"""Object-oriented filesystem paths.
This module provides classes to represent abstract paths and concrete
paths with operations that have semantics appropriate for different
operating systems.
"""
import contextlib
import fnmatch
import functools
import io
import ntpath
import os
import posixpath
import re
import sys
import warnings
from _collections_abc import Sequence
from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP, EINVAL
from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO
try:
import pwd
except ImportError:
pwd = None
try:
import grp
except ImportError:
grp = None
__all__ = [
"UnsupportedOperation",
"PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath",
"Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath",
]
#
# Internals
#
# Maximum number of symlinks to follow in _PathBase.resolve()
_MAX_SYMLINKS = 40
# Reference for Windows paths can be found at
# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file .
_WIN_RESERVED_NAMES = frozenset(
{'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} |
{f'COM{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} |
{f'LPT{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'}
)
_WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21 # drive exists but is not accessible
_WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123 # fix for bpo-35306
_WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921 # broken symlink pointing to itself
# EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF
_IGNORED_ERRNOS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP)
_IGNORED_WINERRORS = (
_WINERROR_NOT_READY,
_WINERROR_INVALID_NAME,
_WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME)
def _ignore_error(exception):
return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERRNOS or
getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS)
@functools.cache
def _is_case_sensitive(pathmod):
return pathmod.normcase('Aa') == 'Aa'
#
# Globbing helpers
#
# fnmatch.translate() returns a regular expression that includes a prefix and
# a suffix, which enable matching newlines and ensure the end of the string is
# matched, respectively. These features are undesirable for our implementation
# of PurePatch.match(), which represents path separators as newlines and joins
# pattern segments together. As a workaround, we define a slice object that
# can remove the prefix and suffix from any translate() result. See the
# _compile_pattern_lines() function for more details.
_FNMATCH_PREFIX, _FNMATCH_SUFFIX = fnmatch.translate('_').split('_')
_FNMATCH_SLICE = slice(len(_FNMATCH_PREFIX), -len(_FNMATCH_SUFFIX))
_SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE = {
'/': str.maketrans({'/': '\n', '\n': '/'}),
'\\': str.maketrans({'\\': '\n', '\n': '\\'}),
}
@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=256)
def _compile_pattern(pat, case_sensitive):
"""Compile given glob pattern to a re.Pattern object (observing case
sensitivity), or None if the pattern should match everything."""
if pat == '*':
return None
flags = re.NOFLAG if case_sensitive else re.IGNORECASE
return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat), flags).match
@functools.lru_cache()
def _compile_pattern_lines(pattern_lines, case_sensitive):
"""Compile the given pattern lines to an `re.Pattern` object.
The *pattern_lines* argument is a glob-style pattern (e.g. '**/*.py') with
its path separators and newlines swapped (e.g. '**\n*.py`). By using
newlines to separate path components, and not setting `re.DOTALL`, we
ensure that the `*` wildcard cannot match path separators.
The returned `re.Pattern` object may have its `match()` method called to
match a complete pattern, or `search()` to match from the right. The
argument supplied to these methods must also have its path separators and
newlines swapped.
"""
# Match the start of the path, or just after a path separator
parts = ['^']
for part in pattern_lines.splitlines(keepends=True):
if part == '*\n':
part = r'.+\n'
elif part == '*':
part = r'.+'
elif part == '**\n':
# '**/' component: we use '[\s\S]' rather than '.' so that path
# separators (i.e. newlines) are matched. The trailing '^' ensures
# we terminate after a path separator (i.e. on a new line).
part = r'[\s\S]*^'
elif part == '**':
# '**' component.
part = r'[\s\S]*'
elif '**' in part:
raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
else:
# Any other component: pass to fnmatch.translate(). We slice off
# the common prefix and suffix added by translate() to ensure that
# re.DOTALL is not set, and the end of the string not matched,
# respectively. With DOTALL not set, '*' wildcards will not match
# path separators, because the '.' characters in the pattern will
# not match newlines.
part = fnmatch.translate(part)[_FNMATCH_SLICE]
parts.append(part)
# Match the end of the path, always.
parts.append(r'\Z')
flags = re.MULTILINE
if not case_sensitive:
flags |= re.IGNORECASE
return re.compile(''.join(parts), flags=flags)
def _select_children(parent_paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks, match):
"""Yield direct children of given paths, filtering by name and type."""
