import ast import dis import os import sys import unittest import weakref from textwrap import dedent from test import support def to_tuple(t): if t is None or isinstance(t, (str, int, complex)): return t elif isinstance(t, list): return [to_tuple(e) for e in t] result = [t.__class__.__name__] if hasattr(t, 'lineno') and hasattr(t, 'col_offset'): result.append((t.lineno, t.col_offset)) if t._fields is None: return tuple(result) for f in t._fields: result.append(to_tuple(getattr(t, f))) return tuple(result) # These tests are compiled through "exec" # There should be at least one test per statement exec_tests = [ # None "None", # Module docstring "'module docstring'", # FunctionDef "def f(): pass", # FunctionDef with docstring "def f(): 'function docstring'", # FunctionDef with arg "def f(a): pass", # FunctionDef with arg and default value "def f(a=0): pass", # FunctionDef with varargs "def f(*args): pass", # FunctionDef with kwargs "def f(**kwargs): pass", # FunctionDef with all kind of args and docstring "def f(a, b=1, c=None, d=[], e={}, *args, f=42, **kwargs): 'doc for f()'", # ClassDef "class C:pass", # ClassDef with docstring "class C: 'docstring for class C'", # ClassDef, new style class "class C(object): pass", # Return "def f():return 1", # Delete "del v", # Assign "v = 1", "a,b = c", "(a,b) = c", "[a,b] = c", # AugAssign "v += 1", # For "for v in v:pass", # While "while v:pass", # If "if v:pass", # With "with x as y: pass", "with x as y, z as q: pass", # Raise "raise Exception('string')", # TryExcept "try:\n pass\nexcept Exception:\n pass", # TryFinally "try:\n pass\nfinally:\n pass", # Assert "assert v", # Import "import sys", # ImportFrom "from sys import v", # Global "global v", # Expr "1", # Pass, "pass", # Break "for v in v:break", # Continue "for v in v:continue", # for statements with naked tuples (see http://bugs.python.org/issue6704) "for a,b in c: pass", "for (a,b) in c: pass", "for [a,b] in c: pass", # Multiline generator expression (test for .lineno & .col_offset) """( ( Aa , Bb ) for Aa , Bb in Cc )""", # dictcomp "{a : b for w in x for m in p if g}", # dictcomp with naked tuple "{a : b for v,w in x}", # setcomp "{r for l in x if g}", # setcomp with naked tuple "{r for l,m in x}", # AsyncFunctionDef "async def f():\n 'async function'\n await something()", # AsyncFor "async def f():\n async for e in i: 1\n else: 2", # AsyncWith "async def f():\n async with a as b: 1", # PEP 448: Additional Unpacking Generalizations "{**{1:2}, 2:3}", "{*{1, 2}, 3}", # Asynchronous comprehensions "async def f():\n [i async for b in c]", # Decorated FunctionDef "@deco1\n@deco2()\ndef f(): pass", # Decorated AsyncFunctionDef "@deco1\n@deco2()\nasync def f(): pass", # Decorated ClassDef "@deco1\n@deco2()\nclass C: pass", # Decorator with generator argument "@deco(a for a in b)\ndef f(): pass", # Simple assignment expression "(a := 1)", # Positional-only arguments "def f(a, /,): pass", "def f(a, /, c, d, e): pass", "def f(a, /, c, *, d, e): pass", "def f(a, /, c, *, d, e, **kwargs): pass", # Positional-only arguments with defaults "def f(a=1, /,): pass", "def f(a=1, /, b=2, c=4): pass", "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c=4): pass", "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c): pass", "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c=4, **kwargs): pass", "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c, **kwargs): pass", ] # These are compiled through "single" # because of overlap with "eval", it just tests what # can't be tested with "eval" single_tests = [ "1+2" ] # These are compiled through "eval" # It should test all expressions eval_tests = [ # None "None", # BoolOp "a and b", # BinOp "a + b", # UnaryOp "not v", # Lambda "lambda:None", # Dict "{ 1:2 }", # Empty dict "{}", # Set "{None,}", # Multiline dict (test for .lineno & .col_offset) """{ 1 : 2 }""", # ListComp "[a for b in c if d]", # GeneratorExp "(a for b in c if d)", # Comprehensions with multiple for targets "[(a,b) for a,b in c]", "[(a,b) for (a,b) in c]", "[(a,b) for [a,b] in c]", "{(a,b) for a,b in c}", "{(a,b) for (a,b) in c}", "{(a,b) for [a,b] in c}", "((a,b) for a,b in c)", "((a,b) for (a,b) in c)", "((a,b) for [a,b] in c)", # Yield - yield expressions can't work outside a function # # Compare "1 < 2 < 3", # Call "f(1,2,c=3,*d,**e)", # Call with a generator argument "f(a for a in b)", # Num "10", # Str "'string'", # Attribute "a.b", # Subscript "a[b:c]", # Name "v", # List "[1,2,3]", # Empty list "[]", # Tuple "1,2,3", # Tuple "(1,2,3)", # Empty tuple "()", # Combination "a.b.c.d(a.b[1:2])", ] # TODO: expr_context, slice, boolop, operator, unaryop, cmpop, comprehension # excepthandler, arguments, keywords, alias class AST_Tests(unittest.TestCase): def _assertTrueorder(self, ast_node, parent_pos): if not isinstance(ast_node, ast.AST) or ast_node._fields is None: return if isinstance(ast_node, (ast.expr, ast.stmt, ast.excepthandler)): node_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset) self.assertGreaterEqual(node_pos, parent_pos) parent_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset) for name in ast_node._fields: value = getattr(ast_node, name) if isinstance(value, list): first_pos = parent_pos if value and name == 'decorator_list': first_pos = (value[0].lineno, value[0].col_offset) for child in value: self._assertTrueorder(child, first_pos) elif value is not None: self._assertTrueorder(value, parent_pos) def test_AST_objects(self): x = ast.AST() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ()) x.foobar = 42 self.assertEqual(x.foobar, 42) self.assertEqual(x.__dict__["foobar"], 42) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.vararg with self.assertRaises(TypeError): # "_ast.AST constructor takes 0 positional arguments" ast.AST(2) def test_AST_garbage_collection(self): class X: pass a = ast.AST() a.x = X() a.x.a = a ref = weakref.ref(a.x) del a support.gc_collect() self.assertIsNone(ref()) def test_snippets(self): for input, output, kind in ((exec_tests, exec_results, "exec"), (single_tests, single_results, "single"), (eval_tests, eval_results, "eval")): for i, o in zip(input, output): with self.subTest(action="parsing", input=i): ast_tree = compile(i, "?", kind, ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST) self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast_tree), o) self._assertTrueorder(ast_tree, (0, 0)) with self.subTest(action="compiling", input=i, kind=kind): compile(ast_tree, "?", kind) def test_ast_validation(self): # compile() is the only function that calls PyAST_Validate snippets_to_validate = exec_tests + single_tests + eval_tests for snippet in snippets_to_validate: tree = ast.parse(snippet) compile(tree, '', 'exec') def test_slice(self): slc = ast.parse("x[::]").body[0].value.slice self.assertIsNone(slc.upper) self.assertIsNone(slc.lower) self.assertIsNone(slc.step) def test_from_import(self): im = ast.parse("from . import y").body[0] self.assertIsNone(im.module) def test_non_interned_future_from_ast(self): mod = ast.parse("from __future__ import division") self.assertIsInstance(mod.body[0], ast.ImportFrom) mod.body[0].module = " __future__ ".strip() compile(mod, "", "exec") def test_base_classes(self): self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.For, ast.stmt)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Name, ast.expr)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.stmt, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.expr, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.comprehension, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Gt, ast.AST)) def test_field_attr_existence(self): for name, item in ast.