"""This module tests SyntaxErrors. Here's an example of the sort of thing that is tested. >>> def f(x): ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: name 'x' is parameter and global The tests are all raise SyntaxErrors. They were created by checking each C call that raises SyntaxError. There are several modules that raise these exceptions-- ast.c, compile.c, future.c, pythonrun.c, and symtable.c. The parser itself outlaws a lot of invalid syntax. None of these errors are tested here at the moment. We should add some tests; since there are infinitely many programs with invalid syntax, we would need to be judicious in selecting some. The compiler generates a synthetic module name for code executed by doctest. Since all the code comes from the same module, a suffix like [1] is appended to the module name, As a consequence, changing the order of tests in this module means renumbering all the errors after it. (Maybe we should enable the ellipsis option for these tests.) In ast.c, syntax errors are raised by calling ast_error(). Errors from set_context(): >>> obj.None = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> None = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to None >>> obj.True = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> True = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> (True := 1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use assignment expressions with True >>> obj.__debug__ = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> __debug__ = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> (__debug__ := 1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> del __debug__ Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot delete __debug__ >>> f() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> yield = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: assignment to yield expression not possible >>> del f() Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot delete function call >>> a + 1 = 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> (x for x in x) = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to generator expression >>> 1 = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> "abc" = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> b"" = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> ... = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to ellipsis here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> `1` = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax If the left-hand side of an assignment is a list or tuple, an illegal expression inside that contain should still cause a syntax error. This test just checks a couple of cases rather than enumerating all of them. >>> (a, "b", c) = (1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to literal >>> (a, True, c) = (1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> (a, __debug__, c) = (1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> (a, *True, c) = (1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> (a, *__debug__, c) = (1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> [a, b, c + 1] = [1, 2, 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> [a, b[1], c + 1] = [1, 2, 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> [a, b.c.d, c + 1] = [1, 2, 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> a if 1 else b = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to conditional expression >>> a = 42 if True Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> a = (42 if True) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> a = [1, 42 if True, 4] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> if True: ... print("Hello" ... ... if 2: ... print(123)) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> True = True = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> x = y = True = z = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> x = y = yield = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: assignment to yield expression not possible >>> a, b += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'tuple' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> (a, b) += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'tuple' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> [a, b] += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'list' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment Invalid targets in `for` loops and `with` statements should also produce a specialized error message >>> for a() in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for (a, b()) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for [a, b()] in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for (*a, b, c+1) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> for (x, *(y, z.d())) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for a, b() in c: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for a, b, (c + 1, d()): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> for i < (): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> for a, b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> with a as b(): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as (b, c()): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as [b, c()]: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as (*b, c, d+1): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> with a as (x, *(y, z.d())): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as b, c as d(): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> p = p = Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Comprehensions creating tuples without parentheses should produce a specialized error message: >>> [x,y for x,y in range(100)] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: did you forget parentheses around the comprehension target? >>> {x,y for x,y in range(100)} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: did you forget parentheses around the comprehension target? # Missing commas in literals collections should not # produce special error messages regarding missing # parentheses, but about missing commas instead >>> [1, 2 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> {1, 2 3} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> {1:2, 2:5 3:12} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> (1, 2 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? # Make sure soft keywords constructs don't raise specialized # errors regarding missing commas or other spezialiced errors >>> match x: ... y = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match x: ... case y: ... 