if follow_symlinks is None:
follow_symlinks = True
for parent_path in parent_paths:
try:
# We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to
# avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees.
with parent_path._scandir() as scandir_it:
entries = list(scandir_it)
except OSError:
pass
else:
for entry in entries:
if dir_only:
try:
if not entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks):
continue
except OSError:
continue
name = entry.name
if match is None or match(name):
yield parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)
def _select_recursive(parent_paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks):
"""Yield given paths and all their subdirectories, recursively."""
if follow_symlinks is None:
follow_symlinks = False
for parent_path in parent_paths:
paths = [parent_path]
while paths:
path = paths.pop()
yield path
try:
# We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to
# avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees.
with path._scandir() as scandir_it:
entries = list(scandir_it)
except OSError:
pass
else:
for entry in entries:
try:
if entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks):
paths.append(path._make_child_relpath(entry.name))
continue
except OSError:
pass
if not dir_only:
yield path._make_child_relpath(entry.name)
def _select_unique(paths):
"""Yields the given paths, filtering out duplicates."""
yielded = set()
try:
for path in paths:
path_str = str(path)
if path_str not in yielded:
yield path
yielded.add(path_str)
finally:
yielded.clear()
#
# Public API
#
class UnsupportedOperation(NotImplementedError):
"""An exception that is raised when an unsupported operation is called on
a path object.
"""
pass
class _PathParents(Sequence):
"""This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors
of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself."""
__slots__ = ('_path', '_drv', '_root', '_tail')
def __init__(self, path):
self._path = path
self._drv = path.drive
self._root = path.root
self._tail = path._tail
def __len__(self):
return len(self._tail)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
if isinstance(idx, slice):
return tuple(self[i] for i in range(*idx.indices(len(self))))
if idx >= len(self) or idx < -len(self):
raise IndexError(idx)
if idx < 0:
idx += len(self)
return self._path._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
self._tail[:-idx - 1])
def __repr__(self):
return "<{}.parents>".format(type(self._path).__name__)
class PurePath:
"""Base class for manipulating paths without I/O.
PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which
don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system,
instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a
PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes
directly, regardless of your system.
"""
__slots__ = (
# The `_raw_paths` slot stores unnormalized string paths. This is set
# in the `__init__()` method.
'_raw_paths',
# The `_drv`, `_root` and `_tail_cached` slots store parsed and
# normalized parts of the path. They are set when any of the `drive`,
# `root` or `_tail` properties are accessed for the first time. The
# three-part division corresponds to the result of
# `os.path.splitroot()`, except that the tail is further split on path
# separators (i.e. it is a list of strings), and that the root and
# tail are normalized.
'_drv', '_root', '_tail_cached',
# The `_str` slot stores the string representation of the path,
# computed from the drive, root and tail when `__str__()` is called
# for the first time. It's used to implement `_str_normcase`
'_str',
# The `_str_normcase_cached` slot stores the string path with
# normalized case. It is set when the `_str_normcase` property is
# accessed for the first time. It's used to implement `__eq__()`
# `__hash__()`, and `_parts_normcase`
'_str_normcase_cached',
# The `_parts_normcase_cached` slot stores the case-normalized
# string path after splitting on path separators. It's set when the
# `_parts_normcase` property is accessed for the first time. It's used
# to implement comparison methods like `__lt__()`.
'_parts_normcase_cached',
# The `_lines_cached` slot stores the string path with path separators
# and newlines swapped. This is used to implement `match()`.
'_lines_cached',
# The `_hash` slot stores the hash of the case-normalized string
# path. It's set when `__hash__()` is called for the first time.
'_hash',
# The '_resolving' slot stores a boolean indicating whether the path
# is being processed by `_PathBase.resolve()`. This prevents duplicate
# work from occurring when `resolve()` calls `stat()` or `readlink()`.
'_resolving',
)
pathmod = os.path
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
"""Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing
PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as
to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the
new PurePath object.
"""
if cls is PurePath:
cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath
return object.__new__(cls)
def __reduce__(self):
# Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts
# when pickling related paths.
return (self.__class__, self.parts)
def __init__(self, *args):
paths = []
for arg in args:
if isinstance(arg, PurePath):
if arg.pathmod is ntpath and self.pathmod is posixpath:
# GH-103631: Convert separators for backwards compatibility.
paths.extend(path.replace('\\', '/') for path in arg._raw_paths)
else:
paths.extend(arg._raw_paths)
else:
try:
path = os.fspath(arg)
except TypeError:
path = arg
if not isinstance(path, str):
raise TypeError(
"argument should be a str or an os.PathLike "
"object where __fspath__ returns a str, "
f"not {type(path).__name__!r}")
paths.append(path)
self._raw_paths = paths
self._resolving = False
def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
"""Construct a new path object from any number of path-like objects.
