\section{\module{csv} --- CSV File Reading and Writing}

\declaremodule{standard}{csv}
\modulesynopsis{Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.}
\sectionauthor{Skip Montanaro}{skip@pobox.com}

\versionadded{2.3}
\index{csv}
\indexii{data}{tabular}

The so-called CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import
and export format for spreadsheets and databases.  There is no ``CSV
standard'', so the format is operationally defined by the many applications
which read and write it.  The lack of a standard means that subtle
differences often exist in the data produced and consumed by different
applications.  These differences can make it annoying to process CSV files
from multiple sources.  Still, while the delimiters and quoting characters
vary, the overall format is similar enough that it is possible to write a
single module which can efficiently manipulate such data, hiding the details
of reading and writing the data from the programmer.

The \module{csv} module implements classes to read and write tabular data in
CSV format.  It allows programmers to say, ``write this data in the format
preferred by Excel,'' or ``read data from this file which was generated by
Excel,'' without knowing the precise details of the CSV format used by
Excel.  Programmers can also describe the CSV formats understood by other
applications or define their own special-purpose CSV formats.

The \module{csv} module's \class{reader} and \class{writer} objects read and
write sequences.  Programmers can also read and write data in dictionary
form using the \class{DictReader} and \class{DictWriter} classes.

\begin{notice}
  This version of the \module{csv} module doesn't support Unicode
  input.  Also, there are currently some issues regarding \ASCII{} NUL
  characters.  Accordingly, all input should generally be printable
  \ASCII{} to be safe.  These restrictions will be removed in the future.
\end{notice}

\begin{seealso}
%  \seemodule{array}{Arrays of uniformly types numeric values.}
  \seepep{305}{CSV File API}
         {The Python Enhancement Proposal which proposed this addition
          to Python.}
\end{seealso}


\subsection{Module Contents \label{csv-contents}}

The \module{csv} module defines the following functions:

\begin{funcdesc}{reader}{csvfile\optional{,
                         dialect=\code{'excel'}\optional{, fmtparam}}}
Return a reader object which will iterate over lines in the given
{}\var{csvfile}.  \var{csvfile} can be any object which supports the
iterator protocol and returns a string each time its \method{next}
method is called.  If \var{csvfile} is a file object, it must be opened with
the 'b' flag on platforms where that makes a difference.  An optional
{}\var{dialect} parameter can be given
which is used to define a set of parameters specific to a particular CSV
dialect.  It may be an instance of a subclass of the \class{Dialect}
class or one of the strings returned by the \function{list_dialects}
function.  The other optional {}\var{fmtparam} keyword arguments can be
given to override individual formatting parameters in the current
dialect.  For more information about the dialect and formatting
parameters, see section~\ref{csv-fmt-params}, ``Dialects and Formatting
Parameters'' for details of these parameters.

All data read are returned as strings.  No automatic data type
conversion is performed.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{writer}{csvfile\optional{,
                         dialect=\code{'excel'}\optional{, fmtparam}}}
Return a writer object responsible for converting the user's data into
delimited strings on the given file-like object.  \var{csvfile} can be any
object with a \function{write} method.  If \var{csvfile} is a file object,
it must be opened with the 'b' flag on platforms where that makes a
difference.  An optional
{}\var{dialect} parameter can be given which is used to define a set of
parameters specific to a particular CSV dialect.  It may be an instance
of a subclass of the \class{Dialect} class or one of the strings
returned by the \function{list_dialects} function.  The other optional
{}\var{fmtparam} keyword arguments can be given to override individual
formatting parameters in the current dialect.  For more information
about the dialect and formatting parameters, see
section~\ref{csv-fmt-params}, ``Dialects and Formatting Parameters'' for
details of these parameters.  To make it as easy as possible to
interface with modules which implement the DB API, the value
\constant{None} is written as the empty string.  While this isn't a
reversible transformation, it makes it easier to dump SQL NULL data values
to CSV files without preprocessing the data returned from a
\code{cursor.fetch*()} call.  All other non-string data are stringified
with \function{str()} before being written.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{register_dialect}{name, dialect}
Associate \var{dialect} with \var{name}.  \var{dialect} must be a subclass
of \class{csv.Dialect}.  \var{name} must be a string or Unicode object.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{unregister_dialect}{name}
Delete the dialect associated with \var{name} from the dialect registry.  An
\exception{Error} is raised if \var{name} is not a registered dialect
name.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{get_dialect}{name}
Return the dialect associated with \var{name}.  An \exception{Error} is
raised if \var{name} is not a registered dialect name.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{funcdesc}{list_dialects}{}
Return the names of all registered dialects.
\end{funcdesc}


