% XXX what order should the types be discussed in? \section{\module{datetime} --- Basic date and time types} \declaremodule{builtin}{datetime} \modulesynopsis{Basic date and time types.} \moduleauthor{Tim Peters}{tim@zope.com} \sectionauthor{Tim Peters}{tim@zope.com} \sectionauthor{A.M. Kuchling}{amk@amk.ca} \sectionauthor{Raymond D. Hettinger}{python@rcn.com} \versionadded{2.3} The \module{datetime} module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times in both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the focus of the implementation is on efficient field extraction, for output formatting and manipulation. There are two kinds of date and time objects: ``naive'' and ``aware''. This distinction refers to whether the object has any notion of time zone, daylight savings time, or other kind of algorithmic or political time adjustment. Whether a {naive} \class{datetime} object represents Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), local time, or time in some other timezone is purely up to the program, just like it's up to the program whether a particular number represents meters, miles, or mass. Naive \class{datetime} objects are easy to understand and to work with, at the cost of ignoring some aspects of reality. For applications requiring more, ``aware'' \class{datetime} subclasses add an optional time zone information object to the basic naive classes. These \class{tzinfo} objects capture information about the offset from UTC time, the time zone name, and whether Daylight Savings Time is in effect. Note that no concrete \class{tzinfo} classes are supplied by the \module{datetime} module. Instead, they provide a framework for incorporating the level of detail an app may require. The rules for time adjustment across the world are more political than rational, and there is no standard suitable for every app. The \module{datetime} module exports the following constants: \begin{datadesc}{MINYEAR} The smallest year number allowed in a \class{date}, \class{datetime}, or \class{datetimetz} object. \constant{MINYEAR} is \code{1}. \end{datadesc} \begin{datadesc}{MAXYEAR} The largest year number allowed in a \class{date}, \class{datetime}, or \class{datetimetz} object. \constant{MAXYEAR} is \code{9999}. \end{datadesc} \begin{seealso} \seemodule{calendar}{General calendar related functions.} \seemodule{time}{Time access and conversions.} \end{seealso} \subsection{Available Types} \begin{classdesc*}{date} An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and always will be, in effect. Attributes: \member{year}, \member{month}, and \member{day}. \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{time} An idealized naive time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly 24*60*60 seconds (there is no notion of "leap seconds" here). Attributes: \member{hour}, \member{minute}, \member{second}, and \member{microsecond} \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{datetime} A combination of a naive date and a naive time. Attributes: \member{year}, \member{month}, \member{day}, \member{hour}, \member{minute}, \member{second}, and \member{microsecond}. \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{timedelta} A duration, expressing the difference between two \class{date}, \class{time}, or \class{datetime} instances, to microsecond resolution. \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{tzinfo} An abstract base class for time zone information objects. These are used by the \class{datetimetz} and \class{timetz} classes to provided a customizable notion of time adjustment (for example, to account for time zone and/or daylight savings time). \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{timetz} An aware subclass of \class{time}, supporting a customizable notion of time adjustment. \end{classdesc*} \begin{classdesc*}{datetimetz} An aware subclass of \class{datetime}, supporting a customizable notion of time adjustment. \end{classdesc*} Objects of these types are immutable. Objects of the \class{date}, \class{datetime}, and \class{time} types are always naive. An object \var{d} of type \class{timetz} or \class{datetimetz} may be naive or aware. \var{d} is aware if \code{\var{d}.tzinfo} is not \code{None}, and \code{\var{d}.tzinfo.utcoffset(\var{d})} does not return \code{None}. If \code{\var{d}.tzinfo} is \code{None}, or if \code{\var{d}.tzinfo} is not \code{None} but \code{\var{d}.tzinfo.utcoffset(\var{d})} returns \code{None}, \var{d} is naive. The distinction between naive and aware doesn't apply to \code{timedelta} objects. Subclass relationships: \begin{verbatim} object timedelta tzinfo time timetz date datetime datetimetz \end{verbatim} \subsection{\class{timedelta} Objects \label{datetime-timedelta}} A \class{timedelta} object represents a duration, the difference between two dates or times. \begin{classdesc}{timedelta}{days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0} All arguments are optional. Arguments may be ints, longs, or floats, and may be positive or negative. Only \var{days}, \var{seconds} and \var{microseconds} are stored internally. Arguments are converted to those units: \begin{verbatim} A millisecond is converted to 1000 microseconds. A minute is converted to 60 seconds. An hour is converted to 3600 seconds. A week is converted to 7 days. \end{verbatim} and days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the representation is unique, with \begin{itemize} \item \code{0 <= \var{microseconds} < 1000000} \item \code{0 <= \var{seconds} < 3600*24} (the number of seconds in one day) \item \code{-999999999 <= \var{days} <= 999999999} \end{itemize} If any argument is a float, and there are fractional microseconds, the fractional microseconds left over from all arguments are combined and their sum is rounded to the nearest microsecond. If no argument is a float, the conversion and normalization processes are exact (no information is lost). If the normalized value of days lies outside the indicated range, \exception{OverflowError} is raised. Note that normalization of negative values may be surprising at first. For example, \begin{verbatim} >>> d = timedelta(microseconds=-1) >>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds) (-1, 86399, 999999) \end{verbatim} \end{classdesc} Class attributes are: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The most negative \class{timedelta} object, \code{timedelta(-999999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The most positive \class{timedelta} object, \code{timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal \class{timedelta} objects, \code{timedelta(microseconds=1)}. \end{memberdesc} Note that, because of normalization, \code{timedelta.max} \textgreater \code{-timedelta.min}. \code{-timedelta.max} is not representable as a \class{timedelta} object. Instance attributes (read-only): \begin{tableii}{c|l}{code}{Attribute}{Value} \lineii{days}{Between -999999999 and 999999999 inclusive} \lineii{seconds}{Between 0 and 86399 inclusive} \lineii{microseconds}{Between 0 and 999999 inclusive} \end{tableii} Supported operations: \begin{tableiii}{c|l|c}{code}{Operation}{Result}{Notes} \lineiii{\var{t1} = \var{t2} + \var{t3}} {Sum of \var{t2} and \var{t3}. Afterwards \var{t1}-\var{t2} == \var{t3} and \var{t1}-\var{t3} == \var{t2} are true.