3 $ 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match x: ... case $: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match ...: ... case {**rest, "key": value}: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match ...: ... case {**_}: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax From compiler_complex_args(): >>> def f(None=1): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax From ast_for_arguments(): >>> def f(x, y=1, z): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument >>> def f(x, None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def f(*None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def f(**None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> import ast; ast.parse(''' ... def f( ... *, # type: int ... a, # type: int ... ): ... pass ... ''', type_comments=True) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: bare * has associated type comment From ast_for_funcdef(): >>> def None(x): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax From ast_for_call(): >>> def f(it, *varargs, **kwargs): ... return list(it) >>> L = range(10) >>> f(x for x in L) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> f(x for x in L, 1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, y=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, *[]) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, **{}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(L, x for x in L) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, y for y in L) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L,) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f((x for x in L), 1) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> class C(x for x in L): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> def g(*args, **kwargs): ... print(args, sorted(kwargs.items())) >>> g(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, ... 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, ... 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, ... 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, ... 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, ... 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, ... 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, ... 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, ... 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, ... 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, ... 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, ... 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, ... 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, ... 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, ... 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, ... 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, ... 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, ... 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, ... 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ..., 297, 298, 299) [] >>> g(a000=0, a001=1, a002=2, a003=3, a004=4, a005=5, a006=6, a007=7, a008=8, ... a009=9, a010=10, a011=11, a012=12, a013=13, a014=14, a015=15, a016=16, ... a017=17, a018=18, a019=19, a020=20, a021=21, a022=22, a023=23, a024=24, ... a025=25, a026=26, a027=27, a028=28, a029=29, a030=30, a031=31, a032=32, ... a033=33, a034=34, a035=35, a036=36, a037=37, a038=38, a039=39, a040=40, ... a041=41, a042=42, a043=43, a044=44, a045=45, a046=46, a047=47, a048=48, ... a049=49, a050=50, a051=51, a052=52, a053=53, a054=54, a055=55, a056=56, ... a057=57, a058=58, a059=59, a060=60, a061=61, a062=62, a063=63, a064=64, ... a065=65, a066=66, a067=67, a068=68, a069=69, a070=70, a071=71, a072=72, ... a073=73, a074=74, a075=75, a076=76, a077=77, a078=78, a079=79, a080=80, ... a081=81, a082=82, a083=83, a084=84, a085=85, a086=86, a087=87, a088=88, ... a089=89, a090=90, a091=91, a092=92, a093=93, a094=94, a095=95, a096=96, ... a097=97, a098=98, a099=99, a100=100, a101=101, a102=102, a103=103, ... a104=104, a105=105, a106=106, a107=107, a108=108, a109=109, a110=110, ... a111=111, a112=112, a113=113, a114=114, a115=115, a116=116, a117=117, ... a118=118, a119=119, a120=120, a121=121, a122=122, a123=123, a124=124, ... a125=125, a126=126, a127=127, a128=128, a129=129, a130=130, a131=131, ... a132=132, a133=133, a134=134, a135=135, a136=136, a137=137, a138=138, ... a139=139, a140=140, a141=141, a142=142, a143=143, a144=144, a145=145, ... a146=146, a147=147, a148=148, a149=149, a150=150, a151=151, a152=152, ... a153=153, a154=154, a155=155, a156=156, a157=157, a158=158, a159=159, ... a160=160, a161=161, a162=162, a163=163, a164=164, a165=165, a166=166, ... a167=167, a168=168, a169=169, a170=170, a171=171, a172=172, a173=173, ... a174=174, a175=175, a176=176, a177=177, a178=178, a179=179, a180=180, ... a181=181, a182=182, a183=183, a184=184, a185=185, a186=186, a187=187, ... a188=188, a189=189, a190=190, a191=191, a192=192, a193=193, a194=194, ... a195=195, a196=196, a197=197, a198=198, a199=199, a200=200, a201=201, ... a202=202, a203=203, a204=204, a205=205, a206=206, a207=207, a208=208, ... a209=209, a210=210, a211=211, a212=212, a213=213, a214=214, a215=215, ... a216=216, a217=217, a218=218, a219=219, a220=220, a221=221, a222=222, ... a223=223, a224=224, a225=225, a226=226, a227=227, a228=228, a229=229, ... a230=230, a231=231, a232=232, a233=233, a234=234, a235=235, a236=236, ... a237=237, a238=238, a239=239, a240=240, a241=241, a242=242, a243=243, ... a244=244, a245=245, a246=246, a247=247, a248=248, a249=249, a250=250, ... a251=251, a252=252, a253=253, a254=254, a255=255, a256=256, a257=257, ... a258=258, a259=259, a260=260, a261=261, a262=262, a263=263, a264=264, ... a265=265, a266=266, a267=267, a268=268, a269=269, a270=270, a271=271, ... a272=272, a273=273, a274=274, a275=275, a276=276, a277=277, a278=278, ... a279=279, a280=280, a281=281, a282=282, a283=283, a284=284, a285=285, ... a286=286, a287=287, a288=288, a289=289, a290=290, a291=291, a292=292, ... a293=293, a294=294, a295=295, a296=296, a297=297, a298=298, a299=299) ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS () [('a000', 0), ('a001', 1), ('a002', 2), ..., ('a298', 298), ('a299', 299)] >>> class C: ... def meth(self, *args): ... return args >>> obj = C() >>> obj.meth( ... 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, ... 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, ... 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, ... 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, ... 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, ... 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, ... 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, ... 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, ... 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, ... 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, ... 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, ... 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, ... 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, ... 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, ... 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, ... 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, ... 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, ... 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, ... 