Subclasses may override this method to customize how new path objects
are created from methods like `iterdir()`.
"""
return type(self)(*pathsegments)
@classmethod
def _parse_path(cls, path):
if not path:
return '', '', []
sep = cls.pathmod.sep
altsep = cls.pathmod.altsep
if altsep:
path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
drv, root, rel = cls.pathmod.splitroot(path)
if not root and drv.startswith(sep) and not drv.endswith(sep):
drv_parts = drv.split(sep)
if len(drv_parts) == 4 and drv_parts[2] not in '?.':
# e.g. //server/share
root = sep
elif len(drv_parts) == 6:
# e.g. //?/unc/server/share
root = sep
parsed = [sys.intern(str(x)) for x in rel.split(sep) if x and x != '.']
return drv, root, parsed
def _load_parts(self):
paths = self._raw_paths
if len(paths) == 0:
path = ''
elif len(paths) == 1:
path = paths[0]
else:
path = self.pathmod.join(*paths)
drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(path)
self._drv = drv
self._root = root
self._tail_cached = tail
def _from_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, tail):
path_str = self._format_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail)
path = self.with_segments(path_str)
path._str = path_str or '.'
path._drv = drv
path._root = root
path._tail_cached = tail
return path
@classmethod
def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, tail):
if drv or root:
return drv + root + cls.pathmod.sep.join(tail)
elif tail and cls.pathmod.splitdrive(tail[0])[0]:
tail = ['.'] + tail
return cls.pathmod.sep.join(tail)
def __str__(self):
"""Return the string representation of the path, suitable for
passing to system calls."""
try:
return self._str
except AttributeError:
self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
self._tail) or '.'
return self._str
def __fspath__(self):
return str(self)
def as_posix(self):
"""Return the string representation of the path with forward (/)
slashes."""
return str(self).replace(self.pathmod.sep, '/')
def __bytes__(self):
"""Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only
recommended to use under Unix."""
return os.fsencode(self)
def __repr__(self):
return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix())
def as_uri(self):
"""Return the path as a URI."""
if not self.is_absolute():
raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI")
drive = self.drive
if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':
# It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'
prefix = 'file:///' + drive
path = self.as_posix()[2:]
elif drive:
# It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'
prefix = 'file:'
path = self.as_posix()
else:
# It's a posix path => 'file:///etc/hosts'
prefix = 'file://'
path = str(self)
from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes
return prefix + quote_from_bytes(os.fsencode(path))
@property
def _str_normcase(self):
# String with normalized case, for hashing and equality checks
try:
return self._str_normcase_cached
except AttributeError:
if _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod):
self._str_normcase_cached = str(self)
else:
self._str_normcase_cached = str(self).lower()
return self._str_normcase_cached
@property
def _parts_normcase(self):
# Cached parts with normalized case, for comparisons.
try:
return self._parts_normcase_cached
except AttributeError:
self._parts_normcase_cached = self._str_normcase.split(self.pathmod.sep)
return self._parts_normcase_cached
@property
def _lines(self):
# Path with separators and newlines swapped, for pattern matching.
try:
return self._lines_cached
except AttributeError:
path_str = str(self)
if path_str == '.':
self._lines_cached = ''
else:
trans = _SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE[self.pathmod.sep]
self._lines_cached = path_str.translate(trans)
return self._lines_cached
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath):
return NotImplemented
return self._str_normcase == other._str_normcase and self.pathmod is other.pathmod
def __hash__(self):
try:
return self._hash
except AttributeError:
self._hash = hash(self._str_normcase)
return self._hash
def __lt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod:
return NotImplemented
return self._parts_normcase < other._parts_normcase
def __le__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod:
return NotImplemented
return self._parts_normcase <= other._parts_normcase
def __gt__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod:
return NotImplemented
return self._parts_normcase > other._parts_normcase
def __ge__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod:
return NotImplemented
return self._parts_normcase >= other._parts_normcase
@property
def drive(self):
"""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any."""
try:
return self._drv
except AttributeError:
self._load_parts()
return self._drv
@property
def root(self):
"""The root of the path, if any."""
try:
return self._root
except AttributeError:
self._load_parts()
return self._root
@property
def _tail(self):
try:
return self._tail_cached
except AttributeError:
self._load_parts()
return self._tail_cached
@property
def anchor(self):
"""The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''."""
anchor = self.drive + self.root
return anchor
@property
def name(self):
"""The final path component, if any."""
tail = self._tail
if not tail:
return ''
return tail[-1]
@property
def suffix(self):
"""
The final component's last suffix, if any.
