SUPER_ATTR;
-                ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, opcode, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-                loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
-                ADDOP(c, loc, NOP);
-                return SUCCESS;
-            }
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_maybe_add_static_attribute_to_class(c, e));
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Attribute.value);
-        loc = LOC(e);
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
-        switch (e->v.Attribute.ctx) {
-        case Load:
-            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-            break;
-        case Store:
-            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-            break;
-        case Del:
-            ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, DELETE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-            break;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Subscript_kind:
-        return codegen_subscript(c, e);
-    case Starred_kind:
-        switch (e->v.Starred.ctx) {
-        case Store:
-            /* In all legitimate cases, the Starred node was already replaced
-             * by codegen_list/codegen_tuple. XXX: is that okay? */
-            return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                "starred assignment target must be in a list or tuple");
-        default:
-            return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                "can't use starred expression here");
-        }
-        break;
-    case Slice_kind:
-    {
-        int n = codegen_slice(c, e);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(n);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, BUILD_SLICE, n);
-        break;
-    }
-    case Name_kind:
-        return codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, e->v.Name.ctx);
-    /* child nodes of List and Tuple will have expr_context set */
-    case List_kind:
-        return codegen_list(c, e);
-    case Tuple_kind:
-        return codegen_tuple(c, e);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static bool
-is_two_element_slice(expr_ty s)
-{
-    return s->kind == Slice_kind &&
-           s->v.Slice.step == NULL;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_augassign(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    assert(s->kind == AugAssign_kind);
-    expr_ty e = s->v.AugAssign.target;
-
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Attribute_kind:
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Attribute.value);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-        break;
-    case Subscript_kind:
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.value);
-        if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice)) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_slice(c, e->v.Subscript.slice));
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 3);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SLICE);
-        }
-        else {
-            VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.slice);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 2);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SUBSCR);
-        }
-        break;
-    case Name_kind:
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, Load));
-        break;
-    default:
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-            "invalid node type (%d) for augmented assignment",
-            e->kind);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-
-    loc = LOC(s);
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AugAssign.value);
-    ADDOP_INPLACE(c, loc, s->v.AugAssign.op);
-
-    loc = LOC(e);
-
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Attribute_kind:
-        loc = update_start_location_to_match_attr(c, loc, e);
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-        ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, STORE_ATTR, e->v.Attribute.attr, names);
-        break;
-    case Subscript_kind:
-        if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice)) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 4);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SLICE);
-        }
-        else {
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 3);
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, 2);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SUBSCR);
-        }
-        break;
-    case Name_kind:
-        return codegen_nameop(c, loc, e->v.Name.id, Store);
-    default:
-        Py_UNREACHABLE();
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_check_ann_expr(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    VISIT(c, expr, e);
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(e), POP_TOP);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_check_annotation(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    /* Annotations of complex targets does not produce anything
-       under annotations future */
-    if (FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    /* Annotations are only evaluated in a module or class. */
-    if (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE ||
-        SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS) {
-        return codegen_check_ann_expr(c, s->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_check_ann_subscr(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    /* We check that everything in a subscript is defined at runtime. */
-    switch (e->kind) {
-    case Slice_kind:
-        if (e->v.Slice.lower && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.lower) < 0) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        if (e->v.Slice.upper && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.upper) < 0) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        if (e->v.Slice.step && codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e->v.Slice.step) < 0) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    case Tuple_kind: {
-        /* extended slice */
-        asdl_expr_seq *elts = e->v.Tuple.elts;
-        Py_ssize_t i, n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_check_ann_subscr(c, asdl_seq_GET(elts, i)));
-        }
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    default:
-        return codegen_check_ann_expr(c, e);
-    }
-}
-
-static int compiler_add_deferred_annotation(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s);
-
-static int
-codegen_annassign(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(s);
-    expr_ty targ = s->v.AnnAssign.target;
-    bool future_annotations = FUTURE_FEATURES(c) & CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS;
-    PyObject *mangled;
-
-    assert(s->kind == AnnAssign_kind);
-
-    /* We perform the actual assignment first. */
-    if (s->v.AnnAssign.value) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.AnnAssign.value);
-        VISIT(c, expr, targ);
-    }
-    switch (targ->kind) {
-    case Name_kind:
-        /* If we have a simple name in a module or class, store annotation. */
-        if (s->v.AnnAssign.simple &&
-            (SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE ||
-             SCOPE_TYPE(c) == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS)) {
-            if (future_annotations) {
-                VISIT(c, annexpr, s->v.AnnAssign.annotation);
-                ADDOP_NAME(c, loc, LOAD_NAME, &_Py_ID(__annotations__), names);
-                mangled = compiler_maybe_mangle(c, targ->v.Name.id);
-                ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, mangled);
-                ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SUBSCR);
-            }
-            else {
-                RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_add_deferred_annotation(c, s));
-            }
-        }
-        break;
-    case Attribute_kind:
-        if (!s->v.AnnAssign.value &&
-            codegen_check_ann_expr(c, targ->v.Attribute.value) < 0) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        break;
-    case Subscript_kind:
-        if (!s->v.AnnAssign.value &&
-            (codegen_check_ann_expr(c, targ->v.Subscript.value) < 0 ||
-             codegen_check_ann_subscr(c, targ->v.Subscript.slice) < 0)) {
-                return ERROR;
-        }
-        break;
-    default:
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
-                     "invalid node type (%d) for annotated assignment",
-                     targ->kind);
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    /* Annotation is evaluated last. */
-    if (future_annotations && !s->v.AnnAssign.simple && codegen_check_annotation(c, s) < 0) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_subscript(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
-{
-    location loc = LOC(e);
-    expr_context_ty ctx = e->v.Subscript.ctx;
-    int op = 0;
-
-    if (ctx == Load) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_subscripter(c, e->v.Subscript.value));
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_index(c, e->v.Subscript.value, e->v.Subscript.slice));
-    }
-
-    VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.value);
-    if (is_two_element_slice(e->v.Subscript.slice) && ctx != Del) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_slice(c, e->v.Subscript.slice));
-        if (ctx == Load) {
-            ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SLICE);
-        }
-        else {
-            assert(ctx == Store);
-            ADDOP(c, loc, STORE_SLICE);
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        VISIT(c, expr, e->v.Subscript.slice);
-        switch (ctx) {
-            case Load:    op = BINARY_SUBSCR; break;
-            case Store:   op = STORE_SUBSCR; break;
-            case Del:     op = DELETE_SUBSCR; break;
-        }
-        assert(op);
-        ADDOP(c, loc, op);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Returns the number of the values emitted,
- * thus are needed to build the slice, or -1 if there is an error. */
-static int
-codegen_slice(struct compiler *c, expr_ty s)
-{
-    int n = 2;
-    assert(s->kind == Slice_kind);
-
-    /* only handles the cases where BUILD_SLICE is emitted */
-    if (s->v.Slice.lower) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.lower);
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(s), Py_None);
-    }
-
-    if (s->v.Slice.upper) {
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.upper);
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(s), Py_None);
-    }
-
-    if (s->v.Slice.step) {
-        n++;
-        VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Slice.step);
-    }
-    return n;
-}
-
-
-// PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching
-
-// To keep things simple, all codegen_pattern_* routines follow the convention
-// of consuming TOS (the subject for the given pattern) and calling
-// jump_to_fail_pop on failure (no match).
-
-// When calling into these routines, it's important that pc->on_top be kept
-// updated to reflect the current number of items that we are using on the top
-// of the stack: they will be popped on failure, and any name captures will be
-// stored *underneath* them on success. This lets us defer all names stores
-// until the *entire* pattern matches.
-
-#define WILDCARD_CHECK(N) \
-    ((N)->kind == MatchAs_kind && !(N)->v.MatchAs.name)
-
-#define WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(N) \
-    ((N)->kind == MatchStar_kind && !(N)->v.MatchStar.name)
-
-// Limit permitted subexpressions, even if the parser & AST validator let them through
-#define MATCH_VALUE_EXPR(N) \
-    ((N)->kind == Constant_kind || (N)->kind == Attribute_kind)
-
-// Allocate or resize pc->fail_pop to allow for n items to be popped on failure.
-static int
-ensure_fail_pop(struct compiler *c, pattern_context *pc, Py_ssize_t n)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t size = n + 1;
-    if (size <= pc->fail_pop_size) {
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t needed = sizeof(jump_target_label) * size;
-    jump_target_label *resized = PyMem_Realloc(pc->fail_pop, needed);
-    if (resized == NULL) {
-        PyErr_NoMemory();
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    pc->fail_pop = resized;
-    while (pc->fail_pop_size < size) {
-        NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, new_block);
-        pc->fail_pop[pc->fail_pop_size++] = new_block;
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-// Use op to jump to the correct fail_pop block.
-static int
-jump_to_fail_pop(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                 pattern_context *pc, int op)
-{
-    // Pop any items on the top of the stack, plus any objects we were going to
-    // capture on success:
-    Py_ssize_t pops = pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ensure_fail_pop(c, pc, pops));
-    ADDOP_JUMP(c, loc, op, pc->fail_pop[pops]);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-// Build all of the fail_pop blocks and reset fail_pop.
-static int
-emit_and_reset_fail_pop(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                        pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    if (!pc->fail_pop_size) {
-        assert(pc->fail_pop == NULL);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    while (--pc->fail_pop_size) {
-        USE_LABEL(c, pc->fail_pop[pc->fail_pop_size]);
-        if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), POP_TOP, loc) < 0) {
-            pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
-            PyMem_Free(pc->fail_pop);
-            pc->fail_pop = NULL;
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-    }
-    USE_LABEL(c, pc->fail_pop[0]);
-    PyMem_Free(pc->fail_pop);
-    pc->fail_pop = NULL;
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_error_duplicate_store(struct compiler *c, location loc, identifier n)
-{
-    return compiler_error(c, loc,
-        "multiple assignments to name %R in pattern", n);
-}
-
-// Duplicate the effect of 3.10's ROT_* instructions using SWAPs.
-static int
-codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(struct compiler *c, location loc, Py_ssize_t count)
-{
-    while (1 < count) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, SWAP, count--);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                  identifier n, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    if (n == NULL) {
-        ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    // Can't assign to the same name twice:
-    int duplicate = PySequence_Contains(pc->stores, n);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(duplicate);
-    if (duplicate) {
-        return codegen_error_duplicate_store(c, loc, n);
-    }
-    // Rotate this object underneath any items we need to preserve:
-    Py_ssize_t rotations = pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores) + 1;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, loc, rotations));
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(PyList_Append(pc->stores, n));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_unpack_helper(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                              asdl_pattern_seq *elts)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t n = asdl_seq_LEN(elts);
-    int seen_star = 0;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        pattern_ty elt = asdl_seq_GET(elts, i);
-        if (elt->kind == MatchStar_kind && !seen_star) {
-            if ((i >= (1 << 8)) ||
-                (n-i-1 >= (INT_MAX >> 8))) {
-                return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                    "too many expressions in "
-                    "star-unpacking sequence pattern");
-            }
-            ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_EX, (i + ((n-i-1) << 8)));
-            seen_star = 1;
-        }
-        else if (elt->kind == MatchStar_kind) {
-            return compiler_error(c, loc,
-                "multiple starred expressions in sequence pattern");
-        }
-    }
-    if (!seen_star) {
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, UNPACK_SEQUENCE, n);
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                               asdl_pattern_seq *patterns, Py_ssize_t star,
-                               pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_unpack_helper(c, loc, patterns));
-    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
-    // We've now got a bunch of new subjects on the stack. They need to remain
-    // there after each subpattern match:
-    pc->on_top += size;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        // One less item to keep track of each time we loop through:
-        pc->on_top--;
-        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-// Like pattern_helper_sequence_unpack, but uses BINARY_SUBSCR instead of
-// UNPACK_SEQUENCE / UNPACK_EX. This is more efficient for patterns with a
-// starred wildcard like [first, *_] / [first, *_, last] / [*_, last] / etc.
-static int
-pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                               asdl_pattern_seq *patterns, Py_ssize_t star,
-                               pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    // We need to keep the subject around for extracting elements:
-    pc->on_top++;
-    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
-        if (WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (i == star) {
-            assert(WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(pattern));
-            continue;
-        }
-        ADDOP_I(c, loc, COPY, 1);
-        if (i < star) {
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromSsize_t(i));
-        }
-        else {
-            // The subject may not support negative indexing! Compute a
-            // nonnegative index:
-            ADDOP(c, loc, GET_LEN);
-            ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, loc, PyLong_FromSsize_t(size - i));
-            ADDOP_BINARY(c, loc, Sub);
-        }
-        ADDOP(c, loc, BINARY_SUBSCR);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
-    }
-    // Pop the subject, we're done with it:
-    pc->on_top--;
-    ADDOP(c, loc, POP_TOP);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-// Like codegen_pattern, but turn off checks for irrefutability.
-static int
-codegen_pattern_subpattern(struct compiler *c,
-                            pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    int allow_irrefutable = pc->allow_irrefutable;
-    pc->allow_irrefutable = 1;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern(c, p, pc));
-    pc->allow_irrefutable = allow_irrefutable;
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_as(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchAs_kind);
-    if (p->v.MatchAs.pattern == NULL) {
-        // An irrefutable match:
-        if (!pc->allow_irrefutable) {
-            if (p->v.MatchAs.name) {
-                const char *e = "name capture %R makes remaining patterns unreachable";
-                return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, p->v.MatchAs.name);
-            }
-            const char *e = "wildcard makes remaining patterns unreachable";
-            return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e);
-        }
-        return codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchAs.name, pc);
-    }
-    // Need to make a copy for (possibly) storing later:
-    pc->on_top++;
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern(c, p->v.MatchAs.pattern, pc));
-    // Success! Store it:
-    pc->on_top--;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchAs.name, pc));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_star(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchStar_kind);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(
-        codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchStar.name, pc));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-validate_kwd_attrs(struct compiler *c, asdl_identifier_seq *attrs, asdl_pattern_seq* patterns)
-{
-    // Any errors will point to the pattern rather than the arg name as the