The \module{csv} module defines the following classes:

\begin{classdesc}{DictReader}{csvfile\optional{,
			      fieldnames=\constant{None},\optional{,
                              restkey=\constant{None}\optional{,
			      restval=\constant{None}\optional{,
                              dialect=\code{'excel'}\optional{,
			      fmtparam}}}}}}
Create an object which operates like a regular reader but maps the
information read into a dict whose keys are given by the optional
{} \var{fieldnames}
parameter.  If the \var{fieldnames} parameter is omitted, the values in
the first row of the \var{csvfile} will be used as the fieldnames.
If the row read has fewer fields than the fieldnames sequence,
the value of \var{restval} will be used as the default value.  If the row
read has more fields than the fieldnames sequence, the remaining data is
added as a sequence keyed by the value of \var{restkey}.  If the row read
has fewer fields than the fieldnames sequence, the remaining keys take the
value of the optional \var{restval} parameter.  All other parameters are
interpreted as for \class{reader} objects.
\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}{DictWriter}{csvfile, fieldnames\optional{,
                              restval=""\optional{,
                              extrasaction=\code{'raise'}\optional{,
                              dialect=\code{'excel'}\optional{, fmtparam}}}}}
Create an object which operates like a regular writer but maps dictionaries
onto output rows.  The \var{fieldnames} parameter identifies the order in
which values in the dictionary passed to the \method{writerow()} method are
written to the \var{csvfile}.  The optional \var{restval} parameter
specifies the value to be written if the dictionary is missing a key in
\var{fieldnames}.  If the dictionary passed to the \method{writerow()}
method contains a key not found in \var{fieldnames}, the optional
\var{extrasaction} parameter indicates what action to take.  If it is set
to \code{'raise'} a \exception{ValueError} is raised.  If it is set to
\code{'ignore'}, extra values in the dictionary are ignored.  All other
parameters are interpreted as for \class{writer} objects.

Note that unlike the \class{DictReader} class, the \var{fieldnames}
parameter of the \class{DictWriter} is not optional.  Since Python's
\class{dict} objects are not ordered, there is not enough information
available to deduce the order in which the row should be written to the
\var{csvfile}.

\end{classdesc}

\begin{classdesc*}{Dialect}{}
The \class{Dialect} class is a container class relied on primarily for its
attributes, which are used to define the parameters for a specific
\class{reader} or \class{writer} instance.
\end{classdesc*}

\begin{classdesc}{Sniffer}{}
The \class{Sniffer} class is used to deduce the format of a CSV file.
\end{classdesc}

The \class{Sniffer} class provides a single method:

\begin{methoddesc}{sniff}{sample\optional{,delimiters=None}}
Analyze the given \var{sample} and return a \class{Dialect} subclass
reflecting the parameters found.  If the optional \var{delimiters} parameter
is given, it is interpreted as a string containing possible valid delimiter
characters.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{has_header}{sample}
Analyze the sample text (presumed to be in CSV format) and return
\constant{True} if the first row appears to be a series of column
headers.
\end{methoddesc}


