:mod:`logging.handlers` --- Logging handlers ============================================ .. module:: logging.handlers :synopsis: Handlers for the logging module. .. moduleauthor:: Vinay Sajip .. sectionauthor:: Vinay Sajip The following useful handlers are provided in the package. .. currentmodule:: logging .. _stream-handler: StreamHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`StreamHandler` class, located in the core :mod:`logging` package, sends logging output to streams such as *sys.stdout*, *sys.stderr* or any file-like object (or, more precisely, any object which supports :meth:`write` and :meth:`flush` methods). .. class:: StreamHandler(stream=None) Returns a new instance of the :class:`StreamHandler` class. If *stream* is specified, the instance will use it for logging output; otherwise, *sys.stderr* will be used. .. method:: emit(record) If a formatter is specified, it is used to format the record. The record is then written to the stream with a trailing newline. If exception information is present, it is formatted using :func:`traceback.print_exception` and appended to the stream. .. method:: flush() Flushes the stream by calling its :meth:`flush` method. Note that the :meth:`close` method is inherited from :class:`Handler` and so does no output, so an explicit :meth:`flush` call may be needed at times. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 The ``StreamHandler`` class now has a ``terminator`` attribute, default value ``'\n'``, which is used as the terminator when writing a formatted record to a stream. If you don't want this newline termination, you can set the handler instance's ``terminator`` attribute to the empty string. .. _file-handler: FileHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`FileHandler` class, located in the core :mod:`logging` package, sends logging output to a disk file. It inherits the output functionality from :class:`StreamHandler`. .. class:: FileHandler(filename, mode='a', encoding=None, delay=False) Returns a new instance of the :class:`FileHandler` class. The specified file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified, :const:`'a'` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely. .. method:: close() Closes the file. .. method:: emit(record) Outputs the record to the file. .. _null-handler: NullHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionadded:: 3.1 The :class:`NullHandler` class, located in the core :mod:`logging` package, does not do any formatting or output. It is essentially a 'no-op' handler for use by library developers. .. class:: NullHandler() Returns a new instance of the :class:`NullHandler` class. .. method:: emit(record) This method does nothing. .. method:: handle(record) This method does nothing. .. method:: createLock() This method returns ``None`` for the lock, since there is no underlying I/O to which access needs to be serialized. See :ref:`library-config` for more information on how to use :class:`NullHandler`. .. _watched-file-handler: WatchedFileHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. currentmodule:: logging.handlers The :class:`WatchedFileHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, is a :class:`FileHandler` which watches the file it is logging to. If the file changes, it is closed and reopened using the file name. A file change can happen because of usage of programs such as *newsyslog* and *logrotate* which perform log file rotation. This handler, intended for use under Unix/Linux, watches the file to see if it has changed since the last emit. (A file is deemed to have changed if its device or inode have changed.) If the file has changed, the old file stream is closed, and the file opened to get a new stream. This handler is not appropriate for use under Windows, because under Windows open log files cannot be moved or renamed - logging opens the files with exclusive locks - and so there is no need for such a handler. Furthermore, *ST_INO* is not supported under Windows; :func:`stat` always returns zero for this value. .. class:: WatchedFileHandler(filename[,mode[, encoding[, delay]]]) Returns a new instance of the :class:`WatchedFileHandler` class. The specified file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified, :const:`'a'` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely. .. method:: emit(record) Outputs the record to the file, but first checks to see if the file has changed. If it has, the existing stream is flushed and closed and the file opened again, before outputting the record to the file. .. _rotating-file-handler: RotatingFileHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`RotatingFileHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports rotation of disk log files. .. class:: RotatingFileHandler(filename, mode='a', maxBytes=0, backupCount=0, encoding=None, delay=0) Returns a new instance of the :class:`RotatingFileHandler` class. The specified file is opened and used as the stream for logging. If *mode* is not specified, ``'a'`` is used. If *encoding* is not *None*, it is used to open the file with that encoding. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the first call to :meth:`emit`. By default, the file grows indefinitely. You can use the *maxBytes* and *backupCount* values to allow the file to :dfn:`rollover` at a predetermined size. When the size is about to be exceeded, the file is closed and a new file is silently opened for output. Rollover occurs whenever the current log file is nearly *maxBytes* in length; if *maxBytes* is zero, rollover never occurs. If *backupCount* is non-zero, the system will save old log files by appending the extensions '.1', '.2' etc., to the filename. For example, with a *backupCount* of 5 and a base file name of :file:`app.log`, you would get :file:`app.log`, :file:`app.log.1`, :file:`app.log.2`, up to :file:`app.log.5`. The file being written to is always :file:`app.log`. When this file is filled, it is closed and renamed to :file:`app.log.1`, and if files :file:`app.log.1`, :file:`app.log.2`, etc. exist, then they are renamed to :file:`app.log.2`, :file:`app.log.3` etc. respectively. .. method:: doRollover() Does a rollover, as described above. .. method:: emit(record) Outputs the record to the file, catering for rollover as described previously. .. _timed-rotating-file-handler: TimedRotatingFileHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports rotation of disk log files at certain timed intervals. .. class:: TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename, when='h', interval=1, backupCount=0, encoding=None, delay=False, utc=False) Returns a new instance of the :class:`TimedRotatingFileHandler` class. The specified file is opened and used as the stream for logging. On rotating it also sets the filename suffix. Rotating happens based on the product of *when* and *interval*. You can use the *when* to specify the type of *interval*. The list of possible values is below. Note that they are not case sensitive. +----------------+-----------------------+ | Value | Type of interval | +================+=======================+ | ``'S'`` | Seconds | +----------------+-----------------------+ | ``'M'`` | Minutes | +----------------+-----------------------+ | ``'H'`` | Hours | +----------------+-----------------------+ | ``'D'`` | Days | +----------------+-----------------------+ | ``'W'`` | Week day (0=Monday) | +----------------+-----------------------+ | ``'midnight'`` | Roll over at midnight | +----------------+-----------------------+ The system will save old log files by appending extensions to the filename. The extensions are date-and-time based, using the strftime format ``%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S`` or a leading portion thereof, depending on the rollover interval. When computing the next rollover time for the first time (when the handler is created), the last modification time of an existing log file, or else the current time, is used to compute when the next rotation will occur. If the *utc* argument is true, times in UTC will be used; otherwise local time is used. If *backupCount* is nonzero, at most *backupCount* files will be kept, and if more would be created when rollover occurs, the oldest one is deleted. The deletion logic uses the interval to determine which files to delete, so changing the interval may leave old files lying around. If *delay* is true, then file opening is deferred until the first call to :meth:`emit`. .. method:: doRollover() Does a rollover, as described above. .. method:: emit(record) Outputs the record to the file, catering for rollover as described above. .. _socket-handler: SocketHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`SocketHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, sends logging output to a network socket. The base class uses a TCP socket. .. class:: SocketHandler(host, port) Returns a new instance of the :class:`SocketHandler` class intended to communicate with a remote machine whose address is given by *host* and *port*. .. method:: close() Closes the socket. .. method:: emit() Pickles the record's attribute dictionary and writes it to the socket in binary format. If there is an error with the socket, silently drops the packet. If the connection was previously lost, re-establishes the connection. To unpickle the record at the receiving end into a :class:`LogRecord`, use the :func:`makeLogRecord` function. .. method:: handleError() Handles an error which has occurred during :meth:`emit`. The most likely cause is a lost connection. Closes the socket so that we can retry on the next event. .. method:: makeSocket() This is a factory method which allows subclasses to define the precise type of socket they want. The default implementation creates a TCP socket (:const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM`). .. method:: makePickle(record) Pickles the record's attribute dictionary in binary format with a length prefix, and returns it ready for transmission across the socket. Note that pickles aren't completely secure. If you are concerned about security, you may want to override this method to implement a more secure mechanism. For example, you can sign pickles using HMAC and then verify them on the receiving end, or alternatively you can disable unpickling of global objects on the receiving end. .. method:: send(packet) Send a pickled string *packet* to the socket. This function allows for partial sends which can happen when the network is busy. .. _datagram-handler: DatagramHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`DatagramHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, inherits from :class:`SocketHandler` to support sending logging messages over UDP sockets. .. class:: DatagramHandler(host, port) Returns a new instance of the :class:`DatagramHandler` class intended to communicate with a remote machine whose address is given by *host* and *port*. .. method:: emit() Pickles