-    // parser is only supplying identifiers rather than Name or keyword nodes
-    Py_ssize_t nattrs = asdl_seq_LEN(attrs);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nattrs; i++) {
-        identifier attr = ((identifier)asdl_seq_GET(attrs, i));
-        for (Py_ssize_t j = i + 1; j < nattrs; j++) {
-            identifier other = ((identifier)asdl_seq_GET(attrs, j));
-            if (!PyUnicode_Compare(attr, other)) {
-                location loc = LOC((pattern_ty) asdl_seq_GET(patterns, j));
-                compiler_error(c, loc, "attribute name repeated in class pattern: %U", attr);
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_class(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchClass_kind);
-    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchClass.patterns;
-    asdl_identifier_seq *kwd_attrs = p->v.MatchClass.kwd_attrs;
-    asdl_pattern_seq *kwd_patterns = p->v.MatchClass.kwd_patterns;
-    Py_ssize_t nargs = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
-    Py_ssize_t nattrs = asdl_seq_LEN(kwd_attrs);
-    Py_ssize_t nkwd_patterns = asdl_seq_LEN(kwd_patterns);
-    if (nattrs != nkwd_patterns) {
-        // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
-        // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
-        const char * e = "kwd_attrs (%d) / kwd_patterns (%d) length mismatch in class pattern";
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, nattrs, nkwd_patterns);
-    }
-    if (INT_MAX < nargs || INT_MAX < nargs + nattrs - 1) {
-        const char *e = "too many sub-patterns in class pattern %R";
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, p->v.MatchClass.cls);
-    }
-    if (nattrs) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(validate_kwd_attrs(c, kwd_attrs, kwd_patterns));
-    }
-    VISIT(c, expr, p->v.MatchClass.cls);
-    PyObject *attr_names = PyTuple_New(nattrs);
-    if (attr_names == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-    for (i = 0; i < nattrs; i++) {
-        PyObject *name = asdl_seq_GET(kwd_attrs, i);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(attr_names, i, Py_NewRef(name));
-    }
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), attr_names);
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), MATCH_CLASS, nargs);
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), Py_None);
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), IS_OP, 1);
-    // TOS is now a tuple of (nargs + nattrs) attributes (or None):
-    pc->on_top++;
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, nargs + nattrs);
-    pc->on_top += nargs + nattrs - 1;
-    for (i = 0; i < nargs + nattrs; i++) {
-        pc->on_top--;
-        pattern_ty pattern;
-        if (i < nargs) {
-            // Positional:
-            pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
-        }
-        else {
-            // Keyword:
-            pattern = asdl_seq_GET(kwd_patterns, i - nargs);
-        }
-        if (WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern)) {
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
-            continue;
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
-    }
-    // Success! Pop the tuple of attributes:
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_mapping_key(struct compiler *c, PyObject *seen, pattern_ty p, Py_ssize_t i)
-{
-    asdl_expr_seq *keys = p->v.MatchMapping.keys;
-    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchMapping.patterns;
-    expr_ty key = asdl_seq_GET(keys, i);
-    if (key == NULL) {
-        const char *e = "can't use NULL keys in MatchMapping "
-                        "(set 'rest' parameter instead)";
-        location loc = LOC((pattern_ty) asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i));
-        return compiler_error(c, loc, e);
-    }
-
-    if (key->kind == Constant_kind) {
-        int in_seen = PySet_Contains(seen, key->v.Constant.value);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(in_seen);
-        if (in_seen) {
-            const char *e = "mapping pattern checks duplicate key (%R)";
-            return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, key->v.Constant.value);
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(PySet_Add(seen, key->v.Constant.value));
-    }
-    else if (key->kind != Attribute_kind) {
-        const char *e = "mapping pattern keys may only match literals and attribute lookups";
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e);
-    }
-    VISIT(c, expr, key);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_mapping(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p,
-                        pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchMapping_kind);
-    asdl_expr_seq *keys = p->v.MatchMapping.keys;
-    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchMapping.patterns;
-    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(keys);
-    Py_ssize_t npatterns = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
-    if (size != npatterns) {
-        // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
-        // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
-        const char * e = "keys (%d) / patterns (%d) length mismatch in mapping pattern";
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, size, npatterns);
-    }
-    // We have a double-star target if "rest" is set
-    PyObject *star_target = p->v.MatchMapping.rest;
-    // We need to keep the subject on top during the mapping and length checks:
-    pc->on_top++;
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_MAPPING);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    if (!size && !star_target) {
-        // If the pattern is just "{}", we're done! Pop the subject:
-        pc->on_top--;
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
-        return SUCCESS;
-    }
-    if (size) {
-        // If the pattern has any keys in it, perform a length check:
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size));
-        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), GtE);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    }
-    if (INT_MAX < size - 1) {
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), "too many sub-patterns in mapping pattern");
-    }
-    // Collect all of the keys into a tuple for MATCH_KEYS and
-    // **rest. They can either be dotted names or literals:
-
-    // Maintaining a set of Constant_kind kind keys allows us to raise a
-    // SyntaxError in the case of duplicates.
-    PyObject *seen = PySet_New(NULL);
-    if (seen == NULL) {
-        return ERROR;
-    }
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        if (codegen_pattern_mapping_key(c, seen, p, i) < 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(seen);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(seen);
-
-    // all keys have been checked; there are no duplicates
-
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), BUILD_TUPLE, size);
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_KEYS);
-    // There's now a tuple of keys and a tuple of values on top of the subject:
-    pc->on_top += 2;
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), Py_None);
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), IS_OP, 1);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    // So far so good. Use that tuple of values on the stack to match
-    // sub-patterns against:
-    ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, size);
-    pc->on_top += size - 1;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        pc->on_top--;
-        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_subpattern(c, pattern, pc));
-    }
-    // If we get this far, it's a match! Whatever happens next should consume
-    // the tuple of keys and the subject:
-    pc->on_top -= 2;
-    if (star_target) {
-        // If we have a starred name, bind a dict of remaining items to it (this may
-        // seem a bit inefficient, but keys is rarely big enough to actually impact
-        // runtime):
-        // rest = dict(TOS1)
-        // for key in TOS:
-        //     del rest[key]
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), BUILD_MAP, 0);           // [subject, keys, empty]
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), SWAP, 3);                // [empty, keys, subject]
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), DICT_UPDATE, 2);         // [copy, keys]
-        ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), UNPACK_SEQUENCE, size);  // [copy, keys...]
-        while (size) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), COPY, 1 + size--);   // [copy, keys..., copy]
-            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(p), SWAP, 2);            // [copy, keys..., copy, key]
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(p), DELETE_SUBSCR);        // [copy, keys...]
-        }
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_pattern_helper_store_name(c, LOC(p), star_target, pc));
-    }
-    else {
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);  // Tuple of keys.
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);  // Subject.
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_or(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchOr_kind);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(p->v.MatchOr.patterns);
-    assert(size > 1);
-    // We're going to be messing with pc. Keep the original info handy:
-    pattern_context old_pc = *pc;
-    Py_INCREF(pc->stores);
-    // control is the list of names bound by the first alternative. It is used
-    // for checking different name bindings in alternatives, and for correcting
-    // the order in which extracted elements are placed on the stack.
-    PyObject *control = NULL;
-    // NOTE: We can't use returning macros anymore! goto error on error.
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        pattern_ty alt = asdl_seq_GET(p->v.MatchOr.patterns, i);
-        PyObject *pc_stores = PyList_New(0);
-        if (pc_stores == NULL) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        Py_SETREF(pc->stores, pc_stores);
-        // An irrefutable sub-pattern must be last, if it is allowed at all:
-        pc->allow_irrefutable = (i == size - 1) && old_pc.allow_irrefutable;
-        pc->fail_pop = NULL;
-        pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
-        pc->on_top = 0;
-        if (codegen_addop_i(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), COPY, 1, LOC(alt)) < 0 ||
-            codegen_pattern(c, alt, pc) < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        // Success!
-        Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
-        if (!i) {
-            // This is the first alternative, so save its stores as a "control"
-            // for the others (they can't bind a different set of names, and
-            // might need to be reordered):
-            assert(control == NULL);
-            control = Py_NewRef(pc->stores);
-        }
-        else if (nstores != PyList_GET_SIZE(control)) {
-            goto diff;
-        }
-        else if (nstores) {
-            // There were captures. Check to see if we differ from control:
-            Py_ssize_t icontrol = nstores;
-            while (icontrol--) {
-                PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(control, icontrol);
-                Py_ssize_t istores = PySequence_Index(pc->stores, name);
-                if (istores < 0) {
-                    PyErr_Clear();
-                    goto diff;
-                }
-                if (icontrol != istores) {
-                    // Reorder the names on the stack to match the order of the
-                    // names in control. There's probably a better way of doing
-                    // this; the current solution is potentially very
-                    // inefficient when each alternative subpattern binds lots
-                    // of names in different orders. It's fine for reasonable
-                    // cases, though, and the peephole optimizer will ensure
-                    // that the final code is as efficient as possible.
-                    assert(istores < icontrol);
-                    Py_ssize_t rotations = istores + 1;
-                    // Perform the same rotation on pc->stores:
-                    PyObject *rotated = PyList_GetSlice(pc->stores, 0,
-                                                        rotations);
-                    if (rotated == NULL ||
-                        PyList_SetSlice(pc->stores, 0, rotations, NULL) ||
-                        PyList_SetSlice(pc->stores, icontrol - istores,
-                                        icontrol - istores, rotated))
-                    {
-                        Py_XDECREF(rotated);
-                        goto error;
-                    }
-                    Py_DECREF(rotated);
-                    // That just did:
-                    // rotated = pc_stores[:rotations]
-                    // del pc_stores[:rotations]
-                    // pc_stores[icontrol-istores:icontrol-istores] = rotated
-                    // Do the same thing to the stack, using several
-                    // rotations:
-                    while (rotations--) {
-                        if (codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, LOC(alt), icontrol + 1) < 0) {
-                            goto error;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        assert(control);
-        if (codegen_addop_j(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), LOC(alt), JUMP, end) < 0 ||
-            emit_and_reset_fail_pop(c, LOC(alt), pc) < 0)
-        {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
-    *pc = old_pc;
-    Py_INCREF(pc->stores);
-    // Need to NULL this for the PyMem_Free call in the error block.
-    old_pc.fail_pop = NULL;
-    // No match. Pop the remaining copy of the subject and fail:
-    if (codegen_addop_noarg(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), POP_TOP, LOC(p)) < 0 ||
-        jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, JUMP) < 0) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(control);
-    // There's a bunch of stuff on the stack between where the new stores
-    // are and where they need to be:
-    // - The other stores.
-    // - A copy of the subject.
-    // - Anything else that may be on top of the stack.
-    // - Any previous stores we've already stashed away on the stack.
-    Py_ssize_t nrots = nstores + 1 + pc->on_top + PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nstores; i++) {
-        // Rotate this capture to its proper place on the stack:
-        if (codegen_pattern_helper_rotate(c, LOC(p), nrots) < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        // Update the list of previous stores with this new name, checking for
-        // duplicates:
-        PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(control, i);
-        int dupe = PySequence_Contains(pc->stores, name);
-        if (dupe < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        if (dupe) {
-            codegen_error_duplicate_store(c, LOC(p), name);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        if (PyList_Append(pc->stores, name)) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(old_pc.stores);
-    Py_DECREF(control);
-    // NOTE: Returning macros are safe again.
-    // Pop the copy of the subject:
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
-    return SUCCESS;
-diff:
-    compiler_error(c, LOC(p), "alternative patterns bind different names");
-error:
-    PyMem_Free(old_pc.fail_pop);
-    Py_DECREF(old_pc.stores);
-    Py_XDECREF(control);
-    return ERROR;
-}
-
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_sequence(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p,
-                         pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchSequence_kind);
-    asdl_pattern_seq *patterns = p->v.MatchSequence.patterns;
-    Py_ssize_t size = asdl_seq_LEN(patterns);
-    Py_ssize_t star = -1;
-    int only_wildcard = 1;
-    int star_wildcard = 0;
-    // Find a starred name, if it exists. There may be at most one:
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        pattern_ty pattern = asdl_seq_GET(patterns, i);
-        if (pattern->kind == MatchStar_kind) {
-            if (star >= 0) {
-                const char *e = "multiple starred names in sequence pattern";
-                return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e);
-            }
-            star_wildcard = WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK(pattern);
-            only_wildcard &= star_wildcard;
-            star = i;
-            continue;
-        }
-        only_wildcard &= WILDCARD_CHECK(pattern);
-    }
-    // We need to keep the subject on top during the sequence and length checks:
-    pc->on_top++;
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), MATCH_SEQUENCE);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    if (star < 0) {
-        // No star: len(subject) == size
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size));
-        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Eq);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    }
-    else if (size > 1) {
-        // Star: len(subject) >= size - 1
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), GET_LEN);
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW(c, LOC(p), PyLong_FromSsize_t(size - 1));
-        ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), GtE);
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    }
-    // Whatever comes next should consume the subject:
-    pc->on_top--;
-    if (only_wildcard) {
-        // Patterns like: [] / [_] / [_, _] / [*_] / [_, *_] / [_, _, *_] / etc.
-        ADDOP(c, LOC(p), POP_TOP);
-    }
-    else if (star_wildcard) {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(c, LOC(p), patterns, star, pc));
-    }
-    else {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(c, LOC(p), patterns, star, pc));
-    }
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_value(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchValue_kind);
-    expr_ty value = p->v.MatchValue.value;
-    if (!MATCH_VALUE_EXPR(value)) {
-        const char *e = "patterns may only match literals and attribute lookups";
-        return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e);
-    }
-    VISIT(c, expr, value);
-    ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Eq);
-    ADDOP(c, LOC(p), TO_BOOL);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern_singleton(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    assert(p->kind == MatchSingleton_kind);
-    ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, LOC(p), p->v.MatchSingleton.value);
-    ADDOP_COMPARE(c, LOC(p), Is);
-    RETURN_IF_ERROR(jump_to_fail_pop(c, LOC(p), pc, POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE));
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int
-codegen_pattern(struct compiler *c, pattern_ty p, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    switch (p->kind) {
-        case MatchValue_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_value(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchSingleton_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_singleton(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchSequence_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_sequence(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchMapping_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_mapping(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchClass_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_class(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchStar_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_star(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchAs_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_as(c, p, pc);
-        case MatchOr_kind:
-            return codegen_pattern_or(c, p, pc);
-    }
-    // AST validator shouldn't let this happen, but if it does,
-    // just fail, don't crash out of the interpreter
-    const char *e = "invalid match pattern node in AST (kind=%d)";
-    return compiler_error(c, LOC(p), e, p->kind);
-}
+ */
 