This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt'
"""
name = self.name
i = name.rfind('.')
if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
return name[i:]
else:
return ''
@property
def suffixes(self):
"""
A list of the final component's suffixes, if any.
These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz']
"""
name = self.name
if name.endswith('.'):
return []
name = name.lstrip('.')
return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]]
@property
def stem(self):
"""The final path component, minus its last suffix."""
name = self.name
i = name.rfind('.')
if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
return name[:i]
else:
return name
def with_name(self, name):
"""Return a new path with the file name changed."""
if not self.name:
raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
m = self.pathmod
drv, root, tail = m.splitroot(name)
if drv or root or not tail or m.sep in tail or (m.altsep and m.altsep in tail):
raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name))
return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
self._tail[:-1] + [name])
def with_stem(self, stem):
"""Return a new path with the stem changed."""
return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
def with_suffix(self, suffix):
"""Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path
has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty
string, remove the suffix from the path.
"""
m = self.pathmod
if m.sep in suffix or m.altsep and m.altsep in suffix:
raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,))
if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.':
raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix))
name = self.name
if not name:
raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
old_suffix = self.suffix
if not old_suffix:
name = name + suffix
else:
name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix
return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
self._tail[:-1] + [name])
def relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated, walk_up=False):
"""Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed
arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not
related to the other path), raise ValueError.
The *walk_up* parameter controls whether `..` may be used to resolve
the path.
"""
if _deprecated:
msg = ("support for supplying more than one positional argument "
"to pathlib.PurePath.relative_to() is deprecated and "
"scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.relative_to(*args)", msg,
remove=(3, 14))
other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated)
for step, path in enumerate([other] + list(other.parents)):
if self.is_relative_to(path):
break
elif not walk_up:
raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} is not in the subpath of {str(other)!r}")
elif path.name == '..':
raise ValueError(f"'..' segment in {str(other)!r} cannot be walked")
else:
raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} and {str(other)!r} have different anchors")
parts = ['..'] * step + self._tail[len(path._tail):]
return self.with_segments(*parts)
def is_relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated):
"""Return True if the path is relative to another path or False.
"""
if _deprecated:
msg = ("support for supplying more than one argument to "
"pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to() is deprecated and "
"scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to(*args)",
msg, remove=(3, 14))
other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated)
return other == self or other in self.parents
@property
def parts(self):
"""An object providing sequence-like access to the
components in the filesystem path."""
if self.drive or self.root:
return (self.drive + self.root,) + tuple(self._tail)
else:
return tuple(self._tail)
def joinpath(self, *pathsegments):
"""Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a
new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative
paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is
anchored).
"""
return self.with_segments(self, *pathsegments)
def __truediv__(self, key):
try:
return self.joinpath(key)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
def __rtruediv__(self, key):
try:
return self.with_segments(key, self)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
@property
def parent(self):
"""The logical parent of the path."""
drv = self.drive
root = self.root
tail = self._tail
if not tail:
return self
path = self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail[:-1])
path._resolving = self._resolving
return path
@property
def parents(self):
"""A sequence of this path's logical parents."""
# The value of this property should not be cached on the path object,
# as doing so would introduce a reference cycle.
return _PathParents(self)
def is_absolute(self):
"""True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,
a drive)."""
if self.pathmod is ntpath:
# ntpath.isabs() is defective - see GH-44626.
return bool(self.drive and self.root)
elif self.pathmod is posixpath:
# Optimization: work with raw paths on POSIX.
for path in self._raw_paths:
if path.startswith('/'):
return True
return False
else:
return self.pathmod.isabs(str(self))
def is_reserved(self):
"""Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved
by the system, if any."""
if self.pathmod is posixpath or not self._tail:
return False
# NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
# (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not
# exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths
# which are not considered reserved by Windows.
if self.drive.startswith('\\\\'):
# UNC paths are never reserved.
return False
name = self._tail[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ')
return name.upper() in _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES
def match(self, path_pattern, *, case_sensitive=None):
"""
Return True if this path matches the given pattern.
"""
if not isinstance(path_pattern, PurePath):
path_pattern = self.with_segments(path_pattern)
if case_sensitive is None:
case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod)
pattern = _compile_pattern_lines(path_pattern._lines, case_sensitive)
if path_pattern.drive or path_pattern.root:
return pattern.match(self._lines) is not None
elif path_pattern._tail:
return pattern.search(self._lines) is not None
else:
raise ValueError("empty pattern")
# Subclassing os.PathLike makes isinstance() checks slower,
# which in turn makes Path construction slower. Register instead!
os.PathLike.register(PurePath)
class PurePosixPath(PurePath):
"""PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems.
