"""Object-oriented filesystem paths. This module provides classes to represent abstract paths and concrete paths with operations that have semantics appropriate for different operating systems. """ import fnmatch import functools import io import ntpath import os import posixpath import re import sys import warnings from _collections_abc import Sequence from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes __all__ = [ "PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath", "Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath", ] # # Internals # # Reference for Windows paths can be found at # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file . _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES = frozenset( {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} | {f'COM{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} | {f'LPT{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} ) _WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21 # drive exists but is not accessible _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123 # fix for bpo-35306 _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921 # broken symlink pointing to itself # EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF _IGNORED_ERRNOS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP) _IGNORED_WINERRORS = ( _WINERROR_NOT_READY, _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME, _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME) def _ignore_error(exception): return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERRNOS or getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS) def _is_case_sensitive(flavour): return flavour.normcase('Aa') == 'Aa' # # Globbing helpers # @functools.lru_cache() def _make_selector(pattern_parts, flavour): pat = pattern_parts[0] child_parts = pattern_parts[1:] if not pat: return _TerminatingSelector() if pat == '**': cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector elif pat == '..': cls = _ParentSelector elif '**' in pat: raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component") else: cls = _WildcardSelector return cls(pat, child_parts, flavour) class _Selector: """A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children of a given path.""" def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour): self.child_parts = child_parts if child_parts: self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour) self.dironly = True else: self.successor = _TerminatingSelector() self.dironly = False def select_from(self, parent_path): """Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this selector. This can contain parent_path itself.""" path_cls = type(parent_path) scandir = path_cls._scandir if not parent_path.is_dir(): return iter([]) return self._select_from(parent_path, scandir) class _TerminatingSelector: def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir): yield parent_path class _ParentSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour): _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir): path = parent_path._make_child_relpath('..') for p in self.successor._select_from(path, scandir): yield p class _WildcardSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour): flags = re.NOFLAG if _is_case_sensitive(flavour) else re.IGNORECASE self.match = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat), flags=flags).fullmatch _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir): try: # We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to # avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees. with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) for entry in entries: if self.dironly: try: # "entry.is_dir()" can raise PermissionError # in some cases (see bpo-38894), which is not # among the errors ignored by _ignore_error() if not entry.is_dir(): continue except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise continue name = entry.name if self.match(name): path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name) for p in self.successor._select_from(path, scandir): yield p except PermissionError: return class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour): _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, scandir): yield parent_path try: # We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to # avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees. with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) for entry in entries: entry_is_dir = False try: entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir() except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink(): path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name) for p in self._iterate_directories(path, scandir): yield p except PermissionError: return def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir): try: yielded = set() try: successor_select = self.successor._select_from for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, scandir): for p in successor_select(starting_point, scandir): if p not in yielded: yield p yielded.add(p) finally: yielded.clear() except PermissionError: return # # Public API # class _PathParents(Sequence): """This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself.""" __slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_tail') def __init__(self, path): # We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles self._pathcls = type(path) self._drv = path.drive self._root = path.root self._tail = path._tail def __len__(self): return len(self._tail) def __getitem__(self, idx): if isinstance(idx, slice): return tuple(self[i] for i in range(*idx.indices(len(self)))) if idx >= len(self) or idx < -len(self): raise IndexError(idx) if idx < 0: idx += len(self) return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._tail[:-idx - 1]) def __repr__(self): return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__) class PurePath(object): """Base class for manipulating paths without I/O. PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system, instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes directly, regardless of your system. """ __slots__ = ( # The `_raw_path` slot stores an unnormalized string path. This is set # in the `__init__()` method. '_raw_path', # The `_drv`, `_root` and `_tail_cached` slots store parsed and # normalized parts of the path. They are set when any