.. highlightlang:: c

********************************
Porting Extension Modules to 3.0
********************************

:author: Benjamin Peterson


.. topic:: Abstract

   Although changing the C-API was not one of Python 3.0's objectives, the many
   Python level changes made leaving 2.x's API intact impossible.  In fact, some
   changes such as :func:`int` and :func:`long` unification are more obvious on
   the C level.  This document endeavors to document incompatibilities and how
   they can be worked around.


Conditional compilation
=======================

The easiest way to compile only some code for 3.0 is to check if
:cmacro:`PY_MAJOR_VERSION` is greater than or equal to 3. ::

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
   #define IS_PY3K
   #endif

API functions that are not present can be aliased to their equivalents within
conditional block.


Changes to Object APIs
======================

Python 3.0 merged together some types with simliar functions while cleanly
separating others.


str/unicode Unification
-----------------------


Python 3.0's :func:`str` (``PyString_*`` functions in C) type is equivalent to
2.x's :func:`unicode` (``PyUnicode_*``).  The old 8-bit string type has become
:func:`bytes`.  Python 2.6 and later provide a compatibility header,
:file:`bytesobject.h`, mapping ``PyBytes`` names to ``PyString`` ones.  For best
interpolation with 3.0, :ctype:`PyUnicode` should be used for textual data and
:ctype:`PyBytes` for binary data.  It's also important to remember that
:ctype:`PyBytes` and :ctype:`PyUnicode` in 3.0 are not interchangeable like
:ctype:`PyString` and :ctype:`PyString` are in 2.x.  The following example shows
best practices with regards to :ctype:`PyUnicode`, :ctype:`PyString`, and
:ctype:`PyBytes`. ::

   #include "stdlib.h"
   #include "Python.h"
   #include "bytesobject.h"

   /* text example */
   static PyObject *
   say_hello(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       PyObject *name, *result;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:say_hello", &name))
           return NULL;

       result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("Hello, %S!", name);
       return result;
   }

   static char * do_encode(PyObject *);

   /* bytes example */
   static PyObject *
   encode_object(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       char *encoded;
       PyObject *result, *myobj;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:encode_object", &myobj))
           return NULL;

       encoded = do_encode(myobj);
       if (encoded == NULL)
           return NULL;
       result = PyBytes_FromString(encoded);
       free(encoded);
       return result;
   }


long/int Unification
--------------------

In Python 3.0, there is only one integer type.  It is called :func:`int` on the
Python level, but actually corresponds to 2.x's :func:`long` type.  In the
C-API, ``PyInt_*`` functions are replaced by their ``PyLong_*`` neighbors.  The
best course of action here is probably aliasing ``PyInt_*`` functions to
``PyLong_*`` variants or using the abstract ``PyNumber_*`` APIs. ::

   #include "Python.h"

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
   #define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
   #endif

   static PyObject *
   add_ints(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
       int one, two;
       PyObject *result;

       if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:add_ints", &one, &two))
           return NULL;

       return PyInt_FromLong(one + two);
   }



Module initialization and state
===============================

Python 3.0 has a revamped extension module initialization system.  (See PEP
:pep:`3121`.)  Instead of storing module state in globals, they should be stored
in a interpreter specific structure.  Creating modules that act correctly in
both 2.x and 3.0 is tricky.  The following simple example demonstrates how. ::

   #include "Python.h"

   struct module_state {
       PyObject *error;
   };

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
   #define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
   #else
   #define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
   static struct module_state _state;
   #endif

   static PyObject *
   error_out(PyObject *m) {
       struct module_state *st = GETSTATE(m);
       PyErr_SetString(st->error, "something bad happened");
       return NULL;
   }

   static PyMethodDef myextension_methods[] = {
       {"error_out", (PyCFunction)error_out, METH_NOARGS, NULL},
       {NULL, NULL}
   };

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3

   static int myextension_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
       Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
       return 0;
   }

   static int myextension_clear(PyObject *m) {
       Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
       return 0;
   }


   static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
           PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
           "myextension",
           NULL,
           sizeof(struct module_state),
           myextension_methods,
           NULL,
           myextension_traverse,
           myextension_clear,
           NULL
   };

   #define INITERROR return NULL

   PyObject *
   PyInit_myextension(void)

   #else
   #define INITERROR return

   void
   initmyextension(void)
   #endif
   {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
       PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
   #else
       PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("myextension", myextension_methods);
   #endif

       if (module == NULL)
           INITERROR;
       struct module_state *st = GETSTATE(module);

       st->error = PyErr_NewException("myextension.Error", NULL, NULL);
       if (st->error == NULL) {
           Py_DECREF(module);
           INITERROR;
       }

   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
       return module;
   #endif
   }


Other options
=============

If you are writing a new extension module, you might consider `Cython
<http://www.cython.org>`_.  It translates a Python-like language to C.  The
extension modules it creates are compatible with Python 3.x and 2.x.