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ..., 297, 298, 299) >>> f(lambda x: x[0] = 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? # Check that this error doesn't trigger for names: >>> f(a={x: for x in {}}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax The grammar accepts any test (basically, any expression) in the keyword slot of a call site. Test a few different options. >>> f(x()=2) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(a or b=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(x.y=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f((x)=2) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(True=2) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(__debug__=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> __debug__: int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ More set_context(): >>> (x for x in x) += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'generator expression' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> None += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'None' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> __debug__ += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> f() += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'function call' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment Test continue in finally in weird combinations. continue in for loop under finally should be ok. >>> def test(): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... for abc in range(10): ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 continue in a finally should be ok. >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... try: ... continue ... except: ... pass ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... try: ... pass ... except: ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 A continue outside loop should not be allowed. >>> def foo(): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... continue Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: 'continue' not properly in loop There is one test for a break that is not in a loop. The compiler uses a single data structure to keep track of try-finally and loops, so we need to be sure that a break is actually inside a loop. If it isn't, there should be a syntax error. >>> try: ... print(1) ... break ... print(2) ... finally: ... print(3) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: 'break' outside loop Misuse of the nonlocal and global statement can lead to a few unique syntax errors. >>> def f(): ... print(x) ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is used prior to global declaration >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is assigned to before global declaration >>> def f(x): ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is parameter and global >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... def g(): ... print(x) ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is used prior to nonlocal declaration >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... def g(): ... x = 2 ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is assigned to before nonlocal declaration >>> def f(x): ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is parameter and nonlocal >>> def f(): ... global x ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is nonlocal and global >>> def f(): ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'x' found From SF bug #1705365 >>> nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: nonlocal declaration not allowed at module level From https://bugs.python.org/issue25973 >>> class A: ... def f(self): ... nonlocal __x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal '_A__x' found This tests assignment-context; there was a bug in Python 2.5 where compiling a complex 'if' (one with 'elif') would fail to notice an invalid suite, leading to spurious errors. >>> if 1: ... x() = 1 ... elif 1: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... x() = 1 ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... x() = 1 ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? Missing ':' before suites: >>> def f() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> class A ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if 1 ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1 ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> for x in range(10) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> while True ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech as something ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech, block as something ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech, block as something, bluch ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech as something) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech, block as something) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech, block as something, bluch) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> try ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> try: ... pass ... except ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x ... case list(): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x: ... case list() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x: ... case [y] if y > 0 ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if x = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> while x = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> if x.a = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to attribute here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> while x.a = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to attribute here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? Custom error messages for try blocks that are not followed by except/finally >>> try: ... x = 34 ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'except' or 'finally' block Ensure that early = are not matched by the parser as invalid comparisons >>> f(2, 4, x=34); 1 $ 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34, (x for x in range 10), 1); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34, x=1, y=2); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Incomplete dictionary literals >>> {1:2, 3:4, 5} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: ':' expected after dictionary key >>> {1:2, 3:4, 5:} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression expected after dictionary key and ':' >>> {1: *12+1, 23: 1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1: *12+1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1: 23, 1: *12+1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1:} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression expected after dictionary key and ':' # Ensure that the error is not raise for syntax errors that happen after sets >>> {1} $ Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Specialized indentation errors: >>> while condition: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'while' statement on line 1 >>> for x in range(10): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 1 >>> for x in range(10): ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 3 >>> async for x in range(10): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 1 >>> async for x in range(10): ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 3 >>> if something: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'if' statement