On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
"""
pathmod = posixpath
__slots__ = ()
class PureWindowsPath(PurePath):
"""PurePath subclass for Windows systems.
On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
"""
pathmod = ntpath
__slots__ = ()
# Filesystem-accessing classes
class _PathBase(PurePath):
"""Base class for concrete path objects.
This class provides dummy implementations for many methods that derived
classes can override selectively; the default implementations raise
UnsupportedOperation. The most basic methods, such as stat() and open(),
directly raise UnsupportedOperation; these basic methods are called by
other methods such as is_dir() and read_text().
The Path class derives this class to implement local filesystem paths.
Users may derive their own classes to implement virtual filesystem paths,
such as paths in archive files or on remote storage systems.
"""
__slots__ = ()
__bytes__ = None
__fspath__ = None # virtual paths have no local file system representation
@classmethod
def _unsupported(cls, method_name):
msg = f"{cls.__name__}.{method_name}() is unsupported"
if issubclass(cls, Path):
msg += " on this system"
raise UnsupportedOperation(msg)
def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
os.stat() does.
"""
self._unsupported("stat")
def lstat(self):
"""
Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
status information is returned, rather than its target's.
"""
return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
# Convenience functions for querying the stat results
def exists(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Whether this path exists.
This method normally follows symlinks; to check whether a symlink exists,
add the argument follow_symlinks=False.
"""
try:
self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
return True
def is_dir(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Whether this path is a directory.
"""
try:
return S_ISDIR(self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks).st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_file(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
to regular files).
"""
try:
return S_ISREG(self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks).st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_mount(self):
"""
Check if this path is a mount point
"""
# Need to exist and be a dir
if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir():
return False
try:
parent_dev = self.parent.stat().st_dev
except OSError:
return False
dev = self.stat().st_dev
if dev != parent_dev:
return True
ino = self.stat().st_ino
parent_ino = self.parent.stat().st_ino
return ino == parent_ino
def is_symlink(self):
"""
Whether this path is a symbolic link.
"""
try:
return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_junction(self):
"""
Whether this path is a junction.
"""
# Junctions are a Windows-only feature, not present in POSIX nor the
# majority of virtual filesystems. There is no cross-platform idiom
# to check for junctions (using stat().st_mode).
return False
def is_block_device(self):
"""
Whether this path is a block device.
"""
try:
return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_char_device(self):
"""
Whether this path is a character device.
"""
try:
return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_fifo(self):
"""
Whether this path is a FIFO.
"""
try:
return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def is_socket(self):
"""
Whether this path is a socket.
"""
try:
return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode)
except OSError as e:
if not _ignore_error(e):
raise
# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
# (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
return False
except ValueError:
# Non-encodable path
return False
def samefile(self, other_path):
"""Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
(as returned by os.path.samefile()).
"""
st = self.stat()
try:
other_st = other_path.stat()
except AttributeError:
other_st = self.with_segments(other_path).stat()
return (st.st_ino == other_st.st_ino and
st.st_dev == other_st.st_dev)
def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
errors=None, newline=None):
"""
Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as
the built-in open() function does.
"""
self._unsupported("open")
def read_bytes(self):
"""
Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file.
"""
with self.open(mode='rb') as f:
return f.read()
def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
"""
Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file.
"""
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
return f.read()
def write_bytes(self, data):
"""
Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file.
"""
# type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file
view = memoryview(data)
with self.open(mode='wb') as f:
return f.write(view)
def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None):
"""
Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file.
"""
if not isinstance(data, str):
raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' %
data.__class__.__name__)
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline) as f:
return f.write(data)
def iterdir(self):
"""Yield path objects of the directory contents.
The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the
special entries '.' and '..' are not included.
"""
self._unsupported("iterdir")
def _scandir(self):
# Emulate os.scandir(), which returns an object that can be used as a
# context manager. This method is called by walk() and glob().
return contextlib.nullcontext(self.iterdir())
def _make_child_relpath(self, name):
sep = self.pathmod.sep
lines_name = name.replace('\n', sep)
lines_str = self._lines
path_str = str(self)
tail = self._tail
if tail:
path_str = f'{path_str}{sep}{name}'
lines_str = f'{lines_str}\n{lines_name}'
elif path_str != '.':
path_str = f'{path_str}{name}'
lines_str = f'{lines_str}{lines_name}'
else:
path_str = name
lines_str = lines_name
path = self.with_segments(path_str)
path._str = path_str
path._drv = self.drive
path._root = self.root
path._tail_cached = tail + [name]
path._lines_cached = lines_str
return path
def glob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, follow_symlinks=None):
"""Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern.