__dict__.items(): if isinstance(item, type) and name != 'AST' and name[0].isupper(): x = item() if isinstance(x, ast.AST): self.assertEqual(type(x._fields), tuple) def test_arguments(self): x = ast.arguments() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('args', 'posonlyargs', 'vararg', 'kwonlyargs', 'kw_defaults', 'kwarg', 'defaults')) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.vararg x = ast.arguments(*range(1, 8)) self.assertEqual(x.vararg, 3) def test_field_attr_writable(self): x = ast.Num() # We can assign to _fields x._fields = 666 self.assertEqual(x._fields, 666) def test_classattrs(self): x = ast.Num() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind')) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.value with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.n x = ast.Num(42) self.assertEqual(x.value, 42) self.assertEqual(x.n, 42) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.lineno with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.foobar x = ast.Num(lineno=2) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 2) x = ast.Num(42, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind')) self.assertEqual(x.value, 42) self.assertEqual(x.n, 42) self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2) self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(ast.Num(42).n, 42) self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25).n, 4.25) self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25j).n, 4.25j) self.assertEqual(ast.Str('42').s, '42') self.assertEqual(ast.Bytes(b'42').s, b'42') self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(True).value, True) self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(False).value, False) self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(None).value, None) self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(42).value, 42) self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(4.25).value, 4.25) self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(4.25j).value, 4.25j) self.assertEqual(ast.Constant('42').value, '42') self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(b'42').value, b'42') self.assertIs(ast.Constant(True).value, True) self.assertIs(ast.Constant(False).value, False) self.assertIs(ast.Constant(None).value, None) self.assertIs(ast.Constant(...).value, ...) def test_realtype(self): self.assertEqual(type(ast.Num(42)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.Num(4.25)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.Num(4.25j)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.Str('42')), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.Bytes(b'42')), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.NameConstant(True)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.NameConstant(False)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.NameConstant(None)), ast.Constant) self.assertEqual(type(ast.Ellipsis()), ast.Constant) def test_isinstance(self): self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Num(42), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Num(4.2), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Num(4.2j), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Str('42'), ast.Str)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Bytes(b'42'), ast.Bytes)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.NameConstant(True), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.NameConstant(False), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.NameConstant(None), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Ellipsis(), ast.Ellipsis)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(42), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(4.2), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(4.2j), ast.Num)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant('42'), ast.Str)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(b'42'), ast.Bytes)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(True), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(False), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(None), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(...), ast.Ellipsis)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Str('42'), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Num(42), ast.Str)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Str('42'), ast.Bytes)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Num(42), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Num(42), ast.Ellipsis)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.NameConstant(True), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.NameConstant(False), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant('42'), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(42), ast.Str)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant('42'), ast.Bytes)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(42), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(42), ast.Ellipsis)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(True), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(False), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(), ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(), ast.Str)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(), ast.Bytes)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(), ast.NameConstant)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(), ast.Ellipsis)) class S(str): pass self.assertTrue(isinstance(ast.Constant(S('42')), ast.Str)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(S('42')), ast.Num)) def test_subclasses(self): class N(ast.Num): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.z = 'spam' class N2(ast.Num): pass n = N(42) self.assertEqual(n.n, 42) self.assertEqual(n.z, 'spam') self.assertEqual(type(n), N) self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, N)) self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, ast.Num)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(n, N2)) self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Num(42), N)) n = N(n=42) self.assertEqual(n.n, 42) self.assertEqual(type(n), N) def test_module(self): body = [ast.Num(42)] x = ast.Module(body, []) self.assertEqual(x.body, body) def test_nodeclasses(self): # Zero arguments constructor explicitly allowed x = ast.BinOp() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('left', 'op', 'right')) # Random attribute allowed too x.foobarbaz = 5 self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 5) n1 = ast.Num(1) n3 = ast.Num(3) addop = ast.Add() x = ast.BinOp(n1, addop, n3) self.assertEqual(x.left, n1) self.assertEqual(x.op, addop) self.assertEqual(x.right, n3) x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) # node raises exception when given too many arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4) # node raises exception when given too many arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4, lineno=0) # can set attributes through kwargs too x = ast.BinOp(left=1, op=2, right=3, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) # Random kwargs also allowed x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, foobarbaz=42) self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 42) def test_no_fields(self): # this used to fail because Sub._fields was None x = ast.Sub() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ()) def test_pickling(self): import pickle mods = [pickle] try: import cPickle mods.append(cPickle) except ImportError: pass protocols = [0, 1, 2] for mod in mods: for protocol in protocols: for ast in (compile(i, "?", "exec", 0x400) for i in exec_tests): ast2 = mod.loads(mod.dumps(ast, protocol)) self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast2), to_tuple(ast)) def test_invalid_sum(self): pos = dict(lineno=2, col_offset=3) m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.expr(**pos), **pos)], []) with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: compile(m, "", "exec") self.assertIn("but got <_ast.expr", str(cm.exception)) def test_invalid_identitifer(self): m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Name(42, ast.Load()))], []) ast.fix_missing_locations(m) with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: compile(m, "", "exec") self.assertIn("identifier must be of type str", str(cm.exception)) def test_empty_yield_from(self): # Issue 16546: yield from value is not optional. empty_yield_from = ast.parse("def f():\n yield from g()") empty_yield_from.body[0].body[0].value.value = None with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(empty_yield_from, "", "exec") self.assertIn("field value is required", str(cm.exception)) @support.cpython_only def test_issue31592(self): # There shouldn't be an assertion failure in case of a bad # unicodedata.normalize(). import unicodedata def bad_normalize(*args): return None with support.swap_attr(unicodedata, 'normalize', bad_normalize): self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.parse, '\u03D5') class ASTHelpers_Test(unittest.TestCase): maxDiff = None def test_parse(self): a = ast.parse('foo(1 + 1)') b = compile('foo(1 + 1)', '', 'exec', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(a), ast.dump(b)) def test_parse_in_error(self): try: 1/0 except Exception: with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as e: ast.literal_eval(r"'\U'") self.assertIsNotNone(e.exception.__context__) def test_dump(self): node = ast.parse('spam(eggs, "and cheese")') self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load()), " "args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load()), Constant(value='and cheese', kind=None)], " "keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[])" ) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False), "Module([Expr(Call(Name('spam', Load()), [Name('eggs', Load()), " "Constant('and cheese', None)], []))], [])" ) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=4), " "args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load(), lineno=1, col_offset=5, " "end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=9), Constant(value='and cheese', kind=None, " "lineno=1, col_offset=11, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=23)], keywords=[], " "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=24), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=24)], type_ignores=[])" ) def test_copy_location(self): src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') src.body.right = ast.copy_location(ast.Num(2), src.body.right) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, kind=None, lineno=1, col_offset=0, ' 'end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=2, ' 'lineno=1, col_offset=4, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5), lineno=1, ' 'col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5))' ) def test_fix_missing_locations(self): src = ast.parse('write("spam")') src.body.append(ast.Expr(ast.Call(ast.Name('spam', ast.Load()), [ast.Str('eggs')], []))) self.assertEqual(src, ast.fix_missing_locations(src)) self.maxDiff = None self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='write', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5), " "args=[Constant(value='spam', kind=None, lineno=1, col_offset=6, end_lineno=1, " "end_col_offset=12)], keywords=[], lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, " "end_col_offset=13), lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, " "end_col_offset=13), Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=0), " "args=[Constant(value='eggs', lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, " "end_col_offset=0)], keywords=[], lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, " "end_col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=0)], " "type_ignores=[])" ) def test_increment_lineno(self): src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src, n=3), src) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, kind=None, lineno=4, col_offset=0, ' 'end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=1, kind=None, ' 'lineno=4, col_offset=4, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5), lineno=4, ' 'col_offset=0, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5))' ) # issue10869: do not increment lineno of root twice src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src.body, n=3), src.body) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, kind=None, lineno=4, col_offset=0, ' 'end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=1, kind=None, ' 'lineno=4, col_offset=4, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5), lineno=4, ' 'col_offset=0, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5))' ) def test_iter_fields(self): node = ast.parse('foo()', mode='eval') d = dict(ast.iter_fields(node.body)) self.assertEqual(d.pop('func').id, 'foo') self.assertEqual(d, {'keywords': [], 'args': []}) def test_iter_child_nodes(self): node = ast.parse("spam(23, 42, eggs='leek')", mode='eval') self.assertEqual(len(list(ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body))), 4) iterator = ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body) self.assertEqual(next(iterator).id, 'spam') self.assertEqual(next(iterator).value, 23) self.assertEqual(next(iterator).value, 42) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(next(iterator)), "keyword(arg='eggs', value=Constant(value='leek', kind=None))" ) def test_get_docstring(self): node = ast.parse('"""line one\n line two"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node), 'line one\nline two') node = ast.parse('class foo:\n """line one\n line two"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'line one\nline two') node = ast.parse('def foo():\n """line one\n line two"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'line one\nline two') node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n """spam\n ham"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'spam\nham') def test_get_docstring_none(self): self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(ast.parse(''))) node = ast.parse('x = "not docstring"') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node)) node = ast.parse('def foo():\n pass') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node)) node = ast.parse('class foo:\n pass') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('class foo:\n x = "not docstring"') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('class foo:\n def bar(self): pass') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('def foo():\n pass') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('def foo():\n x = "not docstring"') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n pass') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n x = "not docstring"') self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0])) def test_multi_line_docstring_col_offset_and_lineno_issue16806(self): node = ast.parse( '"""line one\nline two"""\n\n' 'def foo():\n """line one\n line two"""\n\n' ' def bar():\n """line one\n line two"""\n' ' """line one\n line two"""\n' '"""line one\nline two"""\n\n' ) self.assertEqual(node.body[0].col_offset, 0) self.assertEqual(node.body[0].lineno, 1) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[0].col_offset, 2) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[0].lineno, 5) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[1].body[0].col_offset, 4) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[1].body[0].lineno, 9) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[2].col_offset, 2) self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[2].lineno, 11) self.assertEqual(node.body[2].col_offset, 0) self.assertEqual(node.body[2].lineno, 13) def test_literal_eval(self): self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('[1, 2, 3]'), [1, 2, 3]) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{"foo": 42}'), {"foo": 42}) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(True, False, None)'), (True, False, None)) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{1, 2, 3}'), {1, 2, 