the record's attribute dictionary and writes it to the socket in binary format. If there is an error with the socket, silently drops the packet. To unpickle the record at the receiving end into a :class:`LogRecord`, use the :func:`makeLogRecord` function. .. method:: makeSocket() The factory method of :class:`SocketHandler` is here overridden to create a UDP socket (:const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM`). .. method:: send(s) Send a pickled string to a socket. .. _syslog-handler: SysLogHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`SysLogHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports sending logging messages to a remote or local Unix syslog. .. class:: SysLogHandler(address=('localhost', SYSLOG_UDP_PORT), facility=LOG_USER, socktype=socket.SOCK_DGRAM) Returns a new instance of the :class:`SysLogHandler` class intended to communicate with a remote Unix machine whose address is given by *address* in the form of a ``(host, port)`` tuple. If *address* is not specified, ``('localhost', 514)`` is used. The address is used to open a socket. An alternative to providing a ``(host, port)`` tuple is providing an address as a string, for example '/dev/log'. In this case, a Unix domain socket is used to send the message to the syslog. If *facility* is not specified, :const:`LOG_USER` is used. The type of socket opened depends on the *socktype* argument, which defaults to :const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM` and thus opens a UDP socket. To open a TCP socket (for use with the newer syslog daemons such as rsyslog), specify a value of :const:`socket.SOCK_STREAM`. Note that if your server is not listening on UDP port 514, :class:`SysLogHandler` may appear not to work. In that case, check what address you should be using for a domain socket - it's system dependent. For example, on Linux it's usually '/dev/log' but on OS/X it's '/var/run/syslog'. You'll need to check your platform and use the appropriate address (you may need to do this check at runtime if your application needs to run on several platforms). On Windows, you pretty much have to use the UDP option. .. versionchanged:: 3.2 *socktype* was added. .. method:: close() Closes the socket to the remote host. .. method:: emit(record) The record is formatted, and then sent to the syslog server. If exception information is present, it is *not* sent to the server. .. method:: encodePriority(facility, priority) Encodes the facility and priority into an integer. You can pass in strings or integers - if strings are passed, internal mapping dictionaries are used to convert them to integers. The symbolic ``LOG_`` values are defined in :class:`SysLogHandler` and mirror the values defined in the ``sys/syslog.h`` header file. **Priorities** +--------------------------+---------------+ | Name (string) | Symbolic value| +==========================+===============+ | ``alert`` | LOG_ALERT | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``crit`` or ``critical`` | LOG_CRIT | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``debug`` | LOG_DEBUG | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``emerg`` or ``panic`` | LOG_EMERG | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``err`` or ``error`` | LOG_ERR | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``info`` | LOG_INFO | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``notice`` | LOG_NOTICE | +--------------------------+---------------+ | ``warn`` or ``warning`` | LOG_WARNING | +--------------------------+---------------+ **Facilities** +---------------+---------------+ | Name (string) | Symbolic value| +===============+===============+ | ``auth`` | LOG_AUTH | +---------------+---------------+ | ``authpriv`` | LOG_AUTHPRIV | +---------------+---------------+ | ``cron`` | LOG_CRON | +---------------+---------------+ | ``daemon`` | LOG_DAEMON | +---------------+---------------+ | ``ftp`` | LOG_FTP | +---------------+---------------+ | ``kern`` | LOG_KERN | +---------------+---------------+ | ``lpr`` | LOG_LPR | +---------------+---------------+ | ``mail`` | LOG_MAIL | +---------------+---------------+ | ``news`` | LOG_NEWS | +---------------+---------------+ | ``syslog`` | LOG_SYSLOG | +---------------+---------------+ | ``user`` | LOG_USER | +---------------+---------------+ | ``uucp`` | LOG_UUCP | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local0`` | LOG_LOCAL0 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local1`` | LOG_LOCAL1 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local2`` | LOG_LOCAL2 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local3`` | LOG_LOCAL3 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local4`` | LOG_LOCAL4 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local5`` | LOG_LOCAL5 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local6`` | LOG_LOCAL6 | +---------------+---------------+ | ``local7`` | LOG_LOCAL7 | +---------------+---------------+ .. method:: mapPriority(levelname) Maps a logging level name to a syslog priority name. You may need to override this if you are using custom levels, or if the default algorithm is not suitable for your needs. The default algorithm maps ``DEBUG``, ``INFO``, ``WARNING``, ``ERROR`` and ``CRITICAL`` to the equivalent syslog names, and all other level names to 'warning'. .. _nt-eventlog-handler: NTEventLogHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`NTEventLogHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports sending logging messages to a local Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP event log. Before you can use it, you need Mark Hammond's Win32 extensions for Python installed. .. class:: NTEventLogHandler(appname, dllname=None, logtype='Application') Returns a new instance of the :class:`NTEventLogHandler` class. The *appname* is used to define the application name as it appears in the event log. An appropriate registry entry is created using this name. The *dllname* should give the fully qualified pathname of a .dll or .exe which contains message definitions to hold in the log (if not specified, ``'win32service.pyd'`` is used - this is installed with the Win32 extensions and contains some basic placeholder message definitions. Note that use of these placeholders will make your event logs big, as the entire message source is held in the log. If you want slimmer logs, you have to pass in the name of your own .dll or .exe which contains the message definitions you want to use in the event log). The *logtype* is one of ``'Application'``, ``'System'`` or ``'Security'``, and defaults to ``'Application'``. .. method:: close() At this point, you can remove the application name from the registry as a source of event log entries. However, if you do this, you will not be able to see the events as you intended in the Event Log Viewer - it needs to be able to access the registry to get the .dll name. The current version does not do this. .. method:: emit(record) Determines the message ID, event category and event type, and then logs the message in the NT event log. .. method:: getEventCategory(record) Returns the event category for the record. Override this if you want to specify your own categories. This version returns 0. .. method:: getEventType(record) Returns the event type for the record. Override this if you want to specify your own types. This version does a mapping using the handler's typemap attribute, which is set up in :meth:`__init__` to a dictionary which contains mappings for :const:`DEBUG`, :const:`INFO`, :const:`WARNING`, :const:`ERROR` and :const:`CRITICAL`. If you are using your own levels, you will either need to override this method or place a suitable dictionary in the handler's *typemap* attribute. .. method:: getMessageID(record) Returns the message ID for the record. If you are using your own messages, you could do this by having the *msg* passed to the logger being an ID rather than a format string. Then, in here, you could use a dictionary lookup to get the message ID. This version returns 1, which is the base message ID in :file:`win32service.pyd`. .. _smtp-handler: SMTPHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`SMTPHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports sending logging messages to an email address via SMTP. .. class:: SMTPHandler(mailhost, fromaddr, toaddrs, subject, credentials=None) Returns a new instance of the :class:`SMTPHandler` class. The instance is initialized with the from and to addresses and subject line of the email. The *toaddrs* should be a list of strings. To specify a non-standard SMTP port, use the (host, port) tuple format for the *mailhost* argument. If you use a string, the standard SMTP port is used. If your SMTP server requires authentication, you can specify a (username, password) tuple for the *credentials* argument. .. method:: emit(record) Formats the record and sends it to the specified addressees. .. method:: getSubject(record) If you want to specify a subject line which is record-dependent, override this method. .. _memory-handler: MemoryHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`MemoryHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports buffering of logging records in memory, periodically flushing them to a :dfn:`target` handler. Flushing occurs whenever the buffer is full, or when an event of a certain severity or greater is seen. :class:`MemoryHandler` is a subclass of the more general :class:`BufferingHandler`, which is an abstract class. This buffers logging records in memory. Whenever each record is added to the buffer, a check is made by calling :meth:`shouldFlush` to see if the buffer should be flushed. If it should, then :meth:`flush` is expected to do the needful. .. class:: BufferingHandler(capacity) Initializes the handler with a buffer of the specified capacity. .. method:: emit(record) Appends the record to the buffer. If :meth:`shouldFlush` returns true, calls :meth:`flush` to process the buffer. .. method:: flush() You can override this to implement custom flushing behavior. This version just zaps the buffer to empty. .. method:: shouldFlush(record) Returns true if the buffer is up to capacity. This method can be overridden to implement custom flushing strategies. .. class:: MemoryHandler(capacity, flushLevel=ERROR, target=None) Returns a new instance of the :class:`MemoryHandler` class. The instance is initialized with a buffer size of *capacity*. If *flushLevel* is not specified, :const:`ERROR` is used. If no *target* is specified, the target will need to be set using :meth:`setTarget` before this handler does anything useful. .. method:: close() Calls :meth:`flush`, sets the target to :const:`None` and clears the buffer. .. method:: flush() For a :class:`MemoryHandler`, flushing means just sending the buffered records to the target, if there is one. The buffer is also cleared when this happens. Override if you want