"""
sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern)
return self._glob(pattern, case_sensitive, follow_symlinks)
def rglob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, follow_symlinks=None):
"""Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in
this subtree.
"""
sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern)
return self._glob(f'**/{pattern}', case_sensitive, follow_symlinks)
def _glob(self, pattern, case_sensitive, follow_symlinks):
path_pattern = self.with_segments(pattern)
if path_pattern.drive or path_pattern.root:
raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
elif not path_pattern._tail:
raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern))
pattern_parts = list(path_pattern._tail)
if pattern[-1] in (self.pathmod.sep, self.pathmod.altsep):
# GH-65238: pathlib doesn't preserve trailing slash. Add it back.
pattern_parts.append('')
if pattern_parts[-1] == '**':
# GH-70303: '**' only matches directories. Add trailing slash.
warnings.warn(
"Pattern ending '**' will match files and directories in a "
"future Python release. Add a trailing slash to match only "
"directories and remove this warning.",
FutureWarning, 3)
pattern_parts.append('')
if case_sensitive is None:
# TODO: evaluate case-sensitivity of each directory in _select_children().
case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod)
# If symlinks are handled consistently, and the pattern does not
# contain '..' components, then we can use a 'walk-and-match' strategy
# when expanding '**' wildcards. When a '**' wildcard is encountered,
# all following pattern parts are immediately consumed and used to
# build a `re.Pattern` object. This pattern is used to filter the
# recursive walk. As a result, pattern parts following a '**' wildcard
# do not perform any filesystem access, which can be much faster!
filter_paths = follow_symlinks is not None and '..' not in pattern_parts
deduplicate_paths = False
paths = iter([self] if self.is_dir() else [])
part_idx = 0
while part_idx < len(pattern_parts):
part = pattern_parts[part_idx]
part_idx += 1
if part == '':
# Trailing slash.
pass
elif part == '..':
paths = (path._make_child_relpath('..') for path in paths)
elif part == '**':
# Consume adjacent '**' components.
while part_idx < len(pattern_parts) and pattern_parts[part_idx] == '**':
part_idx += 1
if filter_paths and part_idx < len(pattern_parts) and pattern_parts[part_idx] != '':
dir_only = pattern_parts[-1] == ''
paths = _select_recursive(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks)
# Filter out paths that don't match pattern.
prefix_len = len(self._make_child_relpath('_')._lines) - 1
match = _compile_pattern_lines(path_pattern._lines, case_sensitive).match
paths = (path for path in paths if match(path._lines[prefix_len:]))
return paths
dir_only = part_idx < len(pattern_parts)
paths = _select_recursive(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks)
if deduplicate_paths:
# De-duplicate if we've already seen a '**' component.
paths = _select_unique(paths)
deduplicate_paths = True
elif '**' in part:
raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
else:
dir_only = part_idx < len(pattern_parts)
match = _compile_pattern(part, case_sensitive)
paths = _select_children(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks, match)
return paths
def walk(self, top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False):
"""Walk the directory tree from this directory, similar to os.walk()."""
sys.audit("pathlib.Path.walk", self, on_error, follow_symlinks)
paths = [self]
while paths:
path = paths.pop()
if isinstance(path, tuple):
yield path
continue
# We may not have read permission for self, in which case we can't
# get a list of the files the directory contains. os.walk()
# always suppressed the exception in that instance, rather than
# blow up for a minor reason when (say) a thousand readable
# directories are still left to visit. That logic is copied here.
try:
scandir_obj = path._scandir()
except OSError as error:
if on_error is not None:
on_error(error)
continue
with scandir_obj as scandir_it:
dirnames = []
filenames = []
for entry in scandir_it:
try:
is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
except OSError:
# Carried over from os.path.isdir().
is_dir = False
if is_dir:
dirnames.append(entry.name)
else:
filenames.append(entry.name)
if top_down:
yield path, dirnames, filenames
else:
paths.append((path, dirnames, filenames))
paths += [path._make_child_relpath(d) for d in reversed(dirnames)]
def absolute(self):
"""Return an absolute version of this path
No normalization or symlink resolution is performed.
Use resolve() to resolve symlinks and remove '..' segments.
"""
self._unsupported("absolute")
@classmethod
def cwd(cls):
"""Return a new path pointing to the current working directory."""