-static int
-codegen_match_inner(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s, pattern_context *pc)
-{
-    VISIT(c, expr, s->v.Match.subject);
-    NEW_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(c, end);
-    Py_ssize_t cases = asdl_seq_LEN(s->v.Match.cases);
-    assert(cases > 0);
-    match_case_ty m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, cases - 1);
-    int has_default = WILDCARD_CHECK(m->pattern) && 1 < cases;
-    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < cases - has_default; i++) {
-        m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, i);
-        // Only copy the subject if we're *not* on the last case:
-        if (i != cases - has_default - 1) {
-            ADDOP_I(c, LOC(m->pattern), COPY, 1);
-        }
-        pc->stores = PyList_New(0);
-        if (pc->stores == NULL) {
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        // Irrefutable cases must be either guarded, last, or both:
-        pc->allow_irrefutable = m->guard != NULL || i == cases - 1;
-        pc->fail_pop = NULL;
-        pc->fail_pop_size = 0;
-        pc->on_top = 0;
-        // NOTE: Can't use returning macros here (they'll leak pc->stores)!
-        if (codegen_pattern(c, m->pattern, pc) < 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
-            return ERROR;
-        }
-        assert(!pc->on_top);
-        // It's a match! Store all of the captured names (they're on the stack).
-        Py_ssize_t nstores = PyList_GET_SIZE(pc->stores);
-        for (Py_ssize_t n = 0; n < nstores; n++) {
-            PyObject *name = PyList_GET_ITEM(pc->stores, n);
-            if (codegen_nameop(c, LOC(m->pattern), name, Store) < 0) {
-                Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
-                return ERROR;
-            }
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(pc->stores);
-        // NOTE: Returning macros are safe again.
-        if (m->guard) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(ensure_fail_pop(c, pc, 0));
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(m->pattern), m->guard, pc->fail_pop[0], 0));
-        }
-        // Success! Pop the subject off, we're done with it:
-        if (i != cases - has_default - 1) {
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), POP_TOP);
-        }
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, m->body);
-        ADDOP_JUMP(c, NO_LOCATION, JUMP, end);
-        // If the pattern fails to match, we want the line number of the
-        // cleanup to be associated with the failed pattern, not the last line
-        // of the body
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(emit_and_reset_fail_pop(c, LOC(m->pattern), pc));
-    }
-    if (has_default) {
-        // A trailing "case _" is common, and lets us save a bit of redundant
-        // pushing and popping in the loop above:
-        m = asdl_seq_GET(s->v.Match.cases, cases - 1);
-        if (cases == 1) {
-            // No matches. Done with the subject:
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), POP_TOP);
-        }
-        else {
-            // Show line coverage for default case (it doesn't create bytecode)
-            ADDOP(c, LOC(m->pattern), NOP);
-        }
-        if (m->guard) {
-            RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_jump_if(c, LOC(m->pattern), m->guard, end, 0));
-        }
-        VISIT_SEQ(c, stmt, m->body);
-    }
-    USE_LABEL(c, end);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
-static int
-codegen_match(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
-{
-    pattern_context pc;
-    pc.fail_pop = NULL;
-    int result = codegen_match_inner(c, s, &pc);
-    PyMem_Free(pc.fail_pop);
-    return result;
-}
+#include "Python.h"
+#include "pycore_ast.h"           // PyAST_Check, _PyAST_GetDocString()
+#include "pycore_compile.h"
+#include "pycore_flowgraph.h"
+#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _Py_GetConfig()
+#include "pycore_setobject.h"     // _PySet_NextEntry()
 