of the `drive`, # `root` or `_tail` properties are accessed for the first time. The # three-part division corresponds to the result of # `os.path.splitroot()`, except that the tail is further split on path # separators (i.e. it is a list of strings), and that the root and # tail are normalized. '_drv', '_root', '_tail_cached', # The `_str` slot stores the string representation of the path, # computed from the drive, root and tail when `__str__()` is called # for the first time. It's used to implement `_str_normcase` '_str', # The `_str_normcase_cached` slot stores the string path with # normalized case. It is set when the `_str_normcase` property is # accessed for the first time. It's used to implement `__eq__()` # `__hash__()`, and `_parts_normcase` '_str_normcase_cached', # The `_parts_normcase_cached` slot stores the case-normalized # string path after splitting on path separators. It's set when the # `_parts_normcase` property is accessed for the first time. It's used # to implement comparison methods like `__lt__()`. '_parts_normcase_cached', # The `_hash` slot stores the hash of the case-normalized string # path. It's set when `__hash__()` is called for the first time. '_hash', ) _flavour = os.path def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): """Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the new PurePath object. """ if cls is PurePath: cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath return object.__new__(cls) def __reduce__(self): # Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts # when pickling related paths. return (self.__class__, self.parts) def __init__(self, *args): paths = [] for arg in args: if isinstance(arg, PurePath): path = arg._raw_path else: try: path = os.fspath(arg) except TypeError: path = arg if not isinstance(path, str): raise TypeError( "argument should be a str or an os.PathLike " "object where __fspath__ returns a str, " f"not {type(path).__name__!r}") paths.append(path) if len(paths) == 0: self._raw_path = '' elif len(paths) == 1: self._raw_path = paths[0] else: self._raw_path = self._flavour.join(*paths) @classmethod def _parse_path(cls, path): if not path: return '', '', [] sep = cls._flavour.sep altsep = cls._flavour.altsep if altsep: path = path.replace(altsep, sep) drv, root, rel = cls._flavour.splitroot(path) if not root and drv.startswith(sep) and not drv.endswith(sep): drv_parts = drv.split(sep) if len(drv_parts) == 4 and drv_parts[2] not in '?.': # e.g. //server/share root = sep elif len(drv_parts) == 6: # e.g. //?/unc/server/share root = sep parsed = [sys.intern(str(x)) for x in rel.split(sep) if x and x != '.'] return drv, root, parsed def _load_parts(self): drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(self._raw_path) self._drv = drv self._root = root self._tail_cached = tail @classmethod def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, tail): path = cls._format_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail) self = cls(path) self._str = path or '.' self._drv = drv self._root = root self._tail_cached = tail return self @classmethod def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, tail): if drv or root: return drv + root + cls._flavour.sep.join(tail) elif tail and cls._flavour.splitdrive(tail[0])[0]: tail = ['.'] + tail return cls._flavour.sep.join(tail) def __str__(self): """Return the string representation of the path, suitable for passing to system calls.""" try: return self._str except AttributeError: self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail) or '.' return self._str def __fspath__(self): return str(self) def as_posix(self): """Return the string representation of the path with forward (/) slashes.""" f = self._flavour return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/') def __bytes__(self): """Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only recommended to use under Unix.""" return os.fsencode(self) def __repr__(self): return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix()) def as_uri(self): """Return the path as a 'file' URI.""" if not self.is_absolute(): raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI") drive = self.drive if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':': # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b' prefix = 'file:///' + drive path = self.as_posix()[2:] elif drive: # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b' prefix = 'file:' path = self.as_posix() else: # It's a posix path => 'file:///etc/hosts' prefix = 'file://' path = str(self) return prefix + urlquote_from_bytes(os.fsencode(path)) @property def _str_normcase(self): # String with normalized case, for hashing and equality checks try: return self._str_normcase_cached except AttributeError: self._str_normcase_cached = self._flavour.normcase(str(self)) return self._str_normcase_cached @property def _parts_normcase(self): # Cached parts with normalized case, for comparisons. try: return self._parts_normcase_cached except AttributeError: self._parts_normcase_cached = self._str_normcase.split(self._flavour.sep) return self._parts_normcase_cached def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath): return NotImplemented return self._str_normcase == other._str_normcase and self._flavour is other._flavour def __hash__(self): try: return self._hash except AttributeError: self._hash = hash(self._str_normcase) return self._hash def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase < other._parts_normcase def __le__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase <= other._parts_normcase def __gt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase > other._parts_normcase def __ge__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase >= other._parts_normcase @property def drive(self): """The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""" try: return self._drv except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._drv @property def root(self): """The root of the path, if any.""" try: return self._root except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._root @property def _tail(self): try: return self._tail_cached except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._tail_cached @property def anchor(self): """The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''.""" anchor = self.drive + self.root return anchor @property def name(self): """The final path