3}) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('b"hi"'), b"hi") self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, 'foo()') self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6'), 6) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('+6'), 6) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6'), -6) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25'), 3.25) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('+3.25'), 3.25) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25'), -3.25) self.assertEqual(repr(ast.literal_eval('-0.0')), '-0.0') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '++6') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '+True') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '2+3') def test_literal_eval_complex(self): # Issue #4907 self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6j'), 6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6j'), -6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6.75j'), 6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6.75j'), -6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3+6j'), 3+6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3+6j'), -3+6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3-6j'), 3-6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3-6j'), -3-6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25+6.75j'), 3.25+6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25+6.75j'), -3.25+6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25-6.75j'), 3.25-6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25-6.75j'), -3.25-6.75j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(3+6j)'), 3+6j) self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-6j+3') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-6j+3j') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '3+-6j') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '3+(0+6j)') self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-(3+6j)') def test_bad_integer(self): # issue13436: Bad error message with invalid numeric values body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time', names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')], level=None, lineno=None, col_offset=None)] mod = ast.Module(body, []) with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(mod, 'test', 'exec') self.assertIn("invalid integer value: None", str(cm.exception)) def test_level_as_none(self): body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time', names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')], level=None, lineno=0, col_offset=0)] mod = ast.Module(body, []) code = compile(mod, 'test', 'exec') ns = {} exec(code, ns) self.assertIn('sleep', ns) class ASTValidatorTests(unittest.TestCase): def mod(self, mod, msg=None, mode="exec", *, exc=ValueError): mod.lineno = mod.col_offset = 0 ast.fix_missing_locations(mod) if msg is None: compile(mod, "", mode) else: with self.assertRaises(exc) as cm: compile(mod, "", mode) self.assertIn(msg, str(cm.exception)) def expr(self, node, msg=None, *, exc=ValueError): mod = ast.Module([ast.Expr(node)], []) self.mod(mod, msg, exc=exc) def stmt(self, stmt, msg=None): mod = ast.Module([stmt], []) self.mod(mod, msg) def test_module(self): m = ast.Interactive([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "single") m = ast.Expression(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "eval") def _check_arguments(self, fac, check): def arguments(args=None, posonlyargs=None, vararg=None, kwonlyargs=None, kwarg=None, defaults=None, kw_defaults=None): if args is None: args = [] if posonlyargs is None: posonlyargs = [] if kwonlyargs is None: kwonlyargs = [] if defaults is None: defaults = [] if kw_defaults is None: kw_defaults = [] args = ast.arguments(args, posonlyargs, vararg, kwonlyargs, kw_defaults, kwarg, defaults) return fac(args) args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))] check(arguments(args=args), "must have Load context") check(arguments(posonlyargs=args), "must have Load context") check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args), "must have Load context") check(arguments(defaults=[ast.Num(3)]), "more positional defaults than args") check(arguments(kw_defaults=[ast.Num(4)]), "length of kwonlyargs is not the same as kw_defaults") args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))] check(arguments(args=args, defaults=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") args = [ast.arg("a", ast.Name("x", ast.Load())), ast.arg("b", ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))] check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args, kw_defaults=[None, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") def test_funcdef(self): a = ast.arguments([], [], None, [], [], None, []) f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [], [], None) self.stmt(f, "empty body on FunctionDef") f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], None) self.stmt(f, "must have Load context") f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [], ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(f, "must have Load context") def fac(args): return ast.FunctionDef("x", args, [ast.Pass()], [], None) self._check_arguments(fac, self.stmt) def test_classdef(self): def cls(bases=None, keywords=None, body=None, decorator_list=None): if bases is None: bases = [] if keywords is None: keywords = [] if body is None: body = [ast.Pass()] if decorator_list is None: decorator_list = [] return ast.ClassDef("myclass", bases, keywords, body, decorator_list) self.stmt(cls(bases=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") self.stmt(cls(keywords=[ast.keyword("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]), "must have Load context") self.stmt(cls(body=[]), "empty body on ClassDef") self.stmt(cls(body=[None]), "None disallowed") self.stmt(cls(decorator_list=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") def test_delete(self): self.stmt(ast.Delete([]), "empty targets on Delete") self.stmt(ast.Delete([None]), "None disallowed") self.stmt(ast.Delete([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]), "must have Del context") def test_assign(self): self.stmt(ast.Assign([], ast.Num(3)), "empty targets on Assign") self.stmt(ast.Assign([None], ast.Num(3)), "None disallowed") self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], ast.Num(3)), "must have Store context") self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Name("y", ast.Store())), "must have Load context") def test_augassign(self): aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Add(), ast.Name("y", ast.Load())) self.stmt(aug, "must have Store context") aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Add(), ast.Name("y", ast.Store())) self.stmt(aug, "must have Load context") def test_for(self): x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) p = ast.Pass() self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [], []), "empty body on For") self.stmt(ast.For(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), y, [p], []), "must have Store context") self.stmt(ast.For(x, ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [p], []), "must have Load context") e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [e], []), "must have Load context") self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [p], [e]), "must have Load context") def test_while(self): self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on While") self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []), "must have Load context") self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]), "must have Load context") def test_if(self): self.stmt(ast.If(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on If") i = ast.If(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], []) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") def test_with(self): p = ast.Pass() self.stmt(ast.With([], [p]), "empty items on