-#undef WILDCARD_CHECK
-#undef WILDCARD_STAR_CHECK
+#include "cpython/code.h"
 
+#undef SUCCESS
+#undef ERROR
+#define SUCCESS 0
+#define ERROR -1
 
-static int
-codegen_add_return_at_end(struct compiler *c, int addNone)
-{
-    /* Make sure every instruction stream that falls off the end returns None.
-     * This also ensures that no jump target offsets are out of bounds.
-     */
-    if (addNone) {
-        ADDOP_LOAD_CONST(c, NO_LOCATION, Py_None);
+#define RETURN_IF_ERROR(X)  \
+    if ((X) == -1) {        \
+        return ERROR;       \
     }
-    ADDOP(c, NO_LOCATION, RETURN_VALUE);
-    return SUCCESS;
-}
 
-#undef ADDOP_I
-#undef ADDOP_I_IN_SCOPE
-#undef ADDOP
-#undef ADDOP_IN_SCOPE
-#undef ADDOP_LOAD_CONST
-#undef ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_IN_SCOPE
-#undef ADDOP_LOAD_CONST_NEW
-#undef ADDOP_N
-#undef ADDOP_N_IN_SCOPE
-#undef ADDOP_NAME
-#undef ADDOP_JUMP
-#undef ADDOP_COMPARE
-#undef ADDOP_BINARY
-#undef ADDOP_INPLACE
-#undef ADD_YIELD_FROM
-#undef POP_EXCEPT_AND_RERAISE
-#undef ADDOP_YIELD
-#undef VISIT
-#undef VISIT_IN_SCOPE
-#undef VISIT_SEQ
-#undef VISIT_SEQ_IN_SCOPE
-
-/*** end of CODEGEN, start of compiler implementation ***/
+typedef _Py_SourceLocation location;
+typedef _PyJumpTargetLabel jump_target_label;
+typedef _PyInstructionSequence instr_sequence;
+typedef struct _PyCfgBuilder cfg_builder;
+typedef _PyCompile_FBlockInfo fblockinfo;
+typedef enum _PyCompile_FBlockType fblocktype;
 
 /* The following items change on entry and exit of code blocks.
    They must be saved and restored when returning to a block.
@@ -6453,7 +59,7 @@ struct compiler_unit {
     int u_nfblocks;
     int u_in_inlined_comp;
 
-    struct fblockinfo u_fblock[CO_MAXBLOCKS];
+    _PyCompile_FBlockInfo u_fblock[CO_MAXBLOCKS];
 
     _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata u_metadata;
 };
@@ -6462,7 +68,7 @@ struct compiler_unit {
 
 The u pointer points to the current compilation unit, while units
 for enclosing blocks are stored in c_stack.     The u and c_stack are
-managed by compiler_enter_scope() and compiler_exit_scope().
+managed by _PyCompile_EnterScope() and _PyCompile_ExitScope().
 
 Note that we don't track recursion levels during compilation - the
 task of detecting and rejecting excessive levels of nesting is
@@ -6470,7 +76,7 @@ handled by the symbol analysis pass.
 