component, if any.""" tail = self._tail if not tail: return '' return tail[-1] @property def suffix(self): """ The final component's last suffix, if any. This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt' """ name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[i:] else: return '' @property def suffixes(self): """ A list of the final component's suffixes, if any. These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz'] """ name = self.name if name.endswith('.'): return [] name = name.lstrip('.') return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]] @property def stem(self): """The final path component, minus its last suffix.""" name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[:i] else: return name def with_name(self, name): """Return a new path with the file name changed.""" if not self.name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) f = self._flavour drv, root, tail = f.splitroot(name) if drv or root or not tail or f.sep in tail or (f.altsep and f.altsep in tail): raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name)) return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail[:-1] + [name]) def with_stem(self, stem): """Return a new path with the stem changed.""" return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix) def with_suffix(self, suffix): """Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty string, remove the suffix from the path. """ f = self._flavour if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix: raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,)) if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.': raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix)) name = self.name if not name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) old_suffix = self.suffix if not old_suffix: name = name + suffix else: name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail[:-1] + [name]) def relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated, walk_up=False): """Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not related to the other path), raise ValueError. The *walk_up* parameter controls whether `..` may be used to resolve the path. """ if _deprecated: msg = ("support for supplying more than one positional argument " "to pathlib.PurePath.relative_to() is deprecated and " "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.relative_to(*args)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) path_cls = type(self) other = path_cls(other, *_deprecated) for step, path in enumerate([other] + list(other.parents)): if self.is_relative_to(path): break else: raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} and {str(other)!r} have different anchors") if step and not walk_up: raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} is not in the subpath of {str(other)!r}") parts = ['..'] * step + self._tail[len(path._tail):] return path_cls(*parts) def is_relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated): """Return True if the path is relative to another path or False. """ if _deprecated: msg = ("support for supplying more than one argument to " "pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to() is deprecated and " "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to(*args)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) other = type(self)(other, *_deprecated) return other == self or other in self.parents @property def parts(self): """An object providing sequence-like access to the components in the filesystem path.""" if self.drive or self.root: return (self.drive + self.root,) + tuple(self._tail) else: return tuple(self._tail) def joinpath(self, *args): """Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is anchored). """ return self.__class__(self, *args) def __truediv__(self, key): try: return self.joinpath(key) except TypeError: return NotImplemented def __rtruediv__(self, key): try: return type(self)(key, self) except TypeError: return NotImplemented @property def parent(self): """The logical parent of the path.""" drv = self.drive root = self.root tail = self._tail if not tail: return self return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail[:-1]) @property def parents(self): """A sequence of this path's logical parents.""" return _PathParents(self) def is_absolute(self): """True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable, a drive).""" # ntpath.isabs() is defective - see GH-44626 . if self._flavour is ntpath: return bool(self.drive and self.root) return self._flavour.isabs(self) def is_reserved(self): """Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved by the system, if any.""" if self._flavour is posixpath or not self._tail: return False # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not # exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths # which are not considered reserved by Windows. if self.drive.startswith('\\\\'): # UNC paths are never reserved. return False name = self._tail[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ') return name.upper() in _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES def match(self, path_pattern): """ Return True if this path matches the given pattern. """ pat = type(self)(path_pattern) if not pat.parts: raise ValueError("empty pattern") pat_parts = pat._parts_normcase parts = self._parts_normcase if pat.drive or pat.root: if len(pat_parts) != len(parts): return False elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts): return False for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)): if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat): return False return True # Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor # optimizations in PurePath.__slots__. os.PathLike.register(PurePath) class PurePosixPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ _flavour = posixpath __slots__ = () class PureWindowsPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ _flavour = ntpath __slots__ = () # Filesystem-accessing classes class Path(PurePath): """PurePath subclass that can make system calls. Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system, instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly, but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa. """ __slots__ = () def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): if kwargs: msg = ("support for supplying keyword arguments to pathlib.PurePath " "is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath(**kwargs)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) super().