} {(1)} \lineiii{\var{t1} = \var{t2} - \var{t3}} {Difference of \var{t2} and \var{t3}. Afterwards \var{t1} == \var{t2} - \var{t3} and \var{t2} == \var{t1} + \var{t3} are true.} {(1)} \lineiii{\var{t1} = \var{t2} * \var{i} or \var{t1} = \var{i} * \var{t2}} {Delta multiplied by an integer or long. Afterwards \var{t1} // i == \var{t2} is true, provided \code{i != 0}. In general, \var{t1} * i == \var{t1} * (i-1) + \var{t1} is true.} {(1)} \lineiii{\var{t1} = \var{t2} // \var{i}} {The floor is computed and the remainder (if any) is thrown away.} {(3)} \lineiii{+\var{t1}} {Returns a \class{timedelta} object with the same value.} {(2)} \lineiii{-\var{t1}} {equivalent to \class{timedelta}(-\var{t1.days}, -\var{t1.seconds}, -\var{t1.microseconds}),and to \var{t1}* -1.} {(1)(4)} \lineiii{abs(\var{t})} {equivalent to +\var{t} when \code{t.days >= 0}, and to -\var{t} when \code{t.days < 0}. overflow.} {(2)} \end{tableiii} \noindent Notes: \begin{description} \item[(1)] This is exact, but may overflow. \item[(2)] This is exact, and cannot overflow. \item[(3)] Division by 0 raises \exception{ZeroDivisionError}. \item[(4)] -\var{timedelta.max} is not representable as a \class{timedelta} object. \end{description} In addition to the operations listed above \class{timedelta} objects support certain additions and subtractions with \class{date}, \class{datetime}, and \class{datimetz} objects (see below). Comparisons of \class{timedelta} objects are supported with the \class{timedelta} object representing the smaller duration considered to be the smaller timedelta. \class{timedelta} objects are hashable (usable as dictionary key), support efficient pickling, and in Boolean contexts, a \class{timedelta} object is considered to be true if and only if it isn't equal to \code{timedelta(0)}. \subsection{\class{date} Objects \label{datetime-date}} A \class{date} object represents a date (year, month and day) in an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both directions. January 1 of year 1 is called day number 1, January 2 of year 1 is called day number 2, and so on. This matches the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book \citetitle{Calendrical Calculations}, where it's the base calendar for all computations. See the book for algorithms for converting between proleptic Gregorian ordinals and many other calendar systems. \begin{classdesc}{date}{year, month, day} All arguments are required. Arguments may be ints or longs, in the following ranges: \begin{itemize} \item \code{MINYEAR <= \var{year} <= MAXYEAR} \item \code{1 <= \var{month} <= 12} \item \code{1 <= \var{day} <= number of days in the given month and year} \end{itemize} If an argument outside those ranges is given, \exception{ValueError} is raised. \end{classdesc} Other constructors, all class methods: \begin{methoddesc}{today}{} Return the current local date. This is equivalent to \code{date.fromtimestamp(time.time())}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{fromtimestamp}{timestamp} Return the local date corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned by \function{time.time()}. This may raise \exception{ValueError}, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C \cfunction{localtime()} function. It's common for this to be restricted to years from 1970 through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by \method{fromtimestamp()}. \begin{methoddesc}{fromordinal}{ordinal} Return the date corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. \exception{ValueError} is raised unless \code{1 <= \var{ordinal} <= date.max.toordinal()}. For any date \var{d}, \code{date.fromordinal(\var{d}.toordinal()) == \var{d}}. \end{methoddesc} Class attributes: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The earliest representable date, \code{date(MINYEAR, 1, 1)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The latest representable date, \code{date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects, \code{timedelta(days=1)}. \end{memberdesc} Instance attributes (read-only): \begin{memberdesc}{year} Between \constant{MINYEAR} and \constant{MAXYEAR} inclusive \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{month} Between 1 and 12 inclusive. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{day} Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year. \end{memberdesc} Supported operations: \begin{itemize} \item date1 + timedelta -> date2 timedelta + date1 -> date2 date2 is timedelta.days days removed from the date1, moving forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedetla.days < 0. date2 - date1 == timedelta.days after. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored. \exception{OverflowError} is raised if date2.year would be smaller than \constant{MINYEAR} or larger than \constant{MAXYEAR}. \item date1 - timedelta -> date2 Computes the date2 such that date2 + timedelta == date1. This isn't quite equivalent to date1 + (-timedelta), because -timedelta in isolation can overflow in cases where date1 - timedelta does not. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored. \item date1 - date2 -> timedelta This is exact, and cannot overflow. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are 0, and date2 + timedelta == date1 after. \item comparison of date to date, where date1 is considered less than date2 when date1 precedes date2 in time. In other words, date1 < date2 if and only if date1.toordinal() < date2.toordinal(). \item hash, use as dict key \item efficient pickling \item in Boolean contexts, all \class{date} objects are considered to be true \end{itemize} Instance methods: \begin{methoddesc}{replace}{year, month, day} Return a date with the same value, except for those fields given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. For example, if \code{d == date(2002, 12, 31)}, then \code{d.replace(day=26) == date(2000, 12, 26)}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{timetuple}{} Return a 9-element tuple of the form returned by \function{time.localtime()}. The hours, minutes and seconds are 0, and the DST flag is -1. \code{\var{d}.timetuple()} is equivalent to \code{(\var{d}.year, \var{d}.month, \var{d}.day, 0, 0, 0, \# h, m, s \var{d}.weekday(), \# 0 is Monday \var{d}.toordinal() - date(\var{d}.