different behavior. .. method:: setTarget(target) Sets the target handler for this handler. .. method:: shouldFlush(record) Checks for buffer full or a record at the *flushLevel* or higher. .. _http-handler: HTTPHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^ The :class:`HTTPHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports sending logging messages to a Web server, using either ``GET`` or ``POST`` semantics. .. class:: HTTPHandler(host, url, method='GET', secure=False, credentials=None) Returns a new instance of the :class:`HTTPHandler` class. The *host* can be of the form ``host:port``, should you need to use a specific port number. If no *method* is specified, ``GET`` is used. If *secure* is True, an HTTPS connection will be used. If *credentials* is specified, it should be a 2-tuple consisting of userid and password, which will be placed in an HTTP 'Authorization' header using Basic authentication. If you specify credentials, you should also specify secure=True so that your userid and password are not passed in cleartext across the wire. .. method:: emit(record) Sends the record to the Web server as a percent-encoded dictionary. .. _queue-handler: QueueHandler ^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionadded:: 3.2 The :class:`QueueHandler` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports sending logging messages to a queue, such as those implemented in the :mod:`queue` or :mod:`multiprocessing` modules. Along with the :class:`QueueListener` class, :class:`QueueHandler` can be used to let handlers do their work on a separate thread from the one which does the logging. This is important in Web applications and also other service applications where threads servicing clients need to respond as quickly as possible, while any potentially slow operations (such as sending an email via :class:`SMTPHandler`) are done on a separate thread. .. class:: QueueHandler(queue) Returns a new instance of the :class:`QueueHandler` class. The instance is initialized with the queue to send messages to. The queue can be any queue- like object; it's used as-is by the :meth:`enqueue` method, which needs to know how to send messages to it. .. method:: emit(record) Enqueues the result of preparing the LogRecord. .. method:: prepare(record) Prepares a record for queuing. The object returned by this method is enqueued. The base implementation formats the record to merge the message and arguments, and removes unpickleable items from the record in-place. You might want to override this method if you want to convert the record to a dict or JSON string, or send a modified copy of the record while leaving the original intact. .. method:: enqueue(record) Enqueues the record on the queue using ``put_nowait()``; you may want to override this if you want to use blocking behaviour, or a timeout, or a customised queue implementation. .. queue-listener: QueueListener ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionadded:: 3.2 The :class:`QueueListener` class, located in the :mod:`logging.handlers` module, supports receiving logging messages from a queue, such as those implemented in the :mod:`queue` or :mod:`multiprocessing` modules. The messages are received from a queue in an internal thread and passed, on the same thread, to one or more handlers for processing. While :class:`QueueListener` is not itself a handler, it is documented here because it works hand-in-hand with :class:`QueueHandler`. Along with the :class:`QueueHandler` class, :class:`QueueListener` can be used to let handlers do their work on a separate thread from the one which does the logging. This is important in Web applications and also other service applications where threads servicing clients need to respond as quickly as possible, while any potentially slow operations (such as sending an email via :class:`SMTPHandler`) are done on a separate thread. .. class:: QueueListener(queue, *handlers) Returns a new instance of the :class:`QueueListener` class. The instance is initialized with the queue to send messages to and a list of handlers which will handle entries placed on the queue. The queue can be any queue- like object; it's passed as-is to the :meth:`dequeue` method, which needs to know how to get messages from it. .. method:: dequeue(block) Dequeues a record and return it, optionally blocking. The base implementation uses ``get()``. You may want to override this method if you want to use timeouts or work with custom queue implementations. .. method:: prepare(record) Prepare a record for handling. This implementation just returns the passed-in record. You may want to override this method if you need to do any custom marshalling or manipulation of the record before passing it to the handlers. .. method:: handle(record) Handle a record. This just loops through the handlers offering them the record to handle. The actual object passed to the handlers is that which is returned from :meth:`prepare`. .. method:: start() Starts the listener. This starts up a background thread to monitor the queue for LogRecords to process. .. method:: stop() Stops the listener. This asks the thread to terminate, and then waits for it to do so. Note that if you don't call this before your application exits, there may be some records still left on the queue, which won't be processed. .. seealso:: Module :mod:`logging` API reference for the logging module. Module :mod:`logging.config` Configuration API for the logging module.