# We call 'absolute()' rather than using 'os.getcwd()' directly to
# enable users to replace the implementation of 'absolute()' in a
# subclass and benefit from the new behaviour here. This works because
# os.path.abspath('.') == os.getcwd().
return cls().absolute()
def expanduser(self):
""" Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
(as returned by os.path.expanduser)
"""
self._unsupported("expanduser")
@classmethod
def home(cls):
"""Return a new path pointing to expanduser('~').
"""
return cls("~").expanduser()
def readlink(self):
"""
Return the path to which the symbolic link points.
"""
self._unsupported("readlink")
readlink._supported = False
def _split_stack(self):
"""
Split the path into a 2-tuple (anchor, parts), where *anchor* is the
uppermost parent of the path (equivalent to path.parents[-1]), and
*parts* is a reversed list of parts following the anchor.
"""
return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, []), self._tail[::-1]
def resolve(self, strict=False):
"""
Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
normalizing it.
"""
if self._resolving:
return self
try:
path = self.absolute()
except UnsupportedOperation:
path = self
# If the user has *not* overridden the `readlink()` method, then symlinks are unsupported
# and (in non-strict mode) we can improve performance by not calling `stat()`.
querying = strict or getattr(self.readlink, '_supported', True)
link_count = 0
stat_cache = {}
target_cache = {}
path, parts = path._split_stack()
while parts:
part = parts.pop()
if part == '..':
if not path._tail:
if path.root:
# Delete '..' segment immediately following root
continue
elif path._tail[-1] != '..':
# Delete '..' segment and its predecessor
path = path.parent
continue
# Join the current part onto the path.
path_parent = path
path = path._make_child_relpath(part)
if querying and part != '..':
path._resolving = True
try:
st = stat_cache.get(path)
if st is None:
st = stat_cache[path] = path.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
if S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
# Like Linux and macOS, raise OSError(errno.ELOOP) if too many symlinks are
# encountered during resolution.
link_count += 1
if link_count >= _MAX_SYMLINKS:
raise OSError(ELOOP, "Too many symbolic links in path", str(path))
target = target_cache.get(path)
if target is None:
target = target_cache[path] = path.readlink()
target, target_parts = target._split_stack()
# If the symlink target is absolute (like '/etc/hosts'), set the current
# path to its uppermost parent (like '/'). If not, the symlink target is
# relative to the symlink parent, which we recorded earlier.
path = target if target.root else path_parent
# Add the symlink target's reversed tail parts (like ['hosts', 'etc']) to
# the stack of unresolved path parts.
parts.extend(target_parts)
elif parts and not S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
raise NotADirectoryError(ENOTDIR, "Not a directory", str(path))
except OSError:
if strict:
raise
else:
querying = False
path._resolving = False
return path
def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False):
"""
Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path.
Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink.
"""
self._unsupported("symlink_to")
def hardlink_to(self, target):
"""
Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*.
Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's.
"""
self._unsupported("hardlink_to")
def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
"""
Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
"""
self._unsupported("touch")
def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False):
"""
Create a new directory at this given path.
"""
self._unsupported("mkdir")
def rename(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
self._unsupported("rename")
def replace(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
self._unsupported("replace")
def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
"""
self._unsupported("chmod")
def lchmod(self, mode):
"""
Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
permissions are changed, rather than its target's.
"""
self.chmod(mode, follow_symlinks=False)
def unlink(self, missing_ok=False):
"""
Remove this file or link.
If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
"""
self._unsupported("unlink")
def rmdir(self):
"""
Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.
"""
self._unsupported("rmdir")
def owner(self):
"""
Return the login name of the file owner.
"""
self._unsupported("owner")
def group(self):
"""
Return the group name of the file gid.
"""
self._unsupported("group")
@classmethod
def from_uri(cls, uri):
"""Return a new path from the given 'file' URI."""
cls._unsupported("from_uri")
def as_uri(self):
"""Return the path as a URI."""
self._unsupported("as_uri")
class Path(_PathBase):
"""PurePath subclass that can make system calls.
Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers
methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system,
instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath
object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly,
but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa.
"""
__slots__ = ()
__bytes__ = PurePath.__bytes__
__fspath__ = PurePath.__fspath__
as_uri = PurePath.as_uri
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if kwargs:
msg = ("support for supplying keyword arguments to pathlib.PurePath "
"is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath(**kwargs)", msg, remove=(3, 14))
super().__init__(*args)
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if cls is Path:
cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
return object.__new__(cls)
def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
os.stat() does.
