.. highlight:: c .. _importing: Importing Modules ================= .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModule(const char *name) .. index:: single: package variable; __all__ single: __all__ (package variable) single: modules (in module sys) This is a simplified interface to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleEx` below, leaving the *globals* and *locals* arguments set to ``NULL`` and *level* set to 0. When the *name* argument contains a dot (when it specifies a submodule of a package), the *fromlist* argument is set to the list ``['*']`` so that the return value is the named module rather than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise be the case. (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect when *name* in fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule: the submodules specified in the package's ``__all__`` variable are loaded.) Return a new reference to the imported module, or ``NULL`` with an exception set on failure. A failing import of a module doesn't leave the module in :data:`sys.modules`. This function always uses absolute imports. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock(const char *name) This function is a deprecated alias of :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`. .. versionchanged:: 3.3 This function used to fail immediately when the import lock was held by another thread. In Python 3.3 though, the locking scheme switched to per-module locks for most purposes, so this function's special behaviour isn't needed anymore. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleEx(const char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist) .. index:: builtin: __import__ Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python function :func:`__import__`. The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package, or ``NULL`` with an exception set on failure. Like for :func:`__import__`, the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty *fromlist* was given. Failing imports remove incomplete module objects, like with :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(PyObject *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level) Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python function :func:`__import__`, as the standard :func:`__import__` function calls this function directly. The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package, or ``NULL`` with an exception set on failure. Like for :func:`__import__`, the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the top-level package, unless a non-empty *fromlist* was given. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleLevel(const char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level) Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject`, but the name is a UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object. .. versionchanged:: 3.3 Negative values for *level* are no longer accepted. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_Import(PyObject *name) This is a higher-level interface that calls the current "import hook function" (with an explicit *level* of 0, meaning absolute import). It invokes the :func:`__import__` function from the ``__builtins__`` of the current globals. This means that the import is done using whatever import hooks are installed in the current environment. This function always uses absolute imports. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ReloadModule(PyObject *m) Reload a module. Return a new reference to the reloaded module, or ``NULL`` with an exception set on failure (the module still exists in this case). .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_AddModuleObject(PyObject *name) Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The *name* argument may be of the form ``package.module``. First check the modules dictionary if there's one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules dictionary. Return ``NULL`` with an exception set on failure. .. note:: This function does not load or import the module; if the module wasn't already loaded, you will get an empty module object. Use :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule` or one of its variants to import a module. Package structures implied by a dotted name for *name* are not created if not already present. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_AddModule(const char *name) Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_AddModuleObject`, but the name is a UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModule(const char *name, PyObject *co) .. index:: builtin: compile Given a module name (possibly of the form ``package.module``) and a code object read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from the built-in function :func:`compile`, load the module. Return a new reference to the module object, or ``NULL`` with an exception set if an error occurred. *name* is removed from :attr:`sys.modules` in error cases, even if *name* was already in :attr:`sys.modules` on entry to :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModule`. Leaving incompletely initialized modules in :attr:`sys.modules` is dangerous, as imports of such modules have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and probably damaged with respect to the module author's intents) state. The module's :attr:`__spec__` and :attr:`__loader__` will be set, if not set already, with the appropriate values. The spec's loader will be set to the module's ``__loader__`` (if set) and to an instance of :class:`SourceFileLoader` otherwise. The module's :attr:`__file__` attribute will be set to the code object's :c:member:`co_filename`. If applicable, :attr:`__cached__` will also be set. This function will reload the module if it was already imported. See :c:func:`PyImport_ReloadModule` for the intended way to reload a module. If *name* points to a dotted name of the form ``package.module``, any package structures not already created will still not be created. See also :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx` and :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames`. .. versionchanged:: 3.12 The setting of :attr:`__cached__` and :attr:`__loader__` is deprecated. See :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec` for alternatives. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(const char *name, PyObject *co, const char *pathname) Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModule`, but the :attr:`__file__` attribute of the module object is set to *pathname* if it is non-``NULL``. See also :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames`. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject(PyObject *name, PyObject *co, PyObject *pathname, PyObject *cpathname) Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx`, but the :attr:`__cached__` attribute of the module object is set to *cpathname* if it is non-``NULL``. Of the three functions, this is the preferred one to use. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.12 Setting :attr:`__cached__` is deprecated. See :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec` for alternatives. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithPathnames(const char *name, PyObject *co, const char *pathname, const char *cpathname) Like :c:func:`PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject`, but *name*, *pathname* and *cpathname* are UTF-8 encoded strings. Attempts are also made to figure out what the value for *pathname* should be from *cpathname* if the former is set to ``NULL``. .. versionadded:: 3.2 .. versionchanged:: 3.3 Uses :func:`!imp.source_from_cache()` in calculating the source path if only the bytecode path is provided. .. versionchanged:: 3.12 No longer uses the removed :mod:`!imp` module. .. c:function:: long PyImport_GetMagicNumber() Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. :file:`.pyc` file). The magic number should be present in the first four bytes of the bytecode file, in little-endian byte order. Returns ``-1`` on error. .. versionchanged:: 3.3 Return value of ``-1`` upon failure. .. c:function:: const char * PyImport_GetMagicTag() Return the magic tag string for :pep:`3147` format Python bytecode file names. Keep in mind that the value at ``sys.implementation.cache_tag`` is authoritative and should be used instead of this function. .. versionadded:: 3.2 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetModuleDict() Return the dictionary used for the module administration (a.k.a. ``sys.modules``). Note that this is a per-interpreter variable. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetModule(PyObject *name) Return the already imported module with the given name. If the module has not been imported yet then returns ``NULL`` but does not set an error. Returns ``NULL`` and sets an error if the lookup failed. .. versionadded:: 3.7 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_GetImporter(PyObject *path) Return a finder object for a :data:`sys.path`/:attr:`pkg.__path__` item *path*, possibly by fetching it from the :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` dict. If it wasn't yet cached, traverse :data:`sys.path_hooks` until a hook is found that can handle the path item. Return ``None`` if no hook could; this tells our caller that the :term:`path based finder` could not find a finder for this path item. Cache the result in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. Return a new reference to the finder object. .. c:function:: int PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject(PyObject *name) Load a frozen module named *name*. Return ``1`` for success, ``0`` if the module is not found, and ``-1`` with an exception set if the initialization failed. To access the imported module on a successful load, use :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModule`. (Note the misnomer --- this function would reload the module if it was already imported.) .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.4 The ``__file__`` attribute is no longer set on the module. .. c:function:: int PyImport_ImportFrozenModule(const char *name) Similar to :c:func:`PyImport_ImportFrozenModuleObject`, but the name is a UTF-8 encoded string instead of a Unicode object. .. c:struct:: _frozen .. index:: single: freeze utility This is the structure type definition for frozen module descriptors, as generated by the :program:`freeze` utility (see :file:`Tools/freeze/` in the Python source distribution). Its definition, found in :file:`Include/import.h`, is:: struct _frozen { const char *name; const unsigned char *code; int size; bool is_package; }; .. versionchanged:: 3.11 The new ``is_package`` field indicates whether the module is a package or not. This replaces setting the ``size`` field to a negative value. .. c:var:: const struct _frozen* PyImport_FrozenModules This pointer is initialized to point to an array of :c:struct:`_frozen` records, terminated by one whose members are all ``NULL`` or zero. When a frozen module is imported, it is searched in this table. Third-party code could play tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of frozen modules. .. c:function:: int PyImport_AppendInittab(const char *name, PyObject* (*initfunc)(void)) Add a single module to the existing table of built-in modules. This is a convenience wrapper around :c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab`, returning ``-1`` if the table could not be extended. The new module can be imported by the name *name*, and uses the function *initfunc* as the initialization function called on the first attempted import. This should be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. .. c:struct:: _inittab Structure describing a single entry in the list of built-in modules. Each of these structures gives the name and initialization function for a module built into the interpreter. The name is an ASCII encoded string. Programs which embed Python may use an array of these structures in conjunction with :c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab` to provide additional built-in modules. The structure is defined in :file:`Include/import.h` as:: struct _inittab { const char *name; /* ASCII encoded string */ PyObject* (*initfunc)(void); }; .. c:function:: int PyImport_ExtendInittab(struct _inittab *newtab) Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in modules. The *newtab* array must end with a sentinel entry which contains ``NULL`` for the :attr:`name` field; failure to provide the sentinel value can result in a memory fault. Returns ``0`` on success or ``-1`` if insufficient memory could be allocated to extend the internal table. In the event of failure, no modules are added to the internal table. This must be called before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. If Python is initialized multiple times, :c:func:`PyImport_AppendInittab` or :c:func:`PyImport_ExtendInittab` must be called before each Python initialization.