# subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams # # For more information about this module, see PEP 324. # # This module should remain compatible with Python 2.2, see PEP 291. # # Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by Peter Astrand # # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. # See http://www.python.org/2.4/license for licensing details. r"""subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several other, older modules and functions, like: os.system os.spawn* os.popen* popen2.* commands.* Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these modules and functions can be found below. Using the subprocess module =========================== This module defines one class called Popen: class Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0): Arguments are: args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument. On UNIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally be a sequence. A string will be treated as a sequence with the string as the only item (the program to execute). On UNIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the command string to execute through the shell. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional shell arguments. On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string using the list2cmdline method. Please note that not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same way: The list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same rules as the MS C runtime. bufsize, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in open() function: 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size. A negative bufsize means to use the system default, which usually means fully buffered. The default value for bufsize is 0 (unbuffered). stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection will occur; the child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout. If preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the child process just before the child is executed. If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be closed before the child process is executed. if shell is true, the specified command will be executed through the shell. If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd before the child is executed. If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the new process. If universal_newlines is true, the file objects stdout and stderr are opened as a text files, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n', the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the Macintosh convention or '\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python program. Note: This feature is only available if Python is built with universal newline support (the default). Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the communicate() method. The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as appearance of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only) This module also defines two shortcut functions: call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: retcode = call(["ls", "-l"]) check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: check_call(["ls", "-l"]) Exceptions ---------- Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute called 'child_traceback', which is a string containing traceback information from the childs point of view. The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for OSErrors. A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments. check_call() will raise CalledProcessError, if the called process returns a non-zero return code. Security -------- Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes. Popen objects ============= Instances of the Popen class have the following methods: poll() Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. wait() Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute. communicate(input=None) Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr). Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited. The following attributes are also available: stdin If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stdout If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stderr If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. pid The process ID of the child process. returncode The child return code. A None value indicates that the process hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the child was terminated by signal N (UNIX only). Replacing older functions with the subprocess module ==================================================== In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement for a. Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError exception. In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is imported with "from subprocess import *". Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote --------------------------------- output=`mycmd myarg` ==> output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0] Replacing shell pipe line ------------------------- output=`dmesg | grep hda` ==> p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) output = p2.communicate()[0] Replacing os.system() --------------------- sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg") ==> p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) pid, sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0) Note: * Calling the program through the shell is usually not required. * It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the exitstatus. A more real-world example would look like this: try: retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) if retcode < 0: print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode else: print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode except OSError, e: print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e Replacing