on line 1 >>> if something: ... pass ... elif something_else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'elif' statement on line 3 >>> if something: ... pass ... elif something_else: ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 5 >>> try: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'try' statement on line 1 >>> try: ... something() ... except A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'except' statement on line 3 >>> try: ... something() ... except A: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'finally' statement on line 5 >>> with A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> with A as a, B as b: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> with (A as a, B as b): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with A as a, B as b: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with (A as a, B as b): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> def foo(x, /, y, *, z=2): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after function definition on line 1 >>> class Blech(A): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after class definition on line 1 >>> match something: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'match' statement on line 1 >>> match something: ... case []: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'case' statement on line 2 >>> match something: ... case []: ... ... ... case {}: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'case' statement on line 4 Make sure that the old "raise X, Y[, Z]" form is gone: >>> raise X, Y Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> raise X, Y, Z Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax Check that an multiple exception types with missing parentheses raise a custom exception >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C as blech: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C as blech: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> f(a=23, a=234) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated: a >>> {1, 2, 3} = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to set display here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> {1: 2, 3: 4} = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to dict literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> f'{x}' = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to f-string expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> f'{x}-{y}' = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to f-string expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> (x, y, z=3, d, e) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> [x, y, z=3, d, e] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> [z=3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> {x, y, z=3, d, e} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> {z=3} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> from t import x, Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: trailing comma not allowed without surrounding parentheses >>> from t import x,y, Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: trailing comma not allowed without surrounding parentheses # Check that we dont raise the "trailing comma" error if there is more # input to the left of the valid part that we parsed. >>> from t import x,y, and 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> (): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not tuple) can be annotated >>> []: int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not list) can be annotated >>> (()): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not tuple) can be annotated >>> ([]): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not list) can be annotated Corner-cases that used to fail to raise the correct error: >>> def f(*, x=lambda __debug__:0): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(*args:(lambda __debug__:0)): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(**kwargs:(lambda __debug__:0)): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> with (lambda *:0): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: named arguments must follow bare * Corner-cases that used to crash: >>> def f(**__debug__): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(*xx, __debug__): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> import ä £ Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid character '£' (U+00A3) Invalid pattern matching constructs: >>> match ...: ... case 42 as _: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use '_' as a target >>> match ...: ... case 42 as 1+2+4: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid pattern target >>> match ...: ... case Foo(z=1, y=2, x): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case Foo(a, z=1, y=2, x): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case Foo(z=1, x, y=2): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case C(a=b, c, d=e, f, g=h, i, j=k, ...): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns """ import re import unittest from test import support class SyntaxTestCase(unittest.TestCase): def _check_error(self, code, errtext, filename="", mode="exec", subclass=None, lineno=None, offset=None): """Check that compiling code raises SyntaxError with errtext. errtest is a regular expression that must be present in the test of the exception raised. If subclass is specified it is the expected subclass of SyntaxError (e.g. IndentationError). """ try: compile(code, filename, mode) except SyntaxError as err: if subclass and not isinstance(err, subclass): self.fail("SyntaxError is not a %s" % subclass.__name__) mo = re.search(errtext, str(err)) if mo is None: self.fail("SyntaxError did not contain %r" % (errtext,)) self.assertEqual(err.filename, filename) if lineno is not None: self.assertEqual(err.lineno, lineno) if offset is not None: self.assertEqual(err.offset, offset) else: self.fail("compile() did not raise SyntaxError") def test_expression_with_assignment(self): self._check_error( "print(end1 + end2 = ' ')", 'expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="?', offset=7 ) def test_curly_brace_after_primary_raises_immediately(self): self._check_error("f{}", "invalid syntax", mode="single") def test_assign_call(self): self._check_error("f() = 1", "assign") def test_assign_del(self): self._check_error("del (,)", "invalid syntax") self._check_error("del 1", "cannot delete literal") self._check_error("del (1, 2)", "cannot delete literal") self._check_error("del None", "cannot delete None") self._check_error("del *x", "cannot delete starred") self._check_error("del (*x)", "cannot use starred expression") self._check_error("del (*x,)", "cannot delete starred") self._check_error("del [*x,]", "cannot delete starred") self._check_error("del f()", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del f(a, b)", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del o.f()", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del a[0]()", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del x, f()", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del