With") i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), None) self.stmt(ast.With([i], []), "empty body on With") i = ast.withitem(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None) self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Load context") i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), ast.Name("x", ast.Load())) self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Store context") def test_raise(self): r = ast.Raise(None, ast.Num(3)) self.stmt(r, "Raise with cause but no exception") r = ast.Raise(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None) self.stmt(r, "must have Load context") r = ast.Raise(ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(r, "must have Load context") def test_try(self): p = ast.Pass() t = ast.Try([], [], [], [p]) self.stmt(t, "empty body on Try") t = ast.Try([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [], [], [p]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") t = ast.Try([p], [], [], []) self.stmt(t, "Try has neither except handlers nor finalbody") t = ast.Try([p], [], [p], [p]) self.stmt(t, "Try has orelse but no except handlers") t = ast.Try([p], [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [])], [], []) self.stmt(t, "empty body on ExceptHandler") e = [ast.ExceptHandler(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", [p])] self.stmt(ast.Try([p], e, [], []), "must have Load context") e = [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [p])] t = ast.Try([p], e, [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [p]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") t = ast.Try([p], e, [p], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") def test_assert(self): self.stmt(ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None), "must have Load context") assrt = ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("y", ast.Store())) self.stmt(assrt, "must have Load context") def test_import(self): self.stmt(ast.Import([]), "empty names on Import") def test_importfrom(self): imp = ast.ImportFrom(None, [ast.alias("x", None)], -42) self.stmt(imp, "Negative ImportFrom level") self.stmt(ast.ImportFrom(None, [], 0), "empty names on ImportFrom") def test_global(self): self.stmt(ast.Global([]), "empty names on Global") def test_nonlocal(self): self.stmt(ast.Nonlocal([]), "empty names on Nonlocal") def test_expr(self): e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(e, "must have Load context") def test_boolop(self): b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), []) self.expr(b, "less than 2 values") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(3)]) self.expr(b, "less than 2 values") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), None]) self.expr(b, "None disallowed") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]) self.expr(b, "must have Load context") def test_unaryop(self): u = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.expr(u, "must have Load context") def test_lambda(self): a = ast.arguments([], [], None, [], [], None, []) self.expr(ast.Lambda(a, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load context") def fac(args): return ast.Lambda(args, ast.Name("x", ast.Load())) self._check_arguments(fac, self.expr) def test_ifexp(self): l = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) s = ast.Name("y", ast.Store()) for args in (s, l, l), (l, s, l), (l, l, s): self.expr(ast.IfExp(*args), "must have Load context") def test_dict(self): d = ast.Dict([], [ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]) self.expr(d, "same number of keys as values") d = ast.Dict([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], [None]) self.expr(d, "None disallowed") def test_set(self): self.expr(ast.Set([None]), "None disallowed") s = ast.Set([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]) self.expr(s, "must have Load context") def _check_comprehension(self, fac): self.expr(fac([]), "comprehension with no generators") g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Store context") g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context") x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [None], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "None disallowed") g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context") def _simple_comp(self, fac): g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0) self.expr(fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [g]), "must have Load context") def wrap(gens): return fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), gens) self._check_comprehension(wrap) def test_listcomp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.ListComp) def test_setcomp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.SetComp) def test_generatorexp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.GeneratorExp) def test_dictcomp(self): g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), ast.Name("p", ast.Load()), [], 0) c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("y", ast.Load()), [g]) self.expr(c, "must have Load context") c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [g]) self.expr(c, "must have Load context") def factory(comps): k = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) v = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) return ast.DictComp(k, v, comps) self._check_comprehension(factory) def test_yield(self): self.expr(ast.Yield(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load") self.expr(ast.YieldFrom(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load") def test_compare(self): left = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], []) self.expr(comp, "no comparators") comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num(4), ast.Num(5)]) self.expr(comp, "different number of comparators and operands") comp = ast.Compare(ast.Num("blah"), [ast.In()], [left]) self.expr(comp) comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num("blah")]) self.expr(comp) def test_call(self): func = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) args = [ast.Name("y", ast.Load())] keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Load()))] call = ast.Call(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), args, keywords) self.expr(call, "must have Load context") call = ast.Call(func, [None], keywords) self.expr(call, "None disallowed") bad_keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Store()))] call = ast.Call(func, args, bad_keywords) self.expr(call, "must have Load context") def test_num(self): class subint(int): pass class subfloat(float): pass class subcomplex(complex): pass for obj in "0", "hello": self.expr(ast.Num(obj)) for obj in subint(), subfloat(), subcomplex(): self.expr(ast.Num(obj), "invalid type", exc=TypeError) def test_attribute(self): attr = ast.Attribute(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", ast.Load()) self.expr(attr, "must have Load context") def test_subscript(self): sub = ast.Subscript(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Index(ast.Num(3)), ast.Load()) self.expr(sub, "must have Load context") x = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) sub = ast.Subscript(x, ast.Index(ast.Name("y", ast.Store())), ast.Load()) self.expr(sub, "must have Load context") s = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) for args in (s, None, None), (None, s, None), (None, None, s): sl = ast.Slice(*args) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context") sl = ast.ExtSlice([]) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "empty dims on ExtSlice") sl = ast.ExtSlice([ast.Index(s)]) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context") def test_starred(self): left = ast.List([ast.Starred(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Store())], ast.Store()) assign = ast.Assign([left], ast.Num(4)) self.stmt(assign, "must have Store context") def _sequence(self, fac): self.expr(fac([None], ast.Load()), "None disallowed") self.expr(fac([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Load()), "must have Load context") def test_list(self): self._sequence(ast.List) def test_tuple(self): self._sequence(ast.Tuple) def test_nameconstant(self): self.expr(ast.NameConstant(4)) def test_stdlib_validates(self): stdlib = os.path.dirname(ast.