os.spawn* ------------------- P_NOWAIT example: pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid P_WAIT example: retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]) Vector example: os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args) ==> Popen([path] + args[1:]) Environment example: os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env) ==> Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"}) Replacing os.popen* ------------------- pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='r', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout pipe = os.popen(cmd, mode='w', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin (child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(cmd, mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout) (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = os.popen3(cmd, mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr) (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4(cmd, mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout) Replacing popen2.* ------------------ Note: If the cmd argument to popen2 functions is a string, the command is executed through /bin/sh. If it is a list, the command is directly executed. (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin) The popen2.Popen3 and popen3.Popen4 basically works as subprocess.Popen, except that: * subprocess.Popen raises an exception if the execution fails * the capturestderr argument is replaced with the stderr argument. * stdin=PIPE and stdout=PIPE must be specified. * popen2 closes all filedescriptors by default, but you have to specify close_fds=True with subprocess.Popen. """ import sys mswindows = (sys.platform == "win32") import os import types import traceback # Exception classes used by this module. class CalledProcessError(Exception): """This exception is raised when a process run by check_call() returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status will be stored in the returncode attribute.""" def __init__(self, returncode, cmd): self.returncode = returncode self.cmd = cmd def __str__(self): return "Command '%s' returned non-zero exit status %d" % (self.cmd, self.returncode) if mswindows: import threading import msvcrt if 0: # <-- change this to use pywin32 instead of the _subprocess driver import pywintypes from win32api import GetStdHandle, STD_INPUT_HANDLE, \ STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, STD_ERROR_HANDLE from win32api import GetCurrentProcess, DuplicateHandle, \ GetModuleFileName, GetVersion from win32con import DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS, SW_HIDE from win32pipe import CreatePipe from win32process import CreateProcess, STARTUPINFO, \ GetExitCodeProcess, STARTF_USESTDHANDLES, \ STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW, CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE from win32event import WaitForSingleObject, INFINITE, WAIT_OBJECT_0 else: from _subprocess import * class STARTUPINFO: dwFlags = 0 hStdInput = None hStdOutput = None hStdError = None wShowWindow = 0 class pywintypes: error = IOError else: import select import errno import fcntl import pickle __all__ = ["Popen", "PIPE", "STDOUT", "call", "check_call", "CalledProcessError"] try: MAXFD = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX") except: MAXFD = 256 # True/False does not exist on 2.2.0 try: False except NameError: False = 0 True = 1 _active = [] def _cleanup(): for inst in _active[:]: res = inst.poll(_deadstate=sys.maxint) if res is not None and res >= 0: try: _active.remove(inst) except ValueError: # This can happen if two threads create a new Popen instance. # It's harmless that it was already removed, so ignore. pass PIPE = -1 STDOUT = -2 def call(*popenargs, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: retcode = call(["ls", "-l"]) """ return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait() def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: check_call(["ls", "-l"]) """ retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs) cmd = kwargs.get("args") if cmd is None: cmd = popenargs[0] if retcode: raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd) return retcode def list2cmdline(seq): """ Translate a sequence of arguments into a command line string, using the same rules as the MS C runtime: 1) Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab. 2) A string surrounded by double quotation marks is interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A quoted string can be embedded in an argument. 3) A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is interpreted as a literal double quotation mark. 4) Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede a double quotation mark. 5) If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark, every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal backslash. If the number of backslashes is odd, the last backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as described in rule 3. """ # See # http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/vccelng/htm/progs_12.asp result = [] needquote = False for arg in seq: bs_buf = [] # Add a space to separate this argument from the others if result: result.append(' ') needquote = (" " in arg) or ("\t" in arg) or arg == "" if needquote: result.append('"') for c in arg: if c == '\\': # Don't know if we need to double yet. bs_buf.append(c) elif c == '"': # Double backspaces. result.append('\\' * len(bs_buf)*2) bs_buf = [] result.append('\\"') else: # Normal char if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) bs_buf = [] result.append(c) # Add remaining backspaces, if any. if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) if needquote: result.extend(bs_buf) result.append('"') return ''.join(result) class Popen(object): def __init__(self, args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0): """Create