 */
 
-struct compiler {
+typedef struct _PyCompiler {
     PyObject *c_filename;
     struct symtable *c_st;
     _PyFutureFeatures c_future;  /* module's __future__ */
@@ -6487,11 +93,10 @@ struct compiler {
     bool c_save_nested_seqs;     /* if true, construct recursive instruction sequences
                                   * (including instructions for nested code objects)
                                   */
-};
-
+} compiler;
 
 static int
-compiler_setup(struct compiler *c, mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename,
+compiler_setup(compiler *c, mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename,
                PyCompilerFlags *flags, int optimize, PyArena *arena)
 {
     PyCompilerFlags local_flags = _PyCompilerFlags_INIT;
@@ -6534,11 +139,23 @@ compiler_setup(struct compiler *c, mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename,
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static struct compiler*
+static void
+compiler_free(compiler *c)
+{
+    if (c->c_st) {
+        _PySymtable_Free(c->c_st);
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(c->c_filename);
+    Py_XDECREF(c->c_const_cache);
+    Py_XDECREF(c->c_stack);
+    PyMem_Free(c);
+}
+
+static compiler*
 new_compiler(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
              int optimize, PyArena *arena)
 {
-    struct compiler *c = PyMem_Calloc(1, sizeof(struct compiler));
+    compiler *c = PyMem_Calloc(1, sizeof(compiler));
     if (c == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -6549,53 +166,6 @@ new_compiler(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
     return c;
 }
 
-
-PyCodeObject *
-_PyAST_Compile(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
-               int optimize, PyArena *arena)
-{
-    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
-    struct compiler *c = new_compiler(mod, filename, pflags, optimize, arena);
-    if (c == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    PyCodeObject *co = compiler_mod(c, mod);
-    compiler_free(c);
-    assert(co || PyErr_Occurred());
-    return co;
-}
-
-int
-_PyCompile_AstOptimize(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *cf,
-                       int optimize, PyArena *arena)
-{
-    _PyFutureFeatures future;
-    if (!_PyFuture_FromAST(mod, filename, &future)) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    int flags = future.ff_features | cf->cf_flags;
-    if (optimize == -1) {
-        optimize = _Py_GetConfig()->optimization_level;
-    }
-    if (!_PyAST_Optimize(mod, arena, optimize, flags)) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-static void
-compiler_free(struct compiler *c)
-{
-    if (c->c_st)
-        _PySymtable_Free(c->c_st);
-    Py_XDECREF(c->c_filename);
-    Py_XDECREF(c->c_const_cache);
-    Py_XDECREF(c->c_stack);
-    PyMem_Free(c);
-}
-
 static void
 compiler_unit_free(struct compiler_unit *u)
 {
@@ -6617,8 +187,8 @@ compiler_unit_free(struct compiler_unit *u)
 
 #define CAPSULE_NAME "compile.c compiler unit"
 
-static int
-compiler_maybe_add_static_attribute_to_class(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
+int
+_PyCompile_MaybeAddStaticAttributeToClass(compiler *c, expr_ty e)
 {
     assert(e->kind == Attribute_kind);
     expr_ty attr_value = e->v.Attribute.value;
@@ -6634,7 +204,7 @@ compiler_maybe_add_static_attribute_to_class(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
         struct compiler_unit *u = (struct compiler_unit *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(
                                                               capsule, CAPSULE_NAME);
         assert(u);
-        if (u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS) {
+        if (u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS) {
             assert(u->u_static_attributes);
             RETURN_IF_ERROR(PySet_Add(u->u_static_attributes, e->v.Attribute.attr));
             break;
@@ -6644,7 +214,7 @@ compiler_maybe_add_static_attribute_to_class(struct compiler *c, expr_ty e)
 }
 
 static int
-compiler_set_qualname(struct compiler *c)
+compiler_set_qualname(compiler *c)
 {
     Py_ssize_t stack_size;
     struct compiler_unit *u = c->u;
@@ -6661,7 +231,7 @@ compiler_set_qualname(struct compiler *c)
         capsule = PyList_GET_ITEM(c->c_stack, stack_size - 1);
         parent = (struct compiler_unit *)PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, CAPSULE_NAME);
         assert(parent);
-        if (parent->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS) {
+        if (parent->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_ANNOTATIONS) {
             /* The parent is an annotation scope, so we need to
                look at the grandparent. */
             if (stack_size == 2) {
@@ -6675,9 +245,9 @@ compiler_set_qualname(struct compiler *c)
             assert(parent);
         }
 
-        if (u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_FUNCTION
-            || u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION
-            || u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS) {
+        if (u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_FUNCTION
+            || u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION
+            || u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS) {
             assert(u->u_metadata.u_name);
             mangled = _Py_Mangle(parent->u_private, u->u_metadata.u_name);
             if (!mangled) {
@@ -6692,52 +262,199 @@ compiler_set_qualname(struct compiler *c)
                 force_global = 1;
         }
 
-        if (!force_global) {
-            if (parent->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_FUNCTION
-                || parent->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION
-                || parent->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_LAMBDA)
-            {
-                _Py_DECLARE_STR(dot_locals, ".<locals>");
-                base = PyUnicode_Concat(parent->u_metadata.u_qualname,
-                                        &_Py_STR(dot_locals));
-                if (base == NULL) {
-                    return ERROR;
-                }
+        if (!force_global) {
+            if (parent->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_FUNCTION
+                || parent->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_ASYNC_FUNCTION
+                || parent->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_LAMBDA)
+            {
+                _Py_DECLARE_STR(dot_locals, ".<locals>");
+                base = PyUnicode_Concat(parent->u_metadata.u_qualname,
+                                        &_Py_STR(dot_locals));
+                if (base == NULL) {
+                    return ERROR;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                base = Py_NewRef(parent->u_metadata.u_qualname);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (base != NULL) {
+        name = PyUnicode_Concat(base, _Py_LATIN1_CHR('.'));
+        Py_DECREF(base);
+        if (name == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+        PyUnicode_Append(&name, u->u_metadata.u_name);
+        if (name == NULL) {
+            return ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        name = Py_NewRef(u->u_metadata.u_name);
+    }
+    u->u_metadata.u_qualname = name;
+
+    return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Merge const *o* and return constant key object.
+ * If recursive, insert all elements if o is a tuple or frozen set.
+ */
+static PyObject*
+const_cache_insert(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject *o, bool recursive)
+{
+    assert(PyDict_CheckExact(const_cache));
+    // None and Ellipsis are immortal objects, and key is the singleton.
+    // No need to merge object and key.
+    if (o == Py_None || o == Py_Ellipsis) {
+        return o;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *key = _PyCode_ConstantKey(o);
+    if (key == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *t;
+    int res = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(const_cache, key, key, &t);
+    if (res != 0) {
+        // o was not inserted into const_cache. t is either the existing value
+        // or NULL (on error).
+        Py_DECREF(key);
+        return t;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(t);
+
+    if (!recursive) {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    // We registered o in const_cache.
+    // When o is a tuple or frozenset, we want to merge its
+    // items too.
+    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) {
+        Py_ssize_t len = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            PyObject *item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i);
+            PyObject *u = const_cache_insert(const_cache, item, recursive);
+            if (u == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            // See _PyCode_ConstantKey()
+            PyObject *v;  // borrowed
+            if (PyTuple_CheckExact(u)) {
+                v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(u, 1);
+            }
+            else {
+                v = u;
+            }
+            if (v != item) {
+                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(o, i, Py_NewRef(v));
+                Py_DECREF(item);
+            }
+
+            Py_DECREF(u);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(o)) {
+        // *key* is tuple. And its first item is frozenset of
+        // constant keys.
+        // See _PyCode_ConstantKey() for detail.
+        assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(key));
+        assert(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(key) == 2);
+
+        Py_ssize_t len = PySet_GET_SIZE(o);
+        if (len == 0) {  // empty frozenset should not be re-created.
+            return key;
+        }
+        PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(len);
+        if (tuple == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(key);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        Py_ssize_t i = 0, pos = 0;
+        PyObject *item;
+        Py_hash_t hash;
+        while (_PySet_NextEntry(o, &pos, &item, &hash)) {
+            PyObject *k = const_cache_insert(const_cache, item, recursive);
+            if (k == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+                Py_DECREF(key);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyObject *u;
+            if (PyTuple_CheckExact(k)) {
+                u = Py_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(k, 1));
+                Py_DECREF(k);
             }
             else {
-                base = Py_NewRef(parent->u_metadata.u_qualname);
+                u = k;
             }
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, u);  // Steals reference of u.
+            i++;
+        }
+
+        // Instead of rewriting o, we create new frozenset and embed in the
+        // key tuple.  Caller should get merged frozenset from the key tuple.
+        PyObject *new = PyFrozenSet_New(tuple);
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+        if (new == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(key);
+            return NULL;
         }
+        assert(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(key, 1) == o);
+        Py_DECREF(o);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, 1, new);
     }
 
-    if (base != NULL) {
-        name = PyUnicode_Concat(base, _Py_LATIN1_CHR('.'));
-        Py_DECREF(base);
-        if (name == NULL) {
+    return key;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+merge_consts_recursive(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject *o)
+{
+    return const_cache_insert(const_cache, o, true);
+}
+
+Py_ssize_t
+_PyCompile_DictAddObj(PyObject *dict, PyObject *o)
+{
+    PyObject *v;
+    Py_ssize_t arg;
+
+    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, o, &v) < 0) {
+        return ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!v) {
+        arg = PyDict_GET_SIZE(dict);
+        v = PyLong_FromSsize_t(arg);
+        if (!v) {
             return ERROR;
         }
-        PyUnicode_Append(&name, u->u_metadata.u_name);
-        if (name == NULL) {
+        if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, o, v) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(v);
             return ERROR;
         }
     }
-    else {
-        name = Py_NewRef(u->u_metadata.u_name);
-    }
-    u->u_metadata.u_qualname = name;
-
-    return SUCCESS;
+    else
+        arg = PyLong_AsLong(v);
+    Py_DECREF(v);
+    return arg;
 }
 