__file__) tests = [fn for fn in os.listdir(stdlib) if fn.endswith(".py")] tests.extend(["test/test_grammar.py", "test/test_unpack_ex.py"]) for module in tests: with self.subTest(module): fn = os.path.join(stdlib, module) with open(fn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fp: source = fp.read() mod = ast.parse(source, fn) compile(mod, fn, "exec") class ConstantTests(unittest.TestCase): """Tests on the ast.Constant node type.""" def compile_constant(self, value): tree = ast.parse("x = 123") node = tree.body[0].value new_node = ast.Constant(value=value) ast.copy_location(new_node, node) tree.body[0].value = new_node code = compile(tree, "", "exec") ns = {} exec(code, ns) return ns['x'] def test_validation(self): with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: self.compile_constant([1, 2, 3]) self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "got an invalid type in Constant: list") def test_singletons(self): for const in (None, False, True, Ellipsis, b'', frozenset()): with self.subTest(const=const): value = self.compile_constant(const) self.assertIs(value, const) def test_values(self): nested_tuple = (1,) nested_frozenset = frozenset({1}) for level in range(3): nested_tuple = (nested_tuple, 2) nested_frozenset = frozenset({nested_frozenset, 2}) values = (123, 123.0, 123j, "unicode", b'bytes', tuple("tuple"), frozenset("frozenset"), nested_tuple, nested_frozenset) for value in values: with self.subTest(value=value): result = self.compile_constant(value) self.assertEqual(result, value) def test_assign_to_constant(self): tree = ast.parse("x = 1") target = tree.body[0].targets[0] new_target = ast.Constant(value=1) ast.copy_location(new_target, target) tree.body[0].targets[0] = new_target with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(tree, "string", "exec") self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "expression which can't be assigned " "to in Store context") def test_get_docstring(self): tree = ast.parse("'docstring'\nx = 1") self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(tree), 'docstring') def get_load_const(self, tree): # Compile to bytecode, disassemble and get parameter of LOAD_CONST # instructions co = compile(tree, '', 'exec') consts = [] for instr in dis.get_instructions(co): if instr.opname == 'LOAD_CONST': consts.append(instr.argval) return consts @support.cpython_only def test_load_const(self): consts = [None, True, False, 124, 2.0, 3j, "unicode", b'bytes', (1, 2, 3)] code = '\n'.join(['x={!r}'.format(const) for const in consts]) code += '\nx = ...' consts.extend((Ellipsis, None)) tree = ast.parse(code) self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree), consts) # Replace expression nodes with constants for assign, const in zip(tree.body, consts): assert isinstance(assign, ast.Assign), ast.dump(assign) new_node = ast.Constant(value=const) ast.copy_location(new_node, assign.value) assign.value = new_node self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree), consts) def test_literal_eval(self): tree = ast.parse("1 + 2") binop = tree.body[0].value new_left = ast.Constant(value=10) ast.copy_location(new_left, binop.left) binop.left = new_left new_right = ast.Constant(value=20j) ast.copy_location(new_right, binop.right) binop.right = new_right self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval(binop), 10+20j) def test_string_kind(self): c = ast.parse('"x"', mode='eval').body self.assertEqual(c.value, "x") self.assertEqual(c.kind, None) c = ast.parse('u"x"', mode='eval').body self.assertEqual(c.value, "x") self.assertEqual(c.kind, "u") c = ast.parse('r"x"', mode='eval').body self.assertEqual(c.value, "x") self.assertEqual(c.kind, None) c = ast.parse('b"x"', mode='eval').body self.assertEqual(c.value, b"x") self.assertEqual(c.kind, None) class EndPositionTests(unittest.TestCase): """Tests for end position of AST nodes. Testing end positions of nodes requires a bit of extra care because of how LL parsers work. """ def _check_end_pos(self, ast_node, end_lineno, end_col_offset): self.assertEqual(ast_node.end_lineno, end_lineno) self.assertEqual(ast_node.end_col_offset, end_col_offset) def _check_content(self, source, ast_node, content): self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(source, ast_node), content) def _parse_value(self, s): # Use duck-typing to support both single expression # and a right hand side of an assignment statement. return ast.parse(s).body[0].value def test_lambda(self): s = 'lambda x, *y: None' lam = self._parse_value(s) self._check_content(s, lam.body, 'None') self._check_content(s, lam.args.args[0], 'x') self._check_content(s, lam.args.vararg, 'y') def test_func_def(self): s = dedent(''' def func(x: int, *args: str, z: float = 0, **kwargs: Any) -> bool: return True ''').strip() fdef = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_end_pos(fdef, 5, 15) self._check_content(s, fdef.body[0], 'return True') self._check_content(s, fdef.args.args[0], 'x: int') self._check_content(s, fdef.args.args[0].annotation, 'int') self._check_content(s, fdef.args.kwarg, 'kwargs: Any') self._check_content(s, fdef.args.kwarg.annotation, 'Any') def test_call(self): s = 'func(x, y=2, **kw)' call = self._parse_value(s) self._check_content(s, call.func, 'func') self._check_content(s, call.keywords[0].value, '2') self._check_content(s, call.keywords[1].value, 'kw') def test_call_noargs(self): s = 'x[0]()' call = self._parse_value(s) self._check_content(s, call.func, 'x[0]') self._check_end_pos(call, 1, 6) def test_class_def(self): s = dedent(''' class C(A, B): x: int = 0 ''').strip() cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_end_pos(cdef, 2, 14) self._check_content(s, cdef.bases[1], 'B') self._check_content(s, cdef.body[0], 'x: int = 0') def test_class_kw(self): s = 'class S(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): pass' cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_content(s, cdef.keywords[0].value, 'abc.ABCMeta') def test_multi_line_str(self): s = dedent(''' x = """Some multi-line text. It goes on starting from same indent.""" ''').strip() assign = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_end_pos(assign, 3, 40) self._check_end_pos(assign.value, 3, 40) def test_continued_str(self): s = dedent(''' x = "first part" \\ "second part" ''').strip() assign = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_end_pos(assign, 2, 13) self._check_end_pos(assign.value, 2, 13) def test_suites(self): # We intentionally put these into the same string to check # that empty lines are not part of the suite. s = dedent(''' while True: pass if one(): x = None elif other(): y = None else: z = None for x, y in stuff: assert True try: raise RuntimeError except TypeError as e: pass pass ''').strip() mod = ast.parse(s) while_loop = mod.body[0] if_stmt = mod.body[1] for_loop = mod.body[2] try_stmt = mod.body[3] pass_stmt = mod.body[4] self._check_end_pos(while_loop, 2, 8) self._check_end_pos(if_stmt, 9, 12) self._check_end_pos(for_loop, 12, 15) self._check_end_pos(try_stmt, 17, 8) self._check_end_pos(pass_stmt, 19, 4) self._check_content(s, while_loop.test, 'True') self._check_content(s, if_stmt.body[0], 'x = None') self._check_content(s, if_stmt.orelse[0].test, 'other()') self._check_content(s, for_loop.target, 'x, y') self._check_content(s, try_stmt.body[0], 'raise RuntimeError') self._check_content(s, try_stmt.handlers[0].type, 'TypeError') def test_fstring(self): s = 'x = f"abc {x + y} abc"' fstr = self._parse_value(s) binop = fstr.values[1].value self._check_content(s, binop, 'x + y') def test_fstring_multi_line(self): s = dedent(''' f"""Some multi-line text. { arg_one + arg_two } It goes on...""" ''').strip() fstr = self._parse_value(s) binop = fstr.values[1].value self._check_end_pos(binop, 5, 7) self._check_content(s, binop.left, 'arg_one') self._check_content(s, binop.right, 'arg_two') def test_import_from_multi_line(self): s = dedent(''' from x.y.z import ( a, b, c as c ) ''').strip() imp = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_end_pos(imp, 3, 1) def test_slices(self): s1 = 'f()[1, 2] [0]' s2 = 'x[ a.b: c.d]' sm = dedent(''' x[ a.b: f () , g () : c.d ] ''').strip() i1, i2, im = map(self._parse_value, (s1, s2, sm)) self._check_content(s1, i1.value, 'f()[1, 2]') self._check_content(s1, i1.value.slice.value, '1, 2') self._check_content(s2, i2.slice.lower, 'a.b') self._check_content(s2, i2.slice.upper, 'c.d') self._check_content(sm, im.slice.dims[0].upper, 'f ()') self._check_content(sm, im.slice.dims[1].lower, 'g ()') self._check_end_pos(im, 3, 3) def test_binop(self): s = dedent(''' (1 * 2 + (3 ) + 4 ) ''').strip() binop = self._parse_value(s) self._check_end_pos(binop, 2, 6) self._check_content(s, binop.right, '4') self._check_content(s, binop.left, '1 * 2 + (3 )') self._check_content(s, binop.left.right, '3') def test_boolop(self): s = dedent(''' if (one_condition and (other_condition or yet_another_one)): pass ''').strip() bop = ast.parse(s).body[0].test self._check_end_pos(bop, 2, 44) self._check_content(s, bop.values[1], 'other_condition or yet_another_one') def test_tuples(self): s1 = 'x = () ;' s2 = 'x = 1 , ;' s3 = 'x = (1 , 2 ) ;' sm = dedent(''' x = ( a, b, ) ''').strip() t1, t2, t3, tm = map(self._parse_value, (s1, s2, s3, sm)) self._check_content(s1, t1, '()') self._check_content(s2, t2, '1 ,') self._check_content(s3, t3, '(1 , 2 )') self._check_end_pos(tm, 3, 1) def test_attribute_spaces(self): s = 'func(x. y .z)' call = self._parse_value(s) self._check_content(s, call, s) self._check_content(s, call.args[0], 'x. y .z') def test_displays(self): s1 = '[{}, {1, }, {1, 2,} ]' s2 = '{a: b, f (): g () ,}' c1 = self._parse_value(s1) c2 = self._parse_value(s2) self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[0], '{}') self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[1], '{1, }') self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[2], '{1, 2,}') self._check_content(s2, c2.keys[1], 'f ()') self._check_content(s2, c2.values[1], 'g ()') def test_comprehensions(self): s = dedent(''' x = [{x for x, y in stuff if cond.x} for stuff in things] ''').strip() cmp = self._parse_value(s) self._check_end_pos(cmp, 2, 37) self._check_content(s, cmp.generators[0].iter, 'things') self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].iter, 'stuff') self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].ifs[0], 'cond.x') self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].target, 'x, y') def test_yield_await(self): s = dedent(''' async def f(): yield x await y ''').strip() fdef = ast.parse(s).body[0] self._check_content(s, fdef.body[0].value, 'yield x') self._check_content(s, fdef.body[1].value, 'await y') def test_source_segment_multi(self): s_orig = dedent(''' x = ( a, b, ) + () ''').strip() s_tuple = dedent(''' ( a, b, ) ''').strip() binop = self._parse_value(s_orig) self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s_orig, binop.left), s_tuple) def test_source_segment_padded(self): s_orig = dedent(''' class C: def fun(self) -> None: "ЖЖЖЖЖ" ''').strip() s_method = ' def fun(self) -> None:\n' \ ' "ЖЖЖЖЖ"' cdef = ast.parse(s_orig).body[0] self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s_orig, cdef.body[0], padded=True), s_method) def test_source_segment_endings(self): s = 'v = 1\r\nw = 1\nx = 1\n\ry = 1\rz = 1\r\n' v, w, x, y, z = ast.parse(s).body self._check_content(s, v, 'v = 1') self._check_content(s, w, 'w = 1') self._check_content(s, x, 'x = 1') self._check_content(s, y, 'y = 1') self._check_content(s, z, 'z = 1') def test_source_segment_tabs(self): s = dedent(''' class C: \t\f def fun(self) -> None: \t\f pass ''').strip() s_method = ' \t\f def fun(self) -> None:\n' \ ' \t\f pass' cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0] self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s, cdef.body[0], padded=True), s_method) def main(): if __name__ != '__main__': return if sys.argv[1:] == ['-g']: for statements, kind in ((exec_tests, "exec"), (single_tests, "single"), (eval_tests, "eval")): print(kind+"_results = [") for statement in statements: tree = ast.parse(statement, "?", kind) print("%r," % (to_tuple(tree),)) print("]") print("main()") raise SystemExit unittest.main() #### EVERYTHING BELOW IS GENERATED BY python Lib/test/test_ast.py -g ##### exec_results = [ ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Constant', (1, 0), None, None))], []), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Constant', (1, 0), 'module docstring', None))], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 9))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Expr', (1, 9), ('Constant', (1, 9), 'function docstring', None))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 10))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], [], None, [], [], None, [('Constant', (1, 8), 0, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 12))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], ('arg', (1, 7), 'args', None, None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], ('arg', (1, 8), 'kwargs', None, None), []), [('Pass', (1, 17))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None), ('arg', (1, 9), 'b', None, None), ('arg', (1, 14), 'c', None, None), ('arg', (1, 22), 'd', None, None), ('arg', (1, 28), 'e', None, None)], [], ('arg', (1, 35), 'args', None, None), [('arg', (1, 41), 'f', None, None)], [('Constant', (1, 43), 42, None)], ('arg', (1, 49), 'kwargs', None, None), [('Constant', (1, 11), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), None, None), ('List', (1, 24), [], ('Load',)), ('Dict', (1, 30), [], [])]), [('Expr', (1, 58), ('Constant', (1, 58), 'doc for f()', None))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [], [], [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])], []), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [], [], [('Expr', (1, 9), ('Constant', (1, 9), 'docstring for class C', None))], [])], []), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [('Name', (1, 8), 'object', ('Load',))], [], [('Pass', (1, 17))], [])], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Return', (1, 8), ('Constant', (1, 15), 1, None))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('Delete', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Del',))])], []), ('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',))], ('Constant', (1, 4), 1, None), None)], []), ('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 2), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',))], ('Name', (1, 6), 'c', ('Load',)), None)], []), ('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 3), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',))], ('Name', (1, 8), 'c', ('Load',)), None)], []), ('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('List', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 3), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',))], ('Name', (1, 8), 'c', ('Load',)), None)], []), ('Module', [('AugAssign', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Add',), ('Constant', (1, 5), 1, None))], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 11))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('While', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 6), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])], []), ('Module', [('If', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 3), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 5))], [])], []), ('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 13))], None)], []), ('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',))), ('withitem', ('Name', (1, 