new Popen instance.""" _cleanup() self._child_created = False if not isinstance(bufsize, int): raise TypeError("bufsize must be an integer") if mswindows: if preexec_fn is not None: raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on Windows " "platforms") if close_fds: raise ValueError("close_fds is not supported on Windows " "platforms") else: # POSIX if startupinfo is not None: raise ValueError("startupinfo is only supported on Windows " "platforms") if creationflags != 0: raise ValueError("creationflags is only supported on Windows " "platforms") self.stdin = None self.stdout = None self.stderr = None self.pid = None self.returncode = None self.universal_newlines = universal_newlines # Input and output objects. The general principle is like # this: # # Parent Child # ------ ----- # p2cwrite ---stdin---> p2cread # c2pread <--stdout--- c2pwrite # errread <--stderr--- errwrite # # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors. On # Windows, these are Windows file handles. The parent objects # are file descriptors on both platforms. The parent objects # are None when not using PIPEs. The child objects are None # when not redirecting. (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr) self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) # On Windows, you cannot just redirect one or two handles: You # either have to redirect all three or none. If the subprocess # user has only redirected one or two handles, we are # automatically creating PIPEs for the rest. We should close # these after the process is started. See bug #1124861. if mswindows: if stdin is None and p2cwrite is not None: os.close(p2cwrite) p2cwrite = None if stdout is None and c2pread is not None: os.close(c2pread) c2pread = None if stderr is None and errread is not None: os.close(errread) errread = None if p2cwrite is not None: self.stdin = os.fdopen(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize) if c2pread is not None: if universal_newlines: self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rU', bufsize) else: self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize) if errread is not None: if universal_newlines: self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rU', bufsize) else: self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rb', bufsize) def _translate_newlines(self, data): data = data.replace("\r\n", "\n") data = data.replace("\r", "\n") return data def __del__(self, sys=sys): if not self._child_created: # We didn't get to successfully create a child process. return # In case the child hasn't been waited on, check if it's done. self.poll(_deadstate=sys.maxint) if self.returncode is None and _active is not None: # Child is still running, keep us alive until we can wait on it. _active.append(self) def communicate(self, input=None): """Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).""" # Optimization: If we are only using one pipe, or no pipe at # all, using select() or threads is unnecessary. if [self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr].count(None) >= 2: stdout = None stderr = None if self.stdin: if input: self.stdin.write(input) self.stdin.close() elif self.stdout: stdout = self.stdout.read() elif self.stderr: stderr = self.stderr.read() self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) return self._communicate(input) if mswindows: # # Windows methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tupel with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ if stdin is None and stdout is None and stderr is None: return (None, None, None, None, None, None) p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None errread, errwrite = None, None if stdin is None: p2cread = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE) if p2cread is not None: pass elif stdin is None or stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0) # Detach and turn into fd p2cwrite = p2cwrite.Detach() p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite, 0) elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin) else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno()) p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread) if stdout is None: c2pwrite = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) if c2pwrite is not None: pass elif stdout is None or stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0) # Detach and turn into fd c2pread = c2pread.Detach() c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread, 0) elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout) else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno()) c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite) if stderr is None: errwrite = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE) if errwrite is not None: pass elif stderr is None or stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = CreatePipe(None, 0) # Detach and turn into fd errread = errread.Detach() errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread, 0) elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr) else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno()) errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite) return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _make_inheritable(self, handle): """Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritable""" return DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), handle, GetCurrentProcess(), 0, 1, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS) def _find_w9xpopen(self): """Find and return absolut path to w9xpopen.exe""" w9xpopen = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(GetModuleFileName(0)), "w9xpopen.exe") if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen): # Eeek - file-not-found - possibly an embedding # situation - see if we can locate it in sys.exec_prefix w9xpopen = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.exec_prefix), "w9xpopen.exe") if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen): raise RuntimeError("Cannot locate w9xpopen.exe, which is " "needed for Popen to work with your " "shell or platform.") return w9xpopen def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite): """Execute program (MS Windows version)""" if not isinstance(args, types.StringTypes): args = list2cmdline(args) # Process startup details if startupinfo is None: startupinfo = STARTUPINFO() if None not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite): startupinfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES startupinfo.hStdInput = p2cread startupinfo.hStdOutput = c2pwrite startupinfo.hStdError = errwrite if shell: startupinfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW startupinfo.