-static Py_ssize_t
-compiler_add_const(struct compiler *c, PyObject *o)
+Py_ssize_t
+_PyCompile_AddConst(compiler *c, PyObject *o)
 {
     PyObject *key = merge_consts_recursive(c->c_const_cache, o);
     if (key == NULL) {
         return ERROR;
     }
 
-    Py_ssize_t arg = dict_add_o(c->u->u_metadata.u_consts, key);
+    Py_ssize_t arg = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(c->u->u_metadata.u_consts, key);
     Py_DECREF(key);
     return arg;
 }
@@ -6842,10 +559,10 @@ dictbytype(PyObject *src, int scope_type, int flag, Py_ssize_t offset)
     return dest;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
-                     void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
-                    _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd)
+int
+_PyCompile_EnterScope(compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
+                       void *key, int lineno, PyObject *private,
+                      _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd)
 {
     struct compiler_unit *u;
     u = (struct compiler_unit *)PyMem_Calloc(1, sizeof(struct compiler_unit));
@@ -6881,8 +598,8 @@ compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
     if (u->u_ste->ste_needs_class_closure) {
         /* Cook up an implicit __class__ cell. */
         Py_ssize_t res;
-        assert(u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS);
-        res = dict_add_o(u->u_metadata.u_cellvars, &_Py_ID(__class__));
+        assert(u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS);
+        res = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(u->u_metadata.u_cellvars, &_Py_ID(__class__));
         if (res < 0) {
             compiler_unit_free(u);
             return ERROR;
@@ -6891,8 +608,8 @@ compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
     if (u->u_ste->ste_needs_classdict) {
         /* Cook up an implicit __classdict__ cell. */
         Py_ssize_t res;
-        assert(u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS);
-        res = dict_add_o(u->u_metadata.u_cellvars, &_Py_ID(__classdict__));
+        assert(u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS);
+        res = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(u->u_metadata.u_cellvars, &_Py_ID(__classdict__));
         if (res < 0) {
             compiler_unit_free(u);
             return ERROR;
@@ -6927,7 +644,7 @@ compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
     }
 
     u->u_deferred_annotations = NULL;
-    if (scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS) {
+    if (scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS) {
         u->u_static_attributes = PySet_New(0);
         if (!u->u_static_attributes) {
             compiler_unit_free(u);
@@ -6961,14 +678,14 @@ compiler_enter_scope(struct compiler *c, identifier name, int scope_type,
     u->u_private = Py_XNewRef(private);
 
     c->u = u;
-    if (scope_type != COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE) {
+    if (scope_type != COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE) {
         RETURN_IF_ERROR(compiler_set_qualname(c));
     }
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static void
-compiler_exit_scope(struct compiler *c)
+void
+_PyCompile_ExitScope(compiler *c)
 {
     // Don't call PySequence_DelItem() with an exception raised
     PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
@@ -7009,14 +726,14 @@ compiler_exit_scope(struct compiler *c)
  * Frame block handling functions
  */
 
-static int
-compiler_push_fblock(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                     enum fblocktype t, jump_target_label block_label,
+int
+_PyCompile_PushFBlock(compiler *c, location loc,
+                     fblocktype t, jump_target_label block_label,
                      jump_target_label exit, void *datum)
 {
-    struct fblockinfo *f;
+    fblockinfo *f;
     if (c->u->u_nfblocks >= CO_MAXBLOCKS) {
-        return compiler_error(c, loc, "too many statically nested blocks");
+        return _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, "too many statically nested blocks");
     }
     f = &c->u->u_fblock[c->u->u_nfblocks++];
     f->fb_type = t;
@@ -7027,18 +744,18 @@ compiler_push_fblock(struct compiler *c, location loc,
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static void
-compiler_pop_fblock(struct compiler *c, enum fblocktype t, jump_target_label block_label)
+void
+_PyCompile_PopFBlock(compiler *c, fblocktype t, jump_target_label block_label)
 {
     struct compiler_unit *u = c->u;
     assert(u->u_nfblocks > 0);
     u->u_nfblocks--;
     assert(u->u_fblock[u->u_nfblocks].fb_type == t);
-    assert(SAME_LABEL(u->u_fblock[u->u_nfblocks].fb_block, block_label));
+    assert(SAME_JUMP_TARGET_LABEL(u->u_fblock[u->u_nfblocks].fb_block, block_label));
 }
 
-static struct fblockinfo *
-compiler_top_fblock(struct compiler *c)
+fblockinfo *
+_PyCompile_TopFBlock(compiler *c)
 {
     if (c->u->u_nfblocks == 0) {
         return NULL;
@@ -7046,30 +763,46 @@ compiler_top_fblock(struct compiler *c)
     return &c->u->u_fblock[c->u->u_nfblocks - 1];
 }
 
-static PyObject *
-compiler_deferred_annotations(struct compiler *c)
+PyObject *
+_PyCompile_DeferredAnnotations(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->u->u_deferred_annotations;
 }
 
+static location
+start_location(asdl_stmt_seq *stmts)
+{
+    if (asdl_seq_LEN(stmts) > 0) {
+        /* Set current line number to the line number of first statement.
+         * This way line number for SETUP_ANNOTATIONS will always
+         * coincide with the line number of first "real" statement in module.
+         * If body is empty, then lineno will be set later in the assembly stage.
+         */
+        stmt_ty st = (stmt_ty)asdl_seq_GET(stmts, 0);
+        return SRC_LOCATION_FROM_AST(st);
+    }
+    return (const _Py_SourceLocation){1, 1, 0, 0};
+}
+
 static int
-compiler_codegen(struct compiler *c, mod_ty mod)
+compiler_codegen(compiler *c, mod_ty mod)
 {
-    assert(c->u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_MODULE);
+    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCodegen_EnterAnonymousScope(c, mod));
+    assert(c->u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_MODULE);
     switch (mod->kind) {
     case Module_kind: {
         asdl_stmt_seq *stmts = mod->v.Module.body;
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_body(c, start_location(stmts), stmts));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCodegen_Body(c, start_location(stmts), stmts));
         break;
     }
     case Interactive_kind: {
         c->c_interactive = 1;
         asdl_stmt_seq *stmts = mod->v.Interactive.body;
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_body(c, start_location(stmts), stmts));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCodegen_Body(c, start_location(stmts), stmts));
         break;
     }
     case Expression_kind: {
-        RETURN_IF_ERROR(codegen_expression(c, mod->v.Expression.body));
+        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_PyCodegen_Expression(c, mod->v.Expression.body));
         break;
     }
     default: {
@@ -7082,31 +815,28 @@ compiler_codegen(struct compiler *c, mod_ty mod)
 }
 
 static PyCodeObject *
-compiler_mod(struct compiler *c, mod_ty mod)
+compiler_mod(compiler *c, mod_ty mod)
 {
     PyCodeObject *co = NULL;
     int addNone = mod->kind != Expression_kind;
-    if (codegen_enter_anonymous_scope(c, mod) < 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
     if (compiler_codegen(c, mod) < 0) {
         goto finally;
     }
-    co = optimize_and_assemble(c, addNone);
+    co = _PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(c, addNone);
 finally:
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
     return co;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_get_ref_type(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name)
+int
+_PyCompile_GetRefType(compiler *c, PyObject *name)
 {
-    if (c->u->u_scope_type == COMPILER_SCOPE_CLASS &&
+    if (c->u->u_scope_type == COMPILE_SCOPE_CLASS &&
         (_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "__class__") ||
          _PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(name, "__classdict__"))) {
         return CELL;
     }
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = c->u->u_ste;
     int scope = _PyST_GetScope(ste, name);
     if (scope == 0) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
@@ -7133,15 +863,15 @@ dict_lookup_arg(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name)
     return PyLong_AsLong(v);
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_lookup_cellvar(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name)
+int
+_PyCompile_LookupCellvar(compiler *c, PyObject *name)
 {
     assert(c->u->u_metadata.u_cellvars);
     return dict_lookup_arg(c->u->u_metadata.u_cellvars, name);
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_lookup_arg(struct compiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name)
+int
+_PyCompile_LookupArg(compiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name)
 {
     /* Special case: If a class contains a method with a
      * free variable that has the same name as a method,
@@ -7149,7 +879,7 @@ compiler_lookup_arg(struct compiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name)
      * class.  It should be handled by the closure, as
      * well as by the normal name lookup logic.
      */
-    int reftype = compiler_get_ref_type(c, name);
+    int reftype = _PyCompile_GetRefType(c, name);
     if (reftype == -1) {
         return ERROR;
     }
@@ -7179,69 +909,69 @@ compiler_lookup_arg(struct compiler *c, PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *name)
     return arg;
 }
 