f(), x", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del [a, b, ((c), (d,), e.f())]", "cannot delete function call") self._check_error("del (a if True else b)", "cannot delete conditional") self._check_error("del +a", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del a, +b", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del a + b", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del (a + b, c)", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del (c[0], a + b)", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del a.b.c + 2", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del a.b.c[0] + 2", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del (a, b, (c, d.e.f + 2))", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del [a, b, (c, d.e.f[0] + 2)]", "cannot delete expression") self._check_error("del (a := 5)", "cannot delete named expression") # We don't have a special message for this, but make sure we don't # report "cannot delete name" self._check_error("del a += b", "invalid syntax") def test_global_param_err_first(self): source = """if 1: def error(a): global a # SyntaxError def error2(): b = 1 global b # SyntaxError """ self._check_error(source, "parameter and global", lineno=3) def test_nonlocal_param_err_first(self): source = """if 1: def error(a): nonlocal a # SyntaxError def error2(): b = 1 global b # SyntaxError """ self._check_error(source, "parameter and nonlocal", lineno=3) def test_break_outside_loop(self): self._check_error("break", "outside loop") def test_yield_outside_function(self): self._check_error("if 0: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("if 0: yield\nelse: x=1", "outside function") self._check_error("if 1: pass\nelse: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("while 0: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("while 0: yield\nelse: x=1", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n if 0: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n if 1: pass\n else: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n while 0: yield", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n while 0: yield\n else: x = 1", "outside function") def test_return_outside_function(self): self._check_error("if 0: return", "outside function") self._check_error("if 0: return\nelse: x=1", "outside function") self._check_error("if 1: pass\nelse: return", "outside function") self._check_error("while 0: return", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n if 0: return", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n while 0: return", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n while 0: return\n else: x=1", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n if 0: return\n else: x= 1", "outside function") self._check_error("class C:\n if 1: pass\n else: return", "outside function") def test_break_outside_loop(self): self._check_error("if 0: break", "outside loop") self._check_error("if 0: break\nelse: x=1", "outside loop") self._check_error("if 1: pass\nelse: break", "outside loop") self._check_error("class C:\n if 0: break", "outside loop") self._check_error("class C:\n if 1: pass\n else: break", "outside loop") def test_continue_outside_loop(self): self._check_error("if 0: continue", "not properly in loop") self._check_error("if 0: continue\nelse: x=1", "not properly in loop") self._check_error("if 1: pass\nelse: continue", "not properly in loop") self._check_error("class C:\n if 0: continue", "not properly in loop") self._check_error("class C:\n if 1: pass\n else: continue", "not properly in loop") def test_unexpected_indent(self): self._check_error("foo()\n bar()\n", "unexpected indent", subclass=IndentationError) def test_no_indent(self): self._check_error("if 1:\nfoo()", "expected an indented block", subclass=IndentationError) def test_bad_outdent(self): self._check_error("if 1:\n foo()\n bar()", "unindent does not match .* level", subclass=IndentationError) def test_kwargs_last(self): self._check_error("int(base=10, '2')", "positional argument follows keyword argument") def test_kwargs_last2(self): self._check_error("int(**{'base': 10}, '2')", "positional argument follows " "keyword argument unpacking") def test_kwargs_last3(self): self._check_error("int(**{'base': 10}, *['2'])", "iterable argument unpacking follows " "keyword argument unpacking") def test_empty_line_after_linecont(self): # See issue-40847 s = r"""\ pass \ pass """ try: compile(s, '', 'exec') except SyntaxError: self.fail("Empty line after a line continuation character is valid.") @support.cpython_only def test_nested_named_except_blocks(self): code = "" for i in range(12): code += f"{' '*i}try:\n" code += f"{' '*(i+1)}raise Exception\n" code += f"{' '*i}except Exception as e:\n" code += f"{' '*4*12}pass" self._check_error(code, "too many statically nested blocks") def test_barry_as_flufl_with_syntax_errors(self): # The "barry_as_flufl" rule can produce some "bugs-at-a-distance" if # is reading the wrong token in the presence of syntax errors later # in the file. See bpo-42214 for more information. code = """ def func1(): if a != b: raise ValueError def func2(): try return 1 finally: pass """ self._check_error(code, "expected ':'") def test_invalid_line_continuation_error_position(self): self._check_error(r"a = 3 \ 4", "unexpected character after line continuation character", lineno=1, offset=9) def test_invalid_line_continuation_left_recursive(self): # Check bpo-42218: SyntaxErrors following left-recursive rules # (t_primary_raw in this case) need to be tested explicitly self._check_error("A.\u018a\\ ", "unexpected character after line continuation character") self._check_error("A.\u03bc\\\n", "unexpected EOF while parsing") def test_error_parenthesis(self): for paren in "([{": self._check_error(paren + "1 + 2", f"\\{paren}' was never closed") for paren in ")]}": self._check_error(paren + "1 + 2", f"unmatched '\\{paren}'") def test_match_call_does_not_raise_syntax_error(self): code = """ def match(x): return 1+1 match(34) """ compile(code, "", "exec") def test_case_call_does_not_raise_syntax_error(self): code = """ def case(x): return 1+1 case(34) """ compile(code, "", "exec") def test_multiline_compiler_error_points_to_the_end(self): self._check_error( "call(\na=1,\na=1\n)", "keyword argument repeated", lineno=3 ) @support.cpython_only def test_syntax_error_on_deeply_nested_blocks(self): # This raises a SyntaxError, it used to raise a SystemError. Context # for this change can be found on issue #27514 # In 2.5 there was a missing exception and an assert was triggered in a # debug build. The number of blocks must be greater than CO_MAXBLOCKS. # SF #1565514 source = """ while 1: while 2: while 3: while 4: while 5: while 6: while 8: while 9: while 10: while 11: while 12: while 13: while 14: while 15: while 16: while 17: while 18: while 19: while 20: while 21: while 22: break """ self._check_error(source, "too many statically nested blocks") def test_main(): support.run_unittest(SyntaxTestCase) from test import test_syntax support.run_doctest(test_syntax, verbosity=True) if __name__ == "__main__": test_main()