__init__(*args) def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls is Path: cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath return object.__new__(cls) def _make_child_relpath(self, name): path_str = str(self) tail = self._tail if tail: path_str = f'{path_str}{self._flavour.sep}{name}' elif path_str != '.': path_str = f'{path_str}{name}' else: path_str = name path = type(self)(path_str) path._str = path_str path._drv = self.drive path._root = self.root path._tail_cached = tail + [name] return path def __enter__(self): # In previous versions of pathlib, __exit__() marked this path as # closed; subsequent attempts to perform I/O would raise an IOError. # This functionality was never documented, and had the effect of # making Path objects mutable, contrary to PEP 428. # In Python 3.9 __exit__() was made a no-op. # In Python 3.11 __enter__() began emitting DeprecationWarning. # In Python 3.13 __enter__() and __exit__() should be removed. warnings.warn("pathlib.Path.__enter__() is deprecated and scheduled " "for removal in Python 3.13; Path objects as a context " "manager is a no-op", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) return self def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): pass # Public API @classmethod def cwd(cls): """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory.""" # We call 'absolute()' rather than using 'os.getcwd()' directly to # enable users to replace the implementation of 'absolute()' in a # subclass and benefit from the new behaviour here. This works because # os.path.abspath('.') == os.getcwd(). return cls().absolute() @classmethod def home(cls): """Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as returned by os.path.expanduser('~')). """ return cls("~").expanduser() def samefile(self, other_path): """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file (as returned by os.path.samefile()). """ st = self.stat() try: other_st = other_path.stat() except AttributeError: other_st = self.__class__(other_path).stat() return self._flavour.samestat(st, other_st) def iterdir(self): """Yield path objects of the directory contents. The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '.' and '..' are not included. """ for name in os.listdir(self): yield self._make_child_relpath(name) def _scandir(self): # bpo-24132: a future version of pathlib will support subclassing of # pathlib.Path to customize how the filesystem is accessed. This # includes scandir(), which is used to implement glob(). return os.scandir(self) def glob(self, pattern): """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern) if not pattern: raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern)) drv, root, pattern_parts = self._parse_path(pattern) if drv or root: raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") if pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep): pattern_parts.append('') selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour) for p in selector.select_from(self): yield p def rglob(self, pattern): """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in this subtree. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern) drv, root, pattern_parts = self._parse_path(pattern) if drv or root: raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") if pattern and pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep): pattern_parts.append('') selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour) for p in selector.select_from(self): yield p def absolute(self): """Return an absolute version of this path by prepending the current working directory. No normalization or symlink resolution is performed. Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file. """ if self.is_absolute(): return self elif self.drive: # There is a CWD on each drive-letter drive. cwd = self._flavour.abspath(self.drive) else: cwd = os.getcwd() return type(self)(cwd, self) def resolve(self, strict=False): """ Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also normalizing it. """ def check_eloop(e): winerror = getattr(e, 'winerror', 0) if e.errno == ELOOP or winerror == _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME: raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % e.filename) try: s = self._flavour.realpath(self, strict=strict) except OSError as e: check_eloop(e) raise p = type(self)(s) # In non-strict mode, realpath() doesn't raise on symlink loops. # Ensure we get an exception by calling stat() if not strict: try: p.stat() except OSError as e: check_eloop(e) return p def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like os.stat() does. """ return os.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) def owner(self): """ Return the login name of the file owner. """ try: import pwd return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name except ImportError: raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system") def group(self): """ Return the group name of the file gid. """ try: import grp return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name except ImportError: raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system") def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as the built-in open() function does. """ if "b" not in mode: encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline) def read_bytes(self): """ Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file. """ with self.open(mode='rb') as f: return f.read() def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None): """ Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file. """ encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: return f.read() def write_bytes(self, data): """ Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file. """ # type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file view = memoryview(data) with self.open(mode='wb') as f: return f.write(view) def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file. """ if not isinstance(data, str): raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' % data.__class__.