-static PyObject *
-compiler_static_attributes_tuple(struct compiler *c)
+PyObject *
+_PyCompile_StaticAttributesAsTuple(compiler *c)
 {
     assert(c->u->u_static_attributes);
     return PySequence_Tuple(c->u->u_static_attributes);
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_resolve_nameop(struct compiler *c, PyObject *mangled, int scope,
-                        compiler_optype *optype, Py_ssize_t *arg)
+int
+_PyCompile_ResolveNameop(compiler *c, PyObject *mangled, int scope,
+                          _PyCompile_optype *optype, Py_ssize_t *arg)
 {
     PyObject *dict = c->u->u_metadata.u_names;
-    *optype = OP_NAME;
+    *optype = COMPILE_OP_NAME;
 
     assert(scope >= 0);
     switch (scope) {
     case FREE:
         dict = c->u->u_metadata.u_freevars;
-        *optype = OP_DEREF;
+        *optype = COMPILE_OP_DEREF;
         break;
     case CELL:
         dict = c->u->u_metadata.u_cellvars;
-        *optype = OP_DEREF;
+        *optype = COMPILE_OP_DEREF;
         break;
     case LOCAL:
-        if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
-            *optype = OP_FAST;
+        if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(c->u->u_ste)) {
+            *optype = COMPILE_OP_FAST;
         }
         else {
             PyObject *item;
             RETURN_IF_ERROR(PyDict_GetItemRef(c->u->u_metadata.u_fasthidden, mangled,
                                               &item));
             if (item == Py_True) {
-                *optype = OP_FAST;
+                *optype = COMPILE_OP_FAST;
             }
             Py_XDECREF(item);
         }
         break;
     case GLOBAL_IMPLICIT:
-        if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
-            *optype = OP_GLOBAL;
+        if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(c->u->u_ste)) {
+            *optype = COMPILE_OP_GLOBAL;
         }
         break;
     case GLOBAL_EXPLICIT:
-        *optype = OP_GLOBAL;
+        *optype = COMPILE_OP_GLOBAL;
         break;
     default:
         /* scope can be 0 */
         break;
     }
-    if (*optype != OP_FAST) {
-        *arg = dict_add_o(dict, mangled);
+    if (*optype != COMPILE_OP_FAST) {
+        *arg = _PyCompile_DictAddObj(dict, mangled);
         RETURN_IF_ERROR(*arg);
     }
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
+int
+_PyCompile_TweakInlinedComprehensionScopes(compiler *c, location loc,
                                             PySTEntryObject *entry,
-                                            inlined_comprehension_state *state)
+                                            _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
 {
-    int in_class_block = (SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_type == ClassBlock) && !c->u->u_in_inlined_comp;
+    int in_class_block = (c->u->u_ste->ste_type == ClassBlock) && !c->u->u_in_inlined_comp;
     c->u->u_in_inlined_comp++;
 
     PyObject *k, *v;
@@ -7252,7 +982,7 @@ compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
         RETURN_IF_ERROR(symbol);
         long scope = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(symbol);
 
-        long outsymbol = _PyST_GetSymbol(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c), k);
+        long outsymbol = _PyST_GetSymbol(c->u->u_ste, k);
         RETURN_IF_ERROR(outsymbol);
         long outsc = SYMBOL_TO_SCOPE(outsymbol);
 
@@ -7275,7 +1005,7 @@ compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
             // update the symbol to the in-comprehension version and save
             // the outer version; we'll restore it after running the
             // comprehension
-            if (PyDict_SetItem(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_symbols, k, v) < 0) {
+            if (PyDict_SetItem(c->u->u_ste->ste_symbols, k, v) < 0) {
                 return ERROR;
             }
             PyObject *outv = PyLong_FromLong(outsymbol);
@@ -7289,7 +1019,7 @@ compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
         // locals handling for names bound in comprehension (DEF_LOCAL |
         // DEF_NONLOCAL occurs in assignment expression to nonlocal)
         if ((symbol & DEF_LOCAL && !(symbol & DEF_NONLOCAL)) || in_class_block) {
-            if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c))) {
+            if (!_PyST_IsFunctionLike(c->u->u_ste)) {
                 // non-function scope: override this name to use fast locals
                 PyObject *orig;
                 if (PyDict_GetItemRef(c->u->u_metadata.u_fasthidden, k, &orig) < 0) {
@@ -7316,16 +1046,16 @@ compiler_tweak_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_revert_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-                                             inlined_comprehension_state *state)
+int
+_PyCompile_RevertInlinedComprehensionScopes(compiler *c, location loc,
+                                             _PyCompile_InlinedComprehensionState *state)
 {
     c->u->u_in_inlined_comp--;
     if (state->temp_symbols) {
         PyObject *k, *v;
         Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
         while (PyDict_Next(state->temp_symbols, &pos, &k, &v)) {
-            if (PyDict_SetItem(SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c)->ste_symbols, k, v)) {
+            if (PyDict_SetItem(c->u->u_ste->ste_symbols, k, v)) {
                 return ERROR;
             }
         }
@@ -7350,8 +1080,8 @@ compiler_revert_inlined_comprehension_scopes(struct compiler *c, location loc,
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_add_deferred_annotation(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
+int
+_PyCompile_AddDeferredAnnotaion(compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
 {
     if (c->u->u_deferred_annotations == NULL) {
         c->u->u_deferred_annotations = PyList_New(0);
@@ -7373,10 +1103,9 @@ compiler_add_deferred_annotation(struct compiler *c, stmt_ty s)
 
 /* Raises a SyntaxError and returns ERROR.
  * If something goes wrong, a different exception may be raised.
-*/
-static int
-compiler_error(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-               const char *format, ...)
+ */
+int
+_PyCompile_Error(compiler *c, location loc, const char *format, ...)
 {
     va_list vargs;
     va_start(vargs, format);
@@ -7407,9 +1136,8 @@ compiler_error(struct compiler *c, location loc,
    If a SyntaxWarning raised as error, replaces it with a SyntaxError
    and returns 0.
 */
-static int
-compiler_warn(struct compiler *c, location loc,
-              const char *format, ...)
+int
+_PyCompile_Warn(compiler *c, location loc, const char *format, ...)
 {
     va_list vargs;
     va_start(vargs, format);
@@ -7426,7 +1154,7 @@ compiler_warn(struct compiler *c, location loc,
                to get a more accurate error report */
             PyErr_Clear();
             assert(PyUnicode_AsUTF8(msg) != NULL);
-            compiler_error(c, loc, PyUnicode_AsUTF8(msg));
+            _PyCompile_Error(c, loc, PyUnicode_AsUTF8(msg));
         }
         Py_DECREF(msg);
         return ERROR;
@@ -7435,96 +1163,96 @@ compiler_warn(struct compiler *c, location loc,
     return SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static PyObject *
-compiler_mangle(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name)
+PyObject *
+_PyCompile_Mangle(compiler *c, PyObject *name)
 {
     return _Py_Mangle(c->u->u_private, name);
 }
 
-static PyObject *
-compiler_maybe_mangle(struct compiler *c, PyObject *name)
+PyObject *
+_PyCompile_MaybeMangle(compiler *c, PyObject *name)
 {
     return _Py_MaybeMangle(c->u->u_private, c->u->u_ste, name);
 }
 
-static instr_sequence *
-compiler_instr_sequence(struct compiler *c)
+instr_sequence *
+_PyCompile_InstrSequence(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->u->u_instr_sequence;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_future_features(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_FutureFeatures(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_future.ff_features;
 }
 
-static struct symtable *
-compiler_symtable(struct compiler *c)
+struct symtable *
+_PyCompile_Symtable(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_st;
 }
 
-static PySTEntryObject *
-compiler_symtable_entry(struct compiler *c)
+PySTEntryObject *
+_PyCompile_SymtableEntry(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->u->u_ste;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_optimization_level(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_OptimizationLevel(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_optimize;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_is_interactive(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_IsInteractive(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_interactive;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_is_nested_scope(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_IsNestedScope(compiler *c)
 {
     assert(c->c_stack != NULL);
     assert(PyList_CheckExact(c->c_stack));
     return PyList_GET_SIZE(c->c_stack) > 0;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_scope_type(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_ScopeType(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->u->u_scope_type;
 }
 
-static int
-compiler_is_in_inlined_comp(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_IsInInlinedComp(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->u->u_in_inlined_comp;
 }
 
-static PyObject *
-compiler_qualname(struct compiler *c)
+PyObject *
+_PyCompile_Qualname(compiler *c)
 {
     assert(c->u->u_metadata.u_qualname);
     return c->u->u_metadata.u_qualname;
 }
 
-static _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *
-compiler_unit_metadata(struct compiler *c)
+_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *
+_PyCompile_Metadata(compiler *c)
 {
     return &c->u->u_metadata;
 }
 
-static PyArena *
-compiler_arena(struct compiler *c)
+PyArena *
+_PyCompile_Arena(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_arena;
 }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-static int
-compiler_is_top_level_await(struct compiler *c)
+int
+_PyCompile_IsTopLevelAwait(compiler *c)
 {
     return c->c_flags.cf_flags & PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT &&
            c->u->u_ste->ste_type == ModuleBlock;
@@ -7563,7 +1291,7 @@ consts_dict_keys_inorder(PyObject *dict)
         assert(PyLong_CheckExact(v));
         i = PyLong_AsLong(v);
         /* The keys of the dictionary can be tuples wrapping a constant.
-         * (see dict_add_o and _PyCode_ConstantKey). In that case
+         * (see _PyCompile_DictAddObj and _PyCode_ConstantKey). In that case
          * the object we want is always second. */
         if (PyTuple_CheckExact(k)) {
             k = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(k, 1);
@@ -7575,9 +1303,38 @@ consts_dict_keys_inorder(PyObject *dict)
     return consts;
 }
 