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE comspec = os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe") args = comspec + " /c " + args if (GetVersion() >= 0x80000000 or os.path.basename(comspec).lower() == "command.com"): # Win9x, or using command.com on NT. We need to # use the w9xpopen intermediate program. For more # information, see KB Q150956 # (http://web.archive.org/web/20011105084002/http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q150/9/56.asp) w9xpopen = self._find_w9xpopen() args = '"%s" %s' % (w9xpopen, args) # Not passing CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE has been known to # cause random failures on win9x. Specifically a # dialog: "Your program accessed mem currently in # use at xxx" and a hopeful warning about the # stability of your system. Cost is Ctrl+C wont # kill children. creationflags |= CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE # Start the process try: hp, ht, pid, tid = CreateProcess(executable, args, # no special security None, None, # must inherit handles to pass std # handles 1, creationflags, env, cwd, startupinfo) except pywintypes.error as e: # Translate pywintypes.error to WindowsError, which is # a subclass of OSError. FIXME: We should really # translate errno using _sys_errlist (or simliar), but # how can this be done from Python? raise WindowsError(*e.args) # Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle self._child_created = True self._handle = hp self.pid = pid ht.Close() # Child is launched. Close the parent's copy of those pipe # handles that only the child should have open. You need # to make sure that no handles to the write end of the # output pipe are maintained in this process or else the # pipe will not close when the child process exits and the # ReadFile will hang. if p2cread is not None: p2cread.Close() if c2pwrite is not None: c2pwrite.Close() if errwrite is not None: errwrite.Close() def poll(self, _deadstate=None): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: if WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, 0) == WAIT_OBJECT_0: self.returncode = GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode def wait(self): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: obj = WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, INFINITE) self.returncode = GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode def _readerthread(self, fh, buffer): buffer.append(fh.read()) def _communicate(self, input): stdout = None # Return stderr = None # Return if self.stdout: stdout = [] stdout_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stdout, stdout)) stdout_thread.setDaemon(True) stdout_thread.start() if self.stderr: stderr = [] stderr_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stderr, stderr)) stderr_thread.setDaemon(True) stderr_thread.start() if self.stdin: if input is not None: self.stdin.write(input) self.stdin.close() if self.stdout: stdout_thread.join() if self.stderr: stderr_thread.join() # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = stdout[0] if stderr is not None: stderr = stderr[0] # Translate newlines, if requested. We cannot let the file # object do the translation: It is based on stdio, which is # impossible to combine with select (unless forcing no # buffering). if self.universal_newlines and hasattr(file, 'newlines'): if stdout: stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout) if stderr: stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr) self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) else: # # POSIX methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tupel with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None errread, errwrite = None, None if stdin is None: pass elif stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe() elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = stdin else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = stdin.fileno() if stdout is None: pass elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe() elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = stdout else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = stdout.fileno() if stderr is None: pass elif stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = os.pipe() elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = stderr else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = stderr.fileno() return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _set_cloexec_flag(self, fd): try: cloexec_flag = fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC except AttributeError: cloexec_flag = 1 old = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFD) fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old | cloexec_flag) def _close_fds(self, but): for i in range(3, MAXFD): if i == but: continue try: os.close(i) except: pass def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite): """Execute program (POSIX version)""" if isinstance(args, types.StringTypes): args = [args] else: args = list(args) if shell: args = ["/bin/sh", "-c"] + args if executable is None: executable = args[0] # For transferring possible exec failure from child to parent # The first char specifies the exception type: 0 means # OSError, 1 means some other error. errpipe_read, errpipe_write = os.pipe() self._set_cloexec_flag(errpipe_write) self.pid = os.fork() self._child_created = True if self.pid == 0: # Child try: # Close parent's pipe ends if p2cwrite is not None: os.close(p2cwrite) if c2pread is not None: os.close(c2pread) if errread is not None: os.close(errread) os.close(errpipe_read) # Dup fds for child if p2cread is not None: os.dup2(p2cread, 0) if c2pwrite is not None: os.dup2(c2pwrite, 1) if errwrite is not None: os.dup2(errwrite, 2) # Close pipe fds. Make sure we don't close the same # fd more than once, or standard fds. if p2cread is not None and p2cread not in (0,): os.close(p2cread) if c2pwrite is not None and c2pwrite not in (p2cread, 1): os.close(c2pwrite) if errwrite is not None and errwrite not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, 2): os.close(errwrite) # Close all other fds, if asked for if close_fds: self._close_fds(but=errpipe_write) if cwd is not None: os.chdir(cwd) if preexec_fn: preexec_fn() if env is None: os.execvp(executable, args) else: os.execvpe(executable, args, env) except: exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info() # Save the traceback and attach it to the exception object exc_lines = traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, tb) exc_value.child_traceback = ''.join(exc_lines) os.write(errpipe_write, pickle.dumps(exc_value)) # This exitcode won't be reported to applications, so it # really doesn't matter what we return. os._exit(255) # Parent os.close(errpipe_write) if p2cread is not None and p2cwrite is not None: os.close(p2cread) if c2pwrite is not None and c2pread is not None: os.close(c2pwrite) if errwrite is not None and errread is not None: os.close(errwrite) # Wait for exec to fail or succeed; possibly raising exception data = os.read(errpipe_read, 1048576) # Exceptions limited to 1 MB os.close(errpipe_read) if data != "": os.waitpid(self.pid, 0) child_exception = pickle.loads(data) raise child_exception def _handle_exitstatus(self, sts): if os.WIFSIGNALED(sts): self.returncode = -os.WTERMSIG(sts) elif os.WIFEXITED(sts): self.returncode = os.WEXITSTATUS(sts) else: # Should never happen raise RuntimeError("Unknown child exit status!") def poll(self, _deadstate=None): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: try: pid, sts = os.waitpid(self.pid, os.WNOHANG) if pid == self.pid: self._handle_exitstatus(sts) except os.error: if _deadstate is not None: self.returncode = _deadstate return self.returncode def wait(self): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: pid, sts = os.waitpid(self.pid, 0) self._handle_exitstatus(sts) return self.returncode def _communicate(self, input): read_set = [] write_set = [] stdout = None # Return stderr = None # Return if self.stdin: # Flush stdio buffer. This might block, if the user has # been writing to .stdin in an uncontrolled fashion. self.stdin.flush() if input: write_set.append(self.stdin) else: self.stdin.close() if self.stdout: read_set.append(self.stdout) stdout = [] if self.stderr: read_set.append(self.stderr) stderr = [] input_offset = 0 while read_set or write_set: rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select(read_set, write_set, []) if self.stdin in wlist: # When select has indicated that the file is writable, # we can write up to PIPE_BUF bytes without risk # blocking. POSIX defines PIPE_BUF >= 512 bytes_written = os.write(self.stdin.fileno(), buffer(input, input_offset, 512)) input_offset += bytes_written if input_offset >= len(input): self.stdin.close() write_set.remove(self.stdin) if self.stdout in rlist: data = os.read(self.stdout.fileno(), 1024) if data == "": self.stdout.close() read_set.remove(self.stdout) stdout.append(data) if self.stderr in rlist: data = os.read(self.stderr.fileno(), 1024) if data == "": self.stderr.close() read_set.remove(self.stderr) stderr.append(data) # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = ''.join(stdout) if stderr is not None: stderr = ''.join(stderr) # Translate newlines, if requested. We cannot let the file # object do the translation: It is based on stdio, which is # impossible to combine with select (unless forcing no # buffering). if self.universal_newlines and hasattr(file, 'newlines'): if stdout: stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout) if stderr: stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr) self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) def _demo_posix(): # # Example 1: Simple redirection: Get process list # plist = Popen(["ps"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0] print("Process list:") print(plist) # # Example 2: Change uid before executing child # if os.getuid() == 0: p = Popen(["id"], preexec_fn=lambda: os.setuid(100)) p.wait() # # Example 3: Connecting several subprocesses # print("Looking for 'hda'...") p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) print(repr(p2.communicate()[0])) # # Example 4: Catch execution error # print() print("Trying a weird file...") try: print(Popen(["/this/path/does/not/exist"]).communicate()) except OSError as e: if e.errno == errno.ENOENT: print("The file didn't exist. I thought so...") print("Child traceback:") print(e.child_traceback) else: print("Error", e.errno) else: print("Gosh. No error.", file=sys.stderr) def _demo_windows(): # # Example 1: Connecting several subprocesses # print("Looking for 'PROMPT' in set output...") p1 = Popen("set", stdout=PIPE, shell=True) p2 = Popen('find "PROMPT"', stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) print(repr(p2.communicate()[0])) # # Example 2: Simple execution of program # print("Executing calc...") p = Popen("calc") p.wait() if __name__ == "__main__": if mswindows: _demo_windows() else: _demo_posix()