13), 'z', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'q', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 21))], None)], []), ('Module', [('Raise', (1, 0), ('Call', (1, 6), ('Name', (1, 6), 'Exception', ('Load',)), [('Constant', (1, 16), 'string', None)], []), None)], []), ('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [('ExceptHandler', (3, 0), ('Name', (3, 7), 'Exception', ('Load',)), None, [('Pass', (4, 2))])], [], [])], []), ('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [], [], [('Pass', (4, 2))])], []), ('Module', [('Assert', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 7), 'v', ('Load',)), None)], []), ('Module', [('Import', (1, 0), [('alias', 'sys', None)])], []), ('Module', [('ImportFrom', (1, 0), 'sys', [('alias', 'v', None)], 0)], []), ('Module', [('Global', (1, 0), ['v'])], []), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Constant', (1, 0), 1, None))], []), ('Module', [('Pass', (1, 0))], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Break', (1, 11))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Continue', (1, 11))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 4), [('Name', (1, 4), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 11), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 4), [('Name', (1, 5), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 16))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('List', (1, 4), [('Name', (1, 5), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 16))], [], None)], []), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (2, 4), [('Name', (3, 4), 'Aa', ('Load',)), 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('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (3, 9))], [('Name', (1, 1), 'deco1', ('Load',)), ('Call', (2, 0), ('Name', (2, 1), 'deco2', ('Load',)), [], [])], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (3, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (3, 15))], [('Name', (1, 1), 'deco1', ('Load',)), ('Call', (2, 0), ('Name', (2, 1), 'deco2', ('Load',)), [], [])], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (3, 0), 'C', [], [], [('Pass', (3, 9))], [('Name', (1, 1), 'deco1', ('Load',)), ('Call', (2, 0), ('Name', (2, 1), 'deco2', ('Load',)), [], [])])], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (2, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (2, 9))], [('Call', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'deco', ('Load',)), [('GeneratorExp', (1, 5), ('Name', (1, 6), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 17), 'b', ('Load',)), [], 0)])], [])], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('NamedExpr', (1, 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None], ('arg', (1, 26), 'kwargs', None, None), []), [('Pass', (1, 35))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [], [], None, [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 16))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 14), 'b', None, None), ('arg', (1, 19), 'c', None, None)], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [], [], None, [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 21), 4, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 25))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 14), 'b', None, None)], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [('arg', (1, 22), 'c', None, None)], [('Constant', (1, 24), 4, None)], None, [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), 2, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 28))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 14), 'b', None, None)], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [('arg', (1, 22), 'c', None, None)], [None], None, [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), 2, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 26))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 14), 'b', None, None)], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [('arg', (1, 22), 'c', None, None)], [('Constant', (1, 24), 4, None)], ('arg', (1, 29), 'kwargs', None, None), [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), 2, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 38))], [], None, None)], []), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 14), 'b', None, None)], [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None, None)], None, [('arg', (1, 22), 'c', None, None)], [None], ('arg', (1, 27), 'kwargs', None, None), [('Constant', (1, 8), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16), 2, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 36))], [], None, None)], []), ] single_results = [ ('Interactive', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Constant', (1, 0), 1, None), ('Add',), ('Constant', (1, 2), 2, None)))]), ] eval_results = [ ('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0), None, None)), ('Expression', ('BoolOp', (1, 0), ('And',), [('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Load',))])), ('Expression', ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Add',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',)))), ('Expression', ('UnaryOp', (1, 0), ('Not',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Load',)))), ('Expression', ('Lambda', (1, 0), ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), ('Constant', (1, 7), None, None))), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [('Constant', (1, 2), 1, None)], [('Constant', (1, 4), 2, None)])), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [], [])), ('Expression', ('Set', (1, 0), [('Constant', (1, 1), None, None)])), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [('Constant', (2, 6), 1, None)], [('Constant', (4, 10), 2, None)])), ('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])), ('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])), ('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])), ('Expression', ('Compare', (1, 0), ('Constant', (1, 0), 1, None), [('Lt',), ('Lt',)], [('Constant', (1, 4), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 8), 3, None)])), ('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'f', ('Load',)), [('Constant', (1, 2), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 4), 2, None), ('Starred', (1, 10), ('Name', (1, 11), 'd', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], [('keyword', 'c', ('Constant', (1, 8), 3, None)), ('keyword', None, ('Name', (1, 15), 'e', ('Load',)))])), ('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'f', ('Load',)), [('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 8), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Load',)), [], 0)])], [])), ('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0), 10, None)), ('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0), 'string', None)), ('Expression', ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Subscript', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Name', (1, 2), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'c', ('Load',)), None), ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [('Constant', (1, 1), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 3), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 5), 3, None)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Constant', (1, 0), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 2), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 4), 3, None)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Constant', (1, 1), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 3), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 5), 3, None)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), 'c', ('Load',)), 'd', ('Load',)), [('Subscript', (1, 8), ('Attribute', (1, 8), ('Name', (1, 8), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Constant', (1, 12), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 14), 2, None), None), ('Load',))], [])), ] main()