+static int
+compute_code_flags(compiler *c)
+{
+    PySTEntryObject *ste = c->u->u_ste;
+    int flags = 0;
+    if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(ste)) {
+        flags |= CO_NEWLOCALS | CO_OPTIMIZED;
+        if (ste->ste_nested)
+            flags |= CO_NESTED;
+        if (ste->ste_generator && !ste->ste_coroutine)
+            flags |= CO_GENERATOR;
+        if (ste->ste_generator && ste->ste_coroutine)
+            flags |= CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR;
+        if (ste->ste_varargs)
+            flags |= CO_VARARGS;
+        if (ste->ste_varkeywords)
+            flags |= CO_VARKEYWORDS;
+    }
+
+    if (ste->ste_coroutine && !ste->ste_generator) {
+        flags |= CO_COROUTINE;
+    }
+
+    /* (Only) inherit compilerflags in PyCF_MASK */
+    flags |= (c->c_flags.cf_flags & PyCF_MASK);
+
+    return flags;
+}
+
 static PyCodeObject *
 optimize_and_assemble_code_unit(struct compiler_unit *u, PyObject *const_cache,
-                   int code_flags, PyObject *filename)
+                                int code_flags, PyObject *filename)
 {
     cfg_builder *g = NULL;
     instr_sequence optimized_instrs;
@@ -7610,7 +1367,6 @@ optimize_and_assemble_code_unit(struct compiler_unit *u, PyObject *const_cache,
     }
 
     /** Assembly **/
-
     co = _PyAssemble_MakeCodeObject(&u->u_metadata, const_cache, consts,
                                     stackdepth, &optimized_instrs, nlocalsplus,
                                     code_flags, filename);
@@ -7622,39 +1378,9 @@ error:
     return co;
 }
 
-static int
-compute_code_flags(struct compiler *c)
-{
-    PySTEntryObject *ste = SYMTABLE_ENTRY(c);
-    int flags = 0;
-    if (_PyST_IsFunctionLike(ste)) {
-        flags |= CO_NEWLOCALS | CO_OPTIMIZED;
-        if (ste->ste_nested)
-            flags |= CO_NESTED;
-        if (ste->ste_generator && !ste->ste_coroutine)
-            flags |= CO_GENERATOR;
-        if (ste->ste_generator && ste->ste_coroutine)
-            flags |= CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR;
-        if (ste->ste_varargs)
-            flags |= CO_VARARGS;
-        if (ste->ste_varkeywords)
-            flags |= CO_VARKEYWORDS;
-    }
-
-    if (ste->ste_coroutine && !ste->ste_generator) {
-        assert (IS_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT(c) || _PyST_IsFunctionLike(ste));
-        flags |= CO_COROUTINE;
-    }
-
-    /* (Only) inherit compilerflags in PyCF_MASK */
-    flags |= (c->c_flags.cf_flags & PyCF_MASK);
-
-    return flags;
-}
-
 
-static PyCodeObject *
-optimize_and_assemble(struct compiler *c, int addNone)
+PyCodeObject *
+_PyCompile_OptimizeAndAssemble(compiler *c, int addNone)
 {
     struct compiler_unit *u = c->u;
     PyObject *const_cache = c->c_const_cache;
@@ -7665,13 +1391,47 @@ optimize_and_assemble(struct compiler *c, int addNone)
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    if (codegen_add_return_at_end(c, addNone) < 0) {
+    if (_PyCodegen_AddReturnAtEnd(c, addNone) < 0) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     return optimize_and_assemble_code_unit(u, const_cache, code_flags, filename);
 }
 
+PyCodeObject *
+_PyAST_Compile(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
+               int optimize, PyArena *arena)
+{
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+    compiler *c = new_compiler(mod, filename, pflags, optimize, arena);
+    if (c == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyCodeObject *co = compiler_mod(c, mod);
+    compiler_free(c);
+    assert(co || PyErr_Occurred());
+    return co;
+}
+
+int
+_PyCompile_AstOptimize(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *cf,
+                       int optimize, PyArena *arena)
+{
+    _PyFutureFeatures future;
+    if (!_PyFuture_FromAST(mod, filename, &future)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    int flags = future.ff_features | cf->cf_flags;
+    if (optimize == -1) {
+        optimize = _Py_GetConfig()->optimization_level;
+    }
+    if (!_PyAST_Optimize(mod, arena, optimize, flags)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 // C implementation of inspect.cleandoc()
 //
 // Difference from inspect.cleandoc():
@@ -7768,7 +1528,6 @@ _PyCompile_CleanDoc(PyObject *doc)
  * returns the unoptimized CFG as an instruction list.
  *
  */
-
 PyObject *
 _PyCompile_CodeGen(PyObject *ast, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
                    int optimize, int compile_mode)
@@ -7792,7 +1551,7 @@ _PyCompile_CodeGen(PyObject *ast, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    struct compiler *c = new_compiler(mod, filename, pflags, optimize, arena);
+    compiler *c = new_compiler(mod, filename, pflags, optimize, arena);
     if (c == NULL) {
         _PyArena_Free(arena);
         return NULL;
@@ -7804,29 +1563,12 @@ _PyCompile_CodeGen(PyObject *ast, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    if (codegen_enter_anonymous_scope(c, mod) < 0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
     if (compiler_codegen(c, mod) < 0) {
         goto finally;
     }
 
     _PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd = &c->u->u_metadata;
 
-#define SET_MATADATA_ITEM(key, value) \
-    if (value != NULL) { \
-        if (PyDict_SetItemString(metadata, key, value) < 0) goto finally; \
-    }
-
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("name", umd->u_name);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("qualname", umd->u_qualname);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("consts", umd->u_consts);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("names", umd->u_names);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("varnames", umd->u_varnames);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("cellvars", umd->u_cellvars);
-    SET_MATADATA_ITEM("freevars", umd->u_freevars);
-#undef SET_MATADATA_ITEM
-
 #define SET_MATADATA_INT(key, value) do { \
         PyObject *v = PyLong_FromLong((long)value); \
         if (v == NULL) goto finally; \
@@ -7841,19 +1583,19 @@ _PyCompile_CodeGen(PyObject *ast, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *pflags,
 #undef SET_MATADATA_INT
 
     int addNone = mod->kind != Expression_kind;
-    if (codegen_add_return_at_end(c, addNone) < 0) {
+    if (_PyCodegen_AddReturnAtEnd(c, addNone) < 0) {
         goto finally;
     }
 
-    if (_PyInstructionSequence_ApplyLabelMap(INSTR_SEQUENCE(c)) < 0) {
+    if (_PyInstructionSequence_ApplyLabelMap(_PyCompile_InstrSequence(c)) < 0) {
         return NULL;
     }
     /* Allocate a copy of the instruction sequence on the heap */
-    res = PyTuple_Pack(2, INSTR_SEQUENCE(c), metadata);
+    res = PyTuple_Pack(2, _PyCompile_InstrSequence(c), metadata);
 
 finally:
     Py_XDECREF(metadata);
-    compiler_exit_scope(c);
+    _PyCompile_ExitScope(c);
     compiler_free(c);
     _PyArena_Free(arena);
     return res;
@@ -7912,7 +1654,6 @@ error:
     return co;
 }
 
-
 /* Retained for API compatibility.
  * Optimization is now done in _PyCfg_OptimizeCodeUnit */
 
diff --git a/Python/flowgraph.c b/Python/flowgraph.c
index ec91b0e..f7d8efb 100644
--- a/Python/flowgraph.c
+++ b/Python/flowgraph.c
@@ -86,8 +86,6 @@ struct _PyCfgBuilder {
 
 typedef struct _PyCfgBuilder cfg_builder;
 
-static const jump_target_label NO_LABEL = {-1};
-
 #define SAME_LABEL(L1, L2) ((L1).id == (L2).id)
 #define IS_LABEL(L) (!SAME_LABEL((L), (NO_LABEL)))
 
diff --git a/Tools/c-analyzer/cpython/ignored.tsv b/Tools/c-analyzer/cpython/ignored.tsv
index bce64ed..fabb5de 100644
--- a/Tools/c-analyzer/cpython/ignored.tsv
+++ b/Tools/c-analyzer/cpython/ignored.tsv
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@ Python/ceval.c	-	_Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS	-
 Python/codecs.c	-	Py_hexdigits	-
 Python/codecs.c	-	ucnhash_capi	-
 Python/codecs.c	_PyCodec_InitRegistry	methods	-
-Python/compile.c	-	NO_LABEL	-
 Python/compile.c	-	NO_LOCATION	-
 Python/dynload_shlib.c	-	_PyImport_DynLoadFiletab	-
 Python/dynload_stub.c	-	_PyImport_DynLoadFiletab	-
-- 
cgit v0.12