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1, \# day of year -1)} \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{toordinal}{} Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. For any \class{date} object \var{d}, \code{date.fromordinal(\var{d}.toordinal()) == \var{d}}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{weekday}{} Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6. For example, date(2002, 12, 4).weekday() == 2, a Wednesday. See also \method{isoweekday()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoweekday}{} Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. For example, date(2002, 12, 4).isoweekday() == 3, a Wednesday. See also \method{weekday()}, \method{isocalendar()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isocalendar}{} Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday). The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. See \url{http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm} for a good explanation. The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a Monday and ends on a Sunday. The first week of an ISO year is the first (Gregorian) calendar week of a year containing a Thursday. This is called week number 1, and the ISO year of that Thursday is the same as its Gregorian year. For example, 2004 begins on a Thursday, so the first week of ISO year 2004 begins on Monday, 29 Dec 2003 and ends on Sunday, 4 Jan 2004, so that date(2003, 12, 29).isocalendar() == (2004, 1, 1) date(2004, 1, 4).isocalendar() == (2004, 1, 7) \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoformat}{} Return a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format, 'YYYY-MM-DD'. For example, date(2002, 12, 4).isoformat() == '2002-12-04'. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{__str__}{} For a date \var{d}, \code{str(\var{d})} is equivalent to \code{\var{d}.isoformat()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{ctime}{} Return a string representing the date, for example date(2002, 12, 4).ctime() == 'Wed Dec 4 00:00:00 2002'. \code{\var{d}.ctime()} is equivalent to \code{time.ctime(time.mktime(\var{d}.timetuple()))} on platforms where the native C \cfunction{ctime()} function (which \function{time.ctime()} invokes, but which \method{date.ctime()} does not invoke) conforms to the C standard. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{strftime}{format} Return a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string. Format codes referring to hours, minutes or seconds will see 0 values. See the section on \method{strftime()} behavior. \end{methoddesc} \subsection{\class{datetime} Objects \label{datetime-datetime}} A \class{datetime} object is a single object containing all the information from a \class{date} object and a time object. Like a \class{date} object, \class{datetime} assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in both directions; like a time object, \class{datetime} assumes there are exactly 3600*24 seconds in every day. \begin{classdesc}{datetime}{year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0} The year, month and day arguments are required. Arguments may be ints or longs, in the following ranges: \begin{itemize} \item \code{\member{MINYEAR} <= \var{year} <= \member{MAXYEAR}} \item \code{1 <= \var{month} <= 12} \item \code{1 <= \var{day} <= number of days in the given month and year} \item \code{0 <= \var{hour} < 24} \item \code{0 <= \var{minute} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{second} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{microsecond} < 1000000} \end{itemize} If an argument outside those ranges is given, \exception{ValueError} is raised. \end{classdesc} Other constructors, all class methods: \begin{methoddesc}{today}{} Return the current local datetime. This is equivalent to \code{datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())}. See also \method{now()}, \method{fromtimestamp()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{now}{} Return the current local datetime. This is like \method{today()}, but, if possible, supplies more precision than can be gotten from going through a \function{time.time()} timestamp (for example, this may be possible on platforms that supply the C \cfunction{gettimeofday()} function). See also \method{today()}, \method{utcnow()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{utcnow}{} Return the current UTC datetime. This is like \method{now()}, but returns the current UTC date and time. See also \method{now()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{fromtimestamp}{timestamp} Return the local \class{datetime} corresponding to the \POSIX{} timestamp, such as is returned by \function{time.time()}. This may raise \exception{ValueError}, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C \cfunction{localtime()} function. It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by \method{fromtimestamp()}, and then it's possible to have two timestamps differing by a second that yield identical \class{datetime} objects. \end{methoddesc} See also \method{utcfromtimestamp()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{utcfromtimestamp}{timestamp} Return the UTC \class{datetime} corresponding to the \POSIX{} timestamp. This may raise \exception{ValueError}, if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported by the platform C \cfunction{gmtime()} function. It's common for this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038. See also \method{fromtimestamp()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{fromordinal}{ordinal} Return the \class{datetime} corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. \exception{ValueError} is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= datetime.max.toordinal(). The hour, minute, second and microsecond of the result are all 0. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{combine}{date, time} Return a new \class{datetime} object whose date components are equal to the given \class{date} object's, and whose time components are equal to the given time object's. For any \class{datetime} object \var{d}, \code{\var{d} == datetime.combine(\var{d}.date(), \var{d}.time())}. If date is a \class{datetime} or \class{datetimetz} object, its time components are ignored. If date is \class{datetimetz} object, its \member{tzinfo} component is also ignored. If time is a \class{timetz} object, its \member{tzinfo} component is ignored. \end{methoddesc} Class attributes: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The earliest representable \class{datetime}, \code{datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The latest representable \class{datetime}, \code{datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal \class{datetime} objects, \code{timedelta(microseconds=1)}. \end{memberdesc} Instance attributes (read-only): \begin{memberdesc}{year} Between \constant{MINYEAR} and \constant{MAXYEAR} inclusive \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{month} Between 1 and 12 inclusive \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{day} Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{hour} In \code{range(24)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{minute} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{second} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{microsecond} In \code{range(1000000)}. \end{memberdesc} Supported operations: \begin{itemize} \item datetime1 + timedelta -> datetime2 timedelta + datetime1 -> datetime2 datetime2 is a duration of timedelta removed from datetime1, moving forward in time if timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days < 0. datetime2 - datetime1 == timedelta after. \exception{OverflowError} is raised if datetime2.year would be smaller than \constant{MINYEAR} or larger than \constant{MAXYEAR}. \item datetime1 - timedelta -> datetime2 Computes the datetime2 such that datetime2 + timedelta == datetime1. This isn't quite equivalent to datetime1 + (-timedelta), because -timedelta in isolation can overflow in cases where datetime1 - timedelta does not. \item datetime1 - datetime2 -> timedelta This is exact, and cannot overflow. datetime2 + timedelta == datetime1 after. \item comparison of \class{datetime} to datetime, where datetime1 is considered less than datetime2 when datetime1 precedes datetime2 in time. \item hash, use as dict key \item efficient pickling \item in Boolean contexts, all \class{datetime} objects are considered to be true \end{itemize} Instance methods: \begin{methoddesc}{date}{} Return \class{date} object with same year, month and day. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{time}{} Return time object with same hour, minute, second and microsecond. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{replace}{year=, month=, day=, hour=, minute=, second=, microsecond=} Return a datetime with the same value, except for those fields given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{astimezone}{tz} Return a \class{datetimetz} with the same date and time fields, and with \member{tzinfo} member \var{tz}. \var{tz} must be \code{None}, or an instance of a \class{tzinfo} subclass. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{timetuple}{} Return a 9-element tuple of the form returned by \function{time.localtime()}. The DST flag is -1. \code{\var{d}.timetuple()} is equivalent to \code{(\var{d}.year, \var{d}.month, \var{d}.day, \var{d}.hour, \var{d}.minute, \var{d}.second, \var{d}.weekday(), \# 0 is Monday \var{d}.toordinal() - date(\var{d}.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1, \# day of year -1)} \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{toordinal}{} Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date. The same as \method{date.toordinal()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{weekday}{} Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6. The same as \method{date.weekday()}. See also \method{isoweekday()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoweekday}{} Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. The same as \method{date.isoweekday()}. See also \method{weekday()}, \method{isocalendar()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isocalendar}{} Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday). The same as \method{date.isocalendar()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoformat}{sep='T'} Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.mmmmmm or, if self.microsecond is 0, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS The optional argument \var{sep} (default \code{'T'}) is a one-character separator, placed between the date and time portions of the result. For example, datetime(2002, 12, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4).isoformat(' ') == '2002-12-04 01:02:03.000004' \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{__str__}{} For a \class{datetime} instance \var{d}, \code{str(\var{d})} is equivalent to \code{\var{d}.isoformat(' ')}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{ctime}{} Return a string representing the date, for example datetime(2002, 12, 4, 20, 30, 40).ctime() == 'Wed Dec 4 20:30:40 2002'. \code{d.ctime()} is equivalent to \code{time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))} on platforms where the native C \cfunction{ctime()} function (which \function{time.ctime()} invokes, but which \method{datetime.ctime()} does not invoke) conforms to the C standard. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{strftime}{format} Return a string representing the date and time, controlled by an explicit format string. See the section on \method{strftime()} behavior. \end{methoddesc} \subsection{\class{time} Objects \label{datetime-time}} A \class{time} object represents an idealized time of day, independent of day and timezone. \begin{classdesc}{time}{hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0} All arguments are optional. They may be ints or longs, in the following ranges: \begin{itemize} \item \code{0 <= \var{hour} < 24} \item \code{0 <= \var{minute} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{second} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{microsecond} < 1000000} \end{itemize} If an argument outside those ranges is given, \exception{ValueError} is raised. \end{classdesc} Class attributes: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The earliest representable \class{time}, \code{time(0, 0, 0, 0)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The latest representable \class{time}, \code{time(23, 59, 59, 999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal \class{time} objects, \code{timedelta(microseconds=1)}, although note that arithmetic on \class{time} objects is not supported. \end{memberdesc} Instance attributes (read-only): \begin{memberdesc}{hour} In \code{range(24)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{minute} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{second} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{microsecond} In \code{range(1000000)}. \end{memberdesc} Supported operations: \begin{itemize} \item comparison of time to time, where time1 is considered less than time2 when time1 precedes time2 in time. \item hash, use as dict key \item efficient pickling \item in Boolean contexts, a time object is considered to be true if and only if it isn't equal to \code{time(0)} \end{itemize} Instance methods: \begin{methoddesc}{replace}{hour=, minute=, second=, microsecond=} Return a time with the same value, except for those fields given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoformat}{} Return a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format, HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm or, if self.microsecond is 0 HH:MM:SS \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{__str__}{} For a time \var{t}, \code{str(\var{t})} is equivalent to \code{\var{t}.isoformat()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{strftime}{format} Return a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format string. See the section on \method{strftime()} behavior. \end{methoddesc} \subsection{\class{tzinfo} Objects \label{datetime-tzinfo}} \class{tzinfo} is an abstract base clase, meaning that this class should not be instantiated directly. You need to derive a concrete subclass, and (at least) supply implementations of the standard \class{tzinfo} methods needed by the \class{datetime} methods you use. The \module{datetime} module does not supply any concrete subclasses of \class{tzinfo}. An instance of (a concrete subclass of) \class{tzinfo} can be passed to the constructors for \class{datetimetz} and \class{timetz} objects. The latter objects view their fields as being in local time, and the \class{tzinfo} object supports methods revealing offset of local time from UTC, the name of the time zone, and DST offset, all relative to a date or time object passed to them. Special requirement for pickling: A \class{tzinfo} subclass must have an \method{__init__} method that can be called with no arguments, else it can be pickled but possibly not unpickled again. This is a technical requirement that may be relaxed in the future. A concrete subclass of \class{tzinfo} may need to implement the following methods. Exactly which methods are needed depends on the uses made of aware \module{datetime} objects. If in doubt, simply implement all of them. \begin{methoddesc}{utcoffset}{self, dt} Return offset of local time from UTC, in minutes east of UTC. If local time is west of UTC, this should be negative. Note that this is intended to be the total offset from UTC; for example, if a \class{tzinfo} object represents both time zone and DST adjustments, \method{utcoffset()} should return their sum. If the UTC offset isn't known, return \code{None}. Else the value returned must be a \class{timedelta} object specifying a whole number of minutes in the range -1439 to 1439 inclusive (1440 = 24*60; the magnitude of the offset must be less than one day). Most implementations of \method{utcoffset()} will probably look like one of these two: \begin{verbatim} return CONSTANT # fixed-offset class return CONSTANT + self.dst(dt) # daylight-aware class \end{verbatim} If \method{utcoffset()} does not return \code{None}, \method{dst()} should not return \code{None} either. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{dst}{self, dt} Return the daylight savings time (DST) adjustment, in minutes east of UTC, or \code{None} if DST information isn't known. Return \code{0} if DST is not in effect. If DST is in effect, return the offset as a \class{timedelta} object (see \method{utcoffset()} for details). Note that DST offset, if applicable, has already been added to the UTC offset returned by \method{utcoffset()}, so there's no need to consult \method{dst()} unless you're interested in displaying DST info separately. For example, \method{datetimetz.timetuple()} calls its \member{tzinfo} member's \method{dst()} method to determine how the \member{tm_isdst} flag should be set, and \method{datetimetz.astimezone()} calls \method{dst()} to account for DST changes when crossing time zones. An instance \var{tz} of a \class{tzinfo} subclass that models both standard and daylight times must be consistent in this sense: \code{tz.utcoffset(dt) - tz.dst(dt)} must return the same result for every \class{datetimetz} \var{dt} with \code{dt.tzinfo==tz} For sane \class{tzinfo} subclasses, this expression yields the time zone's "standard offset", which should not depend on the date or the time, but only on geographic location. The implementation of \method{datetimetz.astimezone()} relies on this, but cannot detect violations; it's the programmer's responsibility to ensure it. \begin{methoddesc}{tzname}{self, dt} Return the timezone name corresponding to the \class{datetime} represented by \var{dt}, as a string. Nothing about string names is defined by the \module{datetime} module, and there's no requirement that it mean anything in particular. For example, "GMT", "UTC", "-500", "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all valid replies. Return \code{None} if a string name isn't known. Note that this is a method rather than a fixed string primarily because some \class{tzinfo} objects will wish to return different names depending on the specific value of \var{dt} passed, especially if the \class{tzinfo} class is accounting for daylight time. \end{methoddesc} \end{methoddesc} These methods are called by a \class{datetimetz} or \class{timetz} object, in response to their methods of the same names. A \class{datetimetz} object passes itself as the argument, and a \class{timetz} object passes \code{None} as the argument. A \class{tzinfo} subclass's methods should therefore be prepared to accept a \var{dt} argument of \code{None}, or of class \class{datetimetz}. When \code{None} is passed, it's up to the class designer to decide the best response. For example, returning \code{None} is appropriate if the class wishes to say that timetz objects don't participate in the \class{tzinfo} protocol. In other applications, it may be more useful for \code{utcoffset(None)} to return the standard UTC offset. When a \class{datetimetz} object is passed in response to a \class{datetimetz} method, \code{dt.tzinfo} is the same object as \var{self}. \class{tzinfo} methods can rely on this, unless user code calls \class{tzinfo} methods directly. The intent is that the \class{tzinfo} methods interpret \var{dt} as being in local time, and not need to worry about objects in other timezones. Example \class{tzinfo} classes: \verbatiminput{tzinfo-examples.py} Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a tzinfo subclass accounting for both standard and daylight time, at the