"""
return os.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
def is_mount(self):
"""
Check if this path is a mount point
"""
return os.path.ismount(self)
def is_junction(self):
"""
Whether this path is a junction.
"""
return os.path.isjunction(self)
def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
errors=None, newline=None):
"""
Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as
the built-in open() function does.
"""
if "b" not in mode:
encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline)
def iterdir(self):
"""Yield path objects of the directory contents.
The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the
special entries '.' and '..' are not included.
"""
return (self._make_child_relpath(name) for name in os.listdir(self))
def _scandir(self):
return os.scandir(self)
def absolute(self):
"""Return an absolute version of this path
No normalization or symlink resolution is performed.
Use resolve() to resolve symlinks and remove '..' segments.
"""
if self.is_absolute():
return self
elif self.drive:
# There is a CWD on each drive-letter drive.
cwd = os.path.abspath(self.drive)
else:
cwd = os.getcwd()
# Fast path for "empty" paths, e.g. Path("."), Path("") or Path().
# We pass only one argument to with_segments() to avoid the cost
# of joining, and we exploit the fact that getcwd() returns a
# fully-normalized string by storing it in _str. This is used to
# implement Path.cwd().
if not self.root and not self._tail:
result = self.with_segments(cwd)
result._str = cwd
return result
return self.with_segments(cwd, self)
def resolve(self, strict=False):
"""
Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
normalizing it.
"""
return self.with_segments(os.path.realpath(self, strict=strict))
if pwd:
def owner(self):
"""
Return the login name of the file owner.
"""
return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name
if grp:
def group(self):
"""
Return the group name of the file gid.
"""
return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name
if hasattr(os, "readlink"):
def readlink(self):
"""
Return the path to which the symbolic link points.
"""
return self.with_segments(os.readlink(self))
def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
"""
Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
"""
if exist_ok:
# First try to bump modification time
# Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of
# the utimensat() / futimens() functions.
try:
os.utime(self, None)
except OSError:
# Avoid exception chaining
pass
else:
return
flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
if not exist_ok:
flags |= os.O_EXCL
fd = os.open(self, flags, mode)
os.close(fd)
def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False):
"""
Create a new directory at this given path.
"""
try:
os.mkdir(self, mode)
except FileNotFoundError:
if not parents or self.parent == self:
raise
self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok)
except OSError:
# Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system
# could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS
if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir():
raise
def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True):
"""
Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
"""
os.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
def unlink(self, missing_ok=False):
"""
Remove this file or link.
If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
"""
try:
os.unlink(self)
except FileNotFoundError:
if not missing_ok:
raise
def rmdir(self):
"""
Remove this directory. The directory must be empty.
"""
os.rmdir(self)
def rename(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
os.rename(self, target)
return self.with_segments(target)
def replace(self, target):
"""
Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists.
The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
directory of the Path object.
Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
"""
os.replace(self, target)
return self.with_segments(target)
if hasattr(os, "symlink"):
def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False):
"""
Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path.
Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink.
"""
os.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory)
if hasattr(os, "link"):
def hardlink_to(self, target):
"""
Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*.
Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's.
"""
os.link(target, self)
def expanduser(self):
""" Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
(as returned by os.path.expanduser)
"""
if (not (self.drive or self.root) and
self._tail and self._tail[0][:1] == '~'):
homedir = os.path.expanduser(self._tail[0])
if homedir[:1] == "~":
raise RuntimeError("Could not determine home directory.")
drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(homedir)
return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail + self._tail[1:])
return self
@classmethod
def from_uri(cls, uri):
"""Return a new path from the given 'file' URI."""
if not uri.startswith('file:'):
raise ValueError(f"URI does not start with 'file:': {uri!r}")
path = uri[5:]
if path[:3] == '///':
# Remove empty authority
path = path[2:]
elif path[:12] == '//localhost/':
# Remove 'localhost' authority
path = path[11:]
if path[:3] == '///' or (path[:1] == '/' and path[2:3] in ':|'):
# Remove slash before DOS device/UNC path
path = path[1:]
if path[1:2] == '|':
# Replace bar with colon in DOS drive
path = path[:1] + ':' + path[2:]
from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes
path = cls(os.fsdecode(unquote_to_bytes(path)))
if not path.is_absolute():
raise ValueError(f"URI is not absolute: {uri!r}")
return path
class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath):
"""Path subclass for non-Windows systems.
On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
"""
__slots__ = ()
if os.name == 'nt':
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
raise UnsupportedOperation(
f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")
class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
"""Path subclass for Windows systems.
On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object.
"""
__slots__ = ()
if os.name != 'nt':
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
raise UnsupportedOperation(
f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")