The \module{csv} module defines the following constants:

\begin{datadesc}{QUOTE_ALL}
Instructs \class{writer} objects to quote all fields.
\end{datadesc}

\begin{datadesc}{QUOTE_MINIMAL}
Instructs \class{writer} objects to only quote those fields which contain
the current \var{delimiter} or begin with the current \var{quotechar}.
\end{datadesc}

\begin{datadesc}{QUOTE_NONNUMERIC}
Instructs \class{writer} objects to quote all non-numeric fields.
\end{datadesc}

\begin{datadesc}{QUOTE_NONE}
Instructs \class{writer} objects to never quote fields.  When the current
\var{delimiter} occurs in output data it is preceded by the current
\var{escapechar} character.  When \constant{QUOTE_NONE} is in effect, it
is an error not to have a single-character \var{escapechar} defined, even if
no data to be written contains the \var{delimiter} character.
\end{datadesc}


The \module{csv} module defines the following exception:

\begin{excdesc}{Error}
Raised by any of the functions when an error is detected.
\end{excdesc}


\subsection{Dialects and Formatting Parameters\label{csv-fmt-params}}

To make it easier to specify the format of input and output records,
specific formatting parameters are grouped together into dialects.  A
dialect is a subclass of the \class{Dialect} class having a set of specific
methods and a single \method{validate()} method.  When creating \class{reader}
or \class{writer} objects, the programmer can specify a string or a subclass
of the \class{Dialect} class as the dialect parameter.  In addition to, or
instead of, the \var{dialect} parameter, the programmer can also specify
individual formatting parameters, which have the same names as the
attributes defined below for the \class{Dialect} class.

Dialects support the following attributes:

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{delimiter}
A one-character string used to separate fields.  It defaults to \code{','}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{doublequote}
Controls how instances of \var{quotechar} appearing inside a field should be
themselves be quoted.  When \constant{True}, the character is doubled.
When \constant{False}, the \var{escapechar} must be a one-character string
which is used as a prefix to the \var{quotechar}.  It defaults to
\constant{True}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{escapechar}
A one-character string used to escape the \var{delimiter} if \var{quoting}
is set to \constant{QUOTE_NONE}.  It defaults to \constant{None}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{lineterminator}
The string used to terminate lines in the CSV file.  It defaults to
\code{'\e r\e n'}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{quotechar}
A one-character string used to quote elements containing the \var{delimiter}
or which start with the \var{quotechar}.  It defaults to \code{'"'}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{quoting}
Controls when quotes should be generated by the writer.  It can take on any
of the \constant{QUOTE_*} constants (see section~\ref{csv-contents})
and defaults to \constant{QUOTE_MINIMAL}. 
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}[Dialect]{skipinitialspace}
When \constant{True}, whitespace immediately following the \var{delimiter}
is ignored.  The default is \constant{False}.
\end{memberdesc}


\subsection{Reader Objects}

Reader objects (\class{DictReader} instances and objects returned by
the \function{reader()} function) have the following public methods:

\begin{methoddesc}[csv reader]{next}{}
Return the next row of the reader's iterable object as a list, parsed
according to the current dialect.
\end{methoddesc}


\subsection{Writer Objects}

\class{Writer} objects (\class{DictWriter} instances and objects returned by
the \function{writer()} function) have the following public methods.  A
{}\var{row} must be a sequence of strings or numbers for \class{Writer}
objects and a dictionary mapping fieldnames to strings or numbers (by
passing them through \function{str()} first) for {}\class{DictWriter}
objects.  Note that complex numbers are written out surrounded by parens.
This may cause some problems for other programs which read CSV files
(assuming they support complex numbers at all).

\begin{methoddesc}[csv writer]{writerow}{row}
Write the \var{row} parameter to the writer's file object, formatted
according to the current dialect.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}[csv writer]{writerows}{rows}
Write all the \var{rows} parameters (a list of \var{row} objects as
described above) to the writer's file object, formatted
according to the current dialect.
\end{methoddesc}


\subsection{Examples}

The ``Hello, world'' of csv reading is

\begin{verbatim}
import csv
reader = csv.reader(file("some.csv"))
for row in reader:
    print row
\end{verbatim}

The corresponding simplest possible writing example is

\begin{verbatim}
import csv
writer = csv.writer(file("some.csv", "w"))
for row in someiterable:
    writer.writerow(row)
\end{verbatim}