DST transition points. For concreteness, consider US Eastern (UTC -0500), where EDT begins the minute after 1:59 (EST) on the first Sunday in April, and ends the minute after 1:59 (EDT) on the last Sunday in October: \begin{verbatim} UTC 3:MM 4:MM 5:MM 6:MM 7:MM 8:MM EST 22:MM 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM EDT 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM 4:MM start 22:MM 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 3:MM 4:MM end 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM \end{verbatim} When DST starts (the "start" line), the local wall clock leaps from 1:59 to 3:00. A wall time of the form 2:MM doesn't really make sense on that day, so \code{astimezone(Eastern)} won't deliver a result with \code{hour==2} on the day DST begins. How an Eastern instance chooses to interpret 2:MM on that day is its business. The example Eastern implementation above chose to consider it as a time in EDT, simply because it "looks like it's after 2:00", and so synonymous with the EST 1:MM times on that day. Your Eastern class may wish, for example, to raise an exception instead when it sees a 2:MM time on the day EDT begins. When DST ends (the "end" line), there's a potentially worse problem: there's an hour that can't be spelled unambiguously in local wall time, the hour beginning at the moment DST ends. In this example, that's times of the form 6:MM UTC on the day daylight time ends. The local wall clock leaps from 1:59 (daylight time) back to 1:00 (standard time) again. 1:MM is taken as daylight time (it's "before 2:00"), so maps to 5:MM UTC. 2:MM is taken as standard time (it's "after 2:00"), so maps to 7:MM UTC. There is no local time that maps to 6:MM UTC on this day. Just as the wall clock does, \code{astimezone(Eastern)} maps both UTC hours 5:MM and 6:MM to Eastern hour 1:MM on this day. However, this result is ambiguous (there's no way for Eastern to know which repetition of 1:MM is intended). Applications that can't bear such ambiguity should avoid using hybrid tzinfo classes; there are no ambiguities when using UTC, or any other fixed-offset tzinfo subclass (such as a class representing only EST (fixed offset -5 hours), or only EDT (fixed offset -4 hours)). \subsection{\class{timetz} Objects \label{datetime-timetz}} A time object represents a (local) time of day, independent of any particular day, and subject to adjustment via a \class{tzinfo} object. Constructor: \begin{classdesc}{time}{hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None} All arguments are optional. \var{tzinfo} may be \code{None}, or an instance of a \class{tzinfo} subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints or longs, in the following ranges: \begin{itemize} \item \code{0 <= \var{hour} < 24} \item \code{0 <= \var{minute} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{second} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{microsecond} < 1000000}. \end{itemize} If an argument outside those ranges is given, \exception{ValueError} is raised. \end{classdesc} Class attributes: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The earliest representable time, \code{timetz(0, 0, 0, 0)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The latest representable time, \code{timetz(23, 59, 59, 999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal \class{timetz} objects, \code{timedelta(microseconds=1)}, although note that arithmetic on \class{timetz} objects is not supported. \end{memberdesc} Instance attributes (read-only): \begin{memberdesc}{hour} In \code{range(24)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{minute} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{second} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{microsecond} In \code{range(1000000)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{tzinfo} The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the \class{timetz} constructor, or \code{None} if none was passed. \end{memberdesc} Supported operations: \begin{itemize} \item comparison of \class{timetz} to \class{time} or \class{timetz}, where \var{a} is considered less than \var{b} when \var{a} precedes \var{b} in time. If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, \exception{TypeError} is raised. If both comparands are aware, and have the same \member{tzinfo} member, the common \member{tzinfo} member is ignored and the base times are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different \member{tzinfo} members, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from \code{self.utcoffset()}). \item hash, use as dict key \item pickling \item in Boolean contexts, a \class{timetz} object is considered to be true if and only if, after converting it to minutes and subtracting \method{utcoffset()} (or \code{0} if that's \code{None}), the result is non-zero. \end{itemize} Instance methods: \begin{methoddesc}{replace}(hour=, minute=, second=, microsecond=, tzinfo=) Return a \class{timetz} with the same value, except for those fields given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that \code{tzinfo=None} can be specified to create a naive \class{timetz} from an aware \class{timetz}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoformat}{} Return a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format, HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm or, if self.microsecond is 0, HH:MM:SS If \method{utcoffset()} does not return \code{None}, a 6-character string is appended, giving the UTC offset in (signed) hours and minutes: HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+HH:MM or, if self.microsecond is 0, HH:MM:SS+HH:MM \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{__str__}{} For a \class{timetz} \var{t}, \code{str(\var{t})} is equivalent to \code{\var{t}.isoformat()}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{strftime}{format} Return a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format string. See the section on \method{strftime()} behavior. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{utcoffset}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else \code{tzinfo.utcoffset(self)} converted to a \class{timedelta} object. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{tzname}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else \code{tzinfo.tzname(self)}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{dst}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else \code{tzinfo.dst(self)} converted to a \class{timedelta} object. \end{methoddesc} \subsection{ \class{datetimetz} Objects \label{datetime-datetimetz}} \begin{notice}[warning] I think this is \emph{still} missing some methods from the Python implementation. \end{notice} A \class{datetimetz} object is a single object containing all the information from a \class{date} object and a \class{timetz} object. Constructor: \begin{classdesc}{datetimetz}{year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None} The year, month and day arguments are required. \var{tzinfo} may be \code{None}, or an instance of a \class{tzinfo} subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints or longs, in the following ranges: \begin{itemize} \item \code{MINYEAR <= \var{year} <= MAXYEAR} \item \code{1 <= \var{month} <= 12} \item \code{1 <= \var{day} <= number of days in the given month and year} \item \code{0 <= \var{hour} < 24} \item \code{0 <= \var{minute} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{second} < 60} \item \code{0 <= \var{microsecond} < 1000000} \end{itemize} If an argument outside those ranges is given, \exception{ValueError} is raised. \end{classdesc} Other constructors (class methods): \begin{funcdesc}{today}{} \methodline{utcnow}{} \methodline{utcfromtimestamp}{timestamp} \methodline{fromordinal}{ordinal} These are the same as the \class{datetime} class methods of the same names, except that they construct a \class{datetimetz} object, with tzinfo \code{None}. \end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{now}{\optional{tzinfo=None}} \methodline{fromtimestamp}{timestamp\optional{, tzinfo=None}} These are the same as the \class{datetime} class methods of the same names, except that they accept an additional, optional tzinfo argument, and construct a \class{datetimetz} object with that \class{tzinfo} object attached. \end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{combine}{date, time} This is the same as \method{datetime.combine()}, except that it constructs a \class{datetimetz} object, and, if the time object is of type timetz, the \class{datetimetz} object has the same \class{tzinfo} object as the time object. \end{funcdesc} Class attributes: \begin{memberdesc}{min} The earliest representable \class{datetimetz}, \code{datetimetz(MINYEAR, 1, 1)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{max} The latest representable \class{datetime}, \code{datetimetz(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{resolution} The smallest possible difference between non-equal \class{datetimetz} objects, \code{timedelta(microseconds=1)}. \end{memberdesc} Instance attributes, all read-only: \begin{memberdesc}{year} Between \constant{MINYEAR} and \constant{MAXYEAR}, inclusive. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{month} Between 1 and 12 inclusive \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{day} Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{hour} In \code{range(24)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{minute} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{second} In \code{range(60)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{microsecond} In \code{range(1000000)}. \end{memberdesc} \begin{memberdesc}{tzinfo} The object passed as the \var{tzinfo} argument to the \class{datetimetz} constructor, or \code{None} if none was passed. \end{memberdesc} Supported operations: \begin{itemize} \item datetimetz1 + timedelta -> datetimetz2 timedelta + datetimetz1 -> datetimetz2 The same as addition of \class{datetime} objects, except that datetimetz2.tzinfo is set to datetimetz1.tzinfo. \item datetimetz1 - timedelta -> datetimetz2 The same as addition of \class{datetime} objects, except that datetimetz2.tzinfo is set to datetimetz1.tzinfo. \item aware_datetimetz1 - aware_datetimetz2 -> timedelta naive_datetimetz1 - naive_datetimetz2 -> timedelta naive_datetimetz1 - datetime2 -> timedelta datetime1 - naive_datetimetz2 -> timedelta Subtraction of a \class{datetime} or \class{datetimetz}, from a \class{datetime} or \class{datetimetz}, is defined only if both operands are naive, or if both are aware. If one is aware and the other is naive, \exception{TypeError} is raised. If both are naive, or both are aware and have the same \member{tzinfo} member, subtraction acts as for \class{datetime} subtraction. If both are aware and have different \member{tzinfo} members, \code{a-b} acts as if \var{a} and \var{b} were first converted to UTC datetimes (by subtracting \code{a.utcoffset()} minutes from \var{a}, and \code{b.utcoffset()} minutes from \var{b}), and then doing \class{datetime} subtraction, except that the implementation never overflows. \item comparison of \class{datetimetz} to \class{datetime} or \class{datetimetz}, where \var{a} is considered less than \var{b} when \var{a} precedes \var{b} in time. If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, \exception{TypeError} is raised. If both comparands are aware, and have the same \member{tzinfo} member, the common \member{tzinfo} member is ignored and the base datetimes are compared. If both comparands are aware and have different \member{tzinfo} members, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from \code{self.utcoffset()}). \item hash, use as dict key \item efficient pickling \item in Boolean contexts, all \class{datetimetz} objects are considered to be true \end{itemize} Instance methods: \begin{methoddesc}{date}{} \methodline{time}{} \methodline{toordinal}{} \methodline{weekday}{} \methodline{isoweekday}{} \methodline{isocalendar}{} \methodline{ctime}{} \methodline{__str__}{} \methodline{strftime}{format} These are the same as the \class{datetime} methods of the same names. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{timetz}{} Return \class{timetz} object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, and tzinfo. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{replace}{year=, month=, day=, hour=, minute=, second=, microsecond=, tzinfo=} Return a datetimetz with the same value, except for those fields given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that \code{tzinfo=None} can be specified to create a naive datetimetz from an aware datetimetz. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{astimezone}{tz} Return a \class{datetimetz} object with new \member{tzinfo} member \var{tz}. \var{tz} must be \code{None}, or an instance of a \class{tzinfo} subclass. If \var{tz} is \code{None}, \var{self} is naive, \code{tz.utcoffset(self)} returns \code{None}, or \code{self.tzinfo}\ is \var{tz}, \code{self.astimezone(tz)} is equivalent to \code{self.replace(tzinfo=tz)}: a new timezone object is attached without any conversion of date or time fields. Else \code{self.tzinfo} and \var{tz} must implement the \method{utcoffset()} and \method{dst()} \class{tzinfo} methods, and the date and time fields are adjusted so that the result is local time in time zone \var{tz}, representing the same UTC time as \var{self}: after \code{astz = dt.astimezone(tz)}, \code{astz - astz.utcoffset()} will usually have the same date and time members as \code{dt - dt.utcoffset()}. The discussion of class \class{tzinfo} explains the cases at Daylight Saving Time transition boundaries where this cannot be achieved (an issue only if \var{tz} models both standard and daylight time). \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{utcoffset}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else \code{tzinfo.utcoffset(self)} converted to a \class{timedelta} object. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{tzname}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else returns \code{tzinfo.tzname(self)}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{dst}{} If \member{tzinfo} is \code{None}, returns \code{None}, else \code{tzinfo.dst(self)} converted to a \class{timedelta} object. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{timetuple}{} Like \function{datetime.timetuple()}, but sets the \member{tm_isdst} flag according to the \method{dst()} method: if \method{dst()} returns \code{None}, \member{tm_isdst} is set to \code{-1}; else if \method{dst()} returns a non-zero value, \member{tm_isdst} is set to \code{1}; else \code{tm_isdst} is set to \code{0}. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{utctimetuple}{} If \class{datetimetz} instance \var{d} is naive, this is the same as \code{\var{d}.timetuple()} except that \member{tm_isdst} is forced to 0 regardless of what \code{d.dst()} returns. DST is never in effect for a UTC time. If \var{d} is aware, \var{d} is normalized to UTC time, by subtracting \code{\var{d}.utcoffset()} minutes, and a timetuple for the normalized time is returned. \member{tm_isdst} is forced to 0. Note that the result's \member{tm_year} field may be \constant{MINYEAR}-1 or \constant{MAXYEAR}+1, if \var{d}.year was \code{MINYEAR} or \code{MAXYEAR} and UTC adjustment spills over a year boundary. \end{methoddesc} \begin{methoddesc}{isoformat}{sep='T'} Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.mmmmmm or, if \member{microsecond} is 0, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS If \method{utcoffset()} does not return \code{None}, a 6-character string is appended, giving the UTC offset in (signed) hours and minutes: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+HH:MM or, if \member{microsecond} is 0 YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+HH:MM The optional argument \var{sep} (default \code{'T'}) is a one-character separator, placed between the date and time portions of the result. For example, \begin{verbatim} >>> from datetime import * >>> class TZ(tzinfo): ... def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(minutes=-399) ... >>> datetimetz(2002, 12, 25, tzinfo=TZ()).isoformat(' ') '2002-12-25 00:00:00-06:39' \end{verbatim} \end{methoddesc} \code{str(\var{d})} is equivalent to \code{\var{d}.isoformat(' ')}. \subsection{\method{strftime()} Behavior} \class{date}, \class{datetime}, \class{datetimetz}, \class{time}, and \class{timetz} objects all support a \code{strftime(\var{format})} method, to create a string representing the time under the control of an explicit format string. Broadly speaking, \code{d.strftime(fmt)} acts like the \refmodule{time} module's \code{time.strftime(fmt, d.timetuple())} although not all objects support a \method{timetuple()} method. For \class{time} and \class{timetz} objects, the format codes for year, month, and day should not be used, as time objects have no such values. If they're used anyway, \code{1900} is substituted for the year, and \code{0} for the month and day. For \class{date} objects, the format codes for hours, minutes, and seconds should not be used, as \class{date} objects have no such values. If they're used anyway, \code{0} is substituted for them. For a naive object, the \code{\%z} and \code{\%Z} format codes are replaced by empty strings. For an aware object: \begin{itemize} \item[\code{\%z}] \method{utcoffset()} is transformed into a 5-character string of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where HH is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset hours, and MM is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset minutes. For example, if \method{utcoffset()} returns \code{timedelta(hours=-3, minutes=-30)}, \code{\%z} is replaced with the string \code{'-0330'}. \item[\code{\%Z}] If \method{tzname()} returns \code{None}, \code{\%Z} is replaced by an empty string. Otherwise \code{\%Z} is replaced by the returned value, which must be a string. \end{itemize} The full set of format codes supported varies across platforms, because Python calls the platform C library's \function{strftime()} function, and platform variations are common. The documentation for Python's \refmodule{time} module lists the format codes that the C standard (1989 version) requires, and those work on all platforms with a standard C implementation. Note that the 1999 version of the C standard added additional format codes. The exact range of years for which \method{strftime()} works also varies across platforms. Regardless of platform, years before 1900 cannot be used. \begin{comment} \subsection{C API} Struct typedefs: PyDateTime_Date PyDateTime_DateTime PyDateTime_DateTimeTZ PyDateTime_Time PyDateTime_TimeTZ PyDateTime_Delta PyDateTime_TZInfo Type-check macros: PyDate_Check(op) PyDate_CheckExact(op) PyDateTime_Check(op) PyDateTime_CheckExact(op) PyDateTimeTZ_Check(op) PyDateTimeTZ_CheckExact(op) PyTime_Check(op) PyTime_CheckExact(op) PyTimeTZ_Check(op) PyTimeTZ_CheckExact(op) PyDelta_Check(op) PyDelta_CheckExact(op) PyTZInfo_Check(op) PyTZInfo_CheckExact(op) Accessor macros: All objects are immutable, so accessors are read-only. All macros return ints: For \class{date}, \class{datetime}, and \class{datetimetz} instances: PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(o) PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(o) PyDateTime_GET_DAY(o) For \class{datetime} and \class{datetimetz} instances: PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(o) PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(o) PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(o) PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MICROSECOND(o) For \class{time} and \class{timetz} instances: PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR(o) PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE(o) PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND(o) PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND(o) \end{comment}