__name__) encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline) as f: return f.write(data) def readlink(self): """ Return the path to which the symbolic link points. """ if not hasattr(os, "readlink"): raise NotImplementedError("os.readlink() not available on this system") return type(self)(os.readlink(self)) def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True): """ Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. """ if exist_ok: # First try to bump modification time # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of # the utimensat() / futimens() functions. try: os.utime(self, None) except OSError: # Avoid exception chaining pass else: return flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY if not exist_ok: flags |= os.O_EXCL fd = os.open(self, flags, mode) os.close(fd) def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False): """ Create a new directory at this given path. """ try: os.mkdir(self, mode) except FileNotFoundError: if not parents or self.parent == self: raise self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok) except OSError: # Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system # could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir(): raise def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). """ os.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) def lchmod(self, mode): """ Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's permissions are changed, rather than its target's. """ self.chmod(mode, follow_symlinks=False) def unlink(self, missing_ok=False): """ Remove this file or link. If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. """ try: os.unlink(self) except FileNotFoundError: if not missing_ok: raise def rmdir(self): """ Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. """ os.rmdir(self) def lstat(self): """ Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's status information is returned, rather than its target's. """ return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False) def rename(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ os.rename(self, target) return self.__class__(target) def replace(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ os.replace(self, target) return self.__class__(target) def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False): """ Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path. Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink. """ if not hasattr(os, "symlink"): raise NotImplementedError("os.symlink() not available on this system") os.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory) def hardlink_to(self, target): """ Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*. Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's. """ if not hasattr(os, "link"): raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system") os.link(target, self) # Convenience functions for querying the stat results def exists(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Whether this path exists. This method normally follows symlinks; to check whether a symlink exists, add the argument follow_symlinks=False. """ try: self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False return True def is_dir(self): """ Whether this path is a directory. """ try: return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_file(self): """ Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing to regular files). """ try: return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_mount(self): """ Check if this path is a mount point """ return self._flavour.ismount(self) def is_symlink(self): """ Whether this path is a symbolic link. """ try: return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_junction(self): """ Whether this path is a junction. """ return self._flavour.isjunction(self) def is_block_device(self): """ Whether this path is a block device. """ try: return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_char_device(self): """ Whether this path is a character device. """ try: return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_fifo(self): """ Whether this path is a FIFO. """ try: return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_socket(self): """ Whether this path is a socket. """ try: return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def expanduser(self): """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs (as returned by os.path.expanduser) """ if (not (self.drive or self.root) and self._tail and self._tail[0][:1] == '~'): homedir = self._flavour.expanduser(self._tail[0]) if homedir[:1] == "~": raise RuntimeError("Could not determine home directory.") drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(homedir) return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail + self._tail[1:]) return self def walk(self, top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False): """Walk the directory tree from this directory, similar to os.walk().""" sys.audit("pathlib.Path.walk", self, on_error, follow_symlinks) paths = [self] while paths: path = paths.pop() if isinstance(path, tuple): yield path continue # We may not have read permission for self, in which case we can't # get a list of the files the directory contains. os.walk() # always suppressed the exception in that instance, rather than # blow up for a minor reason when (say) a thousand readable # directories are still left to visit. That logic is copied here. try: scandir_it = path._scandir() except OSError as error: if on_error is not None: on_error(error) continue with scandir_it: dirnames = [] filenames = [] for entry in scandir_it: try: is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) except OSError: # Carried over from os.path.isdir(). is_dir = False if is_dir: dirnames.append(entry.name) else: filenames.append(entry.name) if top_down: yield path, dirnames, filenames else: paths.append((path, dirnames, filenames)) paths += [path._make_child_relpath(d) for d in reversed(dirnames)] class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath): """Path subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () if os.name == 'nt': def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): raise NotImplementedError( f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system") class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath): """Path subